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International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Review A Review and Bibliometric Analysis on Applications of Microbial Degradation of Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Arctic Marine Environment at Metagenomic and Enzymatic Levels Gayathiri Verasoundarapandian 1 , Chiew-Yen Wong 2,3 , Noor Azmi Shaharuddin 1, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes 4,5 , Azham Zulkharnain 6 and Siti Aqlima Ahmad 1,3,5,* 1 Department of Biochemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; [email protected] (G.V.); [email protected] (N.A.S.) 2 School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; [email protected] 3 National Antarctic Research Center, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Magallanes, Avda. Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile; [email protected] 5 Center for Research and Antarctic Environmental Monitoring (CIMAA), Universidad de Magallanes, Avda. Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile 6 Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama-shi 337-8570, Saitama, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Citation: Verasoundarapandian, G.; Abstract: The globe is presently reliant on natural resources, fossil fuels, and crude oil to support Wong, C.-Y.; Shaharuddin, N.A.; the world’s energy requirements. Human exploration for oil resources is always associated with Gomez-Fuentes, C.; Zulkharnain, A.; irreversible effects. Primary sources of hydrocarbon pollution are instigated through oil exploration, Ahmad, S.A. A Review and extraction, and transportation in the Arctic region. To address the state of pollution, it is necessary to Bibliometric Analysis on Applications understand the mechanisms and processes of the bioremediation of hydrocarbons. The application of Microbial Degradation of of various microbial communities originated from the Arctic can provide a better interpretation Hydrocarbon Contaminants in Arctic on the mechanisms of specific microbes in the biodegradation process. The composition of oil and Marine Environment at Metagenomic consequences of hydrocarbon pollutants to the various marine environments are also discussed in and Enzymatic Levels. Int. J. Environ. this paper. An overview of emerging trends on literature or research publications published in the Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041671 last decade was compiled via bibliometric analysis in relation to the topic of interest, which is the microbial community present in the Arctic and Antarctic marine environments. This review also Academic Editor: Audrey presents the hydrocarbon-degrading microbial community present in the Arctic, biodegradation M. Darnaude metabolic pathways (enzymatic level), and capacity of microbial degradation from the perspective of Received: 26 December 2020 metagenomics. The limitations are stated and recommendations are proposed for future research Accepted: 5 February 2021 prospects on biodegradation of oil contaminants by microbial community at the low temperature Published: 9 February 2021 regions of the Arctic. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral Keywords: hydrocarbon degradation; microbial community; Arctic marine; review; bibliometric analysis with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affil- iations. 1. Introduction Arctic crude oil resources have become the major interest for exploitation to power the petroleum and other related industries [1,2]. A growing number of areas are being Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. exposed to anthropogenic activities, oil drilling and maritime traffic in the inclement Arctic Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. climate, which pose a high risk for accidental oil spills. The Polar Code discourages the This article is an open access article transport and use of heavy fuel oil (HFO) in the Arctic while being explicitly prohibited distributed under the terms and in the Antarctic under the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from conditions of the Creative Commons Ships (MARPOL) [3,4]. Marine vessels operate with two types of fuel oil: (1) distillate fuel Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// including marine diesel oil (MDO) and marine gas oil (MGO) and (2) residual fuel such as creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). IFO variants and HFO, all fuels that are derived from crude oil [5,6]. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1671. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041671 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1671 2 of 30 The degradation rate of hydrocarbon derivatives in the Arctic sea ice, marine, and soil are not feasible enough due to the cold temperatures combined with the perilous environ- ment, reduced solubility, and high viscosity of hydrocarbons. An emergency mechanical technique was implemented to clean up almost 11 million gallons of oil from the infamous Exxon Valdez tanker oil spill, which displayed some drawbacks. The incident left many habitats and wildlife species still recovering and on the verge of being endangered [7,8]. Physical and chemical clean-up of oil spills is complex and expensive, as it is dependent on the water temperature, composition of oil, amount of oil spilled, and other environmental factors. Therefore, biological treatments such as biodegradation of hydrocarbon pollutants by indigenous microorganisms could exploit the contaminants by using them as a source of energy for growth and other metabolic processes. This method has shown promising results as a potential treatment to eradicate hydrocarbon pollutants [9,10]. The bibliometric approach analyzes and evaluates research publications by monitoring the trajectory and development of the literature attributes in a scientific field. Interpreting and mapping a visualization network of research articles, helps to evaluate the productivity of authors, research groups, journals, institutions, countries, and determine the prospective state of knowledge of the field of study [11,12]. Thus, a comparative bibliometric analysis was employed to analyze the current research trends on the biodegradation of hydrocarbons by the microbial communities in the Arctic and Antarctic marine environments. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no published study has exclusively explored the biodegradation of hydrocarbons by indigenous microbial communities in both the Arctic and Antarctic marine environments by using a bibliometric framework. Additionally, a literature analysis was carried out to present the various aspects of microbial degradation of hydrocarbons, particularly in the Arctic marine region, since this was hardly reported compared to the Antarctic. The literature analysis compiled the consequences of hydrocarbon pollution in the Arctic marine environment, followed by the application of diverse microbial communities to degrade hydrocarbons, the metabolic path- way of the oil-degrading microbial community at enzymatic levels, microbial degradation capacity at the metagenomic level, and future prospects of bioremediation in the Arctic marine environment. 2. Application of Microbial Community in Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons in Arctic and Antarctic Marine Environments: Comparative Bibliometric Analysis and Literature Review Comprehensive data mining and analysis of scientific publications for a literature review are the foundation to establish and solve a problem in every aspect of research. A researcher should be able to grasp and understand the overview of a particular field of research. Biblio- metrics is a statistical approach used to analyze scientific research or review articles, books, and other publications, which is often referred to as scientometrics [13,14]. This quantitative method mainly entails research assessment in various disciplines by ranking the number of publications according to the authors, source journals, and institutions [15]. The process of exploring scientific information using available information technology (IT) tools or software assists in the analysis and summarization of the gathered data [16]. The present emerging trends in hydrocarbon pollution by microbial communities in cold marine environments are important to evaluate the advancement and dynamics in bioremediation research. This section provides a bibliometrics analysis on the existing literature published during the last 10-year period (from 2009 to 2019). A comparative analysis was performed to highlight the application of microbial communities native to the Arctic and Antarctic cold marine environments in degrading hydrocarbon contaminants. A comparison between both polar regions provides better insights and overview of the proposed study. The analysis and evaluation of current trends were employed through a data searching of the “Scopus” database produced by Elsevier [17]. This powerful database is reliable and provides substantial information on indexed journals, publications, and a large collection of abstracts and citations encompassing a broad range of subjects [18]. It offers integrated, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1671 3 of 30 efficient analytical methods for data extraction, compilation, and content exporting in various formats, which provides an inclusive statistical data of the entire quantity of the world’s research outcomes in the fields of science, medicine, technology, arts, humanities, and social sciences. The premise behind using the Scopus database is that relative to other such databases,
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