CHAPTER NO. 4

PROFILE OF DISTRICT

4.1 IN T R O D U C T I O N

4.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE

OF STATE

4.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT

4.4 GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT

4.4.1 L O C A T I O N O F A H M E D N A G A R D IS T R IC T

4.4.2 A R E A O F A H M E D N A G A R D IS T R IC T

4.5 ECONOMIC & INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

4.5.1 IN D U S T R IE S

4.5.2 M .I.D .C . W IS E I N D U S T R I A L U N IT S

4.5.3 CO-OPERATIVE INDUSTRIAL ESTATE AND AREA

WISE CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRY

4.6 SM ALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

4.7 LARGE SCALE INDUSTRIES

4.8 PERMANENT REGISTERED MAHARASHTRA SMALL INDUSTRIES

4.9 N E T W O R K O F B A N K S

4.9.1 A R E A W IS E C L A S S IF IC A T IO N O F B A N K B R A N C H E S

4.9.2 BANKS AND ITS BRANCHES IN AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT

4.9.3 D IS T R IC T I N D U S T R IA L C E N T R E

REFERENCES

85 CHAPTER NO. 4

PROFILE OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT

4.1 INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, an attempt is made to review briefly geographical and economic infrastructure o f Ahmednagar District. It has been tried to tress the importance of socio-economic factors contributed in the development o f Industrial

Area.

4.2 fflSTORICAL BACKGROUND AND GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE OF MAHARASHTRA STATE:

The administrative evolution o f the state o f Maharashtra is the outcome o f the linguistic reorganisation o f the States o f , affected on 1 M ay, 1960. The following table shows the geographical structure o f Maharashtra.

Table no. 4.1

GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE OF MAHARASHTRA

Area • 3,07,713 sq km

Population ; 96,752,247

Capital ;

Principal Languages ; Marathi

Source: http://www.maharashtra.com (official website o f Maharashtra state)

The Maharashtra State was formed by bringing together all contiguous Marathi­ speaking areas, which previously belonged to four different administrative hegemonies— the district between Daman and Goa that formed part of the original

British Bombay Province; five districts o f the N izam ’s dominion o f Hyderabad;

86 eight districts in the south o f the Central Provinces (M adhya Pradesh) and a sizeable number o f petty native-ruled state enclaves lying enclosed within the above areas, which later merged with adjoining districts. Located in the north centre o f Peninsular India, with the command o f the Arabian Sea through its port of Mumbai, Maharashtra has a remarkable physical homogeneity, enforced by its underlying geology. The dominant physical trait o f the State is its plateau character. Maharashtra is a plateau o f plateaus, its western upturned rims rising to form the Sahyadri Range parallel to the sea-coast, and its slopes gently descending towards the east and south-east. Satpuda ranges cover northern part o f the State, while Ajanta and Satmala ranges run through central part o f the State. Arabian Sea guards the western boundary of Maharashtra, while Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh are on the northern side. Chhattisgarh covers the eastern boundary o f the State.

Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh are on its southern side.

• Agriculture

About 65 per cent o f the total workers in the State depends on agriculture

and allied activities. Principal crops grown in the State are rice, jowar, bajra,

wheat, tur, mung, urad, gram and other pulses. The State is a major producer o f

oilseeds. Groundnut, sunflower, soyabean are major oil seed crops. Important cash

crops are cotton, sugarcane, turmeric and vegetables. The State has an area o f

12.90 lakh hectares under various fruit crops like mango, banana, orange, grape,

cashewnut, etc.

• Industry

The State has been identified as the country’s powerhouse and M um bai, its

capital as the centre point o f India's financial and commercial markets. Industrial

sector occupies a prominent position in the economy of Maharashtra. Food

products, breweries, tobacco and related products, cotton textiles, textile products,

paper and paper products, printing and publishing, rubber, plastic, chemical and

87 chemical products, machinery, electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances, and transport equipment and parts contribute substantially to the industrial production in the state.

4.3 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT

The town was founded in 1494 by Ahm ad Nizam Shah, on the site o f a more ancient city, Bhingar. With the breakup o f the Bahmani Sultanate, Ahm ad established a new sultanate in Ahmednagar, also known as Nizam Shahi dynasty.

It was one o f the Deccan sultanates, which lasted until its conquest by M ughal emperor Shah Jahan in 1636. Aurangzeb, the last great M ughal emperor, who spent the latter years o f his reign, (1681-1707) in the Deccan, died there in 1707, and a small monument marks the site. In 1759 the Peshwa o f the Marathas obtained possession o f the place by bribing the Muslim commander, and in 1790 it was ceded by the Peshwa to the Maratha C hief Daulat Rao Sindhia.

Ahmednagar was invented by a British force under General Wellesley and captured. It was afterwards restored to the Marathas, but again came into the possession o f the British in 1817, according to the terms o f the Treaty o f Poona.

Numerous Mughal-era buildings dot the environs. Ahmednagar fort, once considered the second most unimpregnable fort in India, was used by the British to house Nehru and other Indian Nationalists before Indian independence; a few rooms there have been converted to a museum. Formerly the Indian base o f the

British Army's Royal Tank Corps, amongst other units, the town houses the second-largest display o f military tanks in the world; the exhibit is open to the public.

The cantonement has the Indian Armoured Corps Centre & School

(ACC & S). The training and recruiting of the Indian Armoured Corps takes place here. The Armoured Corps is the branch o f the Arm y and is also called the

Mechanized force. A s the city is a concrete jungle the Cantonement is like an oasis. It is green and very beautiful. A C C & S has a beautiful G o lf Course, which

88 has been created with great difficulty as the soil is arid and stony. The g o lf course has recently had a lot o f effort put into it to improve it.

4.4 GEOGRAPHICAL STRUCTURE OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT:

4.4.1 L O C A T I O N O F A H M E D N A G A R D IS T R IC T

The following table gives stastical information regarding geographical location o f the Ahemdnagar district and the state o f Maharashtra.

T A B L E N O . 4.2

GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT

SR . N O . ITEMUNITDISTRICT STATE

GEOGRAPHICAL

LOCATION

1. North Latitude Degree 18.2 to 19.9 16.4 to 22.1

2. East Longitude Degree 73.9 to 75.5 72.6 to 80.9

Source : http://www.ahmednagar.nic.in

The district o f Ahmednagar is shown on the map o f Maharashtra State.

“This district is situated in the central part o f the state between 18-2’ to 19-9’

North latitude and 73-9’ to 75.5 East longitude” '.

The district is situated partly in the upper Godavari basin and partly in

Bhima basin. The district o f Ahmednagar is bounded on the north by

district, South by Solapur district, East by Bid and Osmanabad districts, and West

by Thane and districts and North-east by district. I f we consider

the physical set-up o f Ahmednagar district, w e see that there are three physical

89 divisions, viz. Western hilly region, Central Plateau region and the region of northern and southern plains.

Akola and Sangamner blocks fall in western hilly region. Pamer,

Ahmednagr and parts of Sangamner, Shrigonda and Karjat blocks fall in Central

Plateau region. The region of Northern and Southern plains comprises o f Rahata,

Shrirampur, Rahuri, Newasa, Shevgaon and Pathardi blocks. This is the region of the Godavari and the Pravara river basins. Parts of the Sourthern blocks of

Shrigonda, Karjat and Jamkhed fall in the basins o f Ghod, Bhima and the Sina river.

4.4.2 AREA OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT

“Ahmednagar district in area wise is the largest district in Maharashtra state having 5.66 percent area o f the state”^. For administrative convenience the district

is divided into four revenue divisions. Ahmednagar (includes Ahmednagar,

Pamer, Pathardi and Shevgaon), Karjat (includes Karjat, Shrigonda and jamkhed

Talukas), (includes Shrirampur, Rahuri and Newasa Talukas), and

Sangamner (includes Sangamner, Akole, Kopargaon and Rahata Talukas). Rahata

Taluka came into existence from 26* June 1999.

90 TABLE NO. 4.3

GEOGRAPHICAL AREA OF AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT

Sr. no. Items Unit Area

1. Total area Hector 17,41,271

2. Forest Hector 1,51,571

3. Under irrigation Hector 4, 25,100

4. Under Non Hector 1, 33,356

cultivation

Source : http://www.ahmednagar.nic.in

Table no. 4.3 shows that total area o f Ahmednagar District is 17, 41,271 hector.

Out o f total area 8.70 percent (1, 51,571 hector) area is covered by forest. Under irrigation, area covered is 24.41 percent (4, 25,100). And Non-cultivated land is

7.66 percent (1, 33,356). It is necessary to utilize land which is not under cultivation.

4.5 ECONOMIC & INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

Industrial Profile :

Maharashtra is one of the most industrialized states of Maharashtra. Its contribution to the Indian economy is high and hence it is called as Power House o f India. Maharashtra contributes to less than 10 percent o f the total population o f the country, but account for nearly one forth o f the gross value o f India’s

Industrial Sector. The state has succeeded in achieving high levels o f industrialization, demonstrated by the fact that the secondary and territory

(manufacturing and service) sectors provide 78.8 percent o f Maharashtra gross

91 domestic product, as compare to the national average o f 65.4 percent for the same fields.

Ahmednagar is not an industrial district. It is basically an agricultural district. The area was famous for famines and acute shortage o f water due to lack o f irrigation facilities. Hence major attempts were made in the direction o f agriculture and when neighboring district like Pune and Nasik were developed in traditional way as happened in other districts. The mechanical development and technical superiority helped the bigger industries and local industries remained poor. Nowadays government is trying to uplift these local industries through various schemes including meant for backward classes.

4.5.1 INDUSTRIES:

A n area o f 257 hectors near village Nagapur o f Ahm ednagar-M anm ad

Road, 8 Kms from Ahmednagar City is developed by MIDC. In Ahmednagar district there are 681 registered industries providing jobs to 24,641 workers. In respect o f sugar industries and sugar products, Ahmednagar is the top district in

Maharashtra State. There are 17 Co-operative Sugar industries in the district crushing 70.87 lacks M .T. Sugarcane and produced about 8.27 lacks M .T . Sugar.

There are 6 distilleries in the district out o f which one is public sector. 4 in

Cooperative sector and one is in private sector. Industrial Alcohol and country liquor are produced in these distilleries. M ID C , Supa, Tal. Pamer is also developing and some units are set up.

There are two major industrial units in Ahmednagar district, viz. Kinetic

Engineering, manufacturing, well-known ‘Luna’ moped. The other unit is

‘Videocon’ producing Televisions, Washing Machines and other essential home

appliances.

92 Table 4,4 Industries statistics of Ahmednagar District

S.N. Type of Industry Total No.

1 Number o f large scale industries including 75

sugar factories.

2 Distilleries 10

3 Number o f small scale industries 2888

4 Regulated markets 18

5 Total number of Chemical Units 175

6 Number of village mandies and weekly 307

Bazaar.

Source - District Statistic’s Office

The industrial position o f Ahmednagar district is shown above. In

Ahmednagar district numbers o f small scale industries are more compare with

large scale industries.

4.5.2 M.I.D.C. WISE INDUSTRIAL UNITS:

For overall development industrial development is essential. Maharashtra

Industrial Development Corporation (M.I.D.C.) is forefront in developing

industrial area in the district. M .I.D.C. wise Industrial units are shown in following

Table 4.5.

93 Table 4.5 M.I.D.C. Wise Industrial Units as on 31.03.2005

Number of Units S.N. M ID C Area Total Working

1 Ahmednagar 664 498

2 Shrirampur 62 46

3 Rahuri 08 07

4 Supa - Pam er 12 10

Total 746 561

Source - Potential Linked Credit Plan 2002-03 to 2006-07,

NABARD , Regional Office, Pune. Graphical representation Graph no. 4.1 M.I.D.C. Wise Industrial Units as on 31.03.2005

700 664

600

498 500

400 □ T o t a l aWorking^ 300

200

100 62 46 8 7 12 10

Ahmednagar Shrirampur Rahuri Supa-Pam er

Source: Based on above table

94 Table 4.5 shows total numbers o f units are 746 but working units are only

561. In this area it is necessary to utilize maximum funds to develop and set up number o f industries. Out of the total industries established in M .I.D .C . area 75.20 percent industries are actually working and 24.80 percent industries / units are not working. They are sick or closed down. It is necessaiy to give helping hand from the state government in respect o f availability o f more funds, technical guidance etc.

M IDC Area wise Classification of Industries is shown in Table 4.6, there are four M ID C s in Ahmednagar district. But only Ahmednagar M ID C is well developed. Other MIDC units are yet to develop due to lack of enough water supply and irregular power supply. Table 4.6

MIDC Area wise Classification of Industries

S. Name of No. of Employ Investmen Capacity N. MIDC Units ment t (in lakh) (in lakh)

1 Ahmednagar 664 6618 6080 33910

2 Shrirampur 62 660 646 2689

3 Pamer 08 192 788 5661

4 Rahuri 12 93 61 215

Total 746 7563 7575 42475

Source - Website: http://www.ahmednagar.nic.in

Table 4.6 shows M ID C area wise classification o f Industries. Out o f these

746 units 88.24 percent (658) units are developed in Ahmednagar M ID C .

Remaining 3 M ID C ’s are less developed, so numbers o f units are very less.

95 4.5.3 CO-OPERATIVE INDUSTRIAL ESTATE AND AREA WISE

CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRY Table 4.7 shows Co-operative Industrial Estate and Area wise classification of Industry in Ahmednagar district. In Ahmednagar city Co-operative Industrial estate is well developed.

T able 4.7

Co-operative Industrial Estate Area wise Classification of Industries

S. Name of Co-op. No. of Em plo Invest. Capaci

N. Industrial Estate Units ym en^ In lakh ty in

lakh 1 Ahmednagar 102 974 881 4784 2 Shrirampur 31 257 140 1035 3 Kopargaon 60 526 402 2085 4 Sangamner 54 481 295 1922 Total 247 2238 1718 9826 Source: We 5site - www.midcindia.ore

96 Graphical representation Graph no. 4.2

Co-operative Industrial Estate Capacity

□ Ahmednagar ■ Shrirampur □ Kopargaon □ Sangamner

Source: Based on above table

Table 4.7 shows Co-operative Industrial Estate and Area wise classification of

Industry. Out of 247 units registered 4 1.29 percent (102) units are developed in

Ahmednagar block which is developed area compared with other blocks. Least no. of units i.e. 12.55 percent (31) is located in Shrirampur. The development of industrial area is very slow because Ahmednagar district gets insufficient rainfall.

Permanent supply o f water is very essential for industrial area.

4.6 SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES:

Separating grains of rice from husk by pounding and gathering medicinal plants are the small scale industries in Akole Taluka. Weaving cloth on handlooms and power loom goes on at Ahmednagar Bhingar, Pathardi talukas. Making ropes from agare and ambadi is carried an in Shrigonda taluka. Bidi rolling is carried on in Ahmednagar, Akole and Sangamner talukas. Kopargaon, Rahata, Ahmednagar

97 are market for selling jaggery. Jaggery is made in neighboring areas of these places. There are oil mills at Shrirampur, Sangamner, Ahmednagar and Vambori.

A s per third census in 2001-02, the position o f small scale industries (registered and unregistered) in Maharashtra state and Ahmednagar district is as follows

T able 4.8

SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN IN MAHARASHTRA STATE AND

A H M E D N A G A R D IS T R IC T A S O N 31.3.01

Sr. Unregistere Particulars Registered Total No. d

1 Maharashtra 83,098 7,20,470 8,03,568

State

2 Ahmednagar 2,365 21,753 24,118

District

Source: Udyog Sanchalanalay, Mumbai

The above Table shows that in Maharashtra 10.34 percent small scale industries are registered and 10.87 percent are registered in Ahmednagar district.

Large sector of SSI units are unregistered in Maharashtra and Ahmednagar district.

98 Graphical representation Graph no. 4.3

720.470

2,365 21,753

Source: Based on above table

In Ahmednagar district industry group-wise number of SSI units granted permanent registration up to 31®‘ March 2005 are as follows.

TABLE NO. 4.9

CATEGORYWISE POSITION OF SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

Industry Group-wise number of SSI units granted Permanent Registration Up to 31 March 2005 Sr.N Industry Group Production 0. Description No. of Investment Employment Capacity Units in P&M (Lacs) (Lacs) Food Products & 1. 310 2535 3326.00 20610.30 Beverages 2. Tobacco Products 04 21 145.00 80.00 3. Textiles 25 213 99.00 392.00 4. Wearing Apparel, 25 139 109.001 88.00

99 Dressing & Dyeing of

Fur

Tanning & Dressing of

Leather, Luggage, 5. 41 215 119.85 256.54 Handbags, Saddlers,

Hams & Footwear

Wood Products of

Wood, Cork, Articles

6. o f Straw & Plating 145 648 124.00 1080.00

Material, Except

Furniture.

Manufacturing of Paper 7. 110 1067 608.00 1469.00 & Paper Products.

Publishing, Printing &

8. Reproduction of 203 800 636.00 1234.00

Recorded Media.

Coke, Refined

9. Petroleum Products «& 00 00 00.00 00.00

Nuclear Fuel.

Chemicals & Chemical 10. 188 1377 2235.59 4974.60 Products.

Rubber & Plastic 11. 193 1287 1839.44 9079.00 Products.

Other Non-Metalic, 12. 243 1869 1188.85 3058.40 mineral Products.

13. Basic Metals. 123 1216 1344.00 7401.00

Fabricated Metal

14. Products Except 284 1344 1047.00 3385.00

Machinery & Equip.

15. Machinery & 378 2501 2238.50 10232.64

100 Equipments N.E.C.

Office, Accounting & 16. 00 00 00.00 00.00 Computing Machinery.

Electrical Machinery & 17. 84 633 580.00 4260.00 Apparatus N.E.C.

Radio, TV,

18. Communication 34 346 123.00 9094.00

equipment & apparatus.

Source: Rural Industrial Project, D IC , 2005-06, P. 11

Above table shows that Machinery & Equipments N.E.C. industries are

378 in number. These types o f industries are large in number as compared to other type o f industries. Out o f these industries only 4 industries produce tobacco products which are lowest in number.

4.7 LARGE SCALE INDUSTRIES:

“There are Scale industries in Ahmednagar district. “M ilk chilling plants are located at the Ahmednagar, Karjat, Kopargaon, Babhaleshwar and

Sangamner. There is a factory producing ‘Ayurvedic’ medicines at Ahmednagar.

Other large scale industries in Ahmednagar are manufacturing mopeds and T .V .

Sets. Pharmaceutical factories are located at Kopargaon and Kanhegaon.

Industries making engines and pump sets are located at Shrirampur are now closed down. There are spinning mills at Shrirampur Haregaon and Rahuri.

Ginning and pressing industries are also found at Sangamner, Ahmednagar,

Parthardi and Shevgaon.”^

4.8 PERMANENT REGISTERED MAHARASHTRA SMALL

INDUSTRIES:

As per statistics available of MIS units are given below. These units are registered with Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation.

101 Table 4.10 Permanent Registered Maharashtra Small Industries (MSI)

S. Category No. of Em ploy Invest. Capaci N. Units ment In lakh ty in lakh

1 Silk-base 21 105 09 25

2 Handloom 150 800 60 135

3 Poultry 201 834 275 2671

4 Video-shooting 02 07 07 13

5 Other 40 351 43 458

Total 414 2097 394 3302

Source - Website - www.midclindia.org

Graphical representation

Graph no. 4.4

Source: Based on above table

102 Table 4.10 focuses on Maharashtra Small Industries (M.S.I.) units are permanently registered which includes silk based industry, handloom, poultry, video shooting and other. Maximum units are poultry farms i.e. 48.55 percent

(201) and only 0.48 percent (2) is video shooting units. It shows that in this field also there is a lot o f scope. 4.9 N E TW O R K O F BANKS

4.9.1 AREA WISE CLASSIFICATION OF BANK BRANCHES

After nationalization o f 14 commercial banks in the year 1969 the banking structure in India underwent a great change in terms o f branch expansion. The growth and development of scheduled commercial Banks in India up to 2004 is shown in the Table 4.11 Area wise Classification of Bank Branches as on

31.3.2004 is presented.

T A B L E 4.11

AREA WISE CLASSIFICATION OF BANK BRANCHES - POSITION AS ON 31.3.2004

S. Bank’s Name Number of Branches Total

N. Urban Semi Rural

urban

1 Central Bank of India 01 15 45 61

2 State Bank o f India 04 06 21 31

3 Bank of Maharashtra 05 10 20 35

4 Union Bank of India 02 03 12 17

5 Bank of Baroda 01 04 09 14

6 Allahabad Bank 01 — 02 03

103 7 Indian Overseas Bank 01 — 07 08

8 Bank of India 01 01 01 03

9 Dena Bank 01 02 02 05

10 Syndicate Bank 01 01 01 03

11 Canara Bank 01 02 02 05

12 United Commercial 01 ““ ““ 01

Bank

13 Punjab National Bank 01 ~ 02 03

14 Indian Bank 01 — ~ 01

15 United Bank of India 01 — — 01

16 State Bank o f Hyderabad 01 01 — 02

17 Andhra Bank 01 01 — 02

18 Vijaya Bank 01 —— 01

19 Co-operation Bank —— 01 01

20 The United Western 02 02 01 05

Bank

21 The Sangali Bank Ltd. 01 — 01 02

Total Commercial 29 48 127 204 Banks

22 The ADCC Bank Ltd. 10 17 262 289

23 The A D C A R M B Bank 01 06 07 14

Ltd.

104 24 Urban Co-op. Bank 23 45 65 133

Total No. of Branches 63 116 461 640 in the district.

Source: Credit plan o f Ahmednagar district 2004-05, Central Bank o f India, P.20

Area wise classification of Bank branches is shown in Table 4.11 Central

Bank o f India is lead bank of Ahmednagar district which has maximum number o f branches i.e. 61. Total 640 bank branches are working in Ahmednagar district.

Out of 63 are urban branches, 116 are semi-urban branches and 461 are rural branches.

105 4.9.2 BANKS AND ITS BRANCHES IN AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT

In 14 talukas o f Ahmednagar district commercial and co-operative banking network is widespread. Following table no. 4.12 shows banking branches in

Ahmednagar district.

TABLE NO. 4.12

BANKS AND ITS BRANCHES IN AHMEDNAGAR DISTRICT

No.of Towns & Commercial Sr.No Branches & Block villages Served Bank • Co-operative by Banks Branches

1. Nagar 30 45 59

2. Rahuri 29 12 34

3. Shrirampur 23 21 42

4. Newasa 24 13 31

5. Shevgaon 17 08 21

6. Pathardi 17 12 18

7. Jamkhed 12 07 12

8. Karjat 16 12 18

9. Shrigonda 21 13 23

10. Pamer 26 11 31

11. Akole 21 12 24

12. Sangamner 44 18 50

13. Kopergaon 32 23 53

14. Rahata

Total 312 207 416

Source: Socio-Economic Abstract of Ahmednagar District (2001-02) P.236

In 2001-2002 the total o f 312 towns and villages had banking facility.

There were 207 branches of commercial banks and 416 branches of the

106 Ahmednagar District Central Co-operative Bank Ltd. The proportional availability

was 5 bank branches per lakh of population. The central Bank o f India is acting as the Leading bank in the District. The Bank prepares the District potential linked-

credit plan for each block and co-ordinates the credit supply o f various banks in the District. The number o f banks and their branches in the district are shown

above.

4.9.3 District Industrial Centre:-This centre is a nodal agency for several purposes related to industrial development in the field o f small scale industries.

The industrial unit having upto Rs.2 lakh capital is given 75 percent loan through

Commercial Banks. Out o f remaining 25 percent, 10 percent is given by District

Industrial Centre and remaining 15 percent amount the unit has to work out.

107 REFERENCES:

1) Credit Plan - 2003-04, Central Bank o f India, Pg. 4, 5, 6.

2) District Socio Economic Review of Ahmednagar District, 2001-02, P.3.

3) Website - www.midcindia.org

108