Resemblance and Reality in Greek Thought Essays in Honor of Peter M. Smith Resemblance and Reality in Greek Thought follows the construction of reality from Homer into the Hellenistic era and beyond. Not only in didactic poetry or philosophical works but in practically all genres from the time of Homer onwards, Greek literature has shown an awareness of the relationship between verbal art and the social, historical, or cultural reality that produces it, an awareness that this relationship is an approximate one at best and a distorting one at worst. This central theme of resemblance and its relationship to reality draws together essays on a range of Greek authors, and shows how they are unified or allied in posing similar questions to classical literature. Arum Park is Assistant Professor of Classics at the University of Arizona, USA. Her research focuses on archaic and classical Greek poetry, but she has published on a wide range of authors, including Hesiod, Pindar, Ovid, and Longus. Her cur- rent book project, supported by a 2012–13 fellowship from the Center for Hellenic Studies, treats the concepts of truth, gender, and genre in Pindar and Aeschylus. Routledge Monographs in Classical Studies 1 The Roman Garden 11 Virgil’s Homeric Lens Katharine T. von Stackelberg Edan Dekel 2 The Eunuch in Byzantine 12 Plato’s Dialectic on Woman: History and Society Equal, Therefore Inferior Shaun Tougher Elena Blair 3 Actors and Audience in the 13 Roman Literature, Gender, and Roman Courtroom Reception: Domina Illustris Leanne Bablitz Edited by Donald Lateiner, Barbara K. Gold and Judith Perkins 4 Life and Letters in the Ancient Greek World 14 Roman Theories of Translation: John Muir Surpassing the Source Siobhán McElduff 5 Utopia Antiqua Rhiannon Evans 15 Displaying the Ideals of Antiquity: The Petrified Gaze 6 Greek Magic Johannes Siapkas and Lena John Petropoulos Sjögren 7 Between Rome and Persia 16 Menander in Contexts Peter Edwell Edited by Alan H. Sommerstein 8 Passions and Moral Progress in 17 Consumerism in the Ancient Greco-Roman Thought World: Imports and Identity John T. Fitzgerald Construction Justin St. P. Walsh 9 Dacia Ioana A. Oltean 18 Apuleius and Africa Edited by Benjamin Todd Lee, 10 Rome in the Pyrenees Ellen Finkelpearl and Luca Simon Esmonde-Cleary Graverini 19 Lucian and His Roman Voices: 21 Rome and Provincial Resistance Cultural Exchanges and Gil Gambash Conflicts in the Late Roman Empire 22 The Origins of Ancient Greek Eleni Bozia Science Michael Boylan 20 Theology and Existentialism in Aeschylus: Written in the 23 Athens Transformed, 404–262 Cosmos BC: From Popular Sovereignty Richard Rader to the Dominion of the Elite Phillip Harding Other books in this series: Childhood in Ancient Athens: Translating Classical Plays: The Iconography and Social History Collected Papers Lesley A. Beaumont J. Michael Walton Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Athens: The City as University Corinth 338–196 BC Niall Livingstone Michael D. Dixon Resemblance and Reality in Greek Thought Essays in Honor of Peter M. Smith Edited by Arum Park First published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Arum Park The right of the editor to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested. ISBN: 978-1-138-95522-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-66651-8 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Swales & Willis Ltd, Exeter, Devon, UK Paideia Sue Guiney For Peter Smith Dactyls like hooves trot over my page with a thunderous insistence. Sharply they drag me until I am clouded in memories exalted, decades of time when my passions were only for classical poetry veiled by a musical language, its meanings obscure and deceptive. Out loud I sang forth their rhythms soliciting meanings, bewildered. Sounds born of shapes often lulled me. Sleepless persistence unnerved me. Then, how I’d dream of the agora shaded by cypress and hemlock, sun beating down on my head as I swooned in the theatre, ecstatic, plaits of black hair coiling down like snakes over sweet perfumed shoulders. Bare arms outstretched from the cascading drapes of a wide-belted peplos. Who would I be? What fates would have favored my life then? Matron or slave? Maiden or fury? Teacher or poet? Certainly, it’s Aphrodite I’d wish to resemble. Who other? Yes, it’s Euripides’ genius, his boldness I’d aim to embody. Why dare to dream if not to be more than I picture myself now? Dreams are for breaking our reins, are for setting us flying beyond clouds. Give me Odyssean skills, the strength of a young Achilleus. Teach me the wisdom of Socrates, make him my guide, my advisor. Let the immortals, Athena and Hera, protect and inspire me. Sing to us, Muse, but sing of my deeds through my own words poetic. But my real life intrudes. My memories grow dim. Feet will stumble. My hair will age into gray like Anacreon’s cast-aside lover. Truths of reality fail to resemble the dreamscape envisioned. Yet, there are lessons still learned, still empowering the truth of my present. Gladly I stay still the student attending the voice of my teacher. And so I say: take all that is offered. Translate it. Release it. Civilizations are built not on dreams but on labor and gratitude, labor and gratitude, fantasies tempered by memory enduring, memories like dactyls which trot with divine grace toward glorious pastures. Contents Paideia vii SUE GUINEY List of figures xi Contributors xii Introduction: Resemblance and reality as interpretive lens 1 ARUM PARK AND MARY PENDERGRAFT PART I Greek poetry: Verbal resemblance as incomplete reality 9 1 Mētis on a mission: Unreliable narration and the perils of cunning in Odyssey 9 11 PETER AICHER 2 Little things mean a lot: Odysseus’ scar and Eurycleia’s memory 31 JEFFREY BENEKER 3 Failure of the textual relation: Anacreon’s purple ball poem (PMG 358) 46 T H M GELLAR-GOAD 4 Reality, illusion, or both? Cloud-women in Stesichorus and Pindar 65 ARUM PARK 5 Neither beast nor woman: Reconstructing Callisto in Callimachus’ Hymn to Zeus 80 KEYNE CHESHIRE x Contents PART II Greek tragedy: Reality, expectation, tradition 95 6 Necessity and universal reality: The use of χρή in Aeschylus 97 DAVID C A WILTSHIRE 7 The arms of Achilles: Tradition and mythmaking in Sophocles’ Philoctetes 116 SHEILA MURNAGHAN 8 The “Bad Place”: The horrific house of Euripides’Heracles 130 DEREK SMITH KEYSER 9 The “Hymn to Zeus” (Agamemnon 160–83) and reasoning from resemblances 141 EDWIN CARAWAN PART III Greek prose: Reality and appearances 155 10 Stereotypes as faulty resemblance: Humorous deception and ethnography in Herodotus 157 MARK C MASH 11 The rational religion of Xenophon’s Socrates 176 DAVID JOHNSON 12 Wives, subjects, sons, and lovers: Phthonos and resemblance in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia 199 NORMAN SANDRIDGE 13 Performing Plato’s Forms 211 PATRICK LEE MILLER Epilogue: Echoes of resemblance and reality in Latin literature 237 14 Thigh wounds in Homer and Vergil: Cultural reality and literary metaphor 239 D FELTON General index 259 Index locorum 263 Figures 7.1 Odysseus presents Achilles’ armor to Neoptolemus 121 14.1 The doctor Iapyx tending to Aeneas’ thigh wound, with Aeneas’ son Ascanius and Venus looking on 249 Contributors Peter Aicher is Emeritus Professor of Classics at the University of Southern Maine. Recent publications include an article on Herodotus’ Croesus- Story (with accompanying translation) and its relation to a “vulnerability ethic” present in Homer (Arion, 2013). Earlier publications include Rome Alive: A Source-Guide to the Ancient City (Bolchazy, 2004), Guide to the Roman Aqueducts (Bolchazy, 1995), and articles on Roman topography and Homer. Jeffrey Beneker is Associate Professor of Classics at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, where he teaches courses in Greek literature, Classical mythol- ogy, and Greco-Roman civilization. His publications include The Passionate Statesman: Eros and Politics in Plutarch’s Lives (Oxford University Press, 2012) and articles on Plutarch and ancient biography. He is co-translator of The Progymnasmata of Nikephoros Basilakes: Byzantine Rhetorical Exercises from the Twelfth-Century (Harvard University Press, 2016) and is currently writing a biography of Pompey the Great. Edwin Carawan is Professor of Classical Languages at Missouri State University. His research focuses on law and rhetoric in ancient Greece. He is the author of Rhetoric and the Law of Draco (Oxford University Press, 1998) and editor of The Attic Orators (Oxford University Press, 2007). For 2010–11, he received a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities for a recent study of the settlement of civil conflict at Athens, The Athenian Amnesty and Reconstructing the Law (Oxford University Press, 2013). Keyne Cheshire is Professor of Classics at Davidson College. He has pub- lished articles primarily in the areas of Hellenistic and Greek lyric poetry, but has also authored a textbook, Alexander the Great (Cambridge University Press, 2009), and translated Sophocles’ Women of Trachis, reti- tled Murder at Jagged Rock, for a setting in a mythic Wild West (Word Works Press, 2015).