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Muscidae. Morphology

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Muscidae. Morphology Royal Entomological Society HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS To purchase current handbooks and to download out-of-print parts visit: http://www.royensoc.co.uk/publications/index.htm This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Copyright © Royal Entomological Society 2012 ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON Vol. X. Part 4-(b). HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS DIPTERA CYCLORRHAPHA CALYPTRATA SECTION (b) MUSCIDAE By E. C. M. D' ASSIS FONSECA LONDON Published by the Society and Sold at its Rooms · +'• Queen's Gate, S.W. 7 31 January, 1968 Price £1 ' 2s. 6d. HANDBOOKS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF BRITISH INSECTS The aim of this series of publications is to provide illustrated keys to the whole of the British Insects (in so far as this is possible), in ten volumes, as follows: I. Part l. General Introduction. Part 9. Ephemeroptera. , 2. Thysanura. , 10. Odonata. , 3. Protura. , 11. Thysanoptera. , 4. Collembola. , 12. Neuroptera. , 5. Dermaptera and , 13. Mecoptera. Orthoptera. , 14. Trichoptera. 6. Plecoptera. , 15. Strepsiptera. , 7. Psocoptera. , 16. Siphonaptera. , 8. Anoplura. II. Hemiptera. Ill. Lepidoptera. IV. and V. Coleoptera. -VI. Hymenoptera: Symphyta and Aculeata. VII. Hymenoptera : lchneumonoidea. VIII. Hymenoptera : Cynipoidea, Chalcidoidea, and Serphoidea. IX. Diptera: Nematocera and Brachycera. X. Diptera : Cyclorrhapha. Volumes 11 to X will be divided into parts of convenient size, but it is not possible to specify in advance the taxonomic content of each part. Conciseness and cheapness are main objectives in this series, and each part is the work of a specialist, or of a group of specialists. Although much of the work is based on existing published keys, suitably adapted, much new and original matter is also included. Parts are issued, separately paged and priced, as they become available. A second (revised) edition of A Check List of British Insects, by G. S. Kloet and W. D. Hincks, is being issued as an extra, eleventh, volume in this series. The Society is indebted to the Royal Society fora grant towa-rds the cost of initiating this series of Handbooks. A list of parts now available appears on the back cover. Sole Agent:- E. W. Classey, 353, Hanworth Road, Hampton, Middlesex. DIPTERA:OYOLORRHAPHA CALYPTRATA MUSCIDAE By E. C. M. n'Ass1s FoNSECA HENNIG (1955) divides the Calyptrata into three families and one super­ family, as follows: Cordyluridae, Muscidae, Anthomyiidae and Calliphoroidea. The separation by Hennig of the Muscid subfamily Anthomyiinae (as Anthomyiidae) from the rest of the Muscidae is a useful division, firstly because the Anthomyiinae form a large, distinct and easily characterized group which may with justification be raised to family status, and secondly because there at present exist so many gaps in the knowledge of this difficult group that some considerable time must elapse before it can be dealt with satisfactorily. In the present Handbook, therefore, the family Muscidae is restricted to six subfamilies: Muscinae, Stomoxyinae, Phaoniinae, Coenosiinae, Lispinae and Fanniinae. The major group known as the Calyptrata may be recognised by the following combination of characters: a well developed cleft always present and conspicuous on the exterior (lateral) face of the second antennal segment (text-fig. 1) ; the transverse thoracic suture more or less continuous across dorsum (teA-t-fig. 2); the posterior calli of thorax well differentiated (text-fig. 2). KEY TO F .Lm:LIES. The five families of the Calyptrata may be separated by the following Key (based on van Emden, 1954): 1 (4) Hypopleuron, in front of posterior spiracle (text-fig. 2) with a curved row of bristles (concave towards front). 2 (3) Postscutellum, a convex cushion-like fold without hairs or bristles irnmedi· ately below scutellum, well developed. If inner margin of lower (thoracic) squama diverges backwards from lateral margin of scutellum then first posterior cell not wider at apex than discal crossvein is long. TACHINIDAE. 3 (2) Postscutellum absent, indistinct or weakly developed; if rather well de­ veloped, the whole inner margin oflower squama dio;;erges backwards from lateral margin of scutellum and at tbe same time first posterior cell is twice as wide at apex as discal crossvein is long......... CALLIPHOP.IDAE. 4 (1) Hypopleruon, in front of spiracle, without a curved row of bristles, at most with some irregularly arranged short hairs. 5 (6) Lower squama strongly reduced, not projecting, forming only a membraneous fold. Hind tibia, dorsally, with the hairs irregularly arranged on the evenly convex surface. Occiput with more or less nwnerous whitish hairs. Head &J.wa.ys with equally broad frons in both sexes and without crossed bristles on front&J.ia. ................................. CoRDYLURIDAE. 6 (5) Lower squama. more or less conspicuous, though often much less projecting than upper one; in the latter case either hind tibia. with distinct dorsal rows of decumbent hairs which lie on two slight longitudinal ridges, or occiput entirely bla.ck·ha.ired. 2 X (4). DIPTERA: .MUSCIDAE 7 (8) \"-'ing with the anal vein extending to wing-margin. or if (rarely) Btl'pping short before reoohing the margin then frontalia (lwtween the frcntal orbits) wit.h a pair of cros.~ed bristles or setulose hairs and a.t the sa.me time acutellum with fine pale hairs beneath at !l.FJX •••.••••• A:NTHOMYIIDAE. 8 (7} A.uf.o.l vein nev-ar extending to wing-margin. Fronta.lia nevor with a pair of crossed. br~stles or hairs at. the. same time a.~ sct<t-olhun with fine hairs beneath at apex....................................... M user nu. Family MusCIDAE. MoRPHOLOGY. The morphology of the Muscidae is in most respects similar to tha.t of the Tach.inidae and Calliphoridae, which is dealt with in Vol. X, Part 4(a) of this series of Handbooks (Yan Emden, 1954). The majority of the charac­ ters de:<cribed in the above work as of particular importance in those two families are of equal importance in the Muscidae. Bristles, especially of the thora::;: and legs, are of even greater taxonomic value in both t-he Muscidae and the AnthomyHdae than in the other families of t.he Calyptrata, their lengt-h, number, position and even direction being oft-eu of the utmost import­ ance. The dusting, o: pollinosity, which is Uollally more or less extensive on the scJcrotized surfaces of the majority of specieE, and '\vhich, by its variable colour- and density, provides a pattern of stripes, spots, tessellations etc., affords important specific characters when the specimen is in good eondition. If a specimen has been allowed to become ·'wet" by over-long contact with killing or relaxing agents, the normal dust pattern is partly or entirely destroyed, so care should be taken to avoid tllis "wet" condition.1 There is scarcely any part of the external structure of a Muscid fly that may !lot pro\'ide some character of taxonomic value. It is therefore import­ ant, when pinning a specimen, to ensUl'e that every part of it will be a-ccessible to examination when it is to be identified. I have previously (1953, Ento­ molo.:;ist's Rec. J. Var. 65 : 264-G) called attention to the importance of 11inning as again:::t gumming to card or celluloid, and also to the desirability of some ata:udard of setting and particularly to the need for separating the legs well apart, pulling the proboscis down from the mouth opening to dis­ close the paJpi, and (at le&st in the case of Fa.nnia) exposing the male genitalia by drawing the visible forceps (pa.ralobes or claspers} downwards and rear­ wards, holding them in position by a slritably placed pin. The examination of the male genit,alia of other groups ma.y well be found necessary as con. fur.:~ato!'y evidence. Tl-js particularly applies to the somewhat difficult genus 8pilogon.a, for which figures of the male genitalia of 20 out of the 23 Bdtish species are given by Co1lin (1930, TraM. ent. Soc. Land. 78 : 255-80, Plates XV-XXVII). 1 Should a specimen become "wet" (indicated by the affected parts turning black or tranRlucent yellow, according to their ground-colour) the cond.ttion can often be remedied by a prolonged im1nersion in a. de-greasing agent (cigarette-lighter fluid has proved excellent for this purpose). For the most effective results the treatment should be applied as soon after death as possible, bearing in mind tha.t if a specimen is required to be s~t it must be allowed to dry out entirely in the set position before it is placed in the spirit. MORPHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY 3 BIOLOGY. The biology of the Muscidae differs widely from that of the Tachinidae. None of the species is parasitic on other insects, the larvae being either saprophagous or carnivorous. The life-history of some of the species is known and such information as is available is given in the following keys, but a very large amount of work remains still to be done in this field. Mr. P. Skidmore, who has made a special study of the biology of the Muscidae, has kindly sent me the following information for inclusion in this Handbook. Biologically the family may be divided into three distinct groups. Firstly, those species with monomorphic larvae which leave the egg in the :final (third) instar. The larvae of these species are always predacious from the moment they hatch out and include Phaonia and Helina, and parts of Mydaea, Hydrotaea, Limnophora and the Coenosiinae. Secondly, those with dimorphic larvae which leave the egg in the second instar, and which include Hebecnema, Gymnodia and certain species of Hydrotaea and Mydaea. In this second group the larvae are apparently saprophagous until they reach their final instar, when they become carnivorous.
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