IENNALE DI S B SE c - N r IG e e A n L L i I n A g - t h A e N f T i r E s P t R 1 I 5 M 0 A 2 y 0 e 1 a 9 rs - of photography 1 BIENNALE DI SENIGALLIA 4 5 9 • 1 , a n A Traveller’s Companion g a p for May 2019 Anteprima m a c n i a c i n e m o D a L . i l l e m o c a i Taccuini Maltagliati G 2019 o Senigallia i r a M • Exhibitions, fairs, conferences, meetings, compose the "introductory piece" of the Biennale, whose first edition, announced in May 2020, and subsequent ones, will keep the free form and the intention to celebrate the first 150 years of photography, 1839-1989. An "hypothesis", to be tested collectively, around the first sedimentary clues of this golden age of our past: what if the ideal museum of the future, like Marcel Duchamp's "Boîte-en-valise" , was a suitcase containing a selection of ancient photographic prints? A "Boîte-en-musée" ? From the invention of photography to the advent of our Digital dark age, in an artistic and scientific approach of photography as a work and The City of Senigallia was appointed by the Regional Council of the as an object, the Biennale di Senigallia invites us to explore together the Marche "City of Photography" a year ago. The home of Giuseppe Cavalli, potential richness of this material history. Ferruccio Ferroni, Mario Giacomelli and many other photographers, is recognized as an exceptional place, a denomination of controlled Grouped under the title "Once upon a time there was photography" , two cultural origin. exhibitions are set up in two noble locations in the heart of the city. Welcome to Senigallia ! On May 2, 3 and 4, 2019 it will host the “première” of an ambitious Maurizio Mangialardi Biennale , co-organized by the City Council and Serge Plantureux, with Maire of Senigallia the collaboration of Francesca Bonetti, guest curator. 21 marzo 2019 4 5 • CONTENT • First Foundation (400 BC) 6 Second Foundation (284 BC) 8 Third Foundation (554) 10 Repopulation and Renaissance (1374) 14 After the Earthquake (1930) 22 Photography stopped at Senigallia (1938) 24 Biennale’s programm 34 Exhibitions 38 Conferences 46 Orientation Map 52 Partners Restaurants 54 Partners Hotels 56 • Combusta Rinascitur Partners Bookshops and Galleries 54 Beaches 56 Access by Rail, by Sea and by Air 58 © 5OCHE 2019, published by SCBS di Serge Plantureux Palazzo Arsilli, Via Marchetti, nr 2, 60019 Senigallia (AN) 6 7 400 BC FIRST FOUNDATION • : • Senigallia - the ancient Sena of the Gauls - derives its name from the Senones, who founded it at the very beginning of the 4 th century B.C., when they settled in the area between Fabriano and Arcevia. This aerea, most intensely inhabited by the Celtic populations, was connected to the Adriatic by the river Misa whose mouths, in the place of the present Senigallia, had been built a natural landing place. The same gallic tribe of the Senons , led by semi-legendary Brennus, fought a few years after their arrival* the Battle of the Allia (390 BC). Their victory was followed by the Sack of Rome , with the famous episode of the geese of Juno. The Gauls agreed with the Roman on a ransom of a thousand pounds of gold, that they brought back to the Marche . Levy ( Titus Livus Patavinus ) considered this event as the moment when the Legendary Times ended and the Roman History started. The story of Senigallia was linked with the story of Rome. In 1894 a burial ground with 47 Gallic tombs was discovered in Montefortino**, a starting point for a characterization of the presence of the Gauls in the Marches. The gold objects differentiate their tombs from the contemporaries of the region where gold was almost unknown. * ... recentissimi advenarum (Levy) • Paul Jamin . Le Brenn et sa part de butin ** G. Annibaldi, Montefortino di Arcevia, Enciclopedia Treccani dell' Arte Antica . The tombs are situated (Brennus and his Share of the Spoils) , 1893 34 kms out of Senigallia. The gold objects are now in Ancona, Archeological Museum. 8 9 283 BC SECOND FOUNDATION • : • The via Flaminia antica linked Rome to Sena Gallica on the Adriatic coast through Sentinum (Sassoferato). In 220 BC, Gaius Flaminius built the In 283 BC, the Senones “were utterly destroyed by the Romans” *. enlarged via Flaminia, following the Metauro valley, ending in Fano. “The Senones, although they had a treaty with the Romans, nevertheless furnished In the prelude to the Battle of the Metaurus between Romans and mercenaries against them, wherefore the Senate sent an embassy to them to remonstrate Carthaginians, on 22 June 207 BC, Sena Gallica was the southernmost against this infraction of the treaty. Britomaris, the Gaul... slew the ambassadors... point of Hasdrubal Barca’s invasion of Italy. cut their bodies in small pieces and scattered them in the fields.” In 409 A.D., after 692 years of Roman administration, the town was The consul Cornelius, learning of this abominable deed, moved with great speed completely de stroyed by the Goths of Alaric I on their way to Rome. against the towns of the Senones by way of the Sabine country and Picenum, and The Sack of Rome occurred on 24 August 410 AD. ravaged them all with fire and sword. He reduced the women and children to slavery, killed all the adult males without exception, devastated the country in every possible way, and made it uninhabitable for anybody else. I Ie carried off Britomaris alone as a prisoner for torture. A little later the Senones (who were serving as mercenaries), having no longer any homes to return to, fell boldly upon the consul Domitius, and being (B.c. 283) defeated by him killed themselves in despair. Such punishment was meted out to the Senones for their crime against the ambassadors.” Their capital settlement became the first Roman colony on the Adriatic, Sena , called Sena Hadria or Sena Gallica to distinguish it from Sena Julia (Siena) in Etruria. Sena was a colonia civium Romanorum , a colony of Roman law, and the inhabitants had full Roman citizenship. * Livy’s Book XII, War against the Senones, has been lost, the main texts are by Polybius, and here • The Via Flaminia was the Roman road leading from Rome over the Apennine Mountains translated from the Greek, Appian, Roman History, Gallic Wars 2.13. to Ravenna and the Ager Gallicus (Map: William R. Shepherd, 1923). 10 11 554 AD THIRD FOUNDATION BYZANTINE • : ( ) • The Lombard king Aistulf captured Ravenna in 751, ending over two centuries of Byzantine rule in central Italy, with profound and lasting Senigallia was included in the byzantine Duchy of the Pentapolis (554). The consequences. Pope Stephen II, seeking protection from the aggression via Flaminia became the Ravenna road and the Pentapolis* became one of of the Lombards, appealed to the Frankish king Pepin the Short. Pepin the more commercially vibrant parts of the Italia Annonaria . cowed Aistulf and restored Stephen to Rome at the head of an army. Once in Italy through the Friuli in 568, the Lombards tore from the This began the Frankish involvement in Italy: Pepin's son Charlemagne Byzantines a large part of land south of the Alps, but didn't constitute became Western Roman Emperor, and papal temporal rule in Italy any uniform and contiguous domain. The Exarchate of Ravenna satrted with the creation of the Papal States. remained connected to Rome through the Byzantine corridor , the result of careful political and military strategies. In 726, under Emperor Leo III the Isaurian, started the first Iconoclasm , Greek for "breaker of icons" , after a a large submarine volcanic eruption. Many interpreted this as a judgement on the Empire by God, and decided that use of images had been the offence. The rise of Islam in the 7 th century had also caused some consideration of the use of holy images. Pope Gregory III held two synods at Rome and condemned Leo's actions, and in response Leo confiscated papal estates in Calabria and Sicily. The Roman military aristocracies of the Pentapolis and Venetia rose in revolt declaring that they would protect the pope from the imperial decree. th * The Pentapolis on the Adriatic: Ancona, Fano, Pesaro, Rimini and Senigallia. • Scene of iconoclasm , miniature from the 9 -century Chludov illuminated marginal Psalter, kept at Mount Athos until 1847, when a Russian scholar brought it to Moscow. 12 13 GUELPH vs GHIBELLINE Se tu riguardi Luni e Urbisaglia • • come sono ite, come se ne vanno Senigallia hold one of the largest fairs in medieval Italy, the Fair of the di retro ad esse Chiusi e Sinigaglia, Magdalene , after Sergius , count of Senigallia, had received from the count udir come le schiatte si disfanno of Marseille certain relics of Mary Magdalene. non ti parrà nuova cosa né forte, poscia che le cittadi termini ànno. But the Guelph and Ghibelline wars affected Senigallia. They started when Frederick I, known as Frederick Barbarossa (red beard), struggled to Le vostre cose tutte anno lor morte, restore the power and prestige of the German monarchy after the sì come voi; ma celasi in alcuna Investiture Controversy and went to Italy to find the finances needed. His che duran molto, e le vite son corte. supporters became known as Ghibellines (Ghibellini). The Lombard League and its allies, supported by the Church, were defending the If you consider Luni, Urbisaglia liberties of the urban communes against the Emperor's encroachments how they've ceased to be, and and became known as Guelphs (Guelfi).