Birds and Mammals of the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia

Home , Small minivet, Sumatran drongo, Sumatran rhinoceros

ORYX VOL 30 NO 3 JULY 1996 Birds and mammals of the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia

Timothy G. O'Brien and Margaret F. Kinnaird

Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park in south-west Sumatra is one of the largest protected areas in Sumatra and thus of considerable importance to the conservation of biodiversity in Indonesia. Until recently, little was known of the wildlife in the park. The authors' surveys document the presence of an intact community of the birds and mammals known to occur in lowland Sumatran rain forests. While hunting and collection of forest products threaten a number of plant and animal species in the park,'the primary threat to the park's integrity is from agricultural encroachment and expansion of enclaves beyond their boundaries. The future survival ofBukit Barisan National Park and its ivildlife requires that active measures be taken to curb non-sustainable exploitation of plants and wildlife. It will also be necessary to resolve land-use conflicts with communities in, and adjacent to, the park.

Introduction ence of Sumatran rhinoceros*, Asian elephant, tiger, clouded leopard, Malayan sun bear, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) serow and Indian wild dog (FAO, 1981). is the third largest protected area (3568 sq km) Surveys for Sumatran rhinoceros in 1990 in a on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. Located small area of the southern peninsula indicated in the extreme south-west of Sumatra (104°E, 13-18 animals (AsRSG, 1995). If accurate, 50'S), the park spans two provinces, Lampung BBSNP may contain a substantial number of and Bengkulu, extending from the southern the estimated 200-300 Sumatran rhinos be- tip at Tanjung Cina to more than 120 km north lieved to remain in Indonesia. MacKinnon and along the Barisan Mountain Range (Figure 1). Phillips (1993) reported that 121 bird species The BBSNP contains some of the largest intact have been recorded in BBSNP, but suggest tracts of lowland rain forest remaining in that the low figure is due to a lack of surveys Sumatra and serves as the primary watershed in the area. The primary objectives of this sur- for south-west Sumatra (FAO, 1981). Most of vey were to develop baseline data on the pres- the Park (82 per cent) lies in Lampung ence and diversity of birds and mammals in Province, the most densely populated, poorest protected lowland forest habitats of BBSNP. province of Sumatra, and one undergoing the most rapid forest conversion (Whitten et al., 1987). The park's long, thin shape results in c. Methods 700 km of boundaries, and encroachment by illegal logging and cultivation are recurrent We conducted surveys in BBSNP between 7 problems. and 24 March 1995, at the end of the rainy Despite its large size and importance, season. We surveyed areas on foot between BBSNP has not been surveyed systematically Tampang and Tanjung Belimbing (25 km), T. for mammals or birds; however, it is believed Belimbing to the Paya River (20 km), T. to be an important refuge for a major portion of Sumatra's mammal and bird fauna * Scientific names of animals mentioned in the text (FAO, 1981). Early reports indicate the pres- are given in Table 1, and Appendices 1 and 2.

Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.35.76, on 26 Sep 2021 at 09:36:09, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300021657 T. G. O'BRIEN AND M. F. KINNAIRD

Bukit Barisan Selatan N.P.

IN t

Indian Ocean

Way Haru V Paya R. \ Pemakahan ] Figure 1. Map of Bukit Barisan T. Belimbing Selatan showing villages, rivers and survey routes referred to in text.

Belimbing to T. Cina (32 km), Way Heni to Results Way Haru (40 km), and forests north of Rata Agung (15 km) (Figure 1). Surveys were con- We verified the presence of 22 medium-sized ducted along established forest trails or ele- to large mammals in areas surveyed (Table 1). phant trails, and normally followed rivers or Eleven mammals were recorded at most sur- traversed areas between rivers. At each site, vey sites and the remaining 11 species were we recorded birds and mammals seen as well recorded at one or two survey sites. An addi- as indirect evidence (tracks, faeces, rooting). tional 33 species have been reported from ad- Indirect evidence is often the only indication jacent forests and agroforestry lands (Sibuea that secretive forest mammals are present and Herdimansyah, 1993; Appendix 1) (Schemnitz, 1980; Rabinowitz, 1993). We also interviewed forest guards, hunters and collectors of forest products for information on Sumatran rhinoceros tiger, clouded leopard, elephant and Sumatran We encountered recent rhino signs at three lo- rhinoceros. Finally, we surveyed literature for cations along the survey transects. In the examples of faunal inventories in the region vicinity of the Blambangan River we found that might not have wide circulation. footprints of at least two individuals, as well as scrapes and wallows. This area is a mosaic of open marshy areas, swamp forest and low- 208 >1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217

land forest on low ridges. Another set of prints was found at Tanjung Belimbing, adja- Cats cent to a proposed hunting concession on the We found no tracks of tigers or clouded leop- park's eastern border. At the Paya River we ards during our survey. On two transects we found one set of prints that were less than 24 found tracks of small, unidentified forest cats. hours old; our guide said prints in three size There are periodic reports of tigers killing classes are normally found in this area. No dogs and goats in the Belimbing and Way signs of rhino were found north of Paya River, Heni areas, and tracks of tiger and clouded although rhino tracks were found in damar leopard have been reported in damar gardens Shorea javanica gardens near Krui in 1993 near Krui on the edge of the park. (Sibuea and Herdimansyah, 1993). Interviewees in Rata Agung said there had been no reports of rhino in the area for many years. Primates Siamang were abundant in all areas surveyed and family groups ranged from three to seven Asian elephant individuals. Less common were dark-handed Fresh elephant signs were encountered on gibbons, which we encountered only in the every trail and elephants were seen and heard Paya River, Canguk River and Rata Agung on several occasions. More elephant signs areas. Lack of gibbons in the southern penin- were encountered in the southern peninsula. sula may reflect their need for continuous Prints and faeces of young animals were seen canopy forest. Small groups of banded langurs on three surveys. Evidence was usually of and silvered langurs were present in every site lone individuals or groups of two or three ani- surveyed. Long-tailed macaques were most mals. Based on interviews, we estimate ap- common in the southern peninsula. Pig-tailed proximately 100-150 elephants in the park. macaques and the western tarsier were not

Table 1. Mammal species Method of identified in Bukit Barisan Common name Scientific name identification Selatan National Park Flying fox Pteropus vampyrus Photographs Long-tailed macaque Macaca fascicularis Visual/vocalization Silvered langur Presbytis cristata Visual/vocalization Banded langur Presbytis melalophus Visual/vocalization Dark-handed gibbon Hylobates agilis Visual/vocalization Siamang Hylobates syndactylus Visual/vocalization Malayan sun bear Helarctos malavanus Visual/tree damage Hairy-nosed otter Lutra sumatrana Visual/tracks Tiger Panthera tigris Local report Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa Local report Unidentified small cat Felis sp. Tracks Asian elephant Ekphas maximus Visual / faeces / tracks Malayan tapir Tapirus indicus Tracks Sumatran rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Tracks Wild pig Sus scrofa Visual /tracks Lesser mouse deer Tragulus javanicus Visual/tracks Red muntjac Muntiacus muntjak Tracks Sambar deer Cervus unicolor Tracks/vocalization Domestic water buffalo Bubalus bubalis Visual/faeces/tracks Malayan giant squirrel Ratufa bicolor Visual/vocalization Plantain squirrel Callosciurus notatus Visual Common porcupine Hystris brachura Quills

observed or heard, but both species have been sity at all sites surveyed. Notably lacking from reported in BBSNP and southern Sumatra this list are nocturnal birds and montane (Payne et al., 1985; Whitten et a\., 1987). species, which probably occur in the park.

Other mammals Human activity in the park Tracks of sambar deer, red muntjac (barking Because of BBSNP's long border, patrolling is deer) and mouse deer were found regularly difficult and access to the park is relatively on all surveys, and deer were observed on easy. Along the boundary near Tampang we several occasions. In the north deer are hunted encountered pit-sawing activity and most of regularly but in the south no one admitted to the large dipterocarp trees were gone. Rattan hunting, possibly because we travelled with was conspicuously absent at all sites surveyed park guards. Wild pig Sus scrofa tracks and and we encountered collectors of rattan and signs of rooting were also abundant at all gaharu (fragrant resin from heartwood of sites. Domestic water buffalo were common Aquilaria spp.) in the forest near Rata Agung. from T. Belimbing to the Blambangan River. There was evidence of expansion of agricul- We found tracks of three or more Malayan tural lands across park boundaries at the en- tapir only in the Tampang-T. Belimbing area. clave of Pemakahan and reports of illegal land Otter tracks were found at T. Belimbing and clearance near the Kabuperahu enclave. We eight hairy-nosed otters, including one albino, observed agricultural encroachment at Rata were observed near Way Haru. We encoun- Agung and heard reports of similar problems tered Malayan sun bears only between Way near Krui. Residents of the enclave at Way Heni and Way Haru and north of Rata Agung, Haru recently attempted to cut a road through although we received reports of their presence the park but were stopped halfway by the at all survey sites. We did not encounter signs Ministry of Forestry. On a larger scale, the of Indian wild dog, although it was believed construction of paved roads by the provincial common in BBSNP during the late 1970s. We government has been accompanied by exten- also saw no evidence of civets, weasels, sive logging and resulted in the division of the martens or badgers along the survey routes. park into three parts. Human-wildlife interactions in BBSNP vary. Because there is no buffer zone, agricul- Hornbills and other birds tural lands are immediately adjacent to, or in- We confirmed the presence of seven species of side the park. Livestock predation by tigers hornbills in BBSNP. All sites contained at least and clouded leopards occurs occasionally. five species. Most common were the helmeted, Elephant depredation to rice paddies and cof- oriental pied, great and rhinoceros hornbills. fee gardens is among the most pressing prob- Other surveys (Appendix 2) include two more lems. This problem receives a great deal of species (white-crowned hornbill and wrinkled publicity and there is pressure to institute hornbill) making a total of nine species for the culling and capture programmes to control park. We located one active nest of the elephants that move out of reserves (Jakarta wreathed hornbill near the Paya River. Post, 1994; Pak Panjaitan, PHPA, pers. Our surveys contributed 58 new species to comm.). Hunting for local consumption occurs the list of known occurrences in BBSNP. The (especially deer species and great argus pheas- total bird list for BBSNP is 276 species out of ant) but we heard of no instances of elephant 397 species believed to occur in Sumatra or rhino poaching. (Appendix 2). Most of the additions were for- There is widespread local trade in edible est interior birds. The diversity of lowland swiftlet nests from the area. The Ministry of habitats (forest, swamp, coastal, marsh) pro- Forestry has issued collecting permits for sus- vides habitat for a rich avian community in tainable exploitation at two sites, but most the park and we found relatively high diver- caves in the region are not owned and nests

are freely collected and sold. Capturing wild forests or that densities have always been low birds for local bird trade is also common; one in this region. More intensive surveys are guide admitted to collecting hornbill chicks needed to resolve the status of mammalian for sale. carnivores. Bird diversity is high in the forests of BBSNP, and is comparable to the island of Discussion Java. Thiollay (1995) recorded more than 150 species during a short, but intensive survey of We consider the wildlife communities of low- avian diversity in forests north of Rata Agung. land forests in BBSNP to be representative of BBSNP has avian diversity similar to well- intact lowland tropical rain forest. Surveys studied lowland sites in Borneo (MacKinnon carried out in forests and damar gardens adja- and Phillipps, 1993), such as Danum Valley cent to the park indicate the presence of at Conservation Area, Sabah, Malaysia (240 least 52 forest mammal species, including species), Kutai National Park, East Sumatran rhino, tiger and clouded leopard Kalimantan, Indonesia (236 species) and (Sibuea and Herdimansyah, 1993). We pre- Barito Ulu Research Area, Central Kalimantan, sume these species also occur within the park. Indonesia (230 species). In Sumatra, only The bird community is quite diverse, with ap- Gunung Leuser National Park exceeds the proximately 70 per cent of Sumatra's avifauna richness of BBSNP (>325 species; Griffiths, occurring in the park's lowland forests. 1994). Avian diversity in BBSNP may be com- The indigenous mammalian herbivore comparable to Gunung Leuser NP once the noc- munity in BBSNP is represented by Sumatran turnal and montane birds are sampled. rhinoceros, Malayan tapir, Asian elephant, Presence/absence data are useful for assess- serow, wild pig and several deer species. The ing the potential of an area for biodiversity Sumatran rhinoceros may be more wide- conservation. They do not, however, reveal in- spread than previously believed, but appears formation concerning the population status of to be absent from the Rata Agung area. The birds and mammals in these parks. BBSNP rhino population may be one of the Populations of exploited species, such as the most important remaining populations of this tiger and Sumatran rhinoceros, may be pre- seriously endangered species. The elephant sent but under severe pressure and, possibly, population appears to be healthy; it is wide- facing local extinction. Populations of straw- spread and breeding, and poaching is proba- headed bulbuls and white-rumped shamas are bly not a serious problem at this time. almost certainly declining due to capture for Although we lack population information for the bird trade, but trend data are lacking. other herbivores, the survey indicates the con- Apart from large-scale destruction of forests tinued survival of these species in the park. during the 1970s and 1980s, the interior forests Our surveys failed to find much evidence of of BBSNP appeared to be in very good shape. mammalian carnivores in the primary forests Pit-sawing and collecting local forest products of BBSNP, although we know that at least nine are having impacts on certain species (e.g. species occur in and around the park. One trees of Dipterocarpaceae, rattan) along the problem with a generalized survey of this na- borders. Encroachment will continue to be a ture is that most carnivore species are noctur- problem around the park until issues of popu- nal and our surveys were diurnal. Civets may lation growth and migration into the area are have been underrepresented because we did addressed. Currently, the Ministry of Forestry not sample secondary forest and edge habi- has neither the manpower, enforcement capa- tats. Overall, however, the lack of signs (e.g. bility nor the training to address these land- footprints, scrapes, faeces) indicates low den- use conflicts (USAID, 1994). Park headquar- sities for most carnivore species. It is possible ters are more than 20 km from the park and that Indian wild dog, tiger and cloud leopard park guards do not live near the sites they are have been hunted heavily in the lowland assigned to patrol. Most of the collectors and

farmers we talked to believed that it was their rhino in Bukit Barisan Selatan. Newsletter of the right to use or cut forest as the need arose. 1UCN/SSC Asian Rhino Specialist Group, 1,14. Reconciliation of local needs with conser- Andrews, P. 1992. The Birds of Indonesia - A Checklist (Peters'sequence). Kukila checklist no. 1. vation is urgently needed in the area. FAO. 1981. Barisan Selatan Game Reserve Management Protection and management activities Plan, 1982-1987. FAO Field Report, Bogor, should focus on illegal encroachment, non- Indonesia. sustainable exploitation of wildlife and forest Griffiths, M. 1994. Leuser National Park. Tien Wah products, and implementation of land-use Press, Singapore. zoning. Constructive relationships between MacKinnon, J. and Phillipps, K. 1993. A Field Guide park staff and local communities should be to the Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali. Oxford initiated, such that local communities develop University Press, Oxford. Payne, I., Francis, CM. and Phillipps, K. 1985. A an appreciation and support for the conser- Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo. Pencetak vation of BBSNP. Because the Ministry of Weng Fatt Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur. Forestry lacks the finances and expertise to Rabinowitz, A. 1993. Wildlife Field Research and implement most of these recommendations, Conservation Training Manual. Wildlife they might concentrate their resources on pa- Conservation Society, New York. trolling and securing the park boundaries. Schemnitz, S.D. (ed). 1980. Wildlife Management Meanwhile, international assistance is neces- Techniques Manual The Wildlife Society, Washington, DC. sary to develop monitoring capabilities, park Sibuea, T.T.H. and Herdimansyah, D. 1993. The management, staff training and community Variety of Mammal Species in the Agroforest Areas of education programmes. Such an approach is Krui (Lampung), Muara Bungo (Jambi). and imperative if Bukit Barisan Selatan National Maninjau (West Sumatra). ORSTROM-BIOTROP Park is to retain its splendour as a repository Report, Bogor. of biodiversity in Indonesia. Thiollay, J.M. 1995. Are traditional agroforests an al- ternative for the conservation of rain forest bird diversity? Three case studies in Sumatra. Acknowledgements Conservation Biology, 9,335-353. USAID. 1994. Policy Towards Protected Areas in This survey was funded by the Wildlife Indonesia. Final Report. USAID Natural Resources Conservation Society. Permission for the survey was Management Project Report No. 38. granted by Pak Effendi Sumardja, Director of Whirten, AJ., Damanik, S.J., Anwar, J. and Hisyam, Conservation Programmes, Ministry of Forestry N. 1987. The Ecology of Sumatra. Gadjah Mada (PHPA). Special thanks are given to Pak Panjaitan University Press, Yogyakarta. (Head of Lampung, Sumatra Regional Office, PHPA) and Pak Bambang Hartona (Head of Bukit Timothy G. O'Brien and Margaret F. Kinnaird, Barisan Selatan National Park) for their help in or- Wildlife Conservation Society, International ganizing logistics. We also thank the many PHPA Programs, 185th and Southern Boulevard, Bronx, guards and local guides who accompanied us dur- NY 10460, USA. ing our survey.

References Anon. 1994. Saving Sumatra's elephants. Jakarta Post, 10 September 1994. Asian Rhino Specialist Group. 1995. The Sumatran

212 ) 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217

Appendix 1. Mammals known to occur in forests and agroforests adjacent to Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park Family /species English name Family/species English name

Tupaiidae Ratufa bicolor Malayan giant Tupaia glis Common treeshrew squirrel Ptilocercus lowii Pentail treeshrew Ratufa affinis Giant squirrel Cynocephalidae Sundasciurus hippurus Horse-tailed squirrel Cynocephalus variegatus Flying lemur Pteropodidae Sundasciurus lowii Low's squirrel Pteropus vampyrus Large flying fox Tamiops maccllandii Himalayan striped Chironax melanocephalus Black-capped fruit bat squirrel Rhinolophidae Muridae Rhinolophus luctus Great woolly Chiropodomys gliroides Common pencil-tailed horseshoe bat tree-mouse Hipposideridae Rattus exulans Polynesian rat Hipposideros galeritus Cantor's roundleaf bat Rattus rattus House rat Megadermatidae Rattus tiomanicus Malaysian field rat Megaderma spasma Lesser false vampire Hystricidae bat Antherurus macrourus Brush-tailed Vespertilionidae porcupine Pipistrellus stenoptems Narrow-winged Hystrix brachyura Common porcupine pipistrelle Ursidae Phoniscus atrox Gilded groove- Helarctos malayanus Malayan sun bear toothed bat Mustelidae Philetor brachypterus Narrow-winged Lutra perspicillata Smooth otter brown bat Mydaus javanensis Malay badger Molossidae Viverridae Cheiromeks torquatus Naked bat Arctogalidia trivirgata Small-tooth palm Lorisidae civet Nycticebus coucang Slow loris Felidae Tarsiidae Felis bengalensis Leopard cat Tarsius bancanus Western tarsier Neofelis nebulosa Clouded leopard Cercopithecidae Panthera tigris Tiger Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed macaque Elephantidae Macaca nemestrina Pig-tailed macaque Elephas tnaximus Indian elephant Presbytis melalophus Banded leaf monkey Tapiridae Presbytis cristata Silvered leaf money Tapirus indicus Malayan tapir Hylobatidae Rhinocerotidae Hylobates agilis Black-handed gibbon Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Sumatran rhinoceros Symphalangus syndactylusSiamang Suidae Pholidota Sus scrofa Wild pig Manis javanica Pangolin Tragulidae Sciuridae Tragulus javanicus Lesser mouse deer Aeromys tephromelas Black flying squirrel Tragulus napu Greater mouse deer Petaurista petaurista Red giant flying Cervidae squirrel Muntiacus muntjak Red muntjac Callosciurus nigrovittatus Black-striped squirrel Cervus unicolor Sambar deer Callosciurus notatus Plantain squirrel Lariscus insignis Three-striped ground squirrel

Data from Sibuea and Herdimansyah (1993); nomenclature follows Payne et al. (1985).

Appendix 2. Preliminary bird list for Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park

Family/species English name Family/species English name

Pelicanidae Calidris ferruginea Curlew sandpiper Pelicanus conspicillatus Australian white Calidris alba Sanderling pelican Tringa hypoleucos Common sandpiper Fregatidae Philomachus pugnax Ruff Fregata arid Lesser frigatebird Burhinidae Fregata andrewi Christmas frigatebird Esacus magnirostris Great thick-knee Ardeidae Laridae Ardea purpurea Purple heron Chlidonias hybrida Whiskered tern Buterides striatus Striated heron Sterna hirundo Common tern Egretta sacra Pacific reef egret Sterna albifrons Little tern Egretta intermedia Plumed egret Anous stolidus Brown noddy Egretta garzetta Little egret Columbidae Ciconiidae Treron vernans Pink-necked green- Ibis cinereus Milky stork pigeon Aconia episcopus Woolly-necked stork Treron curvirostra Thick-billed green- Leptoptilus javanicus Lesser adjutant pigeon Leptoptilus dubius Greater adjutant Treron capellei Large green pigeon Threskiornithidae Ducula aenea Green imperial Threskiornis melanocephalus Black-headed ibis pigeon Anatidae Ducula bicolor Pied imperial pigeon Dendrocygna arcuata Wandering whistling Ducula badia Mountain imperial duck pigeon Pandionidae Macropygia ruficeps Little cuckoo-dove Pandion haliaetus Osprey Streptopilia chinensis Spotted dove Accipitridae Geopilia striata Zebra dove Aviceda jerdoni Jerdon's baza Chalcophaps indica Emerald dove Haliastur indus Brahminy kite Psittacidae Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied sea- Psittinus cyanurus Blue-rumped parrot eagle Loriculus galgulus Blue-crowned Icthyphaga icthyaetus Grey-headed fish- hanging parrot eagle Cuculidae Spilornis cheela Crested serpent-eagle Cacomantis sonneratii Banded bay cuckoo Accipiter trivirgatus Crested goshawk Cacomantis merulinus Plaintive cuckoo Ictinactus malayensis Black eagle Chrysoccoyx xanthorhynchus Violet cuckoo Hieraaetus kiernii Rufous-bellied eagle Surniculus lugubris Drongo cuckoo Spizeatus cirrhatus Changeable hawk- Eudynamys scolopacea Asian koel eagle Phaenicophaeus diardi Black-bellied Spizeatus alboniger Blyth's hawk-eagle malkoha Falconidae Phaenicophaeus curvirostris Chestnut-breasted Microhierax fringillarius Black-thighed malkoha falconet Phaenicophaeus chlorophaeus Raffle's malkoha Phasianidae Phaenicophaeus javanicus Red-billed malkoha Rollolus rouloul Crested partridge Phaenicophaeus sumatranus Chestnut-bellied Lophura ignita Crested fireback malkoha Gallus gallus Red junglefowl Phaenicophaeus tristis Green-billed malkoha Argusianus argus Great argus Centropus sinensis Greater coucal Rallidae Centropus bengalensis Lesser coucal Porzana cinerea White-browed crake Caprimulgidae Scolopacidae Eurpstopodus temminckii Malaysian eared Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel nightjar Numenius arquata Eurasian curlew Apodidae Actitus hypoleucus Common sandpiper Collocalia fuciphage Edible-nest swiftlet Arenaria interpres Ruddy turnstone Collocalia maxima Black-nest swiftlet 214 © 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217

Appendix 2. (continued)

Family/species English name Family/species English name

Collocalia esculenta White-bellied swiftlet Capitonidae Hirundapas cochinchinensisWhite-vented Megalaima chrysopogon Gold-whiskered needletail barbet Apus pacificus Fork-tailed swift Apus affinis Little swift Megalaima rafflesii Red-crowned barbet Hemiprocnidae Megalaima mystacophanos Red-throated barbet Hemiprocne longipennis Grey-rumped Megalaima ortii Black-browed barbet treeswift Megalaima henrici Yellow-crowned Hetniprocne comata Whiskered treeswift barbet Trogonidae Megalaima australis Blue-eared barbet Harpactes duvaucelii Scarlet-rumped Megalaima haemacephala Coppersmith barbet trqgon Calorhamphus fuliginosus Brown barbet Harpactes kasumba Red-naped trogon Indicatoridae Harpactes diardii Diard's trogon Indicator archipelagicus Malaysian Harpactes oreskios Orange-breasted honeyguide trogon Picidae Harpactes erythrocephalus Red-headed trogon Sasia abnormis Rufous piculet Alconidae Celeus brachyurus Rufous woodpecker Alcedo atthis Common kingfisher Meiglyptes tristis Buff-rumped Alcedo meninting Blue-eared kingfisher woodpecker Ceyx rufidorsa Rufous-backed Meiglyptes tuckii Buff-necked kingfisher woodpecker Ceyx erithacus Black-backed Dryocopus javensis White-bellied kingfisher woodpecker Lacedo pulchella Banded kingfisher Hemicircus concretus Grey and buff Halcyon capensis Stork-billed woodpecker kingfisher Blythipius rubiginosus Maroon woodpecker Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Picus mentalis Checker-throated kingfisher woodpecker Halcyon pileata Blacked-capped Picus flavinucha Geater yellownape kingfisher Picus puniceus Crimson-winged Todirhamphus chloris Collared kingfisher woodpecker Actenoides concretus Rufous-collared Picus miniaceus Banded woodpecker kingfisher Dinopium javanense Common goldenback Maropidae Dinopium rafflesii Olive-backed Merops viridis Blue-throated bee- woodpecker eater Mulleripicus pulverulentus Great slaty Nyctyornis amictus Red-bearded bee- woodpecker eater Reinivardtipicus validus Orange-backed Eurystotnus orientalis Dollarbird woodpecker Bucerotidae Eurylaimidae Anorrhinus galeritus Bushy-crested Corydon sumatranus Dusky broadbill hornbill Cymbirhynchus Black and red Berenicornis comatus White-crowned macrorhynchus broadbill hornbill Eurylaimus javanicus Banded broadbill Rhyticeros undulatus Wreathed hornbill Eurylaimus ochromalus Black and yellow Rhyticeros corrogatus Wrinkled hornbill broadbill Anthracoceros malayanus Asian black hornbill Serilophus lunatus Silver-breasted Anthracocerus albirostris Oriental pied hornbill broadbill Buceros rhinoceros Rhinoceros hornbill Psarisomus dalhousie Long-tailed broadbill Buceros bicornis Great hornbill Calyptomena viridis Green broadbill Rhinoplex vigil Helmeted hornbill

Appendix 2. (continued)

Family /species English name Family/ species English name

Pittidae Dicrurus paradiseus Greater racket-tailed Pitta granatina Garnet pitta drongo Pitta venusta Black-crowned pitta Oriolidae Pitta sordida Hooded pitta Oriolus chinensis Black-naped oriole Hirundinidae Oriolus xanthonotus Dark-throated oriole Hirundo rustica Barn swallow Irena puella Asian fairy bluebird Hirundo tahitica Pacific swallow Corvidae Camphephagidae Platylophus galericulatus Crested jay Hemipus hirundinaceae Black-winged Dendrocitta occipitalis Sumatran treepie flycatcher-shrike Platysmurus leucopterus Black magpie Tephrodornis gularis Large woodshrike Corvus enca Slender-billed crow Corvus macrorhynchus Large-billed crow Coracina striata Bar-bellied cuckoo- Sittidae shrike Sitta frontalis Velvet-fronted Coracina fimbria ta Lesser cuckoo-shrike nuthatch Lalage nigra Pied triller Timaliidae Pericrocotus flammeus Scarlet minivet Pellorneum capistratum Black-capped babbler Pericrocotus igneus Fiery minivet Malacocinda malaccense Short-tailed babbler Pericrocotus cinnamoneus Small minivet Malacocinda separium Horsfield's babbler Chloropseidae Trichastome bicolor Ferruginous babbler Aegithina viridissima Green iora Malacopteron magnirostre Moustached babbler Aegithia thyphia Common iora Malacopteron affine Sooty-capped babbler Chloropsis cyanopogon Lesser green leafbird Malacopteron cinereum Scaly-crowned Chloropsis cochinchinensis Blue-winged leafbird babbler Chloropsis sonnerati Greater green Malacopteron magnum Rufous-crowned leafbird babbler Chloropsis aurifrons Gold-fronted leafbird Pomatorhinus montanus Chestnut-backed Pycnonotidae scimitar-babbler Pycnonotus zeylanicus Straw-headed bulbul Napothera macrodactyla Large wren-babbler Pycnonotus atriceps Black-headed bulbul Stachyris rufifrons Rufous-fronted Pycnonotus melanicterus Black-crested bulbul babbler Pycnonotus squamatus Scaly-breasted bulbul Stachyris nigriceps Grey-throated Pycnonotus cyaniventris Grey-bellied bulbul babbler Pycnonotus aurigaster Sooty-headed bulbul Stachyris striolata Spot-necked babbler Pycnonotus entilotus Puff-backed bulbul Stachyris poliocephala Grey-headed babbler Pycnonotus goiavier Yellow-vented bulbul Stachyris erythroptera Chestnut-winged Pycnonotus brunneus Red-eyed bulbul babbler Pycnonotus simplex Cream-vented bulbul Macronous gularis Striped tit-babbler Pycnonotus erythropthalmos Spectacled bulbul Macronous ptilosus Fluffy-backed Alophoixus ochraceus Ochraceous bulbul tit-babbler Alophoixus phaecocephalus Yellow-bellied bulbul Garulax leucolophus White-crested Alophoixus bres Grey-cheeked bulbul laughingthrush Ixos malaccensis Streaked bulbul Gantlax lugrubis Black laughingthrush Hypsipetes flavala Ashy bulbul Leiothryx argentarius Silvered-ear mesia lole olivacea Buff-vented bulbul Pteruthius flaviscapis White-browed Tricholestes criniger Hairy-backed bulbul shrile-babbler Dicruridae Alcippe brunneicauda Brown fulvetta Dicrurus leucophaeus Ashy drongo Heterophasia picaoides Long-tailed sibia Dicrurus hottentatus Hair-crested drongo Eupetes macrocerus Rail babbler Dicrurus sumatranus Sumatran drongo Turdidae Dicrurus aeneus Bronzed drongo Coprychus saularis Magpie robin Dicrurus remifer Lesser racket-tailed Coprychus malabaricus White-rumped shama drongo Copsychus pyrrhopygus Rufous-tailed shama

216 • 1996 FFI, Oryx, 30 (3), 207-217

Appendix 2. (continued)

Family/species English name Family/species English name

Enicurus ruficapillus Chestnut-naped Anthus novaeseelandiae Common pipit forktail Laniidae Enicurus leschenaulti White-crowned Lanius tigrinus Tiger shrike forktail Sturnidae Myiophoneus glaucinus Sunda whistling- Aplonis panayensis Philippine glossy thrush Family/species English name Myiophoneus caeruleus Sylviidae starling Abroscopus superciliaris Yellow-bellied Gracula religiosa Hill myna warbler Nectariniidae Phylloscopus coronatus Eastern crowned Anthreptes simplex Plain sunbird warbler Anthreptes malacensis Brown-throated Orthototnus sutorius Common tailorbird sunbird Orthotomus atrogularis Dark-necked Anthreptes rhodolaema Red-throated sunbird tailorbird Anthreptes singalensis Ruby-cheeked Orthototnus sericens Rufous-tailed sunbird tailorbird Hypogramma Purple-naped Prinia ftaviventris Yellow-bellied prinia hypogrammicum sunbird Prinia familiaris Bar-winged prinia Nectarina jugularis Olive-backed sunbird Cisticola juncidis Zitting cisticola Aethopyga siparaja Crimson sunbird Muscicapidae Aethopyga mystkalis Scarlet sunbird Rhinomyias olivacea Fulvous-chested Arachnothera crassirostris Thick-billed rhinomyias spiderhunter Rhinomyias umbratilis Grey-chested Arachnothera robusta Long-billed rhinomyias spiderhunter Cyanoptila cyanomelana Blue-and-white Arachnothera flavigaster Spectacled flycatcher spiderhunter Cyornis rufigastra Mangrove blue Arachnothera chrysogenys Yellow-eared flycatcher spiderhunter Cyornis concreta Dark-blue flycatcher Arachnothera longirostra Little spiderhunter Cyornis unicolor Pale-blue flycatcher Dicaeidae Cyornis turcosus Malaysian blue Prionochilus maculatus Yellow-breasted flycatcher flowerpecker Rhipidura perlata Spotted fantail Prionochilus percussus Crimson-breasted Terpsiphone paradisi Asian paradise flowerpecker flycatcher Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-backed Eumyias thalassina Verditer flycatcher flowerpecker Eumyias indigo Indigo flycatcher Dicaeum concolor Plain flowerpecker Muscicapa dauurica Asian brown Dicaeum trignostigma Orange-bellied flycatcher flowerpecker Ficedula dumetoria Rufous-chested Dicaeum chrysorrheum Yellow-vented flycatcher flowerpecker Niltava grandis Large niltava Dicaeum ignipectus Fire-breasted Hypothymus azurea Black-naped monarch flowerpecker Ptilentoma pyrhopterum Rufous-winged Zosteropidae philentoma Zosterops palpebrosus Oriental white-eye Philentoma velatum Maroon-breasted Ploceidae philentoma Lonchum leucogastra White-bellied munia Motacillidae Lonchura malacca Black-headed munia Motacilla cinerea Grey wagtail Lonchura maja White-headed munia Motacilla flava Yellow wagtail

Compiled from FAO (1981), Thiollay (1995) and this survey. Nomenclature follows Andrews (1992).