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Journal of Korean Nature Vol. 5, No. 1 1-9, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.7229/jkn.2012.5.1.001

Spiders in Bangtaesan Mountain in Gangwon-do,

Seung-Tae Kim1*, Sue-Yeon Lee2, Jong-Kook Jung2, Jung-Sun Yoo3 and Joon-Ho Lee2 1Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea 2Entomology program, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea 3Department of Invertebrates, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon 404-170, Korea

Abstract: In order to qualitatively examine the fauna of Bangtaesan (Mt.) of Inje-gun, Gangwon-do, 4 collection sessions were conducted between May and October of 2010. A total of 479 were collected in Bangtaesan (Mt.), at 128 of 86 genera in 27 families, and coniferous forest zone or mixed tree forest zone, characterized by the dominance of conifers, displayed higher number of species than decideous forest zone. In terms of family, included the highest number of species (18 species, 14.1%), followed by (16 species, 12.5%), Araneidae (14 species, 11.0%), Salticidae (13 species, 10.2%) and Tetragnathidae (9 species, 7.0%). Four species, Nesticella mogera of family Nesticidae, Clubiona lena of Clubionidae, Phrurolithus sinicus of and Synagelides zhilcovae of Salticidae, were discovered for the first time in Korean mountains. Zoogeographically, spiders in Bangtaesan (Mt.) displayed 1 cosmopolitan species, with holarctic region and palearctic region species making up 14.1% and endemic species making up 7.8% of the species observed during the study. This shows that spider fauna of Bangtaesan (Mt.) experience northern influence. The result of this study provides an inventory of mountain spiders and information regarding the region's biodiversity, and the results will not only become useful for the effective management and long-term use of national biological resources, but will also become a highly important data for the preservation of biodiversity based on changes in distribution, time and space.

Keywords: spiders, Bangtaesan (Mt.), community structure, distribution

Introduction of ecological food chains and as one of the most primary natural predator of agricultural or foreset pests. Recently, Biogeographically, a mountain exhibits a diverse range of they are being used as biological indicators for the detection geographical environment, depending on altitude and slope. of environmental changes, such as soil or air pollution, and Therefore, a mountain includes fauna and flora which have the various physiologically active substances they produce, adapted to such a range, and this is evident in its biodiversity, such as spider webs and venom, are being used in a wide which includes a wide range of ecological functions range of research and practical fields. Therefore, information (Körner 2004). Furthermore, a mountain’s high level of regarding spiders in a specific ecological condition will biodiversity is maintained because a mountain typically become useful for the understanding of their biological experiences a low level of disturbance to its environment. function within the ecosystem, and information regarding Therefore, a mountain is considered a highly important their distribution is crucial for the use of its genetic ecosystem in terms of biodiversity (Lomolino, 2001). resources. This study was conducted in order to qualitatively Globally, approximately 40,000 species of assess the spider fauna of Bangtaesan (Mt.) of Inje-gun, (Arachnida: Araneae) have been reported (Platnick 2012), Gangwon-do. and in Korea, 46 families, 258 orders and 688 species have been reported, (Namkung et al. 2009, Seo 2011a,b). Spiders Materials and Methods display the second highest level of biodiversity in natural and agricultural ecosystems, after insects, and have Study site maintained a unique ecological status. Therefore, spiderss Bangtaesan (Mt.) is located in Bangdong-ri, Girin-myeon, are not only a significant component of biodiversity, but Inje-gun, Gangwon-do and is a mountain which borders also plays a role as a prey to top-level predators in all forms Inje-gun and Hongcheon-gun. It touches Seolaksan (Mt.) and Jeombongsan (Mt.) to its north and Gaeinsan (Mt.) to

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. its south, and it was designated as a recreational forest Tel: +82-2-880-4692 (9,387 ha of recreational forest surface area) in 1997. E-mail: [email protected] Natural broad-leaved trees make up the majority of the 2 Seung-Tae Kim, Sue-Yeon Lee, Jong-Kook Jung, Jung-Sun Yoo and Joon-Ho Lee

Fig. 1. Location of investigated sites in Bangtaesan Mountain, Inje-gun, Ganwon-do.

Bangtaesan (Mt.) vegetation, and the area also includes m2. Spiders active on ground surface were collected using artificially reforested area. Jueokbong (1,443 m above sea pitfall traps, and for individual site, 3 traps were placed in a level) and Guryongdeokbong (1,388 m above sea level) are triangle, 10 m apart from each other. The traps were placed its main peaks, located at an upstream region, and are so that their tops were level with ground surface. The trap characterized by an abundance of trees. Main tree species used in this study was 10.5 cm high, and is composed of a includes the lime tree, birch, pine and the oak (National clear 500 mL plastic container at 8 cm in diameter. A Natural Recreation Forest office, 2011). plastic filter with 6 holes of 2 cm in diameter was installed A total of 6 study sites were chosen for the study of spiders in order to prevent the intrusion of larger , such as in consideration of the geographical and environmental rodents and reptiles, and a plastic cover was added at the traits of mountains and main vegetation: decideous forest top, 5 cm from the trap, in order to prevent the decomposition within the Bangtaesan (Mt.) Recreational Foreset (site 1), of specimen by rain water. Ethyl-alcohol and ethylene- mixed tree forest characterized by dominance of conifers glycol were mixed at 1:1 ratio to be used for preservation to (site 2), decideous forest close to plantations near the prevent the specimen from being decayed. The trap was Bangdong mineral spring (site 3), coniferous forest near installed mid-May of 2010 and was collected every 30 cultivated upland between mountains (site 4) and mixed days, for a total of 4 sessions until October. tree forest bordering grassland (site 5) (Fig. 1). Information regarding the study sites are presented in Table 1. Identification and analysis The spiders collected were determined using a stereoscopic Study method and schedule microscope (Nikon smz 800) and provisional keys (Paik Insect nets (38 cm in diameter) were used for the collection 1978, Chikuni 1989, Kim and Kim 2000, Namkung 2001, of spiders inhabiting above ground, with the surface area of Ono 2009). Document by Namkung et al. (2009) and the collection site of each study site approximately 1,000 Platnick (2012) were used for species names and to take

Table 1. Habitat plantation of each investigated site in Bangtaesan Mountain Site Habitat Latitude Longitude Altitude (m) 1 Broadleaf forest 37o54'39.7'' 128o24'23.4'' 743 2 Coniferous-dominated coppice 37o55'29.4'' 128o23'59.1'' 501 3 Broadleaf forest 37o56'23.0'' 128o24'01.4'' 608 4 Upland with coniferous forest 37o55'52.2'' 128o18'51.2'' 360 5 Coniferous forest with flowering plant 37o55'25.2'' 128o17'48.5'' 368 6 Broadleaf forest 37o56'04.0'' 128o23'04.8'' 430

J. KOREAN NATURE Spiders in Bangtaesan Mountain in Gangwon-do, Korea 3 into consideration recent changes made to scientific names. Result Specimen collected during the study period were prepared as immersion specimen using 80% Ethyl-Alcohol and were A total of 128 species of 86 genera in 27 families from 479 stored in the National Institute of Biological Resources individuals of spiders were identified (Table 2). The species (NIBR). Furthermore, the comparative analysis of arachnids richness of individual site ranged between 20 and 59 in Korean mountains was done via Bray-Curtis index of species, and sites 2, 4 and 5 at between 55 and 59 species similarity (Clarke and Warwick 2001). showed a higher level than sites 1, 3 and 6 at between 20

Table 2. Spider taxa from Bangtaesan Mountain Sites Family Korean name Scientific name Total 123456 PHOLCIDAE 묏유령거미 Pholcus montanus 2 2 속리유령거미 Pholcus sokkrisanensis 22 MIMETIDAE 큰해방거미 Mimetus testaceus 11 ULOBORIDAE 꼽추응달거미 Octonoba sybotides 11 NESTICIDAE 쇠굴아기거미 Nesticella mogera 55 THERIDIIDAE 가시잎무늬꼬마거미 Anelosimus crassipes 11 꼬리거미 Ariamnes cylindrogaster 11 별연두꼬마거미 Chrysso foliata 31211 8 조령연두꼬마거미 Chrysso lativentris 21 3 미진거미속 일종 Dipoena sp. 1 1 흰무늬꼬마거미 Enoplognatha margarita 11 2 주황꼬마거미 Parasteatoda asiatica 22 석점박이꼬마거미 Parasteatoda kompirensis 123 큰종꼬마거미 Parasteatoda tabulata 22 말꼬마거미 Parasteatoda tepidariorum 23 27 게미진거미 Phycosoma mustelinum 22 116 살별꼬마거미 Platnickina sterninotata 11 2 검정토시꼬마거미 Stemmops nipponicus 12 3 넓은잎꼬마거미 Takayus latifolius 11 넉점꼬마거미 Takayus takayensis 131229 검정미진거미 Yaginumena castrata 11 LINYPHIIDAE 날개나사접시거미 Arcuphantes pennatus 625 13 개미접시거미 Cresmatoneta mutinensis 55 흰배애접시거미 Diplocephaloides saganus 11 땅접시거미 Doenitzius pruvus 2136 못금오접시거미 Eskovina clava 46232118 황갈애접시거미 Gnathonarium dentatum 11 일본가시다리애접시거미 Gonatium japonicum 11 2 흑갈풀애접시거미 13 4 꼬마접시거미 Meioneta rurestris 11 2 길좁쌀접시거미 11 대륙접시거미 Neriene emphana 32 5 가시접시거미 Neriene japonica 11 13 농발접시거미 Neriene longipedella 22 검정접시거미 Neriene nigripectoris 3126 고무래접시거미 Neriene oidedicata 22 금오개미시늉거미 Solenysa geumoensis 11 팔공접시거미 Strandella pargongensis 521 2 10 검은눈테두리접시거미 Syedra oii 224 TETRAGNATHIDAE 꼬마백금거미 Leucauge celebesiana 11123 8 왕백금거미 Leucauge magnifica 11 2 금빛백금거미 Leucauge subgemmea 2125 가시다리거미 Menosira ornata 11 2 안경무늬시내거미 Metleucauge yunohamensis 1113 비단갈거미 Tetragnatha lauta 21 3 장수갈거미 Tetragnatha praedonia 122 5 갈거미속 일종 Tetragnatha sp. 1113 비늘갈거미 Tetragnatha squamata 52123 13 논갈거미 Tetragnatha vermiformis 33

J. KOREAN NATURE 4 Seung-Tae Kim, Sue-Yeon Lee, Jong-Kook Jung, Jung-Sun Yoo and Joon-Ho Lee

Table 2. Continued Sites Family Korean name Scientific name Total 123456 ARANEIDAE 먹왕거미 Alenatea fuscocolorata 11 뿔왕거미 Araneus stella 11 1 3 산왕거미 Araneus ventricosus 12 3 부리꽃왕거미 Araniella yaginumai 133 18 긴호랑거미 Argiope bruennichi 11 여덟혹먼지거미 Cyclosa octotuberculata 11 넷혹먼지거미 Cyclosa sedeculata 2114 북왕거미 Eriophora sachalinensis 3121119 각시어리왕거미 Neoscona adianta 22 적갈어리왕거미 Neoscona punctigera 11 지이어리왕거미 Neoscona scylla 2114 연두어리왕거미 Neoscona scylloides 11 어리왕거미속 일종 Neoscona sp. 1 1 분왕거미 Neoscona subpullata 213 콩왕거미 Pronoides brunneus 11 2 LYCOSIDAE 별늑대거미 Pardosa astrigera 22 뫼가시늑대거미 Pardosa brevivulva 11 가시늑대거미 Pardosa laura 44 좀늑대거미 Pirata procurvus 33 PISAURIDAE 황닷거미 Dolomedes sulfureus 11 닻표늪서성거미 Pisaura ancora 22 15 아기늪서성거미 Pisaura lama 1135 OXYOPIDAE 아기스라소니거미 Oxyopes licenti 11 ZORIDAE 수풀오소리거미 Zora nemoralis 21 3 AGELENIDAE 들풀거미 Agelena silvatica 31 15 CYBAEIDAE 왕굴뚝거미 Cybaeus longus 25 7 모산굴뚝거미 Cybaeus mosanensis 1111 4 환선굴뚝거미 Dolichocybaeus whanseunensis 55 HAHNIIDAE 제주외줄거미 Neoantistea quelpartensis 1315 DICTYNIDAE 아기잎거미 Dictyna foliicola 11 AMAUROBIIDAE 반도비탈거미 Callobius koreanus 23 5 가야산가게거미 Draconarius kayasanensis 11 COELOTIDAE 입가게거미 Alloclubionoides euini 3572 17 민자가게거미 Iwogumoa songminjae 14 5 가야집가게거미 Tegecoelotes secundus 11 2 MITURGIDAE 갈퀴혹어리염낭거미 Cheiracanthium uncinatum 112 ANYPHAENIDAE 팔공거미 Anyphaena pugil 11 2 CLUBIONIDAE 해인염낭거미 Clubiona haeinsensis 21 3 살깃염낭거미 Clubiona jucunda 11 가산염낭거미 Clubiona kasanensis 22 솔개빛염낭거미 Clubiona lena 11 부리염낭거미 Clubiona rostrata 11114 염낭거미속 일종 Clubiona sp. 1 1 CORINNIDAE 팔공도사거미 Phrurolithus palgongensis 2417 살깃도사거미 Phrurolithus pennatus 1113 꼬마도사거미 Phrurolithus sinicus 11 GNAPHOSIDAE 넓적니거미 Gnaphosa kompirensis 11 석줄톱니매거미 Sernokorba pallidipatellis 1231 7 SPARASSIDAE 이슬거미 11 별농발거미 Sinopoda stellatops 1214 PHILODROMIDAE 황금새우게거미 Philodromus aureolus 11 금새우게거미 Philodromus auricomus 11 북방새우게거미 Philodromus rufus 131 5 나무결새우게거미 Philodromus spinitarsis 11 갈새우게거미 Philodromus subaureolus 11 중국창게거미 Thanatus miniaceus 22 넉점가재거미 Tibellus japonicus 22 4

J. KOREAN NATURE Spiders in Bangtaesan Mountain in Gangwon-do, Korea 5

Table 2. Continued Sites Family Korean name Scientific name Total 123456 각시꽃게거미 Diaea subdola 1211 5 곰보꽃게거미 Ebelingia kumadai 22 꽃게거미 tricuspidata 2252 11 황갈풀게거미 Lysiteles coronatus 23222112 줄연두게거미 Oxytate striatipes 11522 11 불짜게거미 Synema globosum 12 3 참범게거미 Tmarus piger 112 풀게거미 Xysticus croceus 22 대륙게거미 Xysticus ephippiatus 12317 SALTICIDAE 흰눈썹깡충거미 Evarcha albaria 22 줄무늬햇님깡충거미 Heliophanus lineiventris 11 우수리햇님깡충거미 Heliophanus ussuricus 11 불개미거미 Myrmarachne japonica 112 네온깡충거미 Neon reticulatus 111 3 눈깡충거미 Phintella arenicolor 22 묘향깡충거미 Phintella parva 12 11 5 까치깡충거미 Rhene atrata 11 고리무늬마른깡충거미 Sitticus fasciger 11 어리개미거미 Synagelides agoriformis 22 월정어리개미거미 Synagelides zhilcovae 1256 14 검은날개무늬깡충거미 Telamonia vlijmi 11 흰줄깡충거미 Yaginumaella striatipes 53121 12

Table 3. Synopsis of spiders in each investigated site (1973), Namgung and Yoon (1975, 1976, 1980), Namgung Site Community structure et al. (1972, 1988), Kim (1985, 1988), Kim and Yoo (1986, 1 13 families 29 genera 35 species 1996), Kim et al. (1987, 1988), Lee and Lee (1987), Lee et 2 18 families 46 genera 59 species al. (2000), Kim and Kim (2000), Im and Kim (1999), Im et 3 20 families 41 genera 49 species al. (1998, 1999), Cho et al. (2005), Kang et al. (2010) and 4 18 families 48 genera 55 species Lee et al. (2010). While it is impossible to make an accurate 5 17 families 45 genera 55 species comparison among the studies, since their qualitative and 6 12 families 18 genera 20 species quantitative result differed, as a result of differences in their Total 27 families 86 genera 128 species researchers, study period, research spectrum and methods, it was possible conduct a general comparative analysis of and 49 species (Table 3). In terms of species of individual spider communities. Among the aforementioned studies, families, there were 18 Linyphiidae species (14.1%), those conducted in mountains of Gangwon-do included followed by 16 Theridiidae species (12.5%), 14 Araneidae those conducted over 11 mountains: Samaksan (Mt.) species (11.0%), 13 Salticidae species (10.2%) and 9 (Namgung and Paik 1973), Gamaksan (Mt.) (Namgung and Tetragnathidae species (7.0%) (Fig. 2). Four species, Nesticella Yoon 1975), Chiaksan (Mt.) (Namgung and Yoon 1976), mogera of Nesticidae, Clubiona lena of Clubionidae, Seolaksan (Mt.) (Namgung and Yoon, 1980), Hyangrobong Phrurolithus sinicus of Corinnidae and Synagelides (Mt.), Geonbongsan (Mt.), Daeamsan (Mt.), Dosolsan (Mt.), zhilcovae of Salticidae, were discovered for the first time in Daewoosan (Mt.) (Namgung et al. 1988), Jeombongsan Korean mountains. Zoogeographically, spider fauna of (Mt.) (Lee et al. 2000) and Odaesan (Mt.) (Cho et al. 2005). Bangtaesan (Mt.) displayed 1 cosmopolitan species, and 18 Furthermore, 128 species of 86 genera in 27 families of holarctic region and palearctic region species (14.1%) and spiders observed in Bangtaesan (Mt.) recorded the highest 10 endemic species (7.8%) were collected (Table 4). number of species followed by Seolaksan (Mt.) (188 species) and Jeombongsan (Mt.) (144 species). Degree of Discussion similarity among mountains is organized in Fig. 3, and while Bangtaesan (Mt.) displayed geographical similarity Until recently, 32 studies have been conducted on the spider to Odaesan (Mt.) and Jeombongsan (Mt.), it exhibited a fauna of Korean mountains, including those by Paik (1942), composition different from that of other mountains of Paik (1962, 1976, 1979a,b,c, 1980), Paik and Wu (1970), Gangwon area. Namgung (1972, 1980, 1986, 1996), Namgung and Paik Spiders are typically known to be significantly affected

J. KOREAN NATURE 6 Seung-Tae Kim, Sue-Yeon Lee, Jong-Kook Jung, Jung-Sun Yoo and Joon-Ho Lee

Fig. 2. Species richness of each spider family.

Table 4. Zoogeographical distribution of spider species in Bangtaesan mountain spiderss. Araneidae exhibits a high level of Mountain diversity in mountains, because the region experiences a Zoogeography Scientific name low level of artificial interference and exposure to both Holarctic species Parasteatoda tabulata harmful substances, such as pesticide and predators, unlike Microneta viaria in the case of open space. Furthermore, the area also Philodromus rufus provides sufficient space for the installation of large orb Neon reticulatus webs. Review of past reports on other mountains showed Palaearctic species Cresmatoneta mutinensis that Araneidae displayed that highest number of species in Gnathonarium dentatum 28 mountains, after the exclusion of 4 mountains of Hylyphantes graminicola Meioneta rurestris Namsan (Mt.) (Lee and Lee 1987), Mugabsan (Mt.) (Im Neriene emphana and Kim 1999), Daeamsan (Mt.) (Kang et al. 2010) and Argiope bruennichi Gajisan (Mt.) (Lee et al. 2010). Since webbing spiders, Neoscona adianta including Araneidae, are significantly influenced by webbing Zora nemoralis space and habitat structure. Study on webbing spider Micrommata virescens communities by Miyashiata et al. (1998) states that members Philodromus aureolus Ebrechtella tricuspidata of Araneidae with large body sizes are spatially limited and Synema globosum that members of Theridiidae were the smallest. Therefore, it Tmarus piger can be deduced that Bangtaesan (Mt.)’s spatial environments Heliophanus lineiventris are more suitable for either sheet weavers or tangle-web Cosmopolitan species Parasteatoda tepidariorum spiders than the larger orb-weaver spiders. In the case of Korean endemic species Pholcus montanus vegetation, the study showed higher species richness in Pholcus sokkrisanensis sites 2, 4 and 5 than in sites 1, 3 and 6, and while sites 2, 4 Arcuphantes pennatus and 5 were coniferous forest zone or mixed tree forest zone, Solenysa geumoensis characterized by dominance of conifers, sites 1, 3 and 6 Cybaeus longus were decideous forest zone. Species richness was higher in Cybaeus mosanensis Dolichocybaeus whanseunensis coniferous forest zone. Blick (2011) stated that dominant Callobius koreanus spider species are distributed broadly and display no Draconarius kayasanensis preference for either coniferous forest zone or decideous Alloclubionoides euini forest zone. However, in this study, it was difficult to analyze enviromental traits based on dominant species and by the mountain’s vegetation (Uetz 1991). There was a high distribution of dominant species, and the study observed number of species of Linyphiidae and Theridiidae in high frequencies of the Eskovina clava of Linyphiidae and Bangtaesan (Mt.), but in the past, Araneidae displayed the the Alloclubionoides euini of Agelenidae, with 18 individuals highest number of species and was the most prominent and 17 individuals respectively, each at under 3.8%. Therefore,

J. KOREAN NATURE Spiders in Bangtaesan Mountain in Gangwon-do, Korea 7

Fig. 3. Cluster analysis of spiders from Korean mountains. it is assessed that spider fauna of Bangtaesan (Mt.) is within an ecosystem and interacts directly or indirectly with characterized by low level of dominance by a selected other taxonomic groups. Spiders plays a role as predators number of species and a high level of species evenness, which control the population density of insect pests within with a broad distribution of a small number of species. the terrestrial food chain and also maintain continuous However, it is deduced that coniferous forest zone interaction with other taxonomic groups by becoming a displayed a higher species richness than decideous forest upper-level nutrient prey. Furthermore, studying mountain zone, since coniferous forest zone in Korean mountains spiders is an important process which enables the selection provides spiders with a wide range of habitat space, such as of species which have adapted to the mountain environment the forest floor between coniferous species and various for use in future studies of environmental changes and trees and shrubs found in aerial part, instead being biodiversity of mountains. composed of purely conifers. Recently, biota monitoring and environmental resources In terms of zoogeographical distribution of spiders in research to secure domestic biological resources and basic Bangtaesan (Mt.), the results of this study was generally data are being pursued actively. In order to understand the similar to the Check list of Korean Spiders by Namgung et multi-dimensional biological environment created through al. (2009); this study displayed a slightly lower percentage the complicated interactions among mountain organisms, of holarctic species (3.9<5.1%), a slightly higher percentage information regarding types, population density, distribution of (10.9>9.8%) and a less than half the percentage and habitat of organisms must be gathered. Therefore, (7.8<19.2%) of endemic species, but the conclusion of the taxonomic organization and biodiversity information will past study that they experience northern regional influence become useful for the effective long-term management and was also evident in the zoogeographical distribution of use of national biological resources and become a monitoring spiders in Korean mountains observed in this study. factor highly important for the preservation of biological Four species of the Nesticella mogera of Nesticidae, resources based on distributional, temporal and spacial Clubiona lena of Clubionidae, Phrurolithus sinicus of changes. In the case of spiders, continuous monitoring in Corinnidae and Synagelides zhilcovae of family Salticidae mountains will become important data for the general were discovered for the first time in Korean mountains, and understanding and use of the various traits of spiders. studies on spiders inhabiting a specific ecosystem following adaption began with the effort to use them as indicators of Acknowledgment biodiversity in the specific environment (Gravesen 2000). Ferris and Humphrey (1999) have stated that species can be This study was conducted with the support of the National used as indicator species when it has functional significance Institute of Biological Resources (2010 project for Survey

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