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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02617-9 - Life Beyond Earth: The Search for Habitable Worlds in the Universe Athena Coustenis and Thérèse Encrenaz Index More information

Index

abiotic 23 Big Bang 6, 13, 23, 215 absorption 212, 213, 238, Biota 52–53, 153, 159 abundance 6, 8, 12, 47 black body radiation 64, 151, 210 accretion 4, 5, 30, 217 Brahe, Tycho 168 adaptive optics 79 Braille see under asteroids aerosol 149–153 brown dwarf 214, 216, 217 albedo 64 Bruno, G. 179 ALH84001 see under meteorite amino acid 33, 35, 36–41 Canali 15, 95–97 Amor asteroids see under asteroids carbon 6, 8, 14, 20, 22–23 Amphiphile 24–25 cycle 62 Anaxagoras 42, 179 isotopes 47 Anaximander 1 life based on 22, 23 angular momentum 114, 246 carbon dioxide 14, 20 Antarctic dry valley 52, 54 carbon monoxide 32, 38, 39, 48, 90, 110, 111, Antoniadi 95, 96 176, 182 Apollo (missions) 115, 249 Cassini, J-D. 118, 157, 159 Apollo 11 249 Cassini–Huygens (mission) 68, 82, 115, 118, Apollo asteroids see under asteroids 121, 122, 144, 146–150, 152–157, 159, Archaea 25, 53 166, 167, 267 Arecibo Observatory see under observatories Callisto 17, 64, 125, 127, 128, 131, 132, 134, Aristarcus 1 135, 140, 143, 144, 158, 266 Aristotle 1, 42 cell 25, 27–29 Arrhenius 42 Centaurs 117, 118 asteroids 116–120, 265 Ceres 116 Amor 116 CETI (Communication with Extraterrestrial Aten 116 Intelligence) 52, 272 Apollo 116, 118 Challenger see under space shuttles Braille 118 Chandrayaan-1 115 main belt 11, 114, 116–117, 119–120 Chang, S. 40 Itokawa 118 Charon 114, 184, 245 Masursky 118 Charylko see under trans-Neptunian Mathilde 118 objects (TNO) astrometry 188–190, 207–208 chirality 41, 43–45 Aten asteroids see under asteroids Chiron 117, 237 Atoms 20–22, 148, 202, 229 chlorophyll 234 ATV (Automated Transport Vehicle, ISS) 253 chondrites 32, 74, 159 chromatography 38, 98, 99, 151 Bacteria 25–30, 55–56, 128 Churyumov–Gerasimenko see under comets Bada, J. 32, 38–39 circumstellar habitable zone (CHZ) 60, 77, 78 Bar-Nun, A. 40 civilization 16, 75–77, 269, 270, 272 Bepi–Colombo (mission) 86 Clarke, A. 267 Bessel, F. W. 188 Clementine (mission) 115 281

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02617-9 - Life Beyond Earth: The Search for Habitable Worlds in the Universe Athena Coustenis and Thérèse Encrenaz Index More information

282 index

climate 12, 32, 126, 225, 247–248, 250, 262 Earth 1–3, 8, 12, 19, 20 collapse, of nebula 5, 6, 9, 13, 196, 197 atmosphere 13 Columbia see under space shuttles early 26, 32, 38 comets 41, 75, 113, 114, 120, 123, 167–180 evolution 27, 39–41 Churyumov–Gerasimenko 75, 179, 237 formation 7, 27 Halley 75, 113, 114, 168–174, 177, 178, 186, oceans 33 Hyakutake 113, 114, 177 primitive 27, 36 Oort 120, 171, 176, 177 primordial 27 Tempel 1 175 terrestrial life 3, 19, 20, 22, 25–27, 29–35, Copernican revolution 2, 187 42, 44–59 Copernicus 79 eccentricity 78, 180, 183, 185, 218, 219 coronagraphy 238 ecopoiesis 260–264 CoRoT (mission) 81, 201, 203–206, 220, ecosphere 60 221, 239 Edgeworth, K. 180 cosmology 1, 231, 235 E-ELT (European Extremely Large Telescope) Cosmos 1, 35, 51, 58, 61, 119, 261 245, 246, 248 craters 73, 86, 87, 91, 92, 97, 103, 104, 114, Einstein, A. 193, 206 131–134, 139, 140, 155 elements 3, 6–8, 12, 20, 22, 23, 47, 66, 70 cryovolcanism 63, 131, 140, 144, 153, 154, abundance ratio 6–8, 12, 47 164, 165 cosmic abundance 6, 8, 47, 69, 102, 196 Curiosity see under Mars Science Laboratory solar system abundance 6, 7, 12, 13, 113, cyanobacteria 26, 27, 34 in meteorites 107 cyanogens 149 ELIPS (European Programme for Life and Cyrano de Bergerac 89 Physical sciences in Space) 253 ELT (Extremely Large Telescope) 235, 236, 248 Darwin 43, 50, 59 emission spectra 172, 201, 210–214, 230 Darwinian process 59 enantiomer 44–46, 166 Darwinian evolution 43, 59 Enceladus 17, 35, 56, 62, 63, 65, 123, 125, 128, Deimos 121 130, 144, 145, 159, 161–165, 167, 176, deep-sea vents 53, 54, 124, 128, 136, 153, 184, 210, 238, 244, 245 159, 161 energy 15, 23–25, 37, 50, 59 Deep Impact (mission) 175 metabolism 15, 24, 48, 50 Deep Space 1 (mission) 128 kinetic 34 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 24, 28, 29, 33, sources 3, 19, 122, 127, 129, 136, 138, 142, 39, 44, 52, 57, 59, 125, 181, 273 143, 146, 152, 227 DNA world 33 environments, extreme 51_57, 65, 78, 82 eukaryotes 25, 27–29 enzyme 29, 33, 45, 46, 50, 53, 59, 193 function 24, 52 Epicurus 1, 187 prokaryotes 25, 27–29, 34 Epoxi (mission) 175 life 33, 52, 57, 59 equilibrium 10, 64, 210, 225, 226 protein 24, 28, 31, 33–37, 44, 52 thermodynamic 50, 58, 211 structure 52, 57, 59 Erathosthenes 1 DNA–RNA 24, 33, 39 Eris see under trans-Neptunian objects (TNO) deuterium 6, 13, 91, 105, 113, 177, 215, 217 Eros 118 deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratio 12–14 ESA (European Space Agency) 86, 165 denaturing, of protein 52 ethane 148, 153, 156, 167, 267 diffraction 89 eukaryote 25–29 Doppler 188–189, 192, 205, 227 Europa 17, 54–57, 63, 65, 67, 122–128, Drake, F. 76, 77, 272 130–138, 140, 142–144, 160, 164–166, Drake formula 76, 89, 140 244, 245, 266

index 283

ExoMars 105, 237 Hartley 2 114, 175, 177, 178 exploration 142–145, 165–168, 235–238, Haute Provence Observatory see under 249–250 observatories extrasolar planets (exoplanets) 2, 187–235 Hayabusa (spacecraft) 118–119 exo-Earth 203 helium 6, 8, 9, 13, 22, 197 ocean planet (waterworlds) 129, 140, 142 Herschel (mission) 81, 114, 177 super-Earth 203, 205, 218, 223, 225 Hertzsprung–Russell diagram 245 extremophiles 52, 67, 260, 275, 278 Hoyle, F. 43, 179 HST (Hubble Space Telescope) 5, 80, 81, 182, Flammarion 2, 85, 187 197, 200, 202, 229, 231 Fontenelle 89, 187 Huygens, C. 187 fossils 64 Huygens probe 68, 122, 144–157, 167 hydrogen 6, 8, 9, 20–23, 30, 31, 35, 38, Gaia theory 43 40, 50, 65, 73, 112, 156, 177, 197, GAIA (mission) 208, 239 215, 226 galactic habitable zone (GHZ) 78 hydrophilic molecules 24 galaxy 61, 76, 78, 81, 140, 206, 208, 214, 256 hydrophobic molecules 24 Galilean satellite 122, 125, 131–134, 143, 238 hydrothermal vent 53, 54, 124, 128, 136, 153, Galileo, Galilei 187 159, 161 Galileo (mission) 82, 89, 115, 117, 118, 121, Hyakutake see under comets 124, 132, 135, 137, 139, 140, 141 Ganymede 17, 54, 56, 65, 123–125, 127, 128, icy giants 9, 13, 66, 67, 122 130–135, 139–144, 158, 164–165, 245, Ida 117, 118 266 imaging, of exoplanets 209–213 gas giants 9, 66, 124, 129, 142, 227, 265 infrared radiation 151, 201, 210 Gaspra 118 infrared spectroscopy 80, 91, 118, 184, 210, genes 28, 51, 57 228, 230, 231–233 giant planets 6, 9–11, 13, 14, 30, 35, 54, 56, 66 Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) see under glycine 37, 45, 175 observatories GMT (Giant Magellan Telescope) 235 interstellar medium 12, 13, 45, 69–73, 75, 110, Goldilocks 60, 181 113, 168, 173, 174, 179 gravity 5, 8, 9, 30, 112, 130, 143, 157, 188 International Space Station (ISS) 250–254 Green bank Observatory see under Itokawa see under asteroids Observatories Io 130–134 greenhouse effect 32, 64, 65, 69, 78, 94, 111, isotopes 12–14, 47, 48 150, 151, 161, 226, 262–268 fractionation 14, 47, 166 ratio 12–14, 47, 48 habitability 59–64 deﬁnition 59, 64 Jewitt, D. 116, 180 requirements 19, 59, 78 JUICE (Jupiter and Icy satellite Explorer) 133, habitat 59–75 140–144, 237, 245 habitable conditions 2, 19, 20, 59–69 Juno 116, 237 habitable worlds 17, 19, 59–75, 82, 95, 121 Jupiter 6,7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 63, 65, 73, 82, 113, habitable zone 59–69 114, 116, 117, 121, 122, 125–127, 130, Haldane 34, 36, 42 131, 133, 135, 137, 139–141, 143, 164, Hale–Bopp 75, 113–114, 173–174, 177–178 171, 189, 190, 192, 195, 198–201, Halley, E. 75 209–212, 215, 216, 218–220, 227, Halley, comet see under comets 229–232, 23è, 238, 240, 244, 245, 266 HARPS (High Accuracy Radial velocity JWST (James Webb Space Telescope) 235, Planet Searcher) 192–193, 196, 205 239, 240

284 index

Kant, I. 4, 187, 196 Mariner 4 97 Kasting, J. 32 Mariner 9 97, 100 Kelvin (Lord) 42, 113 Mariner 10 86 Kepler (mission) 61, 81, 201, 204–206, 227 Mars 9, 94–110 Khare, B. 152 atmosphere 14, 67, 81, 87, 88, 97, 99, 100, Kuiper, G. 155 105, 110 Kuiper Airborne Observatory (KAO) see exploration 47, 85, 95, 99, 102, 105, 107, 116 under observatories habitability 65, 95, 225, 245, Kuiper Belt 11, 79, 114, 120, 171, 176–181, life 46, 47, 62, 63, 77, 94–110 199, 237, 244 water 14, 17, 54–57, 62–65, 99–111 Marsden, B. 170 laboratory experiment Mars Express 100, 105–106 Urey–Miller 37–41, 43, 73, 74, 151, 161 Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) 16, 90, 92, Lagrangian point 116, 235, 257 103, 106 Lammer, H. 60, 66, 67, 126–128, 136 Mars Odyssey 100, 102 Laplace, P. S. 4, 187, 196 Mars Rover 105 Laplace resonance 130, 131, Opportunity 105 Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB) 73 Spirit 105 Lavoisier, A. 22 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) 48, 99, Le Verrier 12 104–105, 237 life Curiosity 48, 85, 99, 104–105, 107, 237 characteristics 50, 51 Masursky 118 see under asteroid deﬁnition 48–59 mass spectrometry 38, 173, 177 detection 2–4, 38, 69, 75–83 Mathilde 118 see under asteroid extraterrestrial 75–83 Mayor, M. 190, 192–194,224, 276–277 forms 14, 15, 19, 23, 25, 26, 45, 48, 53, 56–59 MacNevin, W. 38 intelligent 61, 66, 67, 69, 96, 270 McKay, C.P. 155, 246–247, 264, 267, 278 origin 30–47 McKay, D. 109–110 primitive 20, 30–38 membrane 24–25, 28 requirements 3, 21, 24, 25, 54 Mendeleev, D. 22, 69 lipid 24, 37 Mercury 85–87 liquid water belt 3, 4, 17, 52, 55, 59–69 Messenger (mission) 85–87 LOFAR (Low Frequency Array) 214 metallicity 215–216 Love number 159 meteorites 30, 32, 40–41, 46, 74, 107–108, 120 Luu, J. 116, 180 ALH84001 107, 109–110 Lovelock, J. 43 carbonaceous 32, 33, 48, 59, 73, 118, 120, Lowell, P. 95, 97 159, 172, 174,186 Lunine, J. 58, 246, 247 carbonaceous chondrite 32, 73, 159, Murchison 41, 73, 179 M dwarfs 224, 238 methane 14, 28–31, 36, 38, 43, 48, 61, 63, 69, MACHO (Massive Compact Halo Object 105–106, 122, 148, 160, 181, 228, 230–231 survey) 206 methanogen 28, 155, 156, 160 Magellan (mission) 82, 90–91 Meudon Observatory see under observatories Makemake (TNO) 175, 180 microlensing 206–208 magnetic ﬁeld 75, 96, 110, 112, 176, 224, 237 migration 9–12, 196–199, 218, 222 magnetometer 172 Milky Way 20, 78 magnetosphere 72–76, 96, 110, 141, 151, Miller, S. 36–43, 73–74, 151, 161, 276 153, 158, MIR (space station) 249 mammals 39 MOA (Microlensing Observations in Mariner (missions) Astrophysics) 207

index 285

molecular clouds 6, 72 orbit 5, 9, 11–12, 180, 218, molecule 12, 14, 15, 20–25, 35–45, 50, parameters 10 69–75, 179 planetary 11–12 hydrophilic 24 Orcus 125, 180 see under trans-Neptunian hydrophobic 24 objects see under (TNO) Moon 114–116, 241, 249–265 organelles 28 MOP (Microwave Observing Program) 270 organic chemistry 20, 22–23, 31, 35, 44, 123, Murchison see under meteorites 129, 146–162 Orion, nebula 46 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Oro, J. 39, 73 Administration) 86, 91, 97, 100, 105, 165, ortho–para ratio (OPR) 176–177 167, 175, 184, 231, 237, 242, 252, 254, 270 Owen, T. 232 NEAR (Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous) 118 oxygen 6, 8, 20–23, 32, 49–50, 94, 110, Neptune 9–12, 180–186 134–135, 147, 155, 232, 240, 255, 262, New Horizons (mission) 184, 237 266, 268 Newton, I. 168 ozone 62, 110, 140–141, 150, 232–233, 240, 264 nitriles 147, 182 nitrogen 7–8, 20, 22, 30, 39, 50, 66, 88, 110, Pallas 116 122–123, 146, 149–161, 181–182, 261, Palomar 239 266–267 panspermia 30, 41–42, 179 NRAO (National Radio Astronomy parallax 168 Observatories) see under observatories - Paris Observatory see under observatories nucleation model 196, 222 Pasteur, L. 42 nuclear radiation 102 peptide 36, 38 nuclear reaction 7, 216–217 permafrost 112 nucleic acid 24, 28, 34, 37, 48, 273 Phobos 121 nucleosynthesis 6, 23, 47, 245 Phoebe 117 Phoenix (mission) 99 observatories 235, 272 Pholus 117 Arecibo 271–273 photolysis 148, 182 Green bank 76, 270 photosynthesis 32, 34, 48, 128, 264 Haute Provence 190, 192, 195 Pic du Midi Observatory see under ISO (Infrared Space Observatory) 80, 174, observatories 178, 211 Pioneer Venus 91 KAO (Kuiper Airborne Observatory) 173, 178 planetary motion 9, 140, 188, 189, 192, 207, Meudon 95, 96 227, 245 NRAO (National Radio Astronomy eccentric 11, 74, 218 Observatories) see Green Bank migration 9–11, 73, 78, 185, 206–209, Paris 2 218, 232 Pic du Midi 95 retrograde 181, 227 ocean 13, 32, 40, 52–55, 63, 66–82, 87–94, planetary protection 241–242, 276 104–113, 126–164 planetesimal 6, 9, 11 OGLE (Optical Gravitational Lensing PLANET survey 207 Experiment) 207 planets 2, 4–7, 9–14 Olympus Mons 97 detection 187–214 O’Neill cylinder 255–257 extrasolar 187–234 Oort, J. 170 formation 6–11 Oort cloud 114, 170–173, 178 gas giants 124–167 Oort comets see under comets habitable 59–68 Oparin, A. 34, 36, 42 terrestrial 85–115

286 index

plate tectonics 46, 63, 66, 129, 267 silicon 8, 22, 49, 58, 69, 184 Plato (mission) 239 Snowball Earth 65 Pluto 116, 125, 164, 171, 180, 184, 237, 244 Socrates 42 Poincaré, H. 9 Solar System 4–18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 72, evolution 13 110, 149, 174 formation 6–9 polymers 23, 31, 56, 149, 162, 174 life 2, 4 polypeptide 36 planet formation 4–6 prebiotic chemistry 38–39, 46–47, 69, 74–75, space cities 249, 254–255 149, 160, 166 space colonization 77, 123, 248, 254, 266 prebiotic molecules 17, 36, 73–74, 113, 119, space elevator 257–258 123, 161–162, 167, 179, 226 space shuttles 249, 252 prebiotic soup 30, 32, 34–35, 40 Challenger 249 primordial nebula 196 Columbia 249 prokaryote 25, 28–29, 34 spectra 22, 60–61, 106, 119, 135, 151, 172, 177, proteins 24, 28, 31, 33–37, 44, 46, 48, 52–53 188- 189, 201, 210–214, 217, 219, protosolar disk 5–7, 9, 14, 116 232–233, 239 pulsar 193–194, 209 spectroscopy 12, 48, 80, 85, 91, 118–119, 172, timing 209 177, 184–185, 201, 210, 228, 230–232 purine 32, 40 remote sensing see above pyrolysis 151 SPHERE 238 pyrimidine 32, 40 Stardust (mission) 175 stars 1–60 Queloz, D. 190, 192–194, 224, 276–277 luminosity 32, 60–61, 64, 78, 245–246 serpentinization 38, 106 radial velocity 189, 190–191, 194, 196, 203, SMOW 13–14, 93, 113–114, 120, 176–177 205–207, 215–216 Spitzer (mission) 80, 231 radio emission 213 Stanford Torus 256–257 radioisotope 12, 182 star formation 46, 76, 97 radiotelescope 69, 270–272 stellar system 4, 61, 77, 142, 272 Raulin, F. 151–153, 277 Strobel, D. 156 remote sensing 12, 48, 113, 118, 130, 177, stromatolite 27, 34 179, 184 sugar 24, 29, 34–37, 40–41, 44–45, 52, 273 red shift 191 Sun 4–13 red vegetation edge (RVE) 234 elemental abundances 8, 237 reproduction 50–51, 56 luminosity 61, 64, 78, 245 ribonucleic acid (RNA) 24, 28–29, 273 supernova 194 ribose 41 Río Tinto 55 TANDEM (Titan and Enceladus Mission) 165 Rosetta (mission) 75, 179, 237 Tempel 1 see under comets 175 temperature 19, 21, 28, 32, 52, 53–57 Sagan, C. 1, 49, 261, 272, 277 climate 12, 32, 126, 225, 247–248, 250, 262 Saturn 6–10, 124–129, 145–167 effective temperature 94, 151, 209–213, 227 Schiaparelli, G. 95–96 equilibrium temperature 210–211 Schumann resonance 157 greenhouse effect 32, 65, 68, 88, 94, 111, Sedna see under trans-Neptunian 150–151, 161–162, 225–227, objects (TNO) 261–264, 268 SETI (Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence) terracentricity 14, 49 77, 269–275 terraforming 68, 123, 260–269, 276

index 287

terrestrial planets 85–115 Universe 1, 2, 13, 14, 17, 22, 23, 47, 49 Thales 1 Uranus 6, 9–12 Tharsis volcano 97, 101, 103 Urey, H. C. 36, 37–43, 73–74, 151, 161, 276 thermal emission 201, 210–212 tholin 41, 149–152, 160 Valles Marineris 97, 101 tides 162, 182, 225 van de Kamp, P. 188 tidal dissipation 132, 183 velocimetry 188–192, 200–208, 217, 220, tidal forces 62, 129, 183 227–228 tidal heating 140, 164, 182–183, 225, 227 Venera (missions) 82, 89–92 tidal locking 62, 129 Venus 87–93 Titan 144–167 atmosphere 14, 62, 65, 81, 87, 88, 90, 93, 94 atmosphere 122, 123, 145–152 habitability 65 exploration 165–167 surface 65, 82, 88–92, 94, 97, 105, interior 145, 157–160 Venus Express (mission) 85–91 organic chemistry 146–156 Vesta 116 surface 152–157 Viking 81, 97–101, 105, 107, 109 TMT (Thirty Meter Telescope) 235, 238 Voyager (mission) 121, 132, 139, 149, 181, 183 Tombaugh, C. 180 T-Tauri phase 9, 116, 196 water 14–18, 99–106, 112–113, 124–167, transit 199–208, 217, 220, 222, 224, 226–235 172–178 Triton 63, 123, 125, 164, 191–196, 244–245 heavy 91–94 trans-Neptunian objects (TNO) 116, 123, 125, waves 88, 167 180, 184–186, 235 Werner, A. 44 Charylko 117 Whipple, F. 172 Eris 125, 164, 180, 185 Wickramasinghe, C. 43, 179 Makemake 180, 185 Wolszczan, A. 193 Orcus 125, 180 Sedna 125, 181 Zahnle, K. 107