DOCSLIB.ORG

FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS & the IRISH REVOLUTION By

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS & the IRISH REVOLUTION By FOREIGN CORRESPONDENTS & THE IRISH REVOLUTION 1918- 1923 By MAURICE WALSH GOLDSMITHS COLLEGE A Thesis submitted to the University of London In fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ob 1 ...... ..-'" ABSTRACT The Irish revolution of 1918-1923 not only led to the establishment of an independent Irish state; it is also recalled for the notoriety of the Black and Tans, the gendarmerie of war veterans recruited by the British government to fight a war of reprisals against the IRA. Historians have held that public perceptions of the war in Ireland were crucial to its outcome. In particular they cite critical press coverage as instrumental in turning the British public against the government's policy in Ireland. But there has been no study which thoroughly examines the work of journalists and writers who went to Ireland at this time. This thesis uses the published work of journalists and writers, evidence from archives in Britain, Ireland and the United States, journalists' memoirs and contemporary press criticism to explain the role journalists played in the conflict. It shows how British and American newspaper correspondents were able to report from Ireland with far greater freedom than they enjoyed during the First World War. Aided by their sympathy for the Irish cause and splits among the political elite in London, British correspondents set out to restore their reputation as crusading truth tellers by making visible practices of colonial warfare that would usually have remained hidden. American correspondents were enlisted by British officials as mediators. The war occurred in an age when the press and public opinion were thought to have a crucial influence on politics. Both the British government and the Irish revolutionaries tried to define the news. While examining the professional assumptions and rituals of the correspondents, the thesis examines the impact of wider political ideas on journalism. And it looks at how famous literary journalists used Ireland as a site for debates about their own societies. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 4 Chapter 1: The Impact of War 36 Chapter 2: Correspondents versus Black and Tans 69 Chapter 3: The Crusading Press Restored 107 Chapter 4: The Propaganda War 140 Chapter 5: American Correspondents in Ireland 171 Chapter 6: Literary Travellers: G.K. Chesterton, Wilfred Ewart and V.S. Pritchett as reporters 210 Conclusion 245 Bibliography 268 3 INTRODUCTION The Anglo-Irish war of 1919-1921 finally ruptured the constitution of the United Kingdom, drawing a line under one hundred and twenty years of turbulent history since the Act of Union. In the Republic of Ireland it is referred to as the War of Independence, celebrated as the heroic struggle which forged a new sovereign state. In Britain it is retrospectively regarded as the first loosened brick that presaged the crumbling of the whole edifice of Imperial rule, vindicating Lord Salisbury's prediction in 1883 that if Irish separatism succeeded the Empire would disintegrate step by step.l Corelli Barnett has described the treaty which ended the war and established the Irish Free State as "of the utmost significance for the future of British power,,2 and in her history of the Empire Jan Morris writes that "it was in Ireland that the prototype of imperial revolution was launched, the precursor of all the coups, rebellions and civil wars which were to harass the British empire from now until the end.,,3 The new state was not established by defeating the British forces on the battlefield; the IRA guerrillas and the panoply of civic organisations allied to them were merely able to endure long enough to force the British government to negotiate a new settlement. It was a moral victory, not a military triumph. In the view of the Irish historian Michael Laffan, 1 H.V. Brasted: 'Irish Nationalism and the British Empire in the Late Nineteenth Century' in Oliver MacDonagh, W.F. MandIe and Pauric Travers (eds): Irish Culture and Nationalism 1750-1950 (Macmillan, London, 1983) p 84 2 Corelli Barnett: The Collapse of British Power (Eyre Methuen, London, 1972) p 184 3 Jan Morris: Farewell the Trumpets (Faber, London, 1978) p 219 4 "Lloyd George's government changed its policy more in response to international hostility and to the shame and revulsion felt by British public opinion, than as a consequence of military weakness or defeat.,,4 Corelli Barnett makes the same point from a different angle: "[The] British decided the question of Ireland not in the light of whether or not, on drawing a balance of political and strategic factors, Ireland was worth holding, but out of humanitarian qualms as yet rare in a barbarous world. [This] was a demonstration that the British ruling classes and British public opinion after the Great War were ill-suited to the preservation of their imperial inheritance."s The common theme of both these explanations is the power of public opinion to determine the strategic decisions of the British government. What 'public opinion' means at any given moment is often an elusive concept; pursuing it and nailing it down in this or any specific historical context would be material for an entire thesis by itself. What is certain is that any consideration of public opinion in Ireland, Britain or the rest of the world during the Irish revolution would have to deal with news, analysis and opinion that appeared in the daily press, political journals and contemporary books of commentary. This thesis will examine a range of this material with a heavy and consistent emphasis on the accounts and views of those who actually visited Ireland, whether as reporters tied to daily deadlines, essayists enjoying more literary licence and leisure or novelists bending their talents to the capture of contemporary history. All of this work is journalism of one form or 4 Michael Laffan: The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Fein Party 1916-1923 (Cambridge University Press, 1999) p 295 5 Barnett op. cit. p 185 5 another, although as will become clear, the specific form employed has as much significance for how we should read these observations as the content. This journalism is regularly acknowledged by historians of the period as having had an influence on the outcome of the war. In the first comprehensive nationalist account of the War of Independence (published in 1937 and endorsed by Eamon De Valera) Dorothy McArdle writes of how "great English newspapers ... were tirelessly exposing the brutal terrorist regime" in Ireland.6 But this was a reference to April 1921, within a few months of the truce and after several of the worst incidents of the war. In fact, she gives credit for the original exposure of British tactics in Ireland to committees of activists both Irish and English, implying that the press correspondents joined a bandwagon near the end of its journey.7 Sometimes she refers to British journalists collectively as "the English Press"; other times they are labelled 'sympathetic' or representatives of 'conservative opinion.'s In the latest history of the war Michael Hopkinson goes much further than McArdle in giving the journalists credit for undermining the British campaign; in his estimate journalists from the Fleet Street papers did more for the cause of the Irish rebels than their own formidable publicity effort. "For all the volume of propaganda, the greatest effect was almost certainly achieved by visiting Britishjournalists ... The eyewitness reports by muckraking correspondents were much more readable, 6 Dorothy McArdle: The Irish Republic (Corgi edition, London, 1968) p 407 7 Ibid P 330 8 Passim but see for example p 278 and p 302 6 colourful and entertaining than the propaganda sheets and came with dramatic photographs of burning buildings and the suffering and terrified populace ... While it was important that a free press exposed British atrocities to world attention, events actually spoke fOF themselves. It is doubtful that Britain could have hidden the harsh truth from the rest of the world.,,9 Given how much attention these historians devote to the influence of the press, it's surprising how little attention they pay to journalistic practice. Hopkinson's conclusions raise more questions than they answer: Why should the writings of British journalists produce such an "effect"? What are "muckraking correspondents"? Was the fact that they worked for a free press the only reason they exposed British authorities? And if "events actually spoke for themselves" why did it need a special breed of correspondent ('muckraking') to communicate what was going on in Ireland? There is also a contrary view to McArdle and Hopkinson, an assumption that far from being relentlessly critical of coercion in Ireland the British press had connived to demonise the IRA through constant repetition of the worst assaults carried out by the Volunteers. In a book on the origins of the troubles in Northern Ireland during the last three decades of the twentieth century, Richard Bourke argues that during the Irish revolution "the British press had teemed with reports of unconscionable extremities ... perpetrated by the Republican forces" and that this contributed to "an air of profound suspicion" during the peace negotiations which began in London in the autumn of 1921. 10 This 9 Michael Hopkinson: The Irish War of Independence (Gill and Macmillan, Dublin, 2002) p 45 10 Richard Bourke: Peace in Ireland: The War ofIdeas (Pimlico, London, 2003) p 121 7 assertion led to him being accused of believing "that IRA atrocities existed primarily in the pages of the British press"ll but the real question is which version of history is right? Granted, for all of these authors the work of journalists during the Irish revolution was but one part of a much bigger mosaic.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Calculating the Full Cost of Pension Restoration
    SÍOCHÁIN The Official Magazine of the Garda Síochána Retired Members’ Association CALCULATING THE FULL COST OF PENSION RESTORATION GARDA MEMORIAL DAY REMEMEBERS 88 HEROES ONE-STOP-SHOP FOR SENIOR CITIZENS TOUR LEINSTER FOR DOWN SYNDROME Summer 2017 WINTERISSN 1649-5896 2015 ISSN 1649-5896 www.gardaretired.comwww.gardaretired.com EDITORIAL COMMENT LONG WAY TO GO BEFORE PENSIONS ARE RESTORED The election process to put in place a new Taoiseach is not helping our cause in seeking the full restoration of our pensions. Many in Government are clearly more focused on this process, and the positions they will or will not hold in the next cabinet is their primary objective, writes GSRMA General Secretary Paschal Feeney. or many of us, as parents COMMISSION WORK For grandparents we are CONCLUDED all too familiar with that The work of this long road trip, where your Commission, called passengers of a certain age, the Public Service Pay are continuously asking “are Commission (PSPC), has we there yet.” Our road trip concluded, so the real as retired members of An work of negotiating a new Garda Síochána and retired national pay and pension public servants, has now regime for the next three been ongoing for almost years has commenced. a decade, and we too are However, no pension group, asking “are we there yet”. association or society can Where is our destination? directly speak or make We have set the satnav to representations to this ‘Full Restoration of Our forum. Pensions’, as our final stop. When they have The system is telling us, concluded this important there are many roadblocks work, they will call us still in place, and many alternative routes are being back in, and depending on what the workers in the suggested.
    [Show full text]
  • Arts and Sciences By
    THE IRISH UPRISING OF EASTER 1916 AND THE EMERGENCE , , OF EAMON DE VALERA AS THE LEADER OF THE IRISH REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT i\ THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN HISTORY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE TEXAS WOMAN'S UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BY BARBARA ANN LAMBERTH, B.S. DENTON, TEXAS AUGUST, 197 4 Texas Woman's University Denton, Texas ____J_u_n_e_26 .,_ 19 __7-1 __ _ We hereby recommend that the thesis prepared wider our supervision by Barbara Ann Lamberth "The Irish Uprising of Easter 1916 and entitled . �· � the Emergence of Eamon de Valera as the Leader of the Irish Republican Movement" be accepted as fulfilling this part of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts. Committee: f\'ERSITY ,... .. ) \ ;) . TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE V CfLI\PTE R ., I. EAMON DE VALERA--THE STATESMAN . 1 II. DE VALERA--THE PRIVATE YEARS . 9 22 I I I. EASTER 1916--THE BLOOD SACRIFICE: THE PRELUDE IV. EASTER 1916--THE BLOOD SACRIFICE: MILITARY 56 ACTION . V. EASTER 1916--THE BLOOD SACRIFICE: FROM 92 DEFEAT TO VICTORY ... ........ 116 VI. DE VALERA--COMING TO LEADERSHIP .. 147 CONCLUSION APPENDIX 153 A. THE MANIFESTO OF THE IRISH VOLUNTEERS . 156 B. PROCLA MATION OF THE IRISH REPUBLIC .. • 158 c. MANIFESTO TO THE PEOPLE OF DUBLIN . 160 D. SPEECH OF DE VALERA .. , 163 E. THE MANIFESTO OF SINN FEIN F. THE TEXT OF THE SAME MANIFESTO AS PASSED BY THE DUBLIN CASTL� CENSOR • . .. � • .. 166 G. IRISH DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE . • .•169 , , 171 H. CONSTITUTION OF DAIL EIRANN • • 1 73 I.
    [Show full text]
  • De Búrca Rare Books
    De Búrca Rare Books A selection of fine, rare and important books and manuscripts Catalogue 141 Spring 2020 DE BÚRCA RARE BOOKS Cloonagashel, 27 Priory Drive, Blackrock, County Dublin. 01 288 2159 01 288 6960 CATALOGUE 141 Spring 2020 PLEASE NOTE 1. Please order by item number: Pennant is the code word for this catalogue which means: “Please forward from Catalogue 141: item/s ...”. 2. Payment strictly on receipt of books. 3. You may return any item found unsatisfactory, within seven days. 4. All items are in good condition, octavo, and cloth bound, unless otherwise stated. 5. Prices are net and in Euro. Other currencies are accepted. 6. Postage, insurance and packaging are extra. 7. All enquiries/orders will be answered. 8. We are open to visitors, preferably by appointment. 9. Our hours of business are: Mon. to Fri. 9 a.m.-5.30 p.m., Sat. 10 a.m.- 1 p.m. 10. As we are Specialists in Fine Books, Manuscripts and Maps relating to Ireland, we are always interested in acquiring same, and pay the best prices. 11. We accept: Visa and Mastercard. There is an administration charge of 2.5% on all credit cards. 12. All books etc. remain our property until paid for. 13. Text and images copyright © De Burca Rare Books. 14. All correspondence to 27 Priory Drive, Blackrock, County Dublin. Telephone (01) 288 2159. International + 353 1 288 2159 (01) 288 6960. International + 353 1 288 6960 Fax (01) 283 4080. International + 353 1 283 4080 e-mail [email protected] web site www.deburcararebooks.com COVER ILLUSTRATIONS: Our front and rear cover is illustrated from the magnificent item 331, Pennant's The British Zoology.
    [Show full text]
  • In Defence of the Alterfactual in Historical Analysis Darlington, RR
    In defence of the alterfactual in historical analysis Darlington, RR Title In defence of the alterfactual in historical analysis Authors Darlington, RR Type Article URL This version is available at: http://usir.salford.ac.uk/id/eprint/10094/ Published Date 2006 USIR is a digital collection of the research output of the University of Salford. Where copyright permits, full text material held in the repository is made freely available online and can be read, downloaded and copied for non-commercial private study or research purposes. Please check the manuscript for any further copyright restrictions. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. In Defence of the Alterfactual in Historical Analysis In recent years a small number of so-called ‘counterfactual’ or ‘what-if’ historical books, which ask us to imagine what would have happened if events in the past had turned out differently than they did, have been published. They have stimulated an important, albeit not entirely new, methodological debate about issues and questions which are (or should be) of central relevance to the work of socialist historians, and which such historians need to engage with and contribute towards. This brief discussion article attempts to do this by presenting one particular Marxist viewpoint, with the hope and expectation others (hopefully supportive but possibly critical of the argument presented here) will follow. In the process, it examines the past use (and abuse) of the counterfactual within historical analysis, presents an argument for the validity of a refined and renamed ‘alterfactual’ approach, and examines the use of such an alterfactual approach to the British miners’ strike of 1984-5.
    [Show full text]
  • Collection List A19
    Leabharlann Náisiúnta na hÉireann National Library of Ireland Collection List 19 Augustine Henry and Evelyn Gleeson Papers (MS 13,698) (Accession 2501) Partial calendar with brief description of letters sent by Augustine Henry and Evelyn Gleeson between 1879 and 1928. Letters are arranged according to year and date. 1 Introduction Henry, Augustine (1857–1930), botanical collector and dendrologist, was born on 2 July 1857 in Dundee, the first of six children of Bernard Henry (c.1825–1891) and Mary MacNamee. His father, at one time a gold-prospector in California and Australia, was a native of the townland of Tyanee on the west bank of the River Bann in co. Londonderry. Soon after Austin (as Augustine was called within his family) was born, the family moved to Cookstown, co. Tyrone, where his father was in business as a flax dealer and owned a grocery shop. Henry was educated at Cookstown Academy and in Queen's College, Galway. He studied natural sciences and philosophy, graduating with a first-class bachelor of arts degree and a gold medal in 1877. Henry then studied medicine at Queen's College, Belfast, where he obtained his master of arts degree in 1878. For a year he was in the London Hospital, and during a visit to Belfast in 1879, at the suggestion of one of his professors, he applied for a medical post in the Chinese imperial maritime customs service. Henry completed his medical studies as rapidly as he could, became a licentiate from the Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh, passed the Chinese customs service examinations (for which he required a working knowledge of Chinese) and and left for China in the summer of 1881.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplement to the Londom Gazette, 23 June, 1915. 6113
    SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDOM GAZETTE, 23 JUNE, 1915. 6113 Lieutenant-General Sir James Willcocks, Lieutenant-Colonel (honorary Colonel) K.C.B., K.C.S.I., K.C.M.G., D.S.O., Com- The Right Honourable Lord Richard manding Indian Army Corps, British Expe- Frederick Cavendish, 5th Battalion, Royal ditionary Force. Lancaster Regiment (Territorial Force). Lieutenant-Colonel Algernon Hamilton Stannus Goff, Royal Artillery. To be Additional Members of the Second Lieutenant-Colonel Henry Wickham, The Class, or Knights Commanders of the said Most Northamptonshire Yeomanry (Territorial Distinguished Order: — Force). Lieutenant-General Sir John Grenfell Lieutenant-Colonel Frederic Gustav Lewis, Maxwell, K.C.B., C.V.O., C.M.G., D.S.O., 13th Princess Louise's Kensington Battalion, Colonel, The Black Watch (Royal High- The London Regiment (Territorial Force). landers), General Officer Commanding The Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Anthony Force in Egypt. Howell, 3rd Battalion, The London Regi- Major-General (temporary Lieutenant- ment, Royal Fusiliers (Territorial Force). General) Sir Cecil Frederick Nevil Macready, Lieutenant-Colonel Harry Walker, 4th K.C.B., Adjutant-General, British Expe- City of Dundee Battalion, Royal High- ditionary Force. landers (Territorial Force). Major-General (temporary Lieutenant- Lieutenant-Colonel Colquhoun Scott General) William Riddell Birdwood, Dodgson, Army Service Corps. K.C.S.I., C.B., C.I.E., D.S.O., Indian Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert Graham Army, Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. Stainforth, Indian Army. Lieutenant-Colonel Rupert Shoolbred, 16th Battalion, The London Regiment, To be Additional Members of the Third Queen's Westminster Rifles (Territorial Class, or Companions of the said Most Dis- Force). tinguished Order: — Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Sydney Hamil- ton, Army Ordnance Department.
    [Show full text]
  • Article the Empire Strikes Back: Brexit, the Irish Peace Process, and The
    ARTICLE THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK: BREXIT, THE IRISH PEACE PROCESS, AND THE LIMITATIONS OF LAW Kieran McEvoy, Anna Bryson, & Amanda Kramer* I. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................610 II. BREXIT, EMPIRE NOSTALGIA, AND THE PEACE PROCESS .......................................................................615 III. ANGLO-IRISH RELATIONS AND THE EUROPEAN UNION ...........................................................................624 IV. THE EU AND THE NORTHERN IRELAND PEACE PROCESS .......................................................................633 V. BREXIT, POLITICAL RELATIONSHIPS AND IDENTITY POLITICS IN NORTHERN IRELAND ....637 VI. BREXIT AND THE “MAINSTREAMING” OF IRISH REUNIFICATION .........................................................643 VII. BREXIT, POLITICAL VIOLENCE AND THE GOVERNANCE OF SECURITY ..................................646 VIII. CONCLUSION: BREXIT AND THE LIMITATIONS OF LAW ...............................................................................657 * The Authors are respectively Professor of Law and Transitional Justice, Senior Lecturer and Lecturer in Law, Queens University Belfast. We would like to acknowledge the comments and advice of a number of colleagues including Colin Harvey, Brian Gormally, Daniel Holder, Rory O’Connell, Gordon Anthony, John Morison, and Chris McCrudden. We would like to thank Alina Utrata, Kevin Hearty, Ashleigh McFeeters, and Órlaith McEvoy for their research assistance. As is detailed below, we would also like to thank the Economic
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Responses to Fascist Italy, 1919–1932 by Mark Phelan
    Provided by the author(s) and NUI Galway in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite the published version when available. Title Irish responses to Fascist Italy, 1919-1932 Author(s) Phelan, Mark Publication Date 2013-01-07 Item record http://hdl.handle.net/10379/3401 Downloaded 2021-09-27T09:47:44Z Some rights reserved. For more information, please see the item record link above. Irish responses to Fascist Italy, 1919–1932 by Mark Phelan A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervisor: Prof. Gearóid Ó Tuathaigh Department of History School of Humanities National University of Ireland, Galway December 2012 ABSTRACT This project assesses the impact of the first fascist power, its ethos and propaganda, on key constituencies of opinion in the Irish Free State. Accordingly, it explores the attitudes, views and concerns expressed by members of religious organisations; prominent journalists and academics; government officials/supporters and other members of the political class in Ireland, including republican and labour activists. By contextualising the Irish response to Fascist Italy within the wider patterns of cultural, political and ecclesiastical life in the Free State, the project provides original insights into the configuration of ideology and social forces in post-independence Ireland. Structurally, the thesis begins with a two-chapter account of conflicting confessional responses to Italian Fascism, followed by an analysis of diplomatic intercourse between Ireland and Italy. Next, the thesis examines some controversial policies pursued by Cumann na nGaedheal, and assesses their links to similar Fascist initiatives. The penultimate chapter focuses upon the remarkably ambiguous attitude to Mussolini’s Italy demonstrated by early Fianna Fáil, whilst the final section recounts the intensely hostile response of the Irish labour movement, both to the Italian regime, and indeed to Mussolini’s Irish apologists.
    [Show full text]
  • Secret Societies and the Easter Rising
    Dominican Scholar Senior Theses Student Scholarship 5-2016 The Power of a Secret: Secret Societies and the Easter Rising Sierra M. Harlan Dominican University of California https://doi.org/10.33015/dominican.edu/2016.HIST.ST.01 Survey: Let us know how this paper benefits you. Recommended Citation Harlan, Sierra M., "The Power of a Secret: Secret Societies and the Easter Rising" (2016). Senior Theses. 49. https://doi.org/10.33015/dominican.edu/2016.HIST.ST.01 This Senior Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Dominican Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Dominican Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE POWER OF A SECRET: SECRET SOCIETIES AND THE EASTER RISING A senior thesis submitted to the History Faculty of Dominican University of California in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Arts in History by Sierra Harlan San Rafael, California May 2016 Harlan ii © 2016 Sierra Harlan All Rights Reserved. Harlan iii Acknowledgments This paper would not have been possible without the amazing support and at times prodding of my family and friends. I specifically would like to thank my father, without him it would not have been possible for me to attend this school or accomplish this paper. He is an amazing man and an entire page could be written about the ways he has helped me, not only this year but my entire life. As a historian I am indebted to a number of librarians and researchers, first and foremost is Michael Pujals, who helped me expedite many problems and was consistently reachable to answer my questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Forthcoming Titles 4 Front List 6 General Interest 10 Sport 16 Biography & Memoir 18 Guide Books 20
    Forthcoming Titles 4 Front List 6 General Interest 10 Sport 16 Biography & Memoir 18 Guide Books 20 Irish Pocket Guides {New Titles Available} 22 Irish Deluxe Editions: Flora and Fauna 28 Irish Gift Books 30 Scottish Pocket Guides {New Titles Available} 34 About Appletree Press Scottish Gift Books 36 For more than thirty years, Appletree Press has been one of Ireland’s most innovative international Welsh Gift Books 36 publishers. A distinctive and contemporary approach to design has always been a hallmark of the company. The leading publisher of Irish and Scottish giftbooks, it has established a strong presence Fiction 38 in all Celtic-interest markets. But its range of publishing is all-encompassing, from Italian cooking to Scottish Heather. Well to the forefront of new media technology, Appletree Press also runs an Film 38 award-winning website, irelandseye.com and maintains an integrated approach to the challenges and opportunities of modern communication. Humour 40 Little Cook Books 42 Foreign Language Editions 44 Display Stands 45 Appletree Press 1 Head Office Returns Policy Returns are to be authorised by Sales Reps or the Appletree Sales Department. Books are fully The Old Potato Station Tel: +44 (0) 28 9024 3074 returnable beginning 90 days after invoice date. Credit will be given for returns that are unmarked and in 14 Howard Street South Fax: +44 (0) 28 9024 6756 resaleable condition; in other words, only send back to us a book that you would like to receive in your Belfast E-mail: [email protected] next shipment. Out-of-print titles will be eligible for returns up to 60 days after notification.
    [Show full text]
  • Essays in History}
    3/31/2021 The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence, 1920-1921 — {essays in history} {essays in history} The Annual Journal produced by the Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence, 1920-1921 Volume 45 (2012) Reviewed Work(s) www.essaysinhistory.net/the-black-and-tans-british-police-and-auxiliaries-in-the-irish-war-of-independence-1920-1921/ 1/5 3/31/2021 The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence, 1920-1921 — {essays in history} The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence, 1920-1921. By David Leeson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). Pp. 294. Hardcover, $52.98. Scholars have included the Irish War of Independence in their appraisals of modern Irish history since the war ended in the early 1920s. David M. Leeson, a historian at Laurentian University, examines the less discussed units of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) — that is the Black and Tans and the Auxiliary Division (ADRIC) — in a well-integrated mix of political and military history. In his book, the author aims to debunk the myths established by the Irish Republicans that still surround the history of the Black and Tans: for example, the notion that they were all ex- criminals and “down-and-outs.” Leeson takes a less conventional approach to the subject by arguing that it was “not character but circumstance” that caused the Black and Tans as well as the Auxiliary Division to take the law into their own hands (69).
    [Show full text]
  • Common Place: Rereading 'Nation' in the Quoting Age, 1776-1860 Anitta
    Common Place: Rereading ‘Nation’ in the Quoting Age, 1776-1860 Anitta C. Santiago Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Anitta C. Santiago All rights reserved ABSTRACT Common Place: Rereading ‘Nation’ in the Quoting Age, 1776-1860 Anitta C. Santiago This dissertation examines quotation specifically, and intertextuality more generally, in the development of American/literary culture from the birth of the republic through the Civil War. This period, already known for its preoccupation with national unification and the development of a self-reliant national literature, was also a period of quotation, reprinting and copying. Within the analogy of literature and nation characterizing the rhetoric of the period, I translate the transtextual figure of quotation as a protean form that sheds a critical light on the nationalist project. This project follows both how texts move (transnational migration) and how they settle into place (national naturalization). Combining a theoretical mapping of how texts move and transform intertextually and a book historical mapping of how texts move and transform materially, I trace nineteenth century examples of the culture of quotation and how its literary mutability both disrupts and participates in the period’s national and literary movements. In the first chapter, I engage scholarship on republican print culture and on republican emulation to interrogate the literary roots of American nationalism in its transatlantic context. Looking at commonplace books, autobiographies, morality tales, and histories, I examine how quotation as a practice of memory impression functions in national re-membering.
    [Show full text]