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Kimono Dan Fungsinya Dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Jepang Modern

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Kimono Dan Fungsinya Dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Jepang Modern KIMONO DAN FUNGSINYA DALAM KEHIDUPAN MASYARAKAT JEPANG MODERN NIHON SHAKAI NI OKERU KIMONO TO SONO KINOU SKRIPSI Skripsi ini diajukan kepada Panitia Ujian Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan untuk melengkapi salah satu syarat ujian sarjana dalam Bidang Ilmu Sastra Jepang Oleh : FEBRINA ANGELI 120708029 PROGRAM STUDI SASTRA JEPANG FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2018 Universitas Sumatera Utara KATA PENGANTAR Segala puji syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yesus Kristus atas segala berkat dan perlindunganNya, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini sebagai syarat untuk mencapai gelar sarjana di Program Studi Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. Adapun skripsi ini berjudul “KIMONO DAN FUNGSINYA DALAM KEHIDUPAN MASYARAKAT JEPANG MODERN”. Dalam proses penyelesaian skripsi ini, penulis banyak menerima bantuan baik secara moril maupun materil. Untuk itu penulis ingin menyampaikan ucapan terimakasih sedalam-dalamnya kepada pihak yang telah membantu penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini, yakni kepada: 1. Bapak Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S, selaku Dekan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2. Bapak Prof. Hamzon Situmorang, MS.,Ph.D, selaku Ketua Program Studi Sastra Jepang Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara. 3. Bapak Drs. Nandi. S, selaku Dosen Pembimbing Akademik dan Dosen Pembimbing I yang telah meluangkan waktu dan tenaga serta pemikiran dan saran untuk membimbing penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 4. Ibu Adriana Hasibuan, S.S.,M.Hum, selaku Dosen Pembimbing II yang telah bersedia meluangkan waktu dan tenaga untuk membimbing dan memeriksa skripsi penulis hingga selesai. 5. Seluruh Bapak/Ibu dosen Program Studi Sastra Jepang Universitas Sumatera Utara yang telah memberikan ilmu yang sangat bermanfaat untuk penulis. i Universitas Sumatera Utara 6. Kakak Putri selaku administrasi Program Studi Sastra Jepang yang selalu membantu mengurus keperluan akademik dan surat-surat penulis sampai selesainya studi penulis. 7. Orang tua yang tercinta, Ayahanda J.H Butarbutar (Alm.) dan Ibunda M.C Surbakti yang selalu mendoakan penulis dan memberikan dukungan baik moral maupun materil yang tak terhingga sampai saat ini serta kasih sayang yang tak terbatas, sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan studinya dan menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 8. Kepada saudara/saudariku tersayang, Fresco Extrada, S.H, Franky Adelaide, dan Fredo Antonio, yang selalu memberikan doa dan semangat bagi penulis untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 9. Semua keluarga besar penulis yang telah memberikan dukungan hingga berakhirnya studi penulis. 10. Sahabatku yang terkasih, Daniel C. Sibarani S.T, Nita Avinta Girsang S.S, Marisca Sri Wulan Girsang S.P, Gunarto Situmorang S.T, Niko Hendrik Hutagalung, Agus Salim S.S dan Ayu Pranata Saragih S.S, yang selalu memberi dukungan dan doa sejak masa studi penulis sampai selesainya skripsi ini. Dan yang selalu memberikan waktu untuk mendengarkan keluh kesah penulis serta memberi penghiburan dikala penulis membutuhkan. 11. Teman stambuk 2012, Frichicilia Grace S.S, Surya Lubis S.S, Elly Leandro Hutasoit, Taufik Hidayatullah S.S, Taufik Pasaribu S.S, Wibisono Andalas S.S, dan semua teman-teman stambuk 2012 yang tidak bisa penulis sebutkan satu persatu. ii Universitas Sumatera Utara Dalam penulisan skripsi ini, penulis menyadari masih banyak terdapat kekurangan, baik dari isi maupun uraiannya. Untuk itu penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari semua pihak demi perbaikan skripsi ini agar dapat menjadi skripsi yang lebih sempurna. Akhir kata, penulis berharap semoga kiranya skripsi ini dapat berguna bagi penulis sendiri pada khususnya dan bagi para pembaca pada umumnya. Medan, Januari 2018 Penulis, Febrina Angeli iii Universitas Sumatera Utara DAFTAR ISI KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................... i DAFTAR ISI ...................................................................................................iv BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah ...................................................................1 1.2 Perumusan Masalah ..........................................................................6 1.3 Ruang Lingkup Pembahasan .............................................................6 1.4 Tinjauan Pustaka dan Kerangka Teori ...............................................7 1.5 Tujuan dan Manfaat Penelitian .........................................................11 1.6 Metode Penelitian ............................................................................12 BAB II WAFUKU DAN YOUFUKU DI JEPANG 2.1 Wafuku.............................................................................................15 2.2 Youfuku ...........................................................................................23 BAB III PERKEMBANGAN DAN FUNGSI KIMONO DALAM KEHIDUPAN MASYARAKAT JEPANG MODERN 3.1 Sejarah Perkembangan Kimono ........................................................31 3.2 Fungsi Kimono Dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Jepang modern .......44 3.2.1 Fungsi Kimono Pada Festival Shichi-Go-San ....................... 45 3.2.2 Fungsi Kimono Pada Festival Seijin Shiki ............................47 3.2.3 Fungsi Kimono Pada Upacara Pernikahan ............................50 3.2.4 Fungsi Kimono Pada Upacara Kematian ...............................54 iv Universitas Sumatera Utara BAB IV KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN 4.1 Kesimpulan ......................................................................................57 4.2 Saran ................................................................................................54 DAFTAR PUSTAKA LAMPIRAN ABSTRAK v Universitas Sumatera Utara BAB I PENDAHULUAN A. Latar Belakang Masalah Pakaian adalah salah satu kebutuhan pokok manusia selain tempat tinggal dan makanan. Sejak dahulu kala, pakaian telah menjadi bagian dari kehidupan manusia. Pakaian tidak bisa dilepaskan dari kehidupan dan kebudayaan manusia. Setiap bangsa di dunia umumnya memiliki pakaian nasional yang disesuaikan dengan adat-istiadat, kondisi geografis negara atau daerah, dan iklim setempat. Pakaian nasional tesebut biasanya telah ada sejak dahulu dan diperkenalkan dari generasi ke generasi. Setiap pakaian nasional memiliki ciri khasnya masing-masing yang dapat memberikan gambaran mengenai kebudayaan suatu bangsa serta menyampaikan nilai-nilai yang terdapat dalam masyarakat pemakainya. Jepang merupakan negara yang terletak di sebelah timur laut Asia, dikelilingi oleh Laut Pasifik Utara dan Laut Jepang. Seperti halnya Indonesia, negara Jepang terdiri dari kepulauan, tetapi hanya ada empat pulau besar yaiu Hokkaido, Honsu, Shikoku, dan Kyuushu. Honsu adalah pulau yang paling besar dan disanalah terletak kota-kota seperti Tokyo, Osaka, Kyoto, Yokohama, dan Nagoya yang merupakan kota-kota besar dan penting Jepang. Jepang memiliki keragaman budaya dan kesenian yang menampilkan keindahan dan keunikan tersendiri. Tidak jarang orang Jepang menampilkan keindahan dan keunikan budaya juga kesenian dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Contohnya masakan Jepang. Dalam membuat masakan, orang Jepang tidak 1 Universitas Sumatera Utara hanya mementingkan rasa namun juga penampilan pada masakan itu sendiri agar sedap dipandang. Penampilan masakan Jepang begitu indah dan begitu rumit dalam membuatnya, sehingga terkadang menimbulkan rasa segan untuk memakannya. Contoh lain budaya yang dimiliki oleh Jepang adalah tata cara minum teh. Adat yang terkenal itu menunjukkan bahwa dengan adanya tata cara tersendiri dalam meminum teh, Jepang dapat menampilkan nilai keindahan dan keunikannya dalam berbudaya. Selain itu budaya Jepang lain yang menyorot perhatian orang adalah pakaian tradisional Jepang. Pakaian tradisional negara Jepang adalah Kimono. Kata Kimono sendiri berasal dari kata 着(ki) yang berarti ‘memakai’ dan 物 (mono) yang berarti ‘barang’. Menurut Souga (1973:48), “Kimono adalah Istilah umum untuk sesuatu yang dipakai di badan, baju, atau pakaian tradisional Jepang. Dan dapat dikatakan bahwa pakaian ini berlawanan dengan pakaian ala Barat”. Kimono merupakan hasil seni yang dapat menampilkan keindahan dan keunikan bagi yang memakainya. Noma (1974:11), mengenai keindahan Kimono mengemukakan: It is surely proper that people see in the Kimono a beauty of great artistic value. There is good reason for the admoration the Kimono enjoys abroad nowadays. Merupakan hal yang sangat tepat masyarakat melihat Kimono sebagai keindahan yang memiliki nilai artistik yang tinggi. Adalah alasan yang kuat bagi kebanggaan Kimono bahwa saat ini Kimono juga dinikmati luar negeri. 2 Universitas Sumatera Utara Kimono terbuat dari kain yang dijahit secara vertikal memanjang hingga mata kaki dengan lengan berbentuk empat persegi panjang dan pada saat memakainya diikat dengan Obi yaitu ikat pinggang lebar yang dibentuk menjadi hiasan menarik pada saat memakainya. Kimono itu sendiri secara garis besar terdiri dari empat bagian, yaitu: bagian Sode (lengan), Migoro (badan), Okumi (kain pembebat), dan Eri (kerah). Potongan Kimono dibuat berbentuk lurus dengan mengabaikan bentuk badan si pemakai. Kimono dapat dipakai laki-laki maupun perempuan. Kimono untuk perempuan ada beberapa jenis, yaitu: Uchikake Kimono, Houmongi Kimono, Omeshi Kimono, Yukata Kimono, Tomesode Kimono, dan Furisode Kimono. Kimono laki-laki berbeda dengan Kimono perempuan. Kimono untuk laki- laki dalam hal warna dan motif lebih sederhana, bentuk Kimono laki-laki lurus tanpa memiliki panjang yang lebih. Bentuk Obi laki-laki kecil dan berwarna lembut serta tidak ada
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