DOCSLIB.ORG

Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction Du Branch Patrimoine De I'edition

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

"THE CHEMOPHILIC SOCIETY": ADDICTION RESEARCH AFTER THE CLASSIC PERIOD OF NARCOTIC CONTROL, 1957-1975 A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Guelph by YVAN CRAIG PRKACHIN In Partial Fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Master of Arts April, 2008 © Yvan Craig Prkachin, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-41860-4 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-41860-4 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada ABSTRACT "THE CHEMOPHILIC SOCIETY": ADDICTION RESEARCH AFTER THE CLASSIC PERIOD OF NARCOTIC CONTROL, 1957-1975 Yvan Craig Prkachin Advisor: University of Guelph, 2008 Dr. Catherine Carstairs This thesis examines the scientific investigation of drug addiction in the United States and Canada between 1957 and 1975, following the Classic Period of Narcotic Control. It argues that during this period the definition of 'addiction' changed from one emphasizing individual susceptibility and psychopathology to one emphasizing broad susceptibility based on the principles of behavioral psychology. This new paradigm of addiction gained widespread popularity in the scientific community because it provided compelling explanations for the new patterns of drug use and relapse that were observed in society during the 1960s and 1970s. The new field of addiction studies used this definition to advance the use of behavioral therapy for treatment, and to link together different drugs of abuse; this linking of different drugs also led neuroscientists to develop the neuropharmacological theories of addiction. The Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario is also examined as a case study of these trends. Acknowledgements It is something of a cliche to say that a scholarly thesis is the product of many people whose names do not appear on the title page. In the case of this thesis, however, such a notion is eminently true; this being the situation I have a rather large number of people to thank. First and foremost I must offer my deepest thanks to my advisor, Dr. Catherine Carstairs. Catherine provided me with support and encouragement even before I became a student at Guelph, and during our professional relationship she continually confirmed her reputation as one of the most helpful, encouraging and enthusiastic scholars working in Canada today. She is not only a gifted historian in her own right, but also a profound example of everything that a scholar ought to be, and I am truly grateful for the opportunity to have worked with her. I would also like to extend my thanks to Dr. Sofie Lachapelle and Dr. Wendy Mitchinson, who served on my committee, and whose contributions were extremely helpful. Thanks also to Dr. Karen Racine, who chaired my defense, and Dr. Peter Goddard, who helped me navigate the Guelph graduate program. The faculty and staff of the Guelph History Department deserve considerable praise for their professionalism and support. It is also a cliche to thank one's parents and family; again, special circumstances intrude. I would like to thank my parents, Ken and Glenda Prkachin, not only for providing exemplary moral support, but also for their considerable technical wisdom and insight. Both of my parents have extensive experience in the fields of psychology and neuroscience, and their contribution to the final product was not inconsiderable. Thanks also to my sister, Eva, for her wisdom and support. 1 I would also like to take the opportunity to acknowledge the support of a number of my colleagues in the Guelph History Program. In particular, I would like to thank Ryan Davidson, Natalie Dube, Jennifer Fraser-Lee, Emmanuel Hogg, Tom Hooper, Jeanna Hough, Jill McMillan, Natalie Rocheleau, Camille Shieh, Ashley Shifflet and Jessica Steinberg, all of whom at one point or another dealt with my characteristic neuroses. Finally, I would like to extend my thanks to both the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), and the Ontario Student Assistance Program (OSAP), who provided me with, respectively, a Canada Graduate Scholarship and an Ontario Graduate Scholarship. Without such financial assistance my graduate education would not have been a possibility, and I am deeply grateful for their support. I will conclude by saying that, while this thesis was a collaborative effort, all errors remain my own. n Table of Contents Acknowledgements i Table of Contents iii Introduction - "Medical Education Has Utterly Failed": The End of the Classic Period of Narcotic Control and the Modern Concept of Addiction 1 Chapter 1 - "Drug Addiction: Crime or Disease?": Drug Addiction and the Birth of Addiction Science, 1957-1965 21 Chapter 2 - "Drug-Seeking Behavior": 'Drug Addiction,' 'Drug Abuse' and Addiction Research Journals, 1965 - 1975 50 Chapter 3 - "On The Forefront of Knowledge": The Addiction Research Foundation and the Idea of Addiction, 1961-1975 80 Conclusion - "The Chemophilic Society": Addiction, Society, Science and Human Nature 105 Bibliography 113 in Introduction - "Medical Education Has Utterly Failed": The End of the Classic Period of Narcotic Control and the Modern Concept of Addiction In December of 1973 the Final Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Non- Medical Use of Drugs was made available to the Canadian people. The Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs, commonly referred to as the Le Dain Commission, after its chairman Gerald Le Dain, began its work in March of 1969. Over nearly four years, the commission received 639 submissions from individuals and organizations, conducted public hearings in 27 cities, and released four reports;1 at the time it constituted one of the largest state-run research initiatives into drug use in the world. Today the commission is mostly remembered for its recommendation that cannabis be removed from the Canadian Narcotic Control Act.2 Less well-remembered is the LeDain commission's report on the treatment of drug addiction. The report authors stated: Traditionally, drugs have been among the most powerful weapons in the therapeutic armamentarium of most doctors. And traditionally, doctors have been assumed to be experts in all matters concerning the effects of drugs on human beings. This was a reasonable assumption 30 or 40 years ago. Today, however, with the number of drugs used in the treatment of specific diseases increasing constantly, and with so many new drugs appearing which are not used primarily for the treatment of diseases, no physician can reasonably claim to be an expert on all drug effects.. ..[T]he entire subject of psychotropic drugs has left the medical profession divided, indecisive, and poorly prepared to deal with it, or even understand it. It is, in fact, the first large scale public health problem in which medicine has not assumed a major leadership role and which few individual physicians have faced squarely. Medical education, both undergraduate and continuing, has utterly failed, in terms of its response to psychotropic medical and non-medical drug use, to keep up with the rate at which this problem of public health has grown in recent years.. ..Drug education and even treatment are now 1 Government of Canada, Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs, Final Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs, (Ottawa: Information Canada, 1973), 3- 11. 2 For a detailed discussion of the Le Dain Commission's history and recommendations regarding cannabis, see Marcel Martel, Not This Time: Canadians, Public Policy and the Marijuana Question (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006), 120-155. 1 being left largely in the hands of users and former users, detached street workers and other paramedical personnel who are often well informed and able to provide constructive help, but who in such cases provide information and advice that are questionable and controversial. The very emergence of innovative services.. .is a dramatic indicator of how relatively inept and unresponsive the medical profession has been.3 In many ways this quotation from the Le Dain Commission Treatment Report captures much of the spirit of confusion and concern that characterized the public and professional discourse surrounding drug use in the English speaking world in the 1960s and 1970s.
Recommended publications
  • COURT JUSTICES, 1985-2013 Jean-Christophe Bédard-Rubin

    COURT JUSTICES, 1985-2013 Jean-Christophe Bédard-Rubin

    Paper prepared for the 2018 CPSA Annual Conference – Please do not cite nor circulate without permission HOW MUCH FRENCH DO THEY SPEAK ANYWAY? A BILINGUALISM INDEX FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, 1985-2013 Jean-Christophe Bédard-Rubin & Tiago Rubin Draft paper prepared for the CPSA 2018 Annual Conference. Please do not cite nor circulate without permission. Mandatory bilingualism for Supreme Court judges tantalizes Canadian politics for at least ten years now. The advocates of judicial bilingualism have repeatedly tried (and failed) to enshrine into law the requirement for Supreme Court justices to be functionally bilingual, i.e. the ability to “read materials and understand oral argument without the need for translation or interpretation in French and English”. For them, integrating mandatory bilingualism as a legislative requirement in the appointment process is a panacea. Their opponents argue that language proficiency in French should not be a sine qua non condition for Supreme Court justiceship and that requiring it would prevent excellent candidates from being appointed. However, despite the fact that empirical statements abound on both sides, there is very little empirical evidence regarding the actual impact of unilingualism and bilingualism on Canadian judicial institutions and simply no evidence whatsoever about its impact on individual judges’ behavior. Building on our ongoing research on judicial bilingualism, in this paper we try to evaluate the level of bilingualism of individual justices. What our findings suggest is that the behavior of Francophone and Anglophone bilinguals is influenced by the linguistic competency of their colleagues. Our findings also suggest that some Anglophone justices that are deemed to be bilinguals do not behave very differently from their unilingual colleagues.
  • Methadone and the Anti-Medication Bias in Addiction Treatment

    Methadone and the Anti-Medication Bias in Addiction Treatment

    White, W. & Coon, B. (2003). Methadone and the anti-medication bias in addiction treatment. Counselor 4(5): 58-63. Methadone and the Anti-medication Bias in Addiction Treatment William L. White, MA and Brian F. Coon, MA, CADC An Introductory Note: This article is long overdue. Like many addiction counselors personally and professionally rooted in the therapeutic community and Minnesota model programs of the 1960s and 1970s, I exhibited a rabid animosity toward methadone and protected these beliefs in a shell of blissful ignorance. That began to change in the late 1970s when a new mentor, Dr. Ed Senay, gently suggested that the great passion I expressed on the subject of methadone seemed to be in inverse proportion to my knowledge about methadone. I hope this article will serve as a form of amends for that ignorance and arrogance. (WLW) There is a deeply entrenched anti-medication bias within the field of addiction treatment. This bias is historically rooted in the iatrogenic insults that have resulted from attempts to treat drug addiction with drugs. The most notorious of these professional practices includes: coaching alcoholics to substitute wine and beer for distilled spirits, treating alcoholism and morphine addiction with cocaine and cannabis, switching alcoholics from alcohol to morphine, failing repeatedly to find an alcoholism vaccine, employing aversive agents that linked alcohol or morphine to the experience of suffocation and treating alcoholism with drugs that later emerged as problems in their own right, e.g., barbiturates, amphetamines, tranquilizers, and LSD. A history of harm done in the name of good culturally and professionally imbedded a deep distrust of drugs in the treatment of alcohol and other drug addiction (White, 1998).
  • Court of Appeal for Ontario

    Court of Appeal for Ontario

    COURT OF APPEAL FOR ONTARIO CITATION: Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, 2019 ONCA 544 DATE: 20190628 DOCKET: C65807 Strathy C.J.O., Hoy A.C.J.O., MacPherson, Sharpe and Huscroft JJ.A. IN THE MATTER OF A REFERENCE to the Court of Appeal pursuant to section 8 of the Courts of Justice Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. C.34, by Order-in-Council 1014/2018 respecting the constitutionality of the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, Part 5 of the Budget Implementation Act, 2018, No. 1, S.C. 2018, c. 12 Josh Hunter, Padraic Ryan and Thomas Lipton, for the Attorney General of Ontario Sharlene Telles-Langdon, Christine Mohr, Mary Matthews and Neil Goodridge, for the Attorney General of Canada William E. Gould, for the intervener Attorney General of New Brunswick J. Gareth Morley, for the intervener Attorney General of British Columbia P. Mitch McAdam, Q.C. and Alan Jacobson, for the intervener Attorney General of Saskatchewan Stuart Wuttke and Adam S.R. Williamson, for the intervener Assembly of First Nations Amir Attaran, for the intervener Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation Stewart Elgie, for the intervener Canada’s Ecofiscal Commission Joseph F. Castrilli and Richard D. Lindgren, for the interveners Canadian Environmental Law Association, Environmental Defence, and Sisters of Providence of St. Vincent de Paul Jennifer King, Michael Finley and Liane Langstaff, for the intervener Canadian Public Health Association R. Bruce E. Hallsor, Q.C., Christine Van Geyn and Aaron Wudrick, for the intervener Canadian Taxpayers Federation David Robitaille,
  • A Rare View Into 1980S Top Court

    A Rare View Into 1980S Top Court

    A rare view into 1980s top court New book reveals frustrations, divisions among the judges on the Supreme Court By KIRK MAKIN JUSTICE REPORTER Thursday, December 4, 2003- Page A11 An unprecedented trove of memos by Supreme Court of Canada judges in the late 1980s reveals a highly pressured environment in which the court's first female judge threatened to quit while another judge was forced out after plunging into a state of depression. The internal memos -- quoted in a new book about former chief justice Brian Dickson -- provide a rare view into the inner workings of the country's top court, which showed itself to be badly divided at the time. The book portrays a weary bench, buried under a growing pile of complex cases and desperately worried about its eroding credibility. One faction complained bitterly about their colleagues' dithering and failure to come to grips with their responsibilities, according to memos seen for the first time by the authors of Brian Dickson: A Judge's Journey. The authors -- Mr. Justice Robert Sharpe of the Ontario Court of Appeal and University of Toronto law professor Kent Roach -- also interviewed many former judges and ex-clerks privy to the inner workings of the court at arguably the lowest point in its history. "The court was struggling with very difficult issues under very difficult circumstances at the time," Prof. Roach said yesterday. "It was a court that had an incredible amount on its plate and, in retrospect, we were well served by that court." The chief agitators were Mr. Justice Antonio Lamer and Madam Justice Bertha Wilson.
  • Evaluation of Need and Feasibility of Tuberculosis Screening in Buprenorphine Treatment Programs Ryan Schwarz

    Evaluation of Need and Feasibility of Tuberculosis Screening in Buprenorphine Treatment Programs Ryan Schwarz

    Yale University EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library School of Medicine January 2011 Evaluation Of Need And Feasibility Of Tuberculosis Screening In Buprenorphine Treatment Programs Ryan Schwarz Follow this and additional works at: http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ymtdl Recommended Citation Schwarz, Ryan, "Evaluation Of Need And Feasibility Of Tuberculosis Screening In Buprenorphine Treatment Programs" (2011). Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library. 1593. http://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ymtdl/1593 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Medicine at EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. It has been accepted for inclusion in Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library by an authorized administrator of EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Evaluation of need and feasibility of tuberculosis screening in buprenorphine treatment programs A Thesis Submitted to the Yale University School of Medicine in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine by Ryan Schwarz Class of 2011 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Declaration of Interest .......................................................................................................................................
  • Truth Commissions and Public Inquiries: Addressing Historical Injustices in Established Democracies

    Truth Commissions and Public Inquiries: Addressing Historical Injustices in Established Democracies

    TRUTH COMMISSIONS AND PUBLIC INQUIRIES: ADDRESSING HISTORICAL INJUSTICES IN ESTABLISHED DEMOCRACIES by Kim Pamela Stanton A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Juridical Science Faculty of Law University of Toronto © Copyright by Kim Pamela Stanton 2010 Truth Commissions and Public Inquiries: Addressing Historical Injustices in Established Democracies Doctor of Juridical Science Kim Pamela Stanton Faculty of Law University of Toronto 2010 ABSTRACT In recent decades, the truth commission has become a mechanism used by states to address historical injustices. However, truth commissions are rarely used in established democracies, where the commission of inquiry model is favoured. I argue that established democracies may be more amenable to addressing historical injustices that continue to divide their populations if they see the truth commission mechanism not as a unique mechanism particular to the transitional justice setting, but as a specialized form of a familiar mechanism, the commission of inquiry. In this framework, truth commissions are distinguished from other commissions of inquiry by their symbolic acknowledgement of historical injustices, and their explicit “social function” to educate the public about those injustices in order to prevent their recurrence. Given that Canada has established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) on the Indian Residential Schools legacy, I consider the TRC’s mandate, structure and ability to fulfill its social function, particularly the daunting challenge of engaging the non-indigenous public in its work. I also provide a legal history of a landmark Canadian public inquiry, the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, run by Tom Berger. As his Inquiry demonstrated, with visionary leadership and ii an effective process, a public inquiry can be a pedagogical tool that promotes social accountability for historical injustices.
  • Marie Nyswanders Beitrag: Der Drogenabhängige Als Patient

    Marie Nyswanders Beitrag: Der Drogenabhängige Als Patient

    SCHWERPUNKTTHEMA nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn S11 Marie Nyswanders Beitrag: Robert G. Newman Der Drogenabhängige als Patient Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, USA Zusammenfassung: Dieser Artikel schildert die besonderen Ein groûartiger Kollege, Josh von Soer Clemm von Hohenberg, Verdienste Mary Nyswanders in der Betrachtungsweise der der gebürtig aus den Niederlanden stammte, aber jahrelang Behandlung von Drogenabhängigen. Dabei spielte die Charak- in Hamburg lebte und auch dort arbeitete, hatte sein Leben terisierung des Drogenabhängigen als Patienten eine beson- der Hilfe all derer und ihrer Freunde und Angehörigen dere Rolle, nämlich in der Methadon-Erhaltungsbehandlung, gewidmet, die von Abhängigkeitserkrankungen betroffen die auf eine dauerhafte Behandlung und nicht auf vollständige sind. Ich muss gestehen, ich war sprachlos, als mich Josh und sofortige Heilung abzielt. damals anrief und mir mitteilte, dass seine jahrelangen eigenhändigen Bemühungen, Marie (die zehn Jahre zuvor Schlüsselwörter: Opiatabhängigkeit ± Ethische Probleme ± verstorben war) mit einer nach ihr zu Ehren benannten Methadon ± Substitutionsbehandlung ± Patientenbild Straûe Anerkennung zu zollen, schlieûlich von all den vielen dafür zuständigen Behörden genehmigt worden war. The Contribution of Marie Nyswander ± The Drug Addict Nirgends sonst auf der Welt gibt es eine vergleichbare as a Patient: This article describes the special contribution Anerkennung, weder für Marie noch für Vince Dole ± nicht in of Marie Nyswander's way of looking at the treatment of den USA, wo sie ihre Pionierarbeit leisteten und wo heute drug addicts. She focused on the characterization of the drug über 160000 Menschen Methadonbehandlungen erhalten; addict as a patient, namely in the methadone maintenance nicht in Hongkong, wo Heroinabhängigen seit über einem treatment, which aims at a long-lasting treatment and not at Vierteljahrhundert ein sofortiger Zugang (d.h.
  • 2019 Plenary Brochure

    2019 Plenary Brochure

    Pg-12 Pg-1 Notes Plenary Program and CPDD 2019 Awardees Sunday, June 16, 2019 at 8:00 AM - 11:00 AM JW Marriott Hill Country Resort & Spa Grand Oaks Ballroom K/L/M San Antonio, Texas Plenary_2019_12_Pages_050919.indd 1 5/10/19 10:22 AM Pg-2 Pg-11 Notes NATHAN B. EDDY MEMORIAL AWARD Maxine Stitzer, Ph.D. Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Dr. Stitzer received her Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Michigan under mentorship of James H. Woods. She subsequently became a founding faculty member of the Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, a nationally recognized substance abuse research laboratory within the Department of Psychiatry. Her interests during a successful 40+ year NIDA- supported research career focused on both pharmacological and behavioral approaches to the treatment of substance use disorders including opioid, stimulant and tobacco use disorders. She is best known for her pioneering work on Contingency Management in substance abuse treatment, an approach designed to enhance motivation for positive behavior change. She provided leadership at Hopkins from 1999 – 2019 of the Mid-Atlantic Node of the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network (CTN). She has been an active member of CPDD throughout her career and served on the CPDD Board of Directors from 1993 – 97 and from 2006 -10. She received the Marian Fischman Award from the College in 2003. Her research overall has advanced the understanding of substance use disorders and promoted adoption of evidence-based treatments into clinical practice.
  • “Teenage Kicks:” Youth, Social Class, and Hierarchies of Taste In

    “Teenage Kicks:” Youth, Social Class, and Hierarchies of Taste In

    “TEENAGE KICKS:” YOUTH, SOCIAL CLASS, AND HIERARCHIES OF TASTE IN CANADA’S NEW DRUG SCENE, 1961-1975 by Robert Samuel Fenn B.A., The University of British Columbia, 2011 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND POSTDOCTORAL STUDIES (History) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (VANCOUVER) October 2015 © Robert Samuel Fenn, 2015 Abstract This thesis explores the political discourse around the increased use of illicit substances in Canada from 1961 to 1975. In particular, marijuana had been criminalized—along with opium— as a part of a broader move to penalize unwanted Asian workers. At the time, lawmakers could not anticipate that their laws would also fall on a new wave of predominantly affluent and white drug users. When judges began to find more and more middle class young people in their courtrooms, the country found itself in crisis. Using Pierre Bourdieu’s theories of habitus, social class and symbolic violence, this paper argues that affluent marijuana smokers seriously challenged the logic of Canada’s laws by occupying new psychoactive terrain, while simultaneously, establishing a new hierarchy of taste and consumption that disadvantaged other less privileged drug users. ii Preface This thesis is original, unpublished, independent work by the author, Robert Samuel Fenn. iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Preface...........................................................................................................................................
  • Justifying Drug Substitution Therapies: the Case of Methadone Treatment

    Justifying Drug Substitution Therapies: the Case of Methadone Treatment

    Justifying drug substitution therapies: The case of methadone maintenance treatment Jeff Ward School of Psychology Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Email: [email protected] Paper presented at 2nd Annual Conference of the Addiction Research Centre, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, 26 September 2002 1 Introduction Some time ago, I was told the story of a meeting that took place in a local community, the purpose of which was to decide whether a methadone clinic should be established there. At this meeting, members of the relevant government health authority and medical practitioners wanting to establish the clinic tried to alleviate community concerns about the clinic by talking about the evidence in favour of methadone maintenance and responding to concerns raised during the meeting. Concerns were raised about the possibility of the clinic attracting more heroin users to the area, the effects on local business, the risks associated with discarded needle and syringes, and so on. After long discussion, it appeared that the majority of the audience were convinced that methadone maintenance was an effective treatment for heroin dependence and their fears were assuaged by the arguments that they had heard. Just as the meeting was drawing to a close, one member of the audience raised her hand and wanted to know if methadone was a drug just like heroin. When it was answered, somewhat reluctantly by my informant that, yes, methadone was a drug that acted in ways similar to heroin, the mood of the meeting immediately changed, and, within a short period of time, it became clear that if methadone was a drug just like heroin, then people didn’t want a methadone clinic in their community.
  • Labouring Outside the Charter

    Labouring Outside the Charter

    Osgoode Hall Law Journal Volume 29 Issue 4 Volume 29, Number 4 (Winter 1991) Article 6 10-1-1991 Labouring Outside the Charter David M. Beatty Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj Part of the Labor and Employment Law Commons Article This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Citation Information Beatty, David M.. "Labouring Outside the Charter." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 29.4 (1991) : 839-862. https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol29/iss4/6 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Osgoode Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Osgoode Hall Law Journal by an authorized editor of Osgoode Digital Commons. Labouring Outside the Charter Abstract In this essay, Professor Beatty reviews the leading Charter cases decided by the Supreme Court of Canada which consider the constitutionality of a variety of different labour laws. In reasoning and result, he finds that by and large these cases provide strong support for those legal scholars who are generally sceptical of the law and critical of the courts and who predicted that, even with the Charter, it was unlikely the Court would change the antipathy judges have historically displayed to the interests of workers and their associations. However, while these legal theorists may draw some comfort from these decisions in confirming their powers of prognostication, Professor Beatty concludes that the workers who were adversely affected by them can take little solace in being left out in the cold.
  • Remembering Mary Jeanne Kreek and Her Many Contributions to Addiction Science

    Remembering Mary Jeanne Kreek and Her Many Contributions to Addiction Science

    obituary Remembering Mary Jeanne Kreek and her many contributions to addiction science hen Dr. Mary Jeanne Kreek World Health Organization’s (WHO) list of passed away on March 27, at the most efficacious, safe, and cost-effective Wage 84, the field of addiction medicines for priority conditions3, and it science lost a true giant. Her research not has helped countless patients with opioid only paved the way for the first medication addiction toward leading healthy and treatment for opioid addiction, but also productive lives. made landmark contributions to our In the 1970s, when methadone was understanding of addiction as a brain first making inroads treating patients with disorder, the genetic factors underlying opioid addiction, the mechanisms of opioid addictive disorders, and the close links compounds’ actions in the brain were still between injection drug use and HIV. poorly understood. Opioid receptors were Kreek had been the Patrick E. and Beatrice first identified in 1973, and opioid peptides M. Haggerty Professor and Head of the were discovered in 1975. Kreek’s research Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive in her lab at The Rockefeller University Diseases at The Rockefeller University in over the following years clarified how the New York City and Senior Physician of The endogenous opioid signaling system plays a Rockefeller University Hospital. role not only in opioid addiction but also in Bitten by the science bug at an early age, addiction to alcohol and cocaine. Kreek already knew when she was a little Among her many important girl that she would go into medicine. As contributions to the field of addiction she tells it in an oral history interview for research over subsequent decades, Kreek The Rockefeller University1, she entered was the first to identify injection drug use Credit: JOSIE ANDERSON her first science fair in the sixth grade, and as the second major risk behavior (after at age 15 participated in a TV series called unprotected sex) for HIV transmission.