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New Records of Genus Dinophysis, Gonyaulax, Amphidinium, Heterocapsa (Dinophyceae) from Korean Waters

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New Records of Genus Dinophysis, Gonyaulax, Amphidinium, Heterocapsa (Dinophyceae) from Korean Waters ISSN 1226-9999 (print) ISSN 2287-7851 (online) 260 Su-Min Kang and Joon-Baek Lee Korean J. Environ. Biol. 36(3) : 260~270 (2018) https://doi.org/10.11626/KJEB.2018.36.3.260 <Original article> New Records of Genus Dinophysis, Gonyaulax, Amphidinium, Heterocapsa (Dinophyceae) from Korean Waters Su-Min Kang and Joon-Baek Lee* Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, College of Ocean Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea Abstract - A study describing unrecorded and taxonomically undescribed indigenous species is in progress since 2006. Samples were collected from many sites in coastal waters and offshore of Korea as well as from Jeju Island. Since 2008, we have found ten unrecorded species of four genera belonging to family Dinophysaceae, Gonyaulacaceae, Gymnodiniaceae, and Heterocapsaceae. The species are as follows, Dinophysis elongata (2016 winter), D. nasuta (2016 winter), Gonyaulax alaskensis (2016 winter), G. diegensis (2017), G. monospina (2008), Amphidinium flagellans (2017), Heterocapsa circularisquama (2017), H. horiguchii (2017), H. lanceolata (2017), and H. pygmaea (2017) (note; The numbers in the parenthesis refer to the year in which the species was reported as unrecorded indigenous species by National Institute of Biological Resources, NIBR hereafter). Among them, seven species were described as newly recorded species in Korean waters, and three have been re-described in this study. Keywords : Amphidinium‌ , Dinophysis, Gonyaulax, Heterocapsa, new record species INTRODUCTION flagellates by several researchers in Korea (Kim et al. 2013; Shah et al. 2013; Lee et al. 2014). Since 394 dinoflagellates Jeju Island has experienced a peculiar change of marine were listed as recorded species in Korean waters (Lee and ecosystem due to climate changes by global warming over Kim 2015), Lee et al. (2015) reported newly 19 species be- last two decades, which include increasing seawater tem- longing to genera Dinophysis, Histoneis, and Parahistioneis perature and expansion of the high salinity and high tem- in Korean waters. Lee and Kim (2017a) added 4 unrecorded perature Kuroshio Current (Yeh and Kim 2010; Kang et al. Prorocentroid dinoflagellates, and Lee and Kim (2017b) 2012). Dinoflagellates are a major group of phytoplankton 16 unrecorded species including of five unarmored genera. community and are composed of various species in terms of Lee and Kang (2017) reported 5 unrecorded species and habitat and nutrition type. They also contribute to primary re-described 8 species belonging to family Diplopsaliaceae, production in oceans and distribute from tropical to artic Heterocapsaceae, Kolkwitziellaceae, Protoperidiniaceae sea in many waters world-wide (Dodge 1982). A total of and Thoracosphaeraceae. However, there were few recent 153 planktonic dinoflagellates from Korean waters have taxonomic studies on planktonic dinoflagellates except been described by Shim et al. (1981), Han and Yoo (1983a, Shin (2016). The objectives of this study were to check the b), Yoo and Lee (1986), Lee et al. (1993), and Shim (1994). list and to describe some newly recorded species, focusing During the last decade, more than 170 planktonic and ben- on the genera of family Dinophysaceae, Gonyaulacaceae, thic dinoflagellates have been added to a checklist of dino- Gymnodiniaceae and Heterocapsaceae. * ‌Corresponding author: Joon-Baek Lee, Tel. 064-754-3435, Fax. 064-725-2461, E-mail. [email protected] ⓒ2018. Korean Society of Environmental Biology. New Records of Four Genera (Dinophyceae) from Korean Waters 261 MATERIALS AND METHODS Class Dinophyceae West et Fritsch Order Dinophysiales Kofoid Samplings were done at coastal waters and offshore in Family Dinophysaceae Bütschli Korea as well as around Jeju Island from September 2008 Genus Dinophysis Ehrenberg to August 2017. Plankton samples were obtained by using a Dinophysis acuminata Claparéde et Lachmann C 20 μm mesh size plankton net and fixed with formaldehyde Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg C (final concentration of 1%). Planktonic dinoflagellates were =Dinophysis dens Pavillard S identified by using LM (Axioplan, Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Dinophysis argus (Stein) Abé C Germany). To make slide specimens for one species, the Dinophysis caudata Kent C dinoflagellate samples were washed with distilled water Dinophysis contracta (Kofoid et Skogsberg) Balech C and then the method described in Kim et al. (2013) was *Dinophysis elongata (Jörgensen) Abé C followed. To allow for more detailed observations, dinofla- Dinophysis exigua Kofoid et Skogsberg C gellate cells were isolated with a micropipette, placed on a Dinophysis fortii Pavillard C cover slip, air-dried and gold-coated, and finally observed =Dinophysis lapidistrigiliformis Abé S with a field emission scanning electron microscope (JSM- Dinophysis hastata Stein C 6700F, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan). Dinophysis infundibulum Schiller C For the species identification, several monographs that Dinophysis irregularis (Lebour) Balech C were reported from different oceans such as the British and Dinophysis joergensenii Kofoid et Skogsberg C Atlantic Ocean (Dodge 1982), Korean waters (Shim 1994) Dinophysis laevis Claparéde et Lachmann C and Western Pacific (Omura 2012) were used. A dinoflagel- Dinophysis micropterygia Dangeard C late classification for the new combinations of the family Dinophysis miles Cleve C Dinophysaceae, Gonyaulacaceae, Gymnodiniaceae, and *Dinophysis nasuta (Stein) Parke et Dixon C Heterocapsaceae was cited from AlgaeBase (http://www. Dinophysis norvegica Claparéde et Lachmann C algaebase.org) (Guiry and Guiry 2018). Dinophysis ovum Schütt C Dinophysis parvula (Schütt) Balech C Dinophysis punctata Jörgensen C RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Dinophysis recurva Kofoid et Skogsberg C Dinophysis rudgei Murray et Whitting C A total of 77 species of four genera (Dinophysis, Gon- Dinophysis schroederi Pavillard C yaulax, Amphidinium and Heterocapsa) belonging to the Dinophysis schuettii Murray et Whitting C family Dinophysaceae, Gonyaulacaceae, Gymnodiniaceae Dinophysis similis Kofoid et Skogsberg C and Heterocapsaceae were identified from Korean waters Dinophysis tripos Gourret C and classified in the checklist based on valid name as be- low. Among them seven species were described as newly Order Gonyaulacales F.J.R.Taylor recorded species in Korean waters and three were re-de- Family Gonyaulacaceae Lindemann scribed. The newly recorded and the re-described species Genus Gonyaulax Diesing are marked with asterisks (*) and sharps (#), respectively. #Gonyaulax alaskensis Kofoid C ‘C’ indicates a currently accepted name, ‘S’ a synonym, ‘U’ Gonyaulax brevisulcatum Dangeard C uncertain taxonomic name, ‘P’ preliminary based on the Gonyaulax bruunii Taylor C species database of AlgaeBase (Guiry and Guiry 2018), re- #Gonyaulax diegensis Kofoid C spectively. Gonyaulax digitale (Pouchet) Kofoid C Gonyaulax fragilis (Schütt) Kofoid C Checklist of the genus Dinophysis, Gonyaulax, Amphi- Gonyaulax hyalina Ostenfeld et Schmidt C dinium and Heterocapsa occurred in Korea Waters Gonyaulax lebouriae Balech C 262 Su-Min Kang and Joon-Baek Lee Gonyaulax macroporus Mangin C Amphidinium trulla Murray, Rhodes et Jørgensen C Gonyaulax monacantha Pavillard C #Gonyaulax monospina Rampi C Order Peridiniales Haeckel Gonyaulax orientalis Lindemann C Family Heterocapsaceae Fensome, Taylor, Norris, Sar- Gonyaulax pavillardii Kofoid et Michener C jeant, Wharton et Williams Gonyaulax polygramma Stein C Genus Heterocapsa Stein Gonyaulax scrippsae Kofoid C *Hetrocapsa circularisquama Horiguchi C Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparéde et Lachmann) *Hetrocapsa horiguchii Iwataki, Takayama et Mat- Diesing C suoka C =Gonyaulax apiculata Entz S *Hetrocapsa lanceolata Iwataki et Fukuyo C =Gonyaulax buxus Balech S Heterocapsa ovata Iwataki et Fukuyo C =Gonyaulax levanderi (Lemmermann) Paulsen S Heterocapsa psammophila Tamura, Iwataki et Hori- Gonyaulax striata Mangin C guchi C Gonyaulax turbynei Murray et Whitting C Heterocapsa pseudotriquetra Iwataki, Hansen et Gonyaulax verior Sournia C Fukuyo C * Heterocpasa pygmaea Lobelich Ⅲ, Schmidt et Sher- Order Gymnodiniales Apstein ley C Family Gymnodiniaceae Lankester Heterocapsa rotundata (Lohmann) Hansen C Genus Amphidinium Claparéde et Lachmann Heterocapsa triquetra (Ehrenberg) Stein C Amphidinium acutissimum Schiller C Amphidinium carterae Hulburt C Taxonomic description of unrecorded dinoflagellates Amphidinium corpulentum Kofoid et Swezy C Amphidinium crassum Lohmann C Genus Dinophysis Ehrenberg 1839 *Amphidinium flagellans Schiller C Holotype species: Dinophysis acuta Ehrenberg. Amphidinium flexum Herdman C Description: Small to medium sized (25-100 μm) laterally Amphidinium fusiforme Martin P more or less compressed dinoflagellate. The cells is cellu- Amphidinium gibbosum (Maranda et Shimizu) Jør- losic thecal plates. Two large prominent hypothecal and ep- gensen et Murray C ithecal plates joined by a serrated sagittal dorsal suture. The Amphidinium globosum Schröder C cingulum is located very much anteriorly. The right sulcal Amphidinium herdmanii Kofoid et Swezy C list is part of the right hypothecal plate and has one or two Amphidinium incoloratum Campbell C rids. Nucleus is spherical or ovoid (Guiry and Guiry 2018). Amphidinium inflatum Kofoid C Numbers of names and species: There are 230 species Amphidinium kesslitzii Schiller C names in the database at present, as well as 58 infraspecific Amphidinium longum Lohmann C names. Of the species names, 122 have been flagged as cur- Amphidinium massartii Biecheler C rently
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