With Poor Immigrants to America
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Library of Congress With poor immigrants to America. WITH POOR IMMIGRANTS TO AMERICA ·The MMCo.· THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK·BOSTON·CHICAGO·DALLAS ATLANTA·SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., Limited LONDON·BOMBAY·CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd. TORONTO WITH POOR IMMIGRANTS TO AMERICA BY STEPHEN GRAHAM AUTHOR OF “WITH THE RUSSIAN PILGRIMS TO JERUSALEM” WITH 32 ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS BY THE AUTHOR LC New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1914 All rights reserved Copyright, 1914, By HARPER AND BROTHERS. Copyright, 1914, By THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. With poor immigrants to America. http://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbtn.15813 Library of Congress Set up and electrotyped. Published September, 1914. Norwood Press J. S. Cushing Co.—Berwick & Smith Co. Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. SEP 19 1914 $2.00 © Cl. A379559 no 1 NOTE A translation of this book has appeared serially in Russia before publication in Great Britain and America. The matter has accordingly been copyrighted in Russia. My acknowledgments are due to the Editor of Harper's Magazine for permission to republish the story of the journey. I wish to express my thanks to Mrs. James Muirhead, Miss M. A. Best, and to Mr. J. Cotton Dana, who, with unsparing energy and hospitality, helped me to see America as she is. STEPHEN GRAHAM. Vladikavkaz, Russia. vii CONTENTS PAGE Prologue xi CHAPTER With poor immigrants to America. http://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbtn.15813 Library of Congress I. The Voyage 1 II. The Arrival of the Immigrant 41 III. The Passion of America and the Tradition of Britain 54 IV. Ineffaceable Memories of New York 73 V. The American Road 85 VI. The Reflection of the Machine 103 VII. Russians and Slavs at Scranton 123 VIII. American Hospitality 141 IX. Over the Alleghanies 161 X. Decoration Day 177 XI. Wayfarers of all Nationalities 188 XII. Characteristics 209 XIII. Along Erie Shore 225 XIV. The American Language 245 XV. Through the Heart of the Country 252 XVI. The Choir Dance of the Races 274 XVII. Farewell, America! 294 ix With poor immigrants to America. http://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbtn.15813 Library of Congress ILLUSTRATIONS 1. The emigrants in sight of the grey-green statue of Liberty in New York Harbour Frontispiece FACING PAGE 2. Russian women on board— ( a) The peasant 12 ( b) The intellectual and revolutionary type 12 3. The boisterous Flemings 14 4. ( a) The dreamy Norwegian with the concertina 18 ( b) The endless dancing 18 5. ( a) A Russian Jew 26 ( b) “A patriarchal Jew, very tall and gaunt, hauled along a small fat woman of his race” 26 6. “One of the young ladies was being tossed up in a blanket with a young Irish lad” (p. 25) 30 7. ( a) English 36 ( b) Russians—Fedya, Satiron, Alexy, Yoosha, Karl, Maxim Holost 36 8. Dainty Swedish girls and their partners looking over the sea 44 9. Apple orchards in blossom on the spurs of the Catskills 84 With poor immigrants to America. http://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbtn.15813 Library of Congress 10. On the way to school: my breakfast party 92 11. The tramp's dressing-room 110 12. By the side of the highway to Michigan: the electric freight train 120 13. An Indiana farm: the wind-well behind it, the wheatfield in front 142 14. “The cream-vans come along and buy up all the cream”(p. 261) 152 15. “Ploughed upland all dotted over with white heaps of fertiliser” (p. 161) 158 16. “Slovaks working on the line with pick and shovel” 166 17. The Slav children of Snow-Shoe Creek 174 18. Italians working with the “mixer” on the Meadville Pike 200 19. Ingenious photographs of American types 212 x 20. The Lithuanian who sat behind the asphalt and coal-oil scatterer 226 21. “Johnny Kishman, a German boy, got off his bicycle to find out what manner of man I was”(p. 233) 234 22. Erie Shore. “Amidst old logs, under a stooping willow tree, I made my bed” (p. 235) 238 23. The sower 252 24. The store on wheels 258 With poor immigrants to America. http://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbtn.15813 Library of Congress 25. “I had an interesting talk with an ancient man by the side of the road” 262 26. “Old Samuel Judie, lying on a bank, and philosophising on life” 270 27. At the fountain in the park: a hot day in Chicago 276 xi PROLOGUE From Russia to America; from the most backward to the most forward country in the world; from the place where machinery is merely imported or applied, to the place where it is invented; from the land of Tolstoy to the land of Edison; from the most mystical to the most material; from the religion of suffering to the religion of philanthropy. Russia and America are the Eastern and Western poles of thought. Russia is evolving as the greatest artistic philosophical and mystical nation of the world, and Moscow may be said already to be the literary capital of Europe. America is showing itself as the site of the New Jerusalem, the place where a nation is really in earnest in its attempt to realise the great dream of human progress. Russia is the living East; America is the living West—as India is the dead East and Britain is the dying West. Siberia will no doubt be the West of the future. For one who knows Russia well America is full of a great revelation. The contrast in national spirit is so sharp that each helps you to see the other more clearly. The American people are now on the threshold xii of a great progressive era; they feel themselves within sight of the realisation of many of their ideals. They have been hampered badly by the trusts and the “bosses” and the corrupt police, but they are now proving that these obstacles are merely temporary anomalies, caused by the overwhelmingly sudden growth of population and prosperity. A few years ago it could with truth be said that material With poor immigrants to America. http://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbtn.15813 Library of Congress conditions were worse in the United States than in the Old World. But it has been clear all the time that the corruption existent in the country was truly foreign to the country's temper. The common citizen is becoming the watchdog of the police-service. Tammany has fallen. Women are getting the suffrage, state by state. The nation is unanimous in its cry for a pure state, a clean country, and an uncorrupted people. All diseases are to be healed. Couples who wish to be married must produce health-certificates. The mentally deficient and hereditary criminals are to be segregated. Blue-books, or rather what the Americans call White-books, are going to form the Bible of a new nation. The day is going to be rationally divided into eight hours' work, eight hours' pleasure, eight hours' sleep —or rather, eight hours' looking at machinery, eight hours' pleasure, eight hours' sleep, for machinery is going to accomplish all the ugly toil. Everybody is to be well dressed, well housed, comfortable. America is raging xiii against drink, against the exploitation of immigrants, against the fate of the white slave, against any one who has done anything immoral. It will nationally expel a Russian genius like Gorky. It makes great difficulty of admitting to its shores any one who has ever been in prison. It is so in earnest about the future of America that it has set up what is almost an insult to Europe—the examination of Ellis Island. Any one who has gone through the ordeal of the poor emigrant, as I did, going into America with a party of poor Russians in the steerage, and has been medically examined and clerically cross-questioned about his life and ethics, knows that America is a materialist and progressive country, and that she is no longer a harbour of refuge for the weak, but a place where a nation is determined to have health and strength and prosperity. Now in Russia, when you arrive there, you find no such tyranny as that of Ellis Island awaiting you. You have come to the land of charity. If there is any question it is of whether you are a Russian Jew wanting to be recognised as an American citizen. Their charity does not extend to the Jews. But disease does not stand in your way, neither does crime; ethics are not inquired into; Mylius or Mrs. Pankhurst or Miss Marie Lloyd receive their passports without a frown. You have come to the nation to whom are precious the sick, With poor immigrants to America. http://www.loc.gov/resource/lhbtn.15813 Library of Congress the mentally deficient, xiv the criminal, the waste-ends of humanity, the poor woman on the streets, the drunkard. Her greatest novelist, Dostoievsky, was an epileptic; her national poet, Nekrasof, was a drunkard; Vrubel, one of her greatest painters, was an imbecile; Chekhof, her great tale-writer, was a hopeless consumptive. She is not opposed to the good and the sound, but the suffering are dearer to her, more comprehensible. She loves the drunkard, and says “Yes, you are right to be drunk; you are probably a good man. It is what you are likely to be in this world of enigmas.” She loves the white slave, but does not wish to shut her in a home for such. The Russians, so far from segregating the diseased and the fallen, frequently fall in love with them and marry them.