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Mme. Hadjer MAHDI DOCTORAT REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE D’ORAN FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE THESE Présentée par Mme. Hadjer MAHDI Pour l’obtention du diplôme de DOCTORAT L.M.D EN BIOLOGIE Option : Sciences de la mer et du littoral Intitulée Biologie et écologie du Pageot commun Pagellus erythrinus ( Linnaeus., 1758) de la côte ouest algérienne Soutenue le: devant le jury composé de : PRESIDENT : BOUDERBALA. M PROFESSEUR, UNIVERSITE D’ORAN-1 AHMED BENBELLA EXAMINATRICE : SOUALILI D.L PROFESSEUR, UNIVERSITE DE MOSTAGANEM- ABDELHAMID BENBADIS EXAMINATRICE : DERMECHE.S MAITRE DE CONFERENCE A , UNIVERSITE D’ORAN -1 AHMED BENBELLA EXAMINATEUR : MESLI L. PROFESSEUR, UNIVERSITE DE TLEMCEN, ABOUBAKR BELKAID EXAMINATEUR : ABI-AYAD S.M.E.A. PROFESSEUR, UNIVERSITE D’ORAN -1 AHMED BENBELLA PROMOTEUR : BENSAHLA TALET L. MAITRE DE CONFERENCE A, UNIVERSITE D’ORAN Année universitaire 2017-2018 REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens à exprimer mes plus vifs remerciements au Dr BENSAHLA TALET Lotfi qui fut pour moi un directeur de thèse attentif et disponible malgré ses nombreuses charges, sa compétence, sa rigueur scientifique et son expérience m’ont beaucoup appris. Ils ont été des moteurs de mon travail de chercheur. Je tiens à rendre hommage à notre cher et regretté professeur Zitouni BOUTIBA qui a donné toute son énergie tout au long de sa carrière pour que nous puissions être la aujourd’hui parmi vous. Et qu’il reste une référence pour nous et pour toutes les générations à venir. Monsieur BOUTIBA restera gravé dans notre mémoire à tout jamais. J’exprime ma gratitude au Pr Mohammed BOUDERBALA de m’avoir honoré en acceptant la présidence du jury, auquel j’adresse mes hommages. J’exprime mes profonds remerciements au Pr SOUALILI. D de l’université de Mostaganem, de m’avoir honoré en acceptant d’examiner ce travail de recherche J’adresse toute ma gratitude au Pr MESSLI. L de l’université de Tlemcen d’avoir pris la peine de lire et d’examiner mon travail et d’être présent parmi nous Mes remerciements et mon profond respect s’adresse au Pr ABI AYAD SMEA que je remercie d’avoir accepté d’être parmi les membres du jury. Je ne manquerai pas d’adresser tous mes remerciements au Dr DERMECHE.S pour son soutien tout au long de mon cursus universitaire, ses conseils ses encouragements et sa confiance m’ont permis de me relever dans les moments difficiles Je n’omettrai pas de citer et remercier Pr BENSAHLA TALET Ahmed de m’avoir permis de travailler au sein de son laboratoire. Merci à Monsieur M.AMBRI, Responsable des statistiques de pêche au niveau de la DPRH( Direction des Pêches et des Ressources Halieutiques ) pour son aide inestimable. L’équipe d’anapathe de l’hopital d’Oran CHUO et mme Tabeti m’ont permis d’avancer et de concrétiser une partie de mes recherches, je les en remercie, Je pense particulièrement aux techniciennes Houaria et Kenza pour leur disponibilité, soutien, et leur aide. elles ont rendu les moments durs du travail très agréables.. merci…… Un grand merci à mme DALLOUCH, pour son soutien et ses instructions et es encouragements. Enfin tout simplement j’adresse toute mon affection à mon mari ABDENOUR, à ma mère, mon père mes frères Mohamed et Abdou , à ma sœur Amel et son époux Imed. à toute ma belle-famille CHERIFI , ma très chère amie MIMI et sa famille qui ont été à mes côtés à des moments difficiles, un soutien indéfectible pour poursuivre mes travaux et être honorée par votre présence aujourd’hui. Leur confiance, leur amour me motivent et me guident tous les jours. Je remercie infiniment mme BILJANA Radja professeur à l’université de Split en Croatie pour ces conseils et orientations et ses réponses immédiates a toutes mes questions A toute ma famille MAHDI et MESBAH, je vous adresse tous mes sentiments les plus sincères. Grace à vous tous, je suis la aujourd’hui devant vous pour vous exprimer, de tout mon cœur, ma profonde gratitude. Avec toutes mes excuses et ma considération pour les personnes que je n’ai pas pu citer Liste des abréviations C.A.R.E Committee of Age Reading Experts FISAT FAO-ICLARM Stock Assessment Tools L50 Taille de première maturité sexuelle. Mt Million de tonnes P.erythrinus Pagellus erythrinus PSU Practical salinity unit T.M.M Taille minimale marchande PRB Point de référence biologique Liste des tableaux Tableau.1 Quelques caractéristiques des espèces du genre Pagellus. 8 Tableau.2 Différentes nominations du Pagellus erythrinus. 10 Tableau.3 Flottille maritime du port d’Oran. 23 Tableau.4 Les engins de pêche actifs et les espèces ciblées. 32 Tableau.5 Suggestions concernant les principes fondamentaux de l'aménagement 33 des pêcheries (Cochrane, 2000) modifié. Tableau.6 Les relations relatives aux caractéristiques morphométriques de la 44 population de Pagellus erythrinus et les paramètres de la régression linéaire Tableau.7 Clé âge-longueur totale moyenne des mâles et des femelles, obtenue par 58 lecture directe des otolithes de P. erythrinus de la baie d’Oran Tableau.8 Détermination de L∞, K, t0 par l’utilisation de la longueur de l’otolithe 59 Tableau.9 Relation entre la longueur et le poids de l’otolithe et l’âge du 60 P..erythrinus Tableau.10 Les paramètres de l’équation de Von Bertalanffy du pageot commun de 61 la baie Tableau.11 Les paramètres de Von Bertalanffy du Pageot commun de la baid’Oran 62 Tableau.12 Paramètres de la relation taille-poids pour P.erythrinus 62 Tableau.13 Caractéristiques biométriques des échantillons de P. erythrinus de la 64 baie d’Oran Tableau.14 Comparaison des longueurs et des poids moyens des deux sexes chez 64 Pagellus erythrinus Tableau.15 Paramètres de croissance linéaire de P.erythrinus dans différentes 66 régions Tableau.16 Paramètres de croissance de différentes régions chez P. erythrinus. 70 Tableau.17 Relations taille-poids de Pagellus eryhtrinus par région 72 Tableau.18 Échelle de maturité des gonades 77 Tableau.19 Les variations mensuelles du sex-ratio chez P.erythrinus de la baie 86 d’Oran. Tableau.20 Longueurs et poids de maturité sexuelle chez P.erythrinus de la baie 89 d’Oran Tableau.21 Périodes de reproduction de P.erythrinus dans différentes régions 92 Tableau.22 La taille à la première maturité sexuelle du P.erythrinus dans différentes 94 régions Tableau.23 Valeurs de la mortalité totale du pageot commun de la baie d’Oran 106 Tableau.24 Mortalité naturelle M de P.erythrinus de la baie d’Oran 108 Tableau.25 Les valeurs de la mortalité par pêche F de P.erythrinus de la baie d’Oran 110 Tableau.26 Données d’entrée di logiciel VIT (Virtual Populations Analysis) et de 112 l’analyse de cohorte par la longueur et par l’âge de la population de P.erythrinus de la baie d’Oran Tableau.27 Evolution du rendement pondéral par recrue Y/R, par biomasse B/R et 114 par SSB pour différentes valeurs du facteur d’effort de pêche du pageot commun pêché dans la baie d’Oran. Tableau.28 Rendement et biomasse par recrue en fonction de F de Pagellus 114 erythrinus de la baie d’Oran. Tableau.29 Principaux résultats de l’analyse virtuelle de la population de 116 P.erythrinus de la baie d’Oran obtenu par le logiciel VIT Tableau.30 Mortalité naturelle de P.erythrinus dans différentes régions 119 Liste des figures Fig.1. Morphologie générale de Sparidés. (Fischer., 1987) 5 Fig.2. Evolution de la capture mondiale et de la production aquacole en mtn chez 7 les Sparidés. ((Hanel et Tsigenopoulos., 2011) Fig.3. Denture des espèces appartenant au genre pagellus 9 Fig.4. le pageot commun Pagellus erythrinus (FAO). (Photo par Gianis Issaris.©) 10 Fig.5. Distribution géographique du pageot commun (Russell., 2014) 11 Fig.6. Situation géographique de la mer Méditerranée. 15 Fig.7. Principaux ports du littoral algérien. 16 Fig.8. Extension comparée du plateau continental et du talus de la côte Algérienne 18 (Leclaire., 1972) modifié Fig.9. Situation du port d’Oran 19 Fig.10. Productivité phytoplanctonique en Méditerranée. Concentrations annuelles 22 (mg.m-3) enchlorophylle totale à la surface entre septembre 1997 et décembre 2001 (Bosc et al., 2004) Fig.11. Production mondiale de pêche mondiale de 1950 à 2008 (FAO., 2014) 25 Fig.12. : Les dix principaux pays producteurs pour l’année 2008. (FAO.,2010) 26 Fig.13. Filet maillant : filet maillant dérivant (en haut) ; filet maillant calé sur le 28 fond (en bas). Fig.14. Filet trémail 29 Fig.15. Ligne de traine (à gauche) et ligne a turlutte (à droite) 30 Fig.16. Pêche à la palangre : filet pélagique dérivant (en haut) / filet calé sur le 30 fond (en bas). Fig.17. Casiers et pièges 31 Fig.18. Modèles de méthodes monospécifiques et les informations nécessaires de chaque 38 modèle Fig.19. Mesures métriques du Pageot commun (Santic et al., 2011) 40 Fig.20. Etapes de prélèvement des otolithes de P.erythrinus 41 Fig.21. Photographie montrant les différentes mesures prises sur l’otolithe 42 sagitta gauche de Pagellus erythrinus (Mahdi., 2016 ©) Fig.22. Vue générale de l’otolithe de P.erythrinus 44 Fig.23. Droites de régression exprimant les relations biométriques de l’otolithe gauche et 46 les différents paramètres métriques et pondéraux (A, B, C, D, et E). Fig.24. Synthèse des différents avantages des otolithes dans l’écologie marine 53 Fig.25. Évolution mensuelle du pourcentage des otolithes à extrémité hyaline et 58 opaque chez la population totale de P. erythrinus de la baie d’Oran. Fig.26.
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