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Dinoflagelados (Dinophyta) De Los Órdenes Prorocentrales Y Dinophysiales Del Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, México

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Dinoflagelados (Dinophyta) De Los Órdenes Prorocentrales Y Dinophysiales Del Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, México Symbol.dfont in 8/10 pts abcdefghijklmopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Symbol.dfont in 10/12 pts abcdefghijklmopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Symbol.dfont in 12/14 pts abcdefghijklmopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ Dinoflagelados (Dinophyta) de los órdenes Prorocentrales y Dinophysiales del Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, México Dulce Parra-Toriz1,3, María de Lourdes Araceli Ramírez-Rodríguez1 & David Uriel Hernández-Becerril2 1. Facultad de Biología, Universidad Veracruzana, Circuito Gonzalo Beltrán s/n, Zona Universitaria, Xalapa, Veracruz, 91090 México; [email protected] 2. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Apartado Postal 70-305, México D.F. 04510 México; [email protected] 3. Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar. Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Apartado Postal 70-305, México D.F. 04510 México; [email protected] Recibido 12-III-2010. Corregido 24-VIII-2010. Aceptado 23-IX-2010. Abstract: Dinoflagellates (Dinophyta) of orders Dinophysiales and Prorocentrales of the Veracruz Reef System, Mexico. Dinoflagellates are a major taxonomic group in marine phytoplankton communities in terms of diversity and biomass. Some species are also important because they form blooms and/or produce toxins that may cause diverse problems. The composition of planktonic dinoflagellates of the orders Prorocentrales and Dinophysiales, in the Veracruz Reef System, were obtained during the period of October 2006 to January 2007. For this, samples were taken from the surface at 10 stations with net of 30µm mesh, and were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Each species was described and illustrated, measured and their dis- tribution and ecological data is also given. A total of nine species were found and identified, belonging to four genera: Dinophysis was represented by three species; Prorocentrum by three, Phalacroma by two, and only one species of Ornithocercus was detected. From the samples, four potentially toxin-producer species were found: Dinophysis caudata, D. rapa, Phalacroma rotundata and Prorocentrum micans. The number of species found in this study is low, especially considering the higher numbers observed in other areas of the Gulf of Mexico, where some reports have recorded up to 53 species of the order Dinophysiales and 14 for Prorocentrales. Identification keys for orders, genera and species for the study area are provided with this study. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 501- 514. Epub 2011 March 01. Key words: dinoflagellates, morphology, phytoplankton, Veracruz Reef System, taxonomy. Los dinoflagelados son considerados como y Karenia brevis (Davis) Hensen et Moestrup, el grupo más abundante y diverso de microal- son atecadas o desnudas, y Pyrodinium baha- gas del fitoplancton después de las diatomeas. mense var. compressum (Böhm) Steidinger, La talla de estos organismos va de 5µm hasta Tester et Taylor que es una especie tecada 2mm y en ocasiones desarrollan estructuras y las potencialmente nocivas de los géneros anexas como aletas, cuernos o espinas. Algunos Alexandrium, Prorocentrum, Dinophysis y dinoflagelados se encuentran provistos de una Phalacroma (Hernández-Becerril et al. 2007). cubierta rígida llamada teca y se conocen como Estos tres últimos géneros pertenecientes a dinoflagelados tecados o armados. los órdenes Prorocentrales y Dinophysiales Entre las especies que se han reportado están relacionados con la producción de toxi- como productoras de toxinas en México se nas causantes de envenenamiento diarreico mencionan a Gymnodinium catenatum Graham por consumo de mariscos, DSP (Diarrhetic Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 59 (1): 501-514, March 2011 501 Shellfish Poisoning) (Hernández-Becerril et Veracruz y la población de Antón Lizardo: al. 2007). enlaza al NW con el SAV Norte, situado frente Los miembros del orden Prorocentrales, se a la laguna de Tamiahua y al este con el com- caracterizan por poseer una teca sencilla, bival- plejo arrecifal de Campeche y Yucatán. Los var (derecha e izquierda), cada valva esta forma- arrecifes que componen el SAV se encuentran da por una sola placa que suele estar perforada delimitados por los ríos La Antigua al norte y por poros generalmente oblicuos, a veces densos Papaloapan al sur. La desembocadura del río y que con frecuencia se disponen en campos o Jamapa divide al sistema en dos áreas, una hileras bien definidas en la región oral a veces frente al puerto de Veracruz y otra frente al una de las placas se prolonga hacia adelante en poblado de Antón Lizardo; esto provoca que las un apéndice apical agudo triangular o espinifor- aguas circundantes sean turbias y poco trans- me (espina apical) poco o muy desarrollado, por parentes. La temperatura promedio anual en la la inserción flagelar anterior y la reducción en zona arrecifal es de 26.1°C, el clima de la zona número y tamaño de placas (8 a 9) en esa zona de estudio se define como caliente-húmedo (Dodge & Bibby 1973, Balech 1988). con lluvias en verano y su esquema climático El orden de los Dinophysiales incluye puede sintetizarse en dos épocas del año 1) La diversas formas marinas, móviles y tecadas, época de nortes que abarca desde Septiembre aplanadas lateralmente, la superficie de la teca hasta Abril, con escasa precipitación, tempe- generalmente presenta poros, poseen aletas ratura baja y frecuentes invasiones de masas cingulares y sulcales con un desarrollo varia- de aire frío del Norte. 2) La época de lluvias ble y una sutura sagital aserrada extendida a de Mayo a Agosto, que es un periodo cálido, todo lo largo de su cuerpo, así la teca presenta caracterizado por temperatura elevada, alta dos valvas: izquierda y derecha, la aleta sulcal precipitación entre Junio y Agosto y vientos izquierda está bien desarrollada y provista débiles del este que soplan más o menos per- de tres radios que la sostienen R1, R2 y R3, y manentemente (Gutiérrez et al. 1993, Tunnell tienen en general un número de placas estable, et al. 2007, Vargas-Hernández et al.1993). 18 placas (con ciertas excepciones): 2 apicales, Durante el periodo comprendido entre 4 epitecales, 4 cingulares, 4 sulcales y 4 hipo- octubre de 2006 y enero de 2007, se recolecta- tecales (Sournia 1986, Hernández-Becerril et ron mensualmente muestras de fitoplancton por al. 2003, 2008). medio de una red para fitoplancton de 30µm de El propósito de este trabajo es determinar luz de malla, en 10 sitios de muestreo distri- la composición específica y variación temporal buidos en el SAV (Fig. 1). En cada estación se de las especies de dinoflagelados de los órde- realizaron arrastres horizontales superficiales nes Prorocentrales y Dinophysiales del Par- (30cm) con una duración aproximada de cinco que Nacional Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano minutos, a una velocidad entre los dos y tres (PSAV). Recientemente en dicha zona se ha nudos. Las muestras obtenidas se fijaron con dado a conocer la composición de dinoflagela- una solución de formaldehído al 4%. dos tóxicos o potencialmente tóxicos (Licea et La determinación de las especies se hizo al. 2004), así como dinoflagelados bentónicos mediante el método de Microscopía de Luz y especies planctónicas del género Protoperidi- (ML), empleando un microscopio Leica CME nium (Okolodkov et al. 2007, Okolodkov 2008). triocular 11502 y un microscopio Olympus BX40, acondicionado con una cámara Hitachi MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS KP-D 50 Color digital; algunas especies fue- ron observadas en Microscopio Electrónico de En el suroeste del Golfo de México se han Barrido (MEB) para su análisis detallado: los reportado 46 arrecifes de coral. De estos 31 especimenes fueron aislados con micropipetas pertenecen al Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano y se enjuagaron (libres de sal y preservado- (SAV). El SAV se localiza frente al puerto de res), se colocaron en cubreobjetos, se secaron 502 Rev. Biol. Trop. (Int. J. Trop. Biol. ISSN-0034-7744) Vol. 59 (1): 501-514, March 2011 Punta Gorda 19º15’ Galleguilla 10 A. de adentro Gallega Blanquilla 9 1 0 5 km Hornos I. Verde Golfo de México Pájaros 8 I. Sacrificios A. de afuera 19º10’ Santiaguillo Veracruz Ingeniero 6 Topetillo 7 Anegadilla Polo 4 5 I. de Enmedio 1 Blanca Chopas 19º05’ Cabezo Giote 2 I. Salmedina Rizo Río Jamara Anton 3 Lizardo 19º00’ 96º10’ 96º05’ 96º00’ 95º55’ 95º50’ Fig. 1. Estaciones de muestreo en el Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. Fig. 1. Sampling stations in the Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano. a temperatura ambiente y posteriormente se (2006). La clasificación taxonómica adoptada metalizaron con oro para su observación en el en esta investigación fue la de Fensome et al. equipo JEOL JSM6360LV. (1993). Para la identificación de las especies, se consideraron los caracteres taxonómicos y terminología propuestos por Dodge (1975), Resultados Sournia (1986), Steindinger & Tangen (1996) y Tenenbaum (2006), además se utilizaron otros Se identificaron 9 especies de cuatro géne- textos de consulta, como Osorio-Tafall (1942), ros, Dinophysis y Prorocentrum estuvieron Abé (1967), Wood (1968), Dodge (1975), representados por tres especies, dos de Phala- Taylor (1976), Sournia (1986), Balech (1988), croma y una de Ornithocercus. A continuación Licea et al. (1995), Steindinger & Tangen se presentan claves para la identificación de (1996), Faust & Gulledge (2002) y Tenenbaum órdenes, géneros y especies de dinoflagelados. Clave para determinar órdenes 1. Dinoflagelados con la teca compuesta por dos valvas unidas lateralmente, con ausencia de
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