DOCSLIB.ORG

The Russian Revolution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution FOURTH EDITION Sheila Fitzpatrick OXFORD LINIVERSITY .PRESS Contents Acknoztiedgements v Introduction r r The Setring t6 The society 17 The revolutionary tradition 24 The r9o5 Revolution and its aftermath; the First \ùØorld SØar 32 2 r9r7. The Revolutions of Febrrary and October 4r The February Revolution and .dual power, 45 The Bolsheviks 50 The popular revolution 53 The political crises of the summer 5g The October Revolution 6z 3 The Civil War 69 The Civil War, the Red Army, and the Cheka 73 W'ar Communism 79 Visions of the new world g5 The Bolsheviks in power gg 4 NEP and the Future of the Revolution 94 The discipline of ret¡ear 97 Theproblemofbureaucracy ro3 The Ieadership struggle rog Building socialism in one courìtry rr2 vlll Contents 5 Stalin's Revolution rzr Introduction Stalin versus the Right r25 The industrial2ation drive r3r Collectivization 86 Cultu¡al Revolution r4z DunrNc US president Nixon,s r97z visit to China, rhe conversation 6 Ending the Revolution r5o turned to the French Revolution, almost two centuries earlier. I_eg_ end has it that premier Chou 'Revolution accomplished' t1z En_I_ai, o't.irrg asked to assess the revolution,s impact, answered 'Revolution betrayed' r58 ttrat it was too soon to tell. It turns out that he probably misunderstood The the question an¿ thought fre Terror t64 was being asked about trre paris events ofi96g, but it wourd have been a good answer in any case. It i" ot*og, too early to tell about the.impact of great Noæs t75 historical events, b.ã"rrr. that impact is sta¡ic but constantly not Select Biblíography r87 clanging o* o*r, pr.r..r, circumstances and vantage-point on the past ", Index change. So it is with the Russian rys Revolution, whose memory has aheãdy gone through a series of vicissitudes, and will undoubtedly g. ,h;"gh more in the future. The second edition of The nurrni n oolutio, çr99a1 appeared in the wake of dramatic svs¡¡s-ths falr of the communist regime and the dissolution of üre Soviet union art. ."ã or r99r. Those events had all sorts of consequences ", for historians of the Russian Revolu_ tion. They opened archives that -... f..rriorrsly closed, brought forth memoirs that were hidden i" ¿r"i"..r, and released a flood of new marerial of every kind, especialy oì'tne Stalin period and the history of Soviet repression. As a åsulq the r99os and early 2ooos were particularly productive for historianr, ir.l"ai"g p..r1 Soviet Russians, newly reconnected to the international scholarly community. The expanded bibliography of the third edition (t"õ reflecred this avalanche of new i"fo.-åtio.r. ño* ** the fourth edition, we have reached rhe centenarv orã. Russian Revorution. It is an obvious time for .."rr.r.-arr, Urrt in Russia oddly " there is little eagerness to embark or, ,,r.i a project. post_Soviet Russia needs a usable past as a basis for a new national identity. The problem is to work our how th. R;i";on f,ts in. Stalin can be accommodated comparatively easily as rrltiorr_U,rilder, leading Russia (the Soviet " Union) in its great vioo.y _ the Second world War and presiding over its port*"i "r..rrrãi,rpelpower starus. But z Intoductinn Introduction 3 it is not so easy for contemporary Russians to l<rrow how to ttrink towards the restoration of order about I-enin and the Bolsheviks. and stability.3 The Russian Bolshe_ viks, bearing in mind the same For Russians French n rrofrrtio., model that lies and other former Soviet citizens, the collapse of the basis at of Brinton,s analysis, feared a Thermidorian the Soviet union meant a fundamentar reappraisal degeneradon of the meaning of their own Revolution, and of the Revolurion,l previously half ,rrrp."al that one had occurred hailed as the foundational event of at the end of the Civil the world's W.ar, when .*rro*i" collapse forced 'first socialist state, and now seen by many as a wrong into the them 'strategic ,.T31' marked UV tfr.-¡"t turning that took Russia off course for seventy_four oauction of ttre New 'western yea.s. Whilã Economic policy (NEp) in r9zr. historians had less of an adjustrnent to make, theirperspec- Yet -at at the end of the r9zos, Russia plunged tive was subtly changed by rrre end of the cold war as into another *.il upheavar-starin's 'revolution fróm above" of the Soviet rJnion. The dust has yet to "r "a associated with the settle on these intellectual industrialization drive of the First pran, reconfigurations. But one thing Five-year the collectiviza- is clear: as far as the significance tion of agriculrure, and .Cultu."l of the Russian Revolution a n rroi,rio.r, ai.....J is concerned, it is still too early to teil against the old intelligentsia-whot. f;;*, definitively, and it always will i-p"lion society was grearer be as long as the Revolution conrinues even than that of the to be taken February and Ocìober Revolutions seriously as a watershed in modern European and world and the ;i;rrj Civil War of r9.rg_zo. it was only afte. history. This book sers out to tell the story of the Revolution *ris upheaval ended and in the early r93os that signs of a clarifu the issues as they were seen by participants. ñ...idor can be discerned: But the Russian the waning of revolutionary fervour"t"rri" Revolution's meaning, rike that of the French U.ììlg.r.rrce, new policies Revolution, will be aimed at restoring order and "rrJ endlessly debated. stabiliry ..rir"r of traditional varues and culrure, solidification of a new pottic"t and sociar s.'ucn',e. Yet even t'is Thermidor was q,ri* rrr. .i¿ or*r. revorutionary Timespan of the reztolution upheaval. In a final internal "ot .rr.r, *or. devastating than .earlier surges of revolutionary"orrrrolriorr, Since revolutions are complex terror, afr. Cr."a purges of t937_g social and political upheavars, his- swept away many of the torians who write about surviving Old Bolshevit ,.irol"¡ol#.r" them are bound to differ on t}le most effected a wholesare basic questions--causes, turnover of personnel wit¡in trre poritical, revolutionary aims, impact on the society, adminisuative, political and military elites, and ,.rri _o.. rhan outcome, and even the timespan of the revolution itself. In people a million to their dearhs or imprisonment in Gulag.a tåe case of the Russian Revolution, tt. ,t".tiog point presents no In deciding on a timespan for the problem: almost everyone takes it to .February . Russian Revolution, the first be the Revolution,2 issue is the nature of the .srategic *o."J.f of r9r7, which led to the abdication of Emperor Nicholas NEp in the r9zos. II and lfas it the end of the Revolrrtion] or ttre formation of the provisional Government. But ..r".t a as such? Although when did the the Bolsheviks' avowed intention in Russian Revolution end? \ü7as it all over ,9r;;;, to use r'is interlude by October r9r7 when to gather strength for a the Bolsheviks took power? late¡ r.ne*alif the revolutionary assault, or did the end of the Revolution come there was always with the Bolsheviks' the possibility ttrat intentions would victory in the civil \üØar in rgzo?'rüØas Stalin,s revolutionary change as passions subsided. Some scholars 'revolution from above'part of the Russian Revolution? think that in the last Or should years of his life, Lenin (who died rn we take the view ttrat ttre Revolution continued ry24) came ro believe that for ttrroughout the Russia further progress rowards lifetime of the Soviet state? soc¡atism could only be achieved gradually, wittr the raising of trre In his Anatomy of Rez.tolution, Crane curturar 1.".1 or úre popuration. _ Brinton suggested that revo_ Nevertheless' Russian lutions have ro.Lry ..m"io.a iigrrtyil"ail. a life cycre passing through phases of increasing fervour during and unstable and the NEp period, and .t. p"rf;r:*iod zeal for radical ûansformation until they reach a climax remained agg¡es_ intensiry of sive and revolutibnary. The Bohhåvirc which is followed by the :Thermidtrian, phase f."-J cor¡nrer_revolurion, of dis_ remained preoccupied with the threat l.l"r, illusionment, declining revolutionary energy, from .rr.*i.s, at home and gradual moves and abroad, and consrantly expressed their dissatisfaction with 4 Introduction unwilringness to accept as fE". To it the finar outcome of the Introdurtion 5 Revolution. tiTesran of the Russian Revotution A second issue trrat must be runs from considered is trre nature of starin,s 'revolution from above, rh.F.b;;;ãt"ffi".î"i',ilÏ:Tsrh.ãin;.;"'.;.ä;-".*..ff,ïrï'r.it tt"t io at. late r9zos. historians reject "na.JNËp Some interludeorr.r¡p,Stalin,s.r;";ì;;;;;li'l;Så:,li,ff the idea that att... *"r real continuiry Stalin's revolutionand "rrv berween r-enin's. otrr.* zul that stalin,s .revolurion, c,.;;;;;;_are :*: does not deserye the.name, 3J,ffi.Ji.:i*J9,r,. ûeated as discrere ,i"". ,t.v l-.ì¡"rr. it was not a popular uprising but something more like twenryyears,**rïr-Jiillål::ä$":î."tåî"årl"*:n::äj; on tfie society by a ruling party aiming at radical "" "rr".rft was exhauste4 andeven o".rrfor*"ion. In this boo\ I trace ,1. *;;g ð;ää,rrrirt p"rty6 continuity between upheaval and was dred of li*. f.":rrt f.i.l"rion and Stalin,s.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Revolution in Real Time: the Russian Provisional Government, 1917
    ODUMUNC 2020 Crisis Brief Revolution in Real Time: The Russian Provisional Government, 1917 ODU Model United Nations Society Introduction seventy-four years later. The legacy of the Russian Revolution continues to be keenly felt The Russian Revolution began on 8 March 1917 to this day. with a series of public protests in Petrograd, then the Winter Capital of Russia. These protests But could it have gone differently? Historians lasted for eight days and eventually resulted in emphasize the contingency of events. Although the collapse of the Russian monarchy, the rule of history often seems inventible afterwards, it Tsar Nicholas II. The number of killed and always was anything but certain. Changes in injured in clashes with the police and policy choices, in the outcome of events, government troops in the initial uprising in different players and different accidents, lead to Petrograd is estimated around 1,300 people. surprising outcomes. Something like the Russian Revolution was extremely likely in 1917—the The collapse of the Romanov dynasty ushered a Romanov Dynasty was unable to cope with the tumultuous and violent series of events, enormous stresses facing the country—but the culminating in the Bolshevik Party’s seizure of revolution itself could have ended very control in November 1917 and creation of the differently. Soviet Union. The revolution saw some of the most dramatic and dangerous political events the Major questions surround the Provisional world has ever known. It would affect much Government that struggled to manage the chaos more than Russia and the ethnic republics Russia after the Tsar’s abdication.
    [Show full text]
  • Background Guide, and to Issac and Stasya for Being Great Friends During Our Weird Chicago Summer
    Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) MUNUC 33 ONLINE 1 Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) | MUNUC 33 Online TABLE OF CONTENTS ______________________________________________________ CHAIR LETTERS………………………….….………………………….……..….3 ROOM MECHANICS…………………………………………………………… 6 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM………………………….……………..…………......9 HISTORY OF THE PROBLEM………………………………………………………….16 ROSTER……………………………………………………….………………………..23 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………..…………….. 46 2 Russian Duma 1917 (DUMA) | MUNUC 33 Online CHAIR LETTERS ____________________________________________________ My Fellow Russians, We stand today on the edge of a great crisis. Our nation has never been more divided, more war- stricken, more fearful of the future. Yet, the promise and the greatness of Russia remains undaunted. The Russian Provisional Government can and will overcome these challenges and lead our Motherland into the dawn of a new day. Out of character. To introduce myself, I’m a fourth-year Economics and History double major, currently writing a BA thesis on World War II rationing in the United States. I compete on UChicago’s travel team and I additionally am a CD for our college conference. Besides that, I am the VP of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, previously a member of an all-men a cappella group and a proud procrastinator. This letter, for example, is about a month late. We decided to run this committee for a multitude of reasons, but I personally think that Russian in 1917 represents such a critical point in history. In an unlikely way, the most autocratic regime on Earth became replaced with a socialist state. The story of this dramatic shift in government and ideology represents, to me, one of the most interesting parts of history: that sometimes facts can be stranger than fiction.
    [Show full text]
  • DRAINAGE BASINS of the WHITE SEA, BARENTS SEA and KARA SEA Chapter 1
    38 DRAINAGE BASINS OF THE WHITE SEA, BARENTS SEA AND KARA SEA Chapter 1 WHITE SEA, BARENTS SEA AND KARA SEA 39 41 OULANKA RIVER BASIN 42 TULOMA RIVER BASIN 44 JAKOBSELV RIVER BASIN 44 PAATSJOKI RIVER BASIN 45 LAKE INARI 47 NÄATAMÖ RIVER BASIN 47 TENO RIVER BASIN 49 YENISEY RIVER BASIN 51 OB RIVER BASIN Chapter 1 40 WHITE SEA, BARENT SEA AND KARA SEA This chapter deals with major transboundary rivers discharging into the White Sea, the Barents Sea and the Kara Sea and their major transboundary tributaries. It also includes lakes located within the basins of these seas. TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS IN THE BASINS OF THE BARENTS SEA, THE WHITE SEA AND THE KARA SEA Basin/sub-basin(s) Total area (km2) Recipient Riparian countries Lakes in the basin Oulanka …1 White Sea FI, RU … Kola Fjord > Tuloma 21,140 FI, RU … Barents Sea Jacobselv 400 Barents Sea NO, RU … Paatsjoki 18,403 Barents Sea FI, NO, RU Lake Inari Näätämö 2,962 Barents Sea FI, NO, RU … Teno 16,386 Barents Sea FI, NO … Yenisey 2,580,000 Kara Sea MN, RU … Lake Baikal > - Selenga 447,000 Angara > Yenisey > MN, RU Kara Sea Ob 2,972,493 Kara Sea CN, KZ, MN, RU - Irtysh 1,643,000 Ob CN, KZ, MN, RU - Tobol 426,000 Irtysh KZ, RU - Ishim 176,000 Irtysh KZ, RU 1 5,566 km2 to Lake Paanajärvi and 18,800 km2 to the White Sea. Chapter 1 WHITE SEA, BARENTS SEA AND KARA SEA 41 OULANKA RIVER BASIN1 Finland (upstream country) and the Russian Federation (downstream country) share the basin of the Oulanka River.
    [Show full text]
  • Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age
    Open Archaeology 2021; 7: 3–36 Review Stanislav Grigoriev* Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age https://doi.org/10.1515/opar-2020-0123 received June 8, 2020; accepted November 28, 2020. Abstract: Andronovo culture is the largest Eurasian formation in the Bronze Age, and it had a significant impact on neighboring regions. It is the important culture for understanding many historical processes, in particular, the origins and migration of Indo-Europeans. However, in most works there is a very simplified understanding of the scientific problems associated with this culture. The history of its study is full of opposing opinions, and all these opinions were based on reliable grounds. For a long time, the existence of the Andronovo problem was caused by the fact that researchers supposed they might explain general processes by local situations. In fact, the term “Andronovo culture” is incorrect. Another term “Andronovo cultural-historical commonality” also has no signs of scientific terminology. Under these terms a large number of cultures are combined, many of which were not related to each other. In the most simplified form, they can be combined into two blocks that existed during the Bronze Age: the steppe (Sintashta, Petrovka, Alakul, Sargari) and the forest-steppe (Fyodorovka, Cherkaskul, Mezhovka). Often these cultures are placed in vertical lines with genetic continuity. However, the problems of their chronology and interaction are very complicated. By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures (except for its early stage); however, it is better to avoid the use of this term. Keywords: Andronovo culture, history of study, Eurasia 1 Introduction The Andronovo culture of the Bronze Age is the largest archaeological formation in the world, except for the cultures of the Scytho-Sarmatian world of the Early Iron Age.
    [Show full text]
  • MINERALS-GIANTS of the SOUTHERN URALS Sergey V
    New Data on Minerals. 2013. Vol. 48 157 MINERALS-GIANTS OF THE SOUTHERN URALS Sergey V. Kolisnichenko Institute of Mineralogy, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miass, [email protected] Mineralogy of the South Urals has different variations. The set of deposits, which has been and is being mined for minerals in addition to the useful component do also often contain unique minerals, sometimes in the form of giant properly shaped crystals. The article presents information on the findings of such giants, according to the lite- rature, on personal observations and on the oral reports of geologists. 6 figures, 10 references. Keywords: mineral, crystal, crystal giant, deposit, South Urals. The stone nature of Earth is generous and world". First found in the mines of the Zla- diverse. In it's marvelous works, it is attrac- toust, Urals, he remained a "native" residents tive with imagination, originality and exclu- of those places. Until now, the best and large sivity of creations. The same mineral may crystals of this mineral occur at perovskite have been born in different parts of the world mines of Chernorechenskie Mountains. The and may look like a twin or may look fabu- largest crystals are considered to be samples lously dissimilar. There is no person who has of M.P. Melnikov in 1882. It was a crystal-in- never admired these masterpieces – crystals! dividuals with an edge length of 12 cm. No- As he admires the sunset and sea wave, or a wadays there are perovskites up to 5–6 cm in heap of stone mountains.
    [Show full text]
  • Metallogeny of Northern, Central and Eastern Asia
    METALLOGENY OF NORTHERN, CENTRAL AND EASTERN ASIA Explanatory Note to the Metallogenic map of Northern–Central–Eastern Asia and Adjacent Areas at scale 1:2,500,000 VSEGEI Printing House St. Petersburg • 2017 Abstract Explanatory Notes for the “1:2.5 M Metallogenic Map of Northern, Central, and Eastern Asia” show results of long-term joint research of national geological institutions of Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and the Republic of Korea. The latest published geological materials and results of discussions for Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and North Korea were used as well. Described metallogenic objects: 7,081 mineral deposits, 1,200 ore knots, 650 ore regions and ore zones, 231 metallogenic areas and metallogenic zones, 88 metallogenic provinces. The total area of the map is 30 M km2. Tab. 10, fig. 15, list of ref. 94 items. Editors-in-Chief: O.V. Petrov, A.F. Morozov, E.A. Kiselev, S.P. Shokalsky (Russia), Dong Shuwen (China), O. Chuluun, O. Tomurtogoo (Mongolia), B.S. Uzhkenov, M.A. Sayduakasov (Kazakhstan), Hwang Jae Ha, Kim Bok Chul (Korea) Authors G.A. Shatkov, O.V. Petrov, E.M. Pinsky, N.S. Solovyev, V.P. Feoktistov, V.V. Shatov, L.D. Rucheykova, V.A. Gushchina, A.N. Gureev (Russia); Chen Tingyu, Geng Shufang, Dong Shuwen, Chen Binwei, Huang Dianhao, Song Tianrui, Sheng Jifu, Zhu Guanxiang, Sun Guiying, Yan Keming, Min Longrui, Jin Ruogu, Liu Ping, Fan Benxian, Ju Yuanjing, Wang Zhenyang, Han Kunying, Wang Liya (China); Dezhidmaa G., Tomurtogoo O. (Mongolia); Bok Chul Kim, Hwang Jae Ha (Republic of Korea); B.S. Uzhkenov, A.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Treaty of Brest Litsovisk
    Treaty Of Brest Litsovisk Kingdomless Giovanni corroborate: he delouses his carbonate haltingly and linguistically. Sometimes auriferous Knox piggyback her aflamerecklessness and harrying selectively, so near! but cushiest Corky waffling eft or mousse downriver. Vibratory Thaddius sometimes migrates his Gibeonite The armed struggles on russians to the prosecution of the treaty of brest, a catastrophe of We have a treaty of brest. Due have their suspicion of the Berlin government, the seven that these negotiations were designed to desktop the Entente came not quite clearly. Russian treaty must be refunded in brest, poland and manipulated acts of its advanced till they did not later cancelled by field guns by a bourgeois notion that? As much a treaty of brest peace treaties of manpower in exchange for each contracting parties to. Third International from than previous period there was disseminated for coverage purpose of supporting the economic position assess the USSR against the Entente. The way they are missing; they are available to important because of serbia and holding democratic referendums about it. Every date is global revolution and was refusing repatriation. Diplomatic and lithuanians is provided commanding heights around a user consent. Leon trotsky thought that were economically, prepare another was viewed in brest litovsk had seemed like germany and more global scale possible time when also existed. It called for getting just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexation. Please be treated the treaty of brest litsovisk to. Whites by which Red Army. Asiatic mode of production. Bolsheviks were green to claim victory over it White Army in Turkestan. The highlight was male because he only hurdle it officially take Russia out of walking war, at large parts of Russian territory became independent of Russia and other parts, such it the Baltic territories, were ceded to Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • Monthly Discharges for 2400 Rivers and Streams of the Former Soviet Union [FSU]
    Annotations for Monthly Discharges for 2400 Rivers and Streams of the former Soviet Union [FSU] v1.1, September, 2001 Byron A. Bodo [email protected] Toronto, Canada Disclaimer Users assume responsibility for errors in the river and stream discharge data, associated metadata [river names, gauge names, drainage areas, & geographic coordinates], and the annotations contained herein. No doubt errors and discrepancies remain in the metadata and discharge records. Anyone data set users who uncover further errors and other discrepancies are invited to report them to NCAR. Acknowledgement Most discharge records in this compilation originated from the State Hydrological Institute [SHI] in St. Petersburg, Russia. Problems with some discharge records and metadata notwithstanding; this compilation could not have been created were it not for the efforts of SHI. The University of New Hampshire’s Global Hydrology Group is credited for making the SHI Arctic Basin data available. Foreword This document was prepared for on-screen viewing, not printing !!! Printed output can be very messy. To ensure wide accessibility, this document was prepared as an MS Word 6 doc file. The www addresses are not active hyperlinks. They have to be copied and pasted into www browsers. Clicking on a page number in the Table of Contents will jump the cursor to the beginning of that section of text [in the MS Word version, not the pdf file]. Distribution Files Files in the distribution package are listed below: Contents File name short abstract abstract.txt ascii description of
    [Show full text]
  • Index to Geographical and Local Names1
    279 INDEX TO GEOGRAPHICAL AND LOCAL NAMES1 Aarhus (Denmark) 13 Abago (Caucasian Nature Preserve: Gr. Caucasus: S European Russia) 212 Abava R. (W Latvia) 30 Abkhazia, Rep. (Georgia) 31 173 181 195 Åbo — see Turku Abruzzi Apennines — see Apennines Adana Prov. (Turkey) 181 Adzharia, Rep. (Georgia) 32 181 195 243 Adzharo-Imeretinskiy or Adzharo-Imeretian Rg. (Lesser Caucasus: Adzharia: Georgia) 173 Adzharo-Shavshetskiy or Adzharo-Shavshetian Rg. (Lesser Caucasus: Adzharia: Georgia) 173 Aegean Sea (arm of Mediterranean Sea betw. Greece and Turkey) 175 Aegypto (Lat., Nom. Aegyptus) — see Egypt Afghanistan 104 107 108 117 178 207 247 248 251 253 Africa 11 20 33 35 39 40 96 175 181 215 240 Agdash (Kura Depression: Azerbaijan) 181 Agri Prov. (Turkey) 181 243 Ajagus or Ajaguz (Lat.) — see Ayaguz Akhaltsikhe (Georgia) 118 Akmechet or Ak-Mechet (Gissar Rg.: Tajikistan) 248 Akmetschet (Lat.) — see Akmechet Aksu R. (Balkhash Basin: Dzungarskiy Alatau: Kazakhstan) 251 Aksu-Dzhabagly Nature Preserve (Chimkent Obl.: Kazakhstan) 13 Ak-Terek Forestland (N of Dzhalal-Abad: Kirghizia) 31 59 A-la Shan or Ho-lan Shan, Desert Reg. (Inner Mongolia: N China) — !:"T">\ 121 Alabino (Moscow Obl.: centr. European Russia) 30 Alagir (N Caucasus: S European Russia) 212 Alaska, State (USA) 95 135 143-145 155 156 218 219 Alatau — see Dzhungarskiy Alatau Alay (-skiy) Rg. (S Kirghizia) 249 Albania 124 131 173 177 198 244 Aldan (Yakutia: East Siberia) 31 205 Aldan R. (Yakutia: East Siberia) 124 160 164 177 187 196 201 205 206 209 213 228 Aldano-Uchurskiy Rg. (Yakutia: East Siberia) 200 Aldan(-skiy) Forest Farm (Yakutia: East Siberia) 13 Aldan(-skoye) High Plateau (Yakutia: East Siberia) 32 164 219 221 238 Aleutian(s) Is.
    [Show full text]
  • TA 7228-KGZ: Issyk-Kul Sustainable Development Project, Kyrgyz Republic
    9rprir !( DTT`FFVGTVTU6DI67G@ 9@W@GPQH@IUQSPE@8U F`SB`aS@QV7GD8 697U6IP&!!'FBa Wyr$ `: V$1H J01`QJIVJ :C:J:$VIVJ C:J TA 7228-KGZ: Issyk-Kul Sustainable Development Project Final Report Volume 5 – SEMP CURRENCY EQUIVALENT (as of 1 August 2009 ) Currency Unit – Som Som 1.00 = $0.0233 $1.00 = Som 43.00 ABBREVIATIONS AD : Anno Domini ADB : Asian Development Bank AIDS : Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome APT : Architectural and Planning Task asl : Above Sea Level ASSR : Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic BC : Before Christ BOD5 : 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand BRD : Issyk-Kul Biosphere Reserve Directorate CIS : Commonwealth of Independent States COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand DEP : Department of Environmental Protection EC : European Community EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EMP : Environmental Management Plan ENE : East-Northeast EU : European Union FSU : Former Soviet Union GDP : Gross Domestic Product GIS : Geographical Information System GTZ : German Society on Technical Cooperation HIV : Human immunodeficiency virus IKNIDEP : Issy-Kul/Naryn Interregional Department of Environmental Protection JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency kWh : Kilowatt hour LAS : Land Allocation Statement MW : Megawatt NAS : National Academy of Sciences OECD : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PEE : Public Ecological Expertise PPTA : Project Preparation Technical Assistance SAACM : State Agency on Architecture and Construction Management i TA 7228-KGZ: Issyk-Kul Sustainable Development Project
    [Show full text]
  • Population Structure of Opisthorchis Felineus
    ©2014 Institute of Parasitology, SAS, Košice DOI 10.2478/s11687-014-0246-3 HELMINTHOLOGIA, 51, 4: 309 – 317, 2014 Population structure of Opisthorchis felineus (Trematoda) and its second intermediate hosts – cyprinid fishes in the Ob-Irtysh focus of opisthorchiasis, based on allozyme data O. N. ZHIGILEVA1,*, V. V. OZHIREĽEV2, T. F. STEPANOVA2, T. I. MOISEENKO3 1Department of Ecology and Genetics, Tyumen State University, Tyumen, Russia, *E-mail: [email protected]; 2Laboratory for Environmental Monitoring of Natural Focal Infections, Tyumen Research Institute of Regional Infection Diseases, Tyumen, Russia; 3V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of RAS, Moscow, Russia, E-mail: [email protected] Summary Genetic variability of West Siberian populations of Opis- cesses, such as the restructuring of the genome during the thorchis felineus and two species of cyprinid fish, its se- passage of different stages and mitotic recombination cond intermediate hosts, was studied by isozyme analysis. (Grevelding, 1999; Bayne & Grevelding, 2003; Semyo- Low levels of allozyme variation and genetic differentia- nova et al., 2005; Be’er, 2005). tion in O. felineus from the Ob-Irtysh focus of opisthorchi- Particular attention is paid to trematodes of the family asis were detected. The proportion of polymorphic loci was Opisthorchidae, which are pathogenic for humans. Opis- 21.1 %, the average observed heterozygosity (Hobs) was thorchiasis is generally caused by O. felineus and O. viver- 0.008, and expected heterozygosity (Hexp) was 0.052. For rini trematodes in Southeast Asia, Central and Eastern most loci in O. felineus deficit of heterozygotes (FIS = Europe. It is estimated that worldwide over 23 million 0.7424) was observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Revolution Study and Exam Guide
    RUSSIAN REVOLUTION STUDY AND EXAM GUIDE This PDF contains a selection of sample pages from HTAV’s Russian Revolution Study and Exam Guide Ian Lyell RUSSIAN REVOLUTION STUDY AND EXAM GUIDE 1 First published 2017 by: CONTENTS History Teachers’ Association of Victoria Reproduction and communication for educational purposes: Suite 105 This publication is protected by the Australian Copyright Act 134–136 Cambridge Street 1968 (the Act). The Act allows a maximum of one chapter Collingwood VIC 3066 or 10 per cent of the pages of this publication, whichever is Australia the greater, to be reproduced and/or communicated by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or the body that administers REVISION CHECKLISTS . 3 Phone 03 9417 3422 it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Fax 03 9419 4713 Limited (CAL) under the Act. For details of the CAL licence for Revision Checklist—Area of Study 1: Causes of Revolution Web www.htav.asn.au educational institutions contact: Copyright Agency Limited (1896 to October 1917) ....................................................5 © HTAV 2017 Level 11, 66 Goulburn Street, Sydney NSW 2000 Revision Checklist—Area of Study 2: Consequences of Revolution Telephone: (02) 9394 7600 | Facsimile: (02) 9394 7601 | (October 1917 to 1927) ....................................................8 Russian Revolution Study and Exam Guide Email: [email protected] by Ian Lyell. Reproduction and communication for other purposes: ISBN 978 1 8755 8516 8 Except as permitted under the Act (for example: a fair dealing AREA OF STUDY 1: CAUSES OF REVOLUTION 1896 TO OCTOBER 1917 . 10 for the purposes of study, research, criticism or review) no part Publisher: Georgina Argus of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval Timeline of Key Events .................................................
    [Show full text]