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Complex Planning Practice in Blooming Mining Communities in Northern Sweden

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Complex Planning Practice in Blooming Mining Communities in Northern Sweden Complex planning practice in blooming mining communities in Northern Sweden Kristina L Nilsson Prof. in Architecture/Urban Planning Complexity in society Increasingly global society with a widening and deepening of systemic interdepen- dencies across various social, spatial and temporal horizons of action (Jessop 2001) Not only complicated but also complex • knowledge from a diverse set of scientific knowledge and its interrelations. • the consistence of knowledge and how it can be achieved • at the same time strategic objectives are to be reached • interconnected and multi-dimensional context Planning and complexity Complexity refers to uncertainties and unpredictable outcomes when different natural, technical and social conditions are integrated with actions and reactions from various actors and stakeholders and when a great number and a variety of elements and time dimensions interact in society as a whole and in planning in particular. Complexity A great number and variety of elements and interactions in the societal organisation and decision system Luleå Kiruna Malmberget Pajala Located: Northern Sweden Kiruna Pajala Norrbotten County Malmberget North of the Arctic Luleå Circle Inhabitants: Kiruna 19 000 Malmberget 5 000 Pajala 2 500 The Barents region Northern Sea route Northwest passage Arctic bridge Tschudi shipping- NSR: 4 passages 2010 34 passages 2011 Save up to 60% transit time over the pole Källa: http://www.arcticbridge.com/ Raw material • 88 % of EU:s iron ore production from Northern Sweden • Sweden and Finland have one third of EU:s forest area • Norway has the majority of salmon production Källa: www.nyfikenvital.se Källa: A.Lind, Norrbottens handelskammare Källa: ÅF, 2010 Pajala Complicated situation in Pajala The New started mine needs 1000 employee Northland mining company Mineral explorers do not pay local tax Small local community 2000 inhabitants Fly-in fly-out labor do not pay local tax Cline planning administration Few new inhabitants No finances for local development Malmberget situation complicated/complex The whole settlement will probably move to Gällivare The hole is growing The planning takes time The ground is shaking every night A divided town A ghost town Buildings have been moved or demolished The left parts of the town is threatened The shopping centre is already a ghost town Buildings of national interests Separate buildings Building environments Other symbolic buildings as schools and the public house were demolished Several buildings are moved The Kiruna complex situation The outtake of the iron ore today The Model Town of Kiruna from 1905 National heritage interest Dependent of few industries and commerce Sami land - reindeer herding Iron ore mine and pellets work Tourism – hiking, skiing, Jukkasjärvi icehotel Space technology The ground is cracking-chaotic situation Weak political agreements New vision carried out Lack of suitable land 1/3 of the built-up environment More minerals Has to be re-located Architect competion for The second comprehensive plan going on the new town centre Small planning administartion Ground deformation Extremely wealthy mining company Over-lapping national interests Manifold of minerals Transports: railway, Europe road E10, Airport The city centre cultural heritage Rationality – non-linearity • First comprehensive plan – rational, low flexibility • Second comprehensive plan – adaption to new situation Complexity analysis • Time in transition • The existing and the between orders new town • A temporary period of • On-going since 2004- disorder • Great difficulty to end • Global iron prise, uncertainties, location of minerals, unpredictability, tempo of outtake disarray, confusion, • Planning processes tension, conflict and disruption • Location of new (Merry 1995) recidences Self-organisation The potential to spontaneously and unpredictable devlop new forms and structure by itself out of chaos (Merry 1995) Self-organisation group or a group of discontent The mining union The Kiruna Roots – NGO Action group for Kiruna Hospital – NGO Residents’ Associations – interest organisation Kiruna sports association Pressure conference in December • How can Kiruna grow and plan for th Saturday 8 December a growth of inhabitants? representatives from • Where are the housing going to be Kirunas associations, located – what type, to which rent, working teams and school and how many? • What sport facilities are going to classes, consumer groups be built? and shop owners to discuss • How can Kiruna be interesting for the future of the town. the youth? This is the chance to be • How can we get a valid hospital? • How will the culture be lively in the heard! new town? The conference aims to How will we take care of Kiruna’s history? Will we built a Kiruna old agree about a common town? platform for the new Kiruna. • Which are the wimens needs in a It will answer many male dominating town? questions, as for example: • How can we hold open and safe transport roads and improved public transport? Problematic planning situation Strong symbiosis the municipality – the mining company A small local planning admi- nistration, unused to larger project, have to manage an extreme complex planning situation Some officers have given up Frustrated population Hierarchy Local authority The mining company Companies The inhabitants The inhabitants The local authority The official hierarchy The Kiruna hierarchy Complexity theories Chaos • Time in transition between orders • A temporary period of disorder • great difficulty to end uncertainties, unpredictability, disarray, confusion, tension, conflict and disruption (Merry 1995) Kiruna Chaotic Situation • The local authority has planning monopoly • The mining company is the most powerful • The inhabitants has been blocked by the complexity and irritated of the ”slow process” • The local planning administration have lost the trust from the population Thank you for your attention The empowerment of people to take care of their future http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lk4qB7WOHYw .
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