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Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved: William G AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Tomas Vergel C. Jamir for the degree of Doctor ofPhilosophy in Oceanoranhy presented on June 30. 1998.Title: Distribution. Seasonal Variation andCommunity Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: William G. Pearcy The demersal fish community structure of RagayGulf, Burias Pass, Ticao Pass and Northern Samar Sea, Philippines (RABUTINOS) wasstudied from data obtained from the surveys carried out by RV Sardinella duringthe wet northeast monsoon, dry intermonsoon and wet southwest monsoon seasons. Alsoincluded were samples taken during the dry early maturity stages of the strong1982-1983 El Niño-Southem Oscillation event. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA),ClusterAnalysis, Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) and correlationof DCA Axis 1 with depth, temperature, salinity and oxygen implementedby the PC-ORD and SAS programs revealed depth as the principal environmental gradient alongwhich faunal changes occur. Fisher's Protected Least Significant Difference testsand multiple linear regression analysis associated the observed depth zonation patternwith species assemblages distributed above the thermocline (warm water fauna),within the thermocline (cool water fauna) and below the thermocline (cold water fauna).These corresponds to regions shallower than 90 m, between 90 to 150 m, and deeper than150 m, respectively. Within each of these major depth zones, the importantdeterminants of fish assemblage structure include substrate characteristics(rocky-coralline, sandy, muddy); proximity to major rivers (salinity and/or turbidity gradient);depth (shallower or deeper than 35 m); biotic interactions (predation, competition,recruitment) and availability of food. Seasonal ordination and classification based on species abundanceand occurrences revealed eight gradually overlapping species site groups and five species groups separable by distinct demersal fish assemblages, depth ranges, substrate types and water mass characteristics. Exceptforseasonalvariabilityindistribution,thefishassemblages of RABUTINOS were relatively stable in terms of species composition, relativeabundance and dominance. Two-thirds of the top 20 most abundant species/taxaremained as common components of the seasonal species assemblages.The main environmental perturbations associated with the 1982-'83 El Niño event included significantdeclines in precipitation, elevated salinity and temperature levels, and early spring-likeconditions that resulted in the drastic reduction in mean seasonal catch rates andnumber of demersal fish assemblage groups by half. These remaining assemblages contained species/taxathat were well adapted to the harsh and shiftingenvironmental conditions typical of their estuarine and thermocline habitats. ccopyright by Tonias \Tergel C. Jamir June 30, 1998 All Rights Reserved Distribution, Seasonal Variation and Community Structure of the Demersal Trawl Fauna of Ragay Gulf, Philippines by Tomas Verge! C. Jamir A DISSERTATION submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Completed June 30, 1998 Commencement June 1999 Doctor of Philosot,hy dissertation of Tomas Vergel C. Jamir presented on June 30. 1998 APPRRedacted for privacy Major Professor, representing Oceanography Redacted for privacy Dean of the College of Oceanic and AtospYeric Sciences Redacted for privacy Dean of GraduaSchool I understand that my dissertation will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release ofmy thesis to any reader upon request. Redacted for privacy / JL1Lj rgel C. Jamir, Author ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Major work such as this is usually the product of multiple minds, hands and hearts. I am indebted (literally and figuratively) to the University of the Philippines in the Visayas TJPV) for my doctoral fellowship; to my collegues at the OSU Educational Opportunities Program (EOP), Upward Bound (UB) and Health Careers Opportunities Program (HCOP) for believing in me and for providing me with much needed teaching assistantship; to the Philippine National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA), Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) and the German Technical Cooperation Agency (GTZ) for funding the research project in which this dissertation was based; to my collegues and friends from the UPV Department of Marine Fisheries, College of Fisheries and RV Sardinella for their shipboard assistance and to the staff of the IJPV/NSTAJPCARRD/QTZ Demersal Fish Resource Assessment Program, Part 2 - Ragay Gulf, Burias Pass, Ticao Pass and Northern Samar Sea, especially to Mr. Gregorio Hermosa, Jr., Dr. Jose Carreon, Dr. Ricardo Federizon, Dr. Enrico Villoso, Dr. Jurgen Saeger, Mr. Geronimo Silvestre, Mr. Antonio Mines, Mr. Rudolph Hermes, Mr. Gil Evangelista, Mr. Julio Gaffud, Mr. Victor Sambilay, Jr., Mr. Elviro Cinco, Mr. Avelino Corpuz, Mr. Rex Gaddi, Ms. Maricel Tenmatay, Ms. Luz Reyes and Capts. Jarchau and Verdejo. I would also like to thank my major professor, Dr. William Pearcy for his belief in my capabilities and for his patience and guidance throughout my long and often punctuated journey;to my committee members, Drs. William Liss, Bruce McCune, Larry Small and Jerry Heidel for guiding me through the program and being available at a short notice. Special recognition is extended to my loving and patient wife, Dr. Sonia Rubico-Jamir for her constant prodding, nagging and technical assistance without which would not have completed this doctoral program... and to our daughter, Sierra Man Jamir who served as my inspiration and serious distraction throughout the long and nerve- wracking six months of dissertation writing, editing, revisions and re-analysis. Special thanks is also extended to my sister and brother, Aida J. Walter and Eusgo C. Jamir. I would also like to recognize my collegues and friends who, in one way or another, contributed towards the fulfillment of this goal:Mr. Joseph Fisher and the helpful staff of the College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, the Alegado, Silva and Vogt families, Janing and Boogie, Dr. Manolette Gonzales and family, the Aligaen family, the staff of the OSU Department of Food Science and Technology, my friends at Center for Marine Resource Studies of The School for Field Studies and the Governor and officials at the Turks and Caicos Islands, BWI during my 2-year tenure there as Center Director. This dissertation is dedicated to my loving parents, Mr. and Mrs. David and Estelita C. Jamir. "Nanay, Tatay... sa wakas, natapos nanfland anak ninyo. Mayroon na kayong maipagmamalaking doktor ng mga isda at karagatan sa ating pamilya!" TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 A. Review of Literature ..................................................................................... 5 1. Community Structure of Tropical Demersal Fishes .............................. 5 2. Application of Multivariate Statistics in Community Ecology .............7 B. Description of the Survey Area ....................................................................8 1. Marine Geography of RABUT[NOS .....................................................10 2. The Southeast Asian Monsoon ............................................................. 11 3. Physical Oceanography ......................................................................... 15 C. El Nifio-Southem Oscillation ..................................................................... 18 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...........................................................................24 A. Materials .....................................................................................................24 1. Demersal Fish Samples .........................................................................24 2. Environmental Samples ........................................................................27 B. Methods ...................................................................................................... 30 1. General Analytical Procedures .............................................................. 30 2. Normal or Q-Type Analysis .................................................................. 31 3. Inverse or R-Type Analysis .................................................................. 37 4. Relating Environmental Data to the Community Groups .................... 37 5. Sampling Errors and Limitations .......................................................... 39 RESULTS ...................................................................................................... 40 A. Grouping of Cruises .................................................................................. 40 B. General Description of Trawl Catch ........................................................ 42 1. Top 20 Most Abundant Species By Weight ........................................ 42 2. Seasonal Trends in Species Abundance .............................................. 44 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) Page C. Results of Ordination and Classification .............................................. 49 1. Standardized SU Groups and Their Fish Assemblages .................... 50 2. Species Clusters .............................................................................. 70 3. Seasonality and Geographic Distribution of the SU Groups 74 D. Environmental Association ................................................................
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