Technical Assistance Consultant’s Report
Project Number: 33177 September 2005
People’s Republic of China: Songhua River Basin Water Quality and Pollution Control Management – Situational Analysis
Prepared by SOGREAH Consultants / WL Delft Hydraulics
For Songliao River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau
This consultant’s report does not necessarily reflect the views of ADB or the Government concerned, and ADB and the Government cannot be held liable for its contents.
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGLIAO RIVER BASIN WATER RESOURCES PROTECTION BUREAU
SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT
TA N° 4061-PRC
FINAL REPORT SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
SEPTEMBER 2005 2 340107.R4.V2
&
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGLIAO RIVER BASIN WATER RESOURCES PROTECTION BUREAU
SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT TA 4061 PRC
FINAL REPORT: VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS IDENTIFICATION N° : 2340107.R4.V2 DATE : SEPTEMBER 2005
This document has been produced by the Consortium SOGREAH Consultants/Delft Hydraulics as part of the ADB Project Preparation TA (Job Number: 2340107). This document has been prepared by the project team under the supervision of the Project Director following Quality Assurance Procedures of SOGREAH in compliance with ISO9001.
APPROVED BY Index DATE AUTHOR CHECKED BY PURPOSE OF MODIFICATION (PROJECT MANAGER) BYN,TZJ,CSN, A First Issue 29/9/05 BXM,ZPY,WSZ, BYN,TZJ,BH GDM LHY,ZX,SG,BH
Index CONTACT ADDRESS DISTRIBUTION LIST
1 SLRBWRPB (Mr LI Zhiquan, Ms Bai Yan) [email protected] ; [email protected]; [email protected]
The Asian Development Bank (Robert 3 [email protected], [email protected] Wihtol, Sergei Popov) [email protected], 4 SOGREAH (Head Office)
5 DELFT (Head Office) [email protected]
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
CONTENTS
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
1. INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1. THE SONGHUA RIVER BASIN...... 1 1.2. SCOPE OF THE TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ...... 2 1.3. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS...... 3 1.4. PURPOSE & SCOPE OF THIS REPORT...... 3 1.5. LAYOUT OF THE REPORT...... 3
2. ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION OF SRB...... 5 2.1. GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES...... 5 2.1.1. LOCATION AND EXTENT...... 5 2.1.2. LANDFORMS...... 5 2.2. SOILS EROSION AND SALINIZATION ...... 6 2.3. CLIMATE ...... 6 2.3.1. TEMPERATURE ...... 6 2.3.2. RAINFALL...... 6 2.3.3. EVAPORATION ...... 7 2.3.4. WIND ...... 7 2.4. RIVER SYSTEM...... 9 2.4.1. SONGHUA SUB-SYSTEMS ...... 9 2.4.2. MAJOR SONGHUA TRIBUTARIES ...... 10 2.4.3. GENERAL HYDROLOGY OF THE SYSTEM...... 11 2.5. WETLANDS & BIODIVERSITY ...... 12 2.5.1. AN EXCEPTIONAL BIODIVERSITY...... 12 2.5.2. CONSERVATION MEASURES ...... 12 2.6. CONCLUSIONS: MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ...... 13 2.6.1. POLLUTION OF SURFACE & GROUND WATER...... 13 2.6.2. FLOODING AND SEASONAL DROUGHT...... 13 2.6.3. SOIL EROSION & ALKALINISATION...... 14 2.6.4. THREATS TO WETLANDS ...... 15
3. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SITUATION IN SRB ...... 16 3.1. INTRODUCTION...... 16 3.2. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ...... 16 3.2.1. NORTHEAST OLD INDUSTRY BASE ...... 18 3.2.2. NORTHEAST FOOD PRODUCTION BASE...... 18 3.2.3. SOCIAL SITUATION...... 19 3.2.4. POVERTY PROFILE...... 21 3.2.5. GENDER PROFILE...... 23 3.2.6. MINORITY PROFILE...... 23 3.3. SOCIAL IMPACTS OF WATER POLLUTION...... 24 3.3.1. IMPACTS ON PUBLIC HEALTH ...... 24 3.3.2. IMPACTS ON EMPLOYMENT...... 25 3.3.3. IMPACTS ON POVERTY...... 25
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PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
3.3.4. WATER POLLUTION AND NORTHEAST OLD INDUSTRY BASE...... 26 3.3.5. WATER POLLUTION AND NORTHEAST FOOD BASE ...... 26
4. SRB WATER RESOURCES ...... 28 4.1. WATER RESOURCES PLANNING...... 28 4.2. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES ...... 28 4.2.1. HYDROLOGICAL & RUNOFF OBSERVATION NETWORK...... 28 4.2.2. PRECIPITATION, EVAPORATION & RUNOFF...... 29 4.2.3. ANNUAL AND INTER-ANNUAL VARIATION OF RUNOFF...... 29 4.2.4. AVERAGE RIVER FLOWS...... 30 4.3. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES...... 31 4.3.1. REGIONAL HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS...... 31 4.3.2. SHALLOW GROUNDWATER RESOURCES...... 32 4.4. TOTAL ANNUAL WATER RESOURCES IN SRB...... 32 4.5. PRESENT SITUATION OF WATER UTILIZATION IN SRB...... 33 4.5.1. WATER SUPPLY CAPACITY IN SRB...... 33 4.5.2. PRESENT STATUS OF WATER UTILIZATION...... 34 4.5.3. PAST TRENDS IN WATER UTILIZATION ...... 35 4.6. WATER RESOURCES UTILIZATION LEVEL AND EFFICIENCY ...... 36 4.6.1. LEVEL OF UTILIZATION...... 36 4.6.2. WATER UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY...... 37 4.7. MAIN ISSUES ABOUT WATER RESOURCES...... 38
5. SRB WATER QUALITY SITUATION...... 39 5.1. WATER QUALITY MONITORING ...... 39 5.1.1. MONITORING ORGANIZATION IN SRB ...... 39 5.1.2. MONITORING ACTIVITIES...... 40 5.1.3. MONITORING RIVER SECTIONS...... 43 5.1.4. LABORATORY FACILITIES...... 46 5.1.5. DATA PROCESSING, STORAGE & COMMUNICATION...... 49 5.2. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS & PLANNING TOOLS...... 51 5.2.1. WATER QUALITY STANDARDS ...... 51 5.2.2. FUNCTIONAL ZONING SYSTEM...... 51 5.3. PAST AND PRESENT SITUATION AND TRENDS OF WATER QUALITY IN SRB...... 51 5.3.1. SRB WATER QUALITY LONGITUDINAL PROFILES...... 51 5.3.2. SRB WATER QUALITY - PAST TRENDS...... 57 5.3.3. THE ISSUE OF MICRO-ORGANIC POLLUTANTS ...... 66 5.4. WATER QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER...... 68 5.4.1. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDWATER ...... 68 5.4.2. GROUNDWATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION...... 70 5.4.3. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES ACCORDING TO QUALITY...... 72 5.5. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS...... 72 5.5.1. RELATED TO MONITORING ORGANIZATION ...... 72 5.5.2. RELATED TO MONITORING PRACTICES...... 73
6. POLLUTION SOURCE AND LOADING RATES ...... 76 6.1. POLLUTION SOURCES...... 76 6.2. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION...... 78 6.2.1. BASIS FOR POLLUTION LOADS ESTIMATE...... 78 6.2.2. PRESENT SITUATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION SOURCES & CAUSES .....78 6.2.3. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION LOADS ESTIMATE IN SRB ...... 79 6.3. URBAN DOMESTIC POLLUTION...... 80
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PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
6.3.1. ESTIMATED CURRENT DOMESTIC POLLUTION LOAD ...... 81 6.4. NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION ...... 81 6.4.1. CONTRIBUTING SOURCES OF NON-POINT POLLUTION ...... 81 6.4.2. QUANTIFICATION OF NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION ...... 83 6.4.3. EUTROPHICATION OF SRB RESERVOIRS ...... 85 6.4.4. TRENDS OF NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION...... 97 6.4.5. COUNTERMEASURES TO NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION ...... 97 6.5. CONCLUSIONS...... 99
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1: Area Composition of the Songhua River Basin...... 5 Table 2-2: Monthly Average Temperature in SRB ...... 6 Table 2-3: Rainfall distribution in SRB...... 7 Table 2-4: SRB Sub-Basin Characteristics ...... 9 Table 2-5: SRB Sub-Basin Tributaries ...... 11 Table 2-6: Number and Area of Wetland Nature Reserves in the 3 SRB Provinces ...... 13 Table 3-1: Main Economic Indicators ...... 17 Table 3-2: Population Main Characteristics...... 20 Table 3-3: Social Indicators ...... 21 Table 3-4: Poverty Counties Distribution in SRB...... 21 Table 3-5: Rural Resident Income Distribution in the SRB ...... 22 Table 3-6: Per Capita Annual Disposable Income of Urban Households by Level...... 22 Table 4-1: Distribution of Hydrological Stations ...... 29 Table 4-2: Main Characteristics of Precipitation in SRB ...... 29 Table 4-3: Estimated Runoff in Songhua River basin from 1956 to 2000...... 29 Table 4-4: Maximum and Minimum Values of Annual Runoff in Songhua River Basin ...... 30 Table 4-5: SRB average Flows...... 31 Table 4-6: Groundwater Balance in the Plain Areas of SRB...... 32 Table 4-7: Present Shallow Groundwater Resources in SRB...... 32 Table 4-8: Annual Total Water Resources in SRB...... 33 Table 4-9: Annual Available Water Resources in SRB ...... 33 Table 4-10: Water Supply Capacity in SRB in 2000 ...... 34 Table 4-11: Water Utilization in SRB in 2000 according to Source Type...... 34 Table 4-12: Water Utilization in SRB in 2000 according to Use Type...... 35 Table 4-13: Water Utilization Trends in SRB from 1980 to 2000 ...... 35 Table 4-14: Mean Annual Growth Rate of Water Utilization from 1980 to 2000...... 36 Table 4-15: Degree of Water Resources Utilization...... 37 Table 4-16: Cones of Depression in the Groundwater Aquifers in some Major Cities of SRB ...... 37 Table 5-1: Monitoring Parameter of Surface Water of Water Resources Agneices ...... 41 Table 5-2: Monitoring Parameter of Surface Water of Environmental Protection Agencies...... 42 Table 5-3: Water Quality Monitoring Parameter at Basin and Provincial Levels ...... 42 Table 5-4: The water quality monitoring sections in major rivers and lakes in Jilin Part of SRB ...... 44 Table 5-5: Heilongjiang Monitoring Sections Location within SRB ...... 45 Table 5-6: IMAR Monitoring Section Location within SRB ...... 46 Table 5-7: Laboratory Facilities at Basin and Provincial Levels...... 47 Table 5-8: Water Quality Laboratory Equipment in Jilin Province...... 48 Table 5-9: Water quality monitoring equipments in Heilongjiang Monitoring Centres ...... 48 Table 5-10: Water Quality Monitoring Equipments in Monitoring Stations...... 49 Table 5-11: Parameters Modification Comparison between 2002 and 1999 Standards ...... 51 Table 5-12: Class I Water Function Zone of the SRB ...... 51 Table 5-13: Class II Water Function Zone in SRB ...... 51 Table 5-14: Information on Water Quality Class of Key EPB Monitoring Sections...... 58 Table 5-15: Information on Water Quality Class of Key WRPB Monitoring Sections ...... 60 Table 5-16: Distribution of WQ Classes as a percent of Monitored River Length ...... 62
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PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
Table 5-17: EPB and WRPB Corresponding Stations ...... 64 Table 5-18 : Compared WQ Classes from EPB & WRPB...... 66 Table 5-19: Main micro-organic pollutants found in Harbin Drinking water source ...... 68 Table 5-20: Groundwater Chemical Type Areas in the SRB Plain Region...... 69 Table 5-21: Area Distribution of Groundwater Main Chemical Characteristics...... 70 Table 5-22: Percent of Exceeding Standard Rate for Main Parameters...... 71 Table 5-23: Area Distribution of Groundwater Quality Classes ...... 71 Table 5-24: Number of Wells Distribution according to Groundwater Quality Classes...... 72 Table 5-25: Area Distribution of Groundwater Quality Classes ...... 72 Table 6-1: Table: Industrial Water Consumption Trends SRB 1980-2000...... 79 Table 6-2: Industrial Pollution Load in SRB for Year 2003...... 80 Table 6-3: Existing WWTP in SRB ...... 80 Table 6-4: WWTP under Construction in 2005 ...... 81 Table 6-5: Domestic Pollution Load in SRB for Year 2003 ...... 81 Table 6-6: Relative Importance of Non-point Source and Point Source Pollution for SRB...... 84 Table 6-7: Control and Assessment Standard of Surface-water Trophic Levels ...... 86 TABLE 6-8: RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY AND EUTROPHICATION SITUATION WITHIN SRB (ASSESSMENT BASED ON RESERVIOR NUMBERS, FOR THE YEAR OF 2000)...... 88 Table 6-9: Reservoir Water Quality and Eutrophication Situation within SRB (Assessment Based on Reservoir Capacity, for the year of 2000) ...... 89 Table 6-10: Average Concentrations of Typical Pollutants within SRB Reservoirs ...... 90
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1: The Songhua River Basin ...... 2 Figure 1-2: Conceptual Overview of Project Approach ...... 3 Figure 1-3: Implementation Arrangements for the Technical Assistance ...... 3 Figure 4-1: Examples of Rainfall Distribution ...... 30 Figure 5-1: Data Reporting Process of Different Level Monitoring Stations ...... 51 Figure 5-2: Longitudinal Profiles for Nen & Main Songhua Rivers - DO, COD, NH3-N ...... 54 Figure 5-3: Longitudinal Profiles for Second Songhua River - DO, COD, NH3-N...... 55 Figure 5-4: Longitudinal Profiles for Ytong River - DO, COD, NH3-N ...... 56 Figure 5-5: Trend of Average COD and Ammonia at the Outlet of the Songhua River Basin...... 62 Figure 5-6: Comparison of EPB and WRPB Data for some Selected Sections...... 65 Figure 6-1: Relative s Sources of Domestic Point Sources of Pollution (in terms of CODCr) ...... 77 Figure 6-2: Relative s Sources of Industrial Point Sources of Pollution (in terms of CODCr)...... 77 Figure 6-3: Relative s Sources of Pollution (Point/Non Point) For the SRB...... 77 Figure 6-4: Relative Importance of Non-Point Source And Point Source Pollution for Level-II Catchments.. 85 Figure 6-5: Contribution of Non-point Load From Different Level-II Catchments ...... 85 Figure 6-6: Eutrophication Assessment Based on Reservoir Capacity within SRB...... 87 FIGURE 6-7: COMPARISON OF SECCHI-DEPTH IN DIFFERENT CATCHMENTS RESERVOIRS ...... 98
FIGURE 6-8: COMPARISON OF CODMN, TP AND TN IN DIFFERENT CATCHMENTS RESERVOIRS ...... 99 FIGURE 6-9: N/P RATIO OF RESERVOIRS IN DIFFERENT CATCHMENTS (Yearly Average of 2000)...... 101 FIGURE 6-10: N/P RATIO OF RESERVOIRS IN DIFFERENT CATCHMENTS(Flood Period of 2000) ...... 102 FIGURE 6-11: N/P RATIO OF RESERVOIRS IN DIFFERENT CATCHMENTS(Non-flood Period of 2000) ...... 103 FIGURE 6-12: N/P RATIO OF THREE KEY RESERVOIRS...... 104
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PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A Bibliography Appendix B Social Analysis Stakeholder Analysis and Focus Group Seminars Appendix C Detailed Water Resouces Evaluation Appendix D Detailed Analysis of Water Quality Data Appendix E Wastewater Treatment Plant Details in the SRB Appendix F Water Treatment Plant Details in the SRB
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PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS
ADB Asian Development Bank AWMS Autometic Water Monitoring Station BH Bureau of Hydrology bm3 billion m3 EA Executing Agency EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EPB Environmental Protection Bureau EU Environmental Unit FB Forestry Bureau GEF Global Environment Facility GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System IRBM Integrated River Basin Management IMAR Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region MLR Ministry of Land and Resources MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOC Ministry of Construction MOF Ministry of Finance MoU Memorandum of Understanding MWR Ministry of Water Resources, PRC NPC National People’s Congress NPCC National People’s Consultative Committee PLG Project Leading Group PMO Project Management Office PPTA Project Preparation Technical Assistance PRC People’s Republic of China SDRC State Development and Reform Commission SEPA State Environmental Protection Administration SFA State Forestry Administration SLRB Song-Liao River Basin SRB Songhua River Basin SWRC Songliao Water Resources Commission SWRPB Songliao Water Resources Protection Bureau SRSPLG SongLiao River System Protection Leading Group TA Technical Assistance WRB Water Resource Bureau
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PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
With a watershed area of approximately 560,000 km2, the Songhua River Basin (SRB) is the third largest river basin in PRC after the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. The Songhua River originates from two main sources, the Nen River and the Second Songhua river, which meet near Songyuan to form the Main Songhua River. From this confluence, the river flows in eastern/northern direction to join the Heilong (Amur) River on the boundary between Russia and PRC. About 54% of the watershed belongs to the Nen River, 13% to the Second Songhua and the remaining 33% is immediately adjacent to the Songhua River main channel.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES
1. The SRB includes 128 cities/counties/banners, 17 counties/cities being located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR) (4.67 million population), 38 counties/cities located in Jilin Province (22.39 million population), 70 counties/cities located in Heilongjiang Province (35.50 million population). Liaoning Province contributes also insignificantly to SRB with only 3 counties/cities (0.34 million population), which will not be considered further in the study.
2. By the end of 2003, the population in SRB related to the 3 Provincesa was estimated at 54.71 million, or 62% of the total population in these three provinces. Comparatively the same year the population in the three Provinces was totaling 88.53 million, including 38.15 million, 26.59 million and 23.80 million population respectively in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Inner Mongolia. The SRB enjoys a relatively high urbanization rate with 44.70 million urban population in the three provinces in 2003, accounting for about 51% of the total population, higher than national average (39.1%). Urbanization rate is 53% in both Heilongjiang and Jilin and 45% in IMAR. This high level of urbanization is a major cause of river water quality degradation, as most of these rapidly expanding urban areas do not possess sufficient sewage collection and treatment systems. By 2002, the percentage of population having access to tap water was 80.5%, 76.28% and 77.21% respectively in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Inner Mongolia.
3. In SRB, there are 28 national and provincial level poverty counties, including 16 national level poverty counties and 12 provincial level poverty counties. About 10.6 percent of the total population or 9.29 million of people live in these poverty counties. Among them, more than 71 percent of the people are in rural area with little farmland per capita. In these poverty counties, per capita income in rural area was 21.8 percent lower than the basin average in 2000, and per capita GDP was lower than the basin average.
4. The ethnic minorities in the three Provinces of SRB account for more than 9.24 million population or 7% of the total population. Minorities in Helongjiang and Jilin represent only 0.15% and 4.5% of the respective provincial population, while they account for 20% in IMAR. Almost 50% of the “hard-core” poor people in the rural areas belong to these minority groups.
5. In 2002, the total output from the secondary sector industry in the three provinces reached 387,591 billion Yuan, accounting for about half of the GDP. Jilin is a major site of the national chemical industry, producing inorganic and organic chemicals. Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar have electricity generation, chemical, oil/gas, fiber, plastic, lumber, and textile industries. Changchun is the home of the car industry for the northeast region, as well as of chemicals, food processing, and a host of secondary and tertiary sector industries and a For a simplification of the text, the term “3 Provinces” applies in fact to the Provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang and to the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region)
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PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
services. Qiqihar has metallurgical, machine tool, chemical, gold mining, and lumber industries. Daqing exploits the country’s largest oil fields.
6. Northeast China is an old industry base of China known as the “industrial cradle of China”, which played a vital role in the country’s industrial development from the 1950s to the early 1970s. The northeast region produced the country’s first steel, machine tools, locomotives and planes after the foundation of New China in 1949. However, many traditional industrial firms established in the 1950s under the planned economic system have become less competitive since the country shifted toward a market-oriented economy two decades ago. Revitalizing northeast old industry base has become an essential part of the Government reform strategy and is of major importance for the nation’s coordinated economic and social development. It is also fundamental for the environment as most of these old industries have limited or no pollution control facilities nor clean processes and are seriously contributing to the alteration of the river system water quality.
7. Besides the old industry base of China, the northeast also is a major agriculture production base. In 2002, there were 20.69 million ha of farmland in the three provinces, accounting for 15.91% of the country farmland area. The main crops are corn, bean and wheat. Food production in northeast China is restricted by water availability and water quality. Furthermore, the productivity of the black soilsb is affected by the erosion process which is estimated to reduce by 4 million tons food every year the potential production of the black soils. Excess chemical fertilizer use is observed in SRB, which increases production costs and decreases net income of farmland by 10% to 30%, and may limit in the future the capability to export agricultural products because of chemical residues in the products. Excess agrochemicals use results also in higher levels of non-point source pollution and eutrophication of lakes and reservoirs.
8. Scientific investigations carried out these last 20 years on toxic pollutants in Songhua river, raised issues related to the presence of micro-organic pollutants in the water and the possible effects on public health through urban water supply and the consumption of pollutant concentrated river products. This situation identified in SRB is most probably widely replicated in China as well as in many other industrialized countries where limited industrial pollution control is enforced. Further investigations are required to confirm the findings of these initial studies.
CLIMATE
9. The climate in Songhua basin is contrasted with short summers, long winters, spring drought, summer flooding and autumn frosts. Extreme temperatures in Harbin ranged in 2003 from –32°C in January to 33°C in July. The lowest recorded temperature in the basin is –52.3°C. The extremely low temperatures in winter and the resulting freezing of the Songhua and its tributaries during several months create specific conditions unfavorable to water pollution abatement by slowing down wastewater treatment plant biological processes and the natural self cleaning capacity of the rivers.
10. The average annual rainfall varies from less than 400 mm in the southwest to more than 750 mm in the east. On average, 70% to 85% of rainfall occurs during the four rainy- season months (June through September). The contribution to the total rainfall during the five winter months ranges only from 3% to 10%. The average wind velocity observed in the Song-Nen Plain is approximately 4 m/s, while it is generally lower in the mountain areas, usually around 2 to 3 m/s. Monthly average wind velocities are the highest in April and May, at the end of the cold and dry season, when the vegetation cover is limited and the soils the most exposed to wind erosion.
b The Songhua river basin supports the only black-soil belt in China, one of three such belts in the world. Black-soil is characterized by high concentrations of organic matter and nutrients that lead to high ecological and agricultural productivity.
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PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
BIODIVERSITY & SOIL EROSION
11. The Songhua River basin includes most of the non-marine wetlands and wetland biodiversity in northeast China, the largest contiguous freshwater wetland tracks in China and in East Asia. Wetlands in the watershed are recognized nationally and internationally for their regional and global biodiversity importance. Two of China's seven wetlands listed under the Ramsar Convention lie within the Songhua River catchment in the Song-Nen plain (Zhalong and Xianghai Natioal Natural Reserves). The Song-Nen and Sanjiang plains together support 344 species of birds, some 27% of the 1253 species recorded in China. Eight of the world’s 15 crane species occur in China, and six of those nest in or migrate through the Songhua River basin. Almost one hundred nature reserves have already been established within the Songhua river watershed by the 3 Provinces, most of which protecting wetlands. By 2001, the nature reserves in Heilongjiang represented a total protected area over 8.7% of the Province.
12. Human influence has degraded the ecological resource base of the Songhua River basin. Although the basin has been occupied for many thousands of years, most of the ecological degradation has occurred during the last half century. Between 1958 and 2000 the forest cover in Heilongjiang Province has declined from 200,000 km² to 160,000 km² (20% decline over 42 years). Near Qiqihar, the natural grassland area declined from 20,000 km² in 1963 to 14,000 km² in 1982 (30% decline over 19 years). Wetland area has been lost to reclamation for agriculture. Of some 2 million ha of wetland habitat in 1949, approximately 650,000 ha remained by 2000 (67% reduction). Wetland quality has been degraded from discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents, and from agricultural runoff. Reed beds have been depleted due to excessive and unregulated harvest for papermaking and fuel. Dehydration of wetlands results mainly from river diversion by flood control infrastructure, pumping for agricultural irrigation, and supply to villages, towns and cities. For instance, the Songliao Water Resources Commission (SWRC) estimates that the Wuyu’er catchment now supplies some 60% of its flow to basin wetlands, the balance being diverted for agriculture and urban consumption. The 40% reduction in water supply has negatively affected Zhalong NNR. Wetlands need more careful consideration in the future, because of the role they may play in flood management (storage of flood) and drought reduction (sustaining low flows).
13. Reduction of vegetation cover associated to local particularities of soils have exposed an estimated 182,000 km² or almost one third of the Songhua River basin to some form of soil erosion. About one million hectares of the black soil region are affected by erosion, losing 153 million tons of topsoil per year (about 2 to 3 mm). In the hill zone, the black soils are also more affected by erosion because they are shallow (30 cm to 50 cm thick) and overlay a compacted loess layer that is hard and impervious, and through which little water infiltrates. Frequent droughts and high winds have increased wind erosion in the western part of the basin.
14. Salinization and alkalization of soils is observed mainly in the western part of SRB and is a serious problem in the Song-Nen plain. The process is initiated when land is inappropriately drained for agricultural development. Water-logging occurs, and with the high evaporation rate the region faces in spring and summer, salts are drawn to the soil surface. Wind erosion is already serious in the southwest part of the lower Nen River watershed, and this issue is exacerbated in the alkaline and saline soil zones, which are more sensitive to wind erosion, and where sand dunes are already extended.
15. At present, soil erosion by water and river sediment transport in SRB are not considered to be the most critical issues related to the erosion process, when compared to wind erosion. The transport of sediment as analysed from the hydrological point of view confirms this situation, with high stability of the riverbeds in the plain and limited sedimentation. The most immediate corrective actions required concern the stabilization of the dune fields and the protection of the black soils considering their economic value for the agricultural production in SRB.
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PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
WATER RESOURCES
16. The availability of surface water resources follows the marked seasonal pattern of rainfall. During the wet summer period, runoff represents about 60 to 80% of the annual runoff, with 50 to 60% of the annual runoff generally concentrated during July and August. Dry season low flows are still a natural phenomenon in the Nen river, but this will improve when the Nierji reservoir will start operation in 2006. The Second Songhua River and consequently also the main Songhua River have larger flows during dry season because of the regulating role of several reservoirs constructed in the respective watersheds. The average annual inflow from precipitations in the SRB (period 1956-2000), is about 300 bm3, corresponding to an annual average rainfall of 537.2mm. The average annual runoff observed from 1956 to 2000 in the Songhua River basin is 81.77 bm3, the most contributing sub-basins being the Nen River and the Mainstream Songhua with respective average runoff of 35.97 and 29.38 bm3.
17. Groundwater resources in the SRB are found primarily in shallow groundwater aquifers. The high yield groundwater zones are located in the alluvial fans near mountains, such as in the Tao’er and Lalin rivers. Medium yield zones are located in the plains such as the SongNen and further downstream near the Sanjiang. Areas with lower groundwater yield are located in the higher elevation plain, such as the plain on the left bank of the Nen River. Shallow groundwater resources have direct connection with precipitation, resulting in rapid renewal of the resource and a low mineralization degree (95% of resources have TDS less than 1g/l). In the present situation, the average annual shallow groundwater volume in the SRB is estimated 32.39 bm3. Regarding its distribution in the river basin, resources are mainly located in Nen and in Main Songhua sub-basins with respectively 13.73 bm3 and 13.58 bm3. However, shallow aquifers if easy to exploit are also more exposed to pollution: In the SRB, more than 50% of groundwater resources are already affected by pollution, with a water quality class 4 or worse.
18. Based on period 1980-2000 for surface water and 1956-2000 for underground water, the total amount of annual water resources in SRB is estimated at 96.08 bm3, including 81.77 bm3 of surface water resources and 28.78 bm3 of infiltration recharge from precipitation, from which 14.47 bm3 is returned to surface drainage. However, due to the seasonal character of the resource, only a part can be exploited annually within SRB, estimated by MWR at about 50 bm3 or 52.3 %.
19. By the year 2000, there were in SRB 13,460 storage works, 1,192 diversion works and 4,648 pumping facilities, with a total water supply capacity estimated at about 35 bm3. Pumping from the groundwater contributes to about 13 bm3, and the various supply systems from surface water represent about 22 bm3, or 63% of the total water supply capacity. The quantity of water used for agriculture is estimated at 21.47 bm3/year, accounting for 68.6% of the total water utilization in SRB; domestic water utilization represents only 8.8% (2.77 bm3) and industrial water utilization 22.6% (7.124 bm3).
20. In SRB pressure on the available water resources is high, about 62% of the available water resource, and the highest in the Main Songhua Sub-basin with almost 70%. It seems some additional capacity is still available in the Second Songhua Sub-basin. Agriculture is the main user of underground and surface water resources, with almost 70% of the total water use in the SRB. Low water tariffs as well as wasteful irrigation practices need to be reconsidered to become more an incentive for water consumption reduction. To satisfy this high demand during dry season underground resources are frequently overexploited to compensate for the deficit in surface water availability. In most of the large cities in the basin, underground resources are overexploited for urban water supply to compensate for surface water increasingly polluted. The cones of depression in the groundwater aquifers are thus expanding and exceed 20 m depth in most of the places. Depletion of groundwater is particularly serious in Daqing and Harbin.
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WATER QUALITY ISSUES
21. Water quality is monitored at provincial/regional levels and basin wide level. At Provincial level, two agencies, the Water Resources Bureau (WRB) under the Ministry of Water Resources and the Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) under SEPA, share responsibilities for water monitoring and have each developed their own water quality monitoring network over the basin. WRB developed their own network based on the flow and level monitoring (hydraulic parameters) which is its first monitoring mission. They have developed along the rivers of the SRB a total of 477 hydrological stations to monitor levels or flows. Water quality monitoring has been added to some of these stations, and then progressively other water quality sections have been developed independently from the hydrological network. WRB manages presently 115 WQ monitoring sections within the SRB, 21 being national level sections. EPB is focussing on environmental survey and protection, monitoring water as well as air and soil from provincial to county levels. EPB manages at present 83 WQ monitoring sections in SRB, 24 of which being classified as national level sections. Furthermore, SEPA operates 4 automatic monitoring stations in SRB, two in Jilin, two in Heilongjiang. At Basin level, Songliao River Basin Water Environmental Monitoring Center is in charge of monitoring water quality of key rivers and reservoirs in a similar way than WRB, but focussing on provincial boundary rivers and international rivers.
22. Similarly to parallel monitoring networks, WRB and EPB have developed parallel laboratory facilities: in SRB, there are 46 laboratory facilities under EPB and 14 under WRB, many of which at county level are running short of equipment and products because of budget constraints. In some areas, parameters may not be monitored for months because of such constraints. Results from both agencies are seldom exchanged.
23. Surface Water Quality in China is ranked according to a 5 Class System – from Class I (the best) to Class V (the worst) - these levels being defined by the standard values of several selected parameters, distributed into basic, additional and specific parameters. There are 109 parameters considered, of which 24 basic parameters applicable to any surface water body, 5 additional and 80 specific parameters applicable to water sources for drinking water supply. Initially promulgated in 1983, the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water have been successively amended in 1988, 1999 and in 2002. The presently effective standards were published on 28th April 2002, and went into effect from 1st June 2002. Regarding the changes of the last amendment and related to parameter class values, in general the new standard maintains or strengthen the parameter values in the best classes (Class 1 and Class 2) while it makes the values less stringent for the lower classes (Class 3 to 5), which are the most frequently observed in the SRB. The most immediate consequence relates to the risk of abusive comparison of quality classes of river sections between periods based on 1999 and 2002 standards, which may lead to wrong interpretation of water quality trends.
24. The Water Function Zoning is the basis for the implementation of the Water Law, and for the monitoring and management of water resources, as it determines for a specific water body area its proposed dominant use and its corresponding water quality objectives. This is the most important planning tool for water resources protection and management which is under the responsibility of WRB. Thanks to a strengthened coordination between agencies on this subject these last few years, the Function Zoning process coordinated by WRB was approved by each Province or Region Government for what concerned their respective jurisdiction, as soon as October 2001 for Heilongjiang, and more recently for IMAR (April 2005) and Jilin (May 2005). The 3 Provincial/Regional Function Zoning Divisions have been aggregated at River Basin level by the Songliao River Basin Water Resources Protection Bureau and submitted to the Ministry of Water Resource for eventual approval.
25. During this TA, water quality of main streams has been assessed mainly from EPB data, as most of the raw data from WRB are classified and were not made available to the Consultant. Assessment covered long term trends (comparison of 1990, 1995 and 2000 data), short term trends (comparison of 2001, 2002 and 2003 data), and long profiles of
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the main rivers. In selected stations, data from EPB and WRB were compared, both in terms of water quality data and water quality classes. The following observations emerged from this evaluation: 1) Long term trend shows a progressive shift of river sections from better WQ classes (I to III) to worse classes (IV to V and worse); 2) short term trends are not obvious over the 10th Five Year Planning Period, changes being more linked to prevailing flow conditions than to a consistent trend over few years; 3) present situation shows river heads with quality class II or III in Nen and 2nd Songhua systems shifting rapidly to class IV or V after the crossing of major cities and a low quality class V or worse along most of the main Songhua; 4) comparison of data from selected sections of WRB and EPB presenting common geographical locations revealed many discrepancies caused mainly by differences in sampling frequencies and periods, leading to conclusion that data from EPB and WRB cannot be associated in a common analysis of the existing situation; 5) for the computation of pollutant loads, EPB data can hardly be linked to flow information which is under the WRB, as agencies do not exchange information; 6) the icing period creates a particular situation leading to an increase of pollution in the river which is the result from the conjunction of winter low flows and of low degradation of organic pollution both in the WWTP and in the rivers because of the low temperatures; this period is particularly critical regarding micro-organic pollutants, which cannot decompose, volatilize or photolyze.
26. Some studies on industrial pollution and particularly on organic micro-pollutants have been carried out by EPB Provincial Research Institute since 1997. Surveys carried out near the Sifangtai section in the Songhua revealed the presence of 191 kinds of micro organic pollutants in the river, 46 of which are recognized as toxic substances. These studies are still at the level of research works which need confirmation and further assessment prior to being considered for any specific action plan. Concerning the monitoring of these micro- organic pollutants, there are existing standards for water analysis but no relevant water environmental quality standards for toxic organic pollutants in China and nor systematic monitoring requirement, as observed also in many other countries. Additional investigations in this field should be considered as a priority for public health and safety reasons.
POINT SOURCE POLLUTION (PSP)
27. The Songhua River Basin, especially in its middle and downstream parts, is highly industrialized by large and medium enterprises belonging to potentially polluting industrial sectors: chemical, metallurgy, machinery, paper making and food processing. The industrial sector is particularly high water consumer, resulting in large volume of wastewater released in the environment. Most of the enterprises are centralized in townships, and the industrial pollution mainly occurs in the large cities. By 2003 in Jilin Province, almost 4200 enterprises or 75% of the province registered industries were in SRB. In Heilongjiang, the industrial sector is estimated to discharge at least 1 million m3 per year in each of the 5 main cities. In IMAR, Zhalantun City on the Yalu River is the main industrial area where the paper industry contributes to more than 50% of the total industrial pollution of IMAR to the SRB.
28. Industrial pollution load estimate for the year 2003 is based on the loads from more than 700 major enterprises over the SRB which represent most of the actual load discharged. This information provided the basis for the forecasts of pollution loads for 2010 and 2020 prepared by the Consultant as part of this TA. Industrial WW discharge was estimated at 3.3 million m3 per day, including about 1 million m3 in the 2nd Songhua watershed and 0.9 million m3 in the Nen watershed, the remaining part 1.4 million m3 being discharged in the Main Songhua watershed.
29. Due to the rapid increase of urban population over the last 10 years, and the relatively slow development of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), the sewage volumes from domestic origin represent at present the major source of organic pollution in the SRB. In 2003, the total WW discharge in the 49 major cities of SRB was estimated at about 6 Millions m3 per day, which represent a daily pollutant load of about 2,400 tons COD and 197 tons NH3-N. The SRB is presently poorly equipped with domestic WWTP, with only 11
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operating facilities in 2003 for a treatment capacity of about 1,550,000 t/day. By the end of 2005, 7 additional facilities under construction will add a further treatment capacity of 855,000 t/day.
30. In 2000, Point-Source Pollution (PSP) load in SRB expressed as CODMN was estimated at 393.2 t/day for the whole SRB, or 43.8 t/day in Nen catchment, 188.3 t/day in 2nd Songhua catchment and 161.1 t/day in Main Songhua catchment.
NON POINT SOURCE POLLUTION (NPSP)
31. Agricultural non-point source pollution from fertilizer and pesticide is a major contributor to river pollution in Songhua River Basin. Agrochemicals are reported to be used in large quantities but with low utilization ratio, around only 10 to 27% for fertilizers, increasing N and P contribution to the water bodies. Fertilizer/pesticide usage intensity has also increased as in Heilongjiang Province where, during the last 10 years, the use of pesticide doubled from 12,500 tons in 1990 to 27,700 tons in 2000, with unit use growing from 2.54 kg/ha to 3.70 kg/ha. Stock breeding developed rapidly in recent years; with intensive pig or cow breeding farms in Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces. Total number of livestock of SRB almost doubled from 25.6 million heads in 1980 to 44.3 million heads in 2000. Untreated manure from stock breeding farms represent a major pollution source for the water bodies, estimated per year at about 11,000 ton COD and 2,260 ton NH3-N in 2nd Songhua River, and 790 ton COD and 163 ton NH3-N in the Nen River Basin.
32. In 2000, Non-Point Source Pollution (NPSP) load in SRB expressed as CODMN was estimated at 523.5 t/day for the whole SRB, or 241 t/day in Nen catchment, 79.2 t/day in 2nd Songhua catchment and 203.3 t/day in Main Songhua catchment. When compared with Point-Source Pollution estimate for the same year, it may be observed that NPSP is the dominant COD source in SRB (57%); in Nen watershed (85%) and in Main Songhua (56%). However, PSP is the dominant COD source in 2nd Songhua. However, it should be noted that PSP is the dominant source in winter, generally regarded as the critical period with regard to water quality in the SRB.
33. When comparing NPSP annual contribution from different sub-catchments, the Nen River Basin produced the highest load contribution (46%) in the total SRB, followed by the Main Songhua sub-catchment (39%) and the 2nd Songhua (15%). The low contribution of 2nd Songhua to the NPSP load may be justified by its good forest cover, its limited agriculture area and its high industrialization and high PSP contribution. On the contrary, Nen sub- catchment with low industrialization, extended agricultural area and significant soil erosion is a major contributor to NPSP load.
RESERVOIR EUTROPHICATION
34. Both point and non point sources discharge nutrients (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) into natural waters which can accumulate in lakes and reservoirs, with a consequent risk of eutrophication. These nutrients stimulate the growth of floating or suspended algae, attached algae and macrophytes. Excessive growths of these aquatic plants result in a significant deterioration in water quality for the use of the water for domestic and industrial water supplies, irrigation，fishery and recreation.
35. More than 60% reservoir water in the whole SRB is classified as eutrophic with the remaining 40% mesotrophic. The situation is most serious in Main Songhua River Basin, with more than 80% reservoirs eutrophic. Fortunately, the long ice period in the basin limits NPSP inflow and biological activity in winter.. A review of N/P ratio of 92 reservoirs in SRB for year 2000, in flood, non-flood and average period show that N limitation is observed in most reservoirs of the Nen and Main Songhua catchments (this would appear to be the case with Nierji), while P limitation is observed in most reservoirs of the 2nd Songhua (for example Fengman).
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CONCLUSIONS: NEED FOR HARMONISATION OF ACTIVITIES AND EFFORTS
36. There is no effective coordination between agencies in charge of water quality monitoring over the SRB (WRPB, WRBs and EPBs). Sections are unevenly distributed in the basin, with overlapping monitoring sections in some river reaches while other parts of the river network are devoid of any monitoring. This is particularly true for wetland areas which have a recognized international value for biodiversity and where water quality is seldom monitored. The current absence of data sharing between agencies results in limited contribution to the planning process at provincial and basin level. Moreover, the available monitoring results that could be compared showed significant differences that have to be analyzed to full extent. Also, the confidential character attributed to Water Quality and Water Quantity data strongly limits their interpretation and thus their full utilization for Water Quality Management. Duplication of efforts results in useless multiplication of laboratories over the basin, whose capabilities are limited by the agencies financial capacity to invest in appropriate equipment and to support operation and maintenance costs. As a consequence, key strategic sections for Water Quality monitoring are not benefiting from appropriate equipment and financial support, and do not provide the required accurate information. Monitoring focuses principally on simple and typical parameters as BOD5, CODMn, DO but does not cover toxic and hazardous pollutants such as micro-organic compounds.
37. Directions for Harmonization: Full data sharing between Water Quality and Water Resources monitoring agencies is the first and compulsory step towards improvement of the observed situation. The creation of a Water Data Center concentrating and storing all monitoring results is a crucial measure to make this information accessible to all agencies involved in Water Quality Management. Strengthening of cooperation between Water Quality monitoring agencies is required in order a) to optimize water quality monitoring networks and thus reduce the number of sections and to improve section distribution in SRB, b) to optimize role and equipment of laboratories, c) to establish unique Water Quality monitoring planning documentation (a first step already done with a unique functional zoning). The capability of key stations (such as Tongjiang for example) must be improved and upgraded in terms of comprehensiveness of parameters monitored and of international standards for acceptability and reliability. Capabilities for monitoring of organic pollutants should be developed in the Songhua river, mainly for micro-organic pollutants. This is also related to the optimization of role and equipment of laboratories.
CONCLUSIONS: WATER ENVIRONMENT ISSUES & STRATEGIC PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
38. The past and present situation of river water quality in SRB leads to the following conclusions:
1) Pollution level is high and creates a serious threat for economical and ecological use of the water including drinking water sources; except the upper reaches of the river system, which show reasonably good water quality levels, most of the river system hardly satisfies Water Quality Class IV and even Class V; Water use functions in the Songhua River Basin cannot be guaranteed in rather parts of the river system;
2) Short term and long term analysis of seasonal water quality class data did not allow for the identification of clear trends towards degradation or improvement; however, the percentage of river length per quality class seems to increase for lower classes between 2000 and 2003, highlighting a probable degradation of the main streams; this is futher supported by examination of trends of individual parameters which would suggest a definite degradation over at least the last ten years.
3) Monitoring systems operated by both EPBs and WRBs follow national standards and define the Water Quality Class of a section in accordance with the worst class obtained by one parameter. Most of the time, organic pollution (CODMn, NH3-N and BOD5) are the determining criteria; no clear difference is established between a section with multiple pollutants and a section where only CODMn is violating the standard. Such differentiation
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will allow a better understanding of the complexity of the measures required for WQ improvement.
4) Water monitoring process should basically be the same for both agencies, however different practices regarding monitoring frequencies (from 6 to 12 times/year depending on the section level) and seasonal interpretation (the wet, dry and intermediate seasons do not cover the same months in the two Agencies systems) make any comparison of data difficult and doubtful in terms of interpretation. Furthermore, the different dates at which the samples are taken or due to the natural variability of the concentration within the cross section involve significant discrepancies making data comparison difficult. Harmonization in monitoring procedures is required.
5) Songhua River is one of the few large rivers in China with a long icebound period of 4 to 5 months. Due to the low temperature, the natural degradation of organic substances is slow in this period, and reduces (if not cancels) temporarily the efficiency of the biological treatment of WWTP.
6) Investigations in Heilongjiang and Harbin region identified a significant pollution of the river water and of the water supplied in Harbin by several toxic micro-organic pollutants generated by the industrial sector.
7) Erosion is probably contributing significantly to NPSP loads; over-use of fertilizer leads to increased NPSP load and eutrophication of reservoirs.
39. The following directions may be suggested for further consideration in the Strategic Planning:
1) Reduction of pollution loads by improving and extending the wastewater treatment for sewage and industrial effluents; Strengthening of the supervision of the major pollution sources and cut down the discharge of organic pollutants, especially from the industries on the upper and middle reaches of Songhua River. “Clean production” should be promoted and implemented in the key pollution industries in cities along Songhua River, such as Jilin, Harbin and Qiqihaer. Major pollutants that are difficult to degrade or that bring serious public health risks should be eliminated effectively on the spot or not be produced at all.
2) Optimize the central government’s strategy of “prospering the old north-eastern industrial bases”. Make a full understanding of the importance and consequences of this strategy for the integrated management of water quality in the Songhua River.
3) Give priority to drinking water sources zones when implementing de-pollution programs;
4) Assess the use of existing or scheduled hydroelectric or reservoir projects to sustain the flow in the river during the icebound period;
5) Protect groundwater resources, particularly shallow ground water resources at risk of contamination from replenishment by polluted surface water, septic tank overflows and solid waste leachate; in the latter two cases, the provision of wastewater networks and modern sanitary landfills will enable a higher protection of shallow ground water resources.
6) Develop induction training of farmers regarding the appropriate use of fertilizers and pesticides, and promote the use of Green Agrochemicals and product labelling. Set up incentive support.
7) Coordination between Water Management agencies and Agriculture agencies to identify priority areas for soil conservation in order to maximize erosion control and head water protection.
8) Implement research programs on micro-organic pollutants to obtain a clearer and official picture of the situation, and at the same time, implement a preliminary routine monitoring program for these potentially toxic compounds.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. THE SONGHUA RIVER BASIN
The Songhua River Basin has a catchment area of 561,222 km2 (see BasinMap, Fig.1.1) and is the third largest river basin in PRC after the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. About 54.71 million people live in the catchment area. The Songhua River originates from two main sources, the Nen and Second Songhua rivers, which meet near Songyuan to form the main Songhua River. From this confluence, the Songhua River flows in eastern/northern direction to join the Heilong (Amur) River on the boundary between Russia and PRC. About 53 per cent (298,502 km2) of the area belongs to the Nen River catchment, 13 per cent (73,416 km2) to the Second Songhua catchment, and the remaining 34 per cent (189,304 km2) is immediately adjacent to the Songhua River main channel. Average annual rainfall is low, varying from less than 400 mm in the west to more than 800 mm in the east. Most rain falls within the June-September period, and average rainfall in a wet year may be three times that of a dry year.
The river basin is demarcated by three border mountain ranges. The Daxing’an range lies along the west and southwest border of the basin in Inner Mongolia, the Xiaoxing’an range limits the north and northeast part of the basin, and the Changbai range limits the south and southeast part of the basin. The forest cover in these ranges provides reasonable protection for the water resources of the area and cascade multipurpose reservoirs have been developed along the Second Songhua River1. Other significant landforms are the Song-Nen and Sanjiang floodplains. Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces were selected in 1999 and 2001 by the Government to become the country’s experimental “ecological provinces”, in acknowledgement of their rich biodiversity and potential for sustainable management of natural resources.
Harbin (urban population 3.2 million), Changchun (3.1 million), Jilin (1.8 million), Qiqihar (1.4 million) and Daqinq (about 1.2 million), all important cities with populations over 1 million,2 are located in the Song-Nen Plain, the largest of two major floodplains. The second major floodplain in the basin is the 108,800 km2 Sanjiang Plain (or “Three Rivers Plain”) at the confluence of the Songhua, Heilong and Wusuli rivers. It is the biggest commercial grains base in the PRC. The Sanjiang Plain comprises the largest contiguous wetlands in eastern Asia (about 15 thousand km2), and provides globally-important breeding areas and migratory routes for waterfowl. Large parts of Sanjiang Plain, however, have been drained for agricultural development, and the remaining part is under threat of further development for agriculture, industry, and construction of highways and urban facilities. 3
There is a relatively high urbanization rate in the basin with 49.5 % of the population living in cities or towns. The rural population totals 27.8 million (50.5 %) and about 14.8 million ha (26.5 %) of the basin area is farmland. On average, each rural person has about 0.5 ha of farmland, ranging from 0.35 ha per person in Jilin, to 0.7 ha in Inner Mongolia, which is higher than the national average. Only 20 % of farmland is irrigated and a large percentage of farmland is quite poor, especially in Inner Mongolia. Due to its susceptibility to drought and desertification, however, Inner Mongolia has the lowest proportion of irrigated land. According to a study by the Songliao Water Resources Commission (SWRC), 66 counties with a population of 32.7 million are at high risk of drought and floods. In these high-risk counties, about 70 % of people
1 The upper watershed forest cover appears to be generally better than in many other major river systems in PRC (ADB-. PPTA, Revised Midterm Report, May 2001) 2 Jilin Statistical Yearbook, 2004, and Heilongjiang Statistical Yearbook, 2004. 3 ADB Technical assistance is provided in 2004 to prepare a 2006 loan project for the Sanjiang Plain.
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live in rural areas. Average per capita income in rural areas is about Y2,200, less than half of the urban average. The livelihood and crops of rural people are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters such as floods and droughts. FIGURE 1-1: THE SONGHUA RIVER BASIN
1.2.
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1.2. PURPOSE & SCOPE OF THIS REPORT
This Draft Final Report (R3) is the third document in a series of reports produced for the Songhua River Basin Water Quality & Pollution Control Management Technical Assistance (TA 4061 PRC).
Reports to be produced as part of this assignment include: • R1: Inception Report (Published in August 2004); • R2: Interim Report (Published in November 2004); • R3: Draft Final Report (Published during July and August 2005); • R4: Final Report (This Report)
The Draft Final report consists of 5 volumes as outlined below: • Volume 1: Summary Report • Volume 2: Situational Analysis • Volume 3: Institutional & Regulatory Mechanisms • Volume 4: Strategic Planning Report • Volume 5: Maps from the GIS
As can be appreciated by the length of this report a substantial amount of data and information has been collected and analysed. This diagnostic forms a necessary basis upon which to build and develop the strategic plans presented in Volume 4. This report is to be read particularly in relation to Volume 5: GIS Maps. All key information collated has been entered into the GIS system (based on ARC GIS).
1.3. LAYOUT OF THE REPORT
The ensuing chapters of this report deal with the following topics:
Chapter 2 Provides a summary of the ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION OF SRB covering Physical conditions, Climate, River system, Wetlands & Biodiversity. The chapter additionally considers main environmental issues such as erosion, soil salinization, flood & drought, wetland threat, water pollution.
Chapter 3 Provides the SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION OF SRB including Basic Economic Conditions and consideration of the Northeast Old Industry Base and the Northeast Food Base, overall Social Situation (Population Condition, Social Conditions, Poverty Profile, Minority Profile, Gender Profile, Public Health). The chapter introduces the Social Impacts of Water Pollution including Impacts on public health, Resettlement, Impacts on Employment, Impacts on Poverty, Impacts on livelihood.
Chapter 4 Summarises the current situation with regard to HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS (rainfall, runoff, high flows and low flows) together with a quantitative assessment of WATER RESOURCES within the SRB
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Chapter 5 Provides an assessment of the SRB WATER QUALITY SITUATION describing in turn for the Nen River Sub-Basin, the Second Songhua, and the Main Songhua (downstream Sanchahe) covering for each basin long term trends, recent trends, comparison with Functional Objectives and Conclusions. The chapter also provides an analysis of the quality situation of underground water.
Chapter 6 Provides a summary of pollution sources covering both point and non-point pollution. This provides the basis for pollution load computation and forecasts presented in the Strategic Planning Report.
The report is accompanied by an appendix covering the following topic: Appendix A Bibliography Appendix B Social Analysis Stakeholder Analysis and Focus Group Seminars
Appendix C Detailed Water Resouces Evaluation
Appendix D Detailed Analysis of Water Quality Data
Appendix E Wastewater Treatment Plant Details in the SRB
Appendix F Water Treatment Plant Details in the SRB
oOo
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2. ENVIRONMENTAL SITUATION OF SRB
2.1. GEOGRAPHIC FEATURES
2.1.1. LOCATION AND EXTENT
The Songhua River basin is located between 41°42’ and 51°38’ north latitude and between 119°52’ to 132°31’ east longitude. With a width of 920 km from east to west and a length of 1,070 km from north to south, the Songhua is one of the seven largest river systems of China. It covers an area of 561,222 km² that accounts for about 5.8% of the entire country. The Songhua is the largest right bank tributary of the Heilong River.
The river basin lies within three jurisdictions, Jilin Province in the southeast, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the west, and Heilongjiang Province in the east and north. Almost half of the basin lies in Heilongjiang, and about a quarter in each of the two other jurisdictions.
TABLE 2-1: AREA COMPOSITION OF THE SONGHUA RIVER BASIN 2 PROVINCE AND AUTONOMOUS REGION ('000 KM ) ITEM TOTAL HEILONGJIANG JILIN INNER MONGOLIA Area of Province/Region 454.8 187.4 1,183.0 1,825.2 Area Within River Basin 270.4 131.7 158.6 561.222 % of each Province area 59 70 13 - % of Basin Area 48 23 28 100
2.1.2. LANDFORMS
There are two major floodplains in the Songhua River basin: the Song-Nen plain, centered on the cities of Harbin, Qiqihar and Dahan; and, the Sanjiang plain, in the area defined by the confluence of the Songhua and Heilongjiang rivers and the confluence of the Heilongjiang and Wusuli rivers. Both areas support large numbers of nationally and globally endangered species, particularly waterfowl. • The alluvial Song-Nen Plain is extensively developed for agriculture. Major cities include Qiqihar, Daqing and Baicheng. As the plain is vulnerable to flooding, an extensive network of flood protection embankments has been constructed. Wetlands on the Song-Nen Plain cover some 650.0 km2, and include “The Home of the Red- crowned Cranes” in China. • The Sanjiang Plain (or “Three Rivers Plain”) is an alluvial floodplain of 108,800 km² at the confluence of the Songhua, Heilongjiang, and Wusuli Rivers. It is one of the most important agricultural production areas in China. The Sanjiang plain comprises about 1.48 million ha of wetlands, the largest contiguous wetlands in eastern Asia, and provides one of the most important breeding areas and migratory routes for waterfowl in East Asia. Sanjiang wetlands are of global importance for biodiversity conservation. However, only a small part is included into the Songhua river watershed.
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Aside from the Song-Nen and the Sanjiang plains, the major landforms in Songhua River basin relate to the three border mountain ranges which are: • The Daxing’an range which lies along the west and southwest border of the basin, is the main water source of the Nen River. The area is affected by the northern climatic system (Mongol Low Pressure and Cold Vortex) with the consequence that continuous rainy and cloudy days are very common during the rainy season. These conditions are particularly favorable to vegetation development, and the region is densely forested. • The Xiaoxing’an range, which limits the northeast part of the basin and which slopes facing the Songhua River basin are relatively smooth and gently undulating. These are the water source for most of the left bank tributaries of the main Songhua River. The elevation ranges from 500 m to 800 m over most of the range. • The Changbai Mountain range which limits the south and southeast part of the basin, is the highest range located in the southeast part of the basin and represents most of the watershed of the Second Songhua and Mudan Rivers. The range culminates at Mount Baiyun, the highest peak in northeast China with 2,691 meters above sea level (masl). This peak of volcanic origin also shelters in its former crater the highest lake in China (named as Heaven Lake) at 2,189 masl, featuring a surface area of 9.8 km2 and a depth of 373 m. The Mount Changbai Forest Reserve, a National Reserve registered in the Man and Biosphere program of UNESCO, covers part of the area. The forest cover in the watershed is dense and provides acceptable protection for the water resources of the area and for the multipurpose reservoirs developed in cascade along the Second Songhua River.
2.2. CLIMATE
2.2.1. TEMPERATURE
The climate spans the cold-temperate, semi-humid and temperate-humid zones. There are short summers and long winters with spring drought, summer flooding and autumn frosts. Extreme temperatures in Harbin ranged in 2003 from –32°C in multi-January average to 33°C in multi-July average. The lowest recorded temperature in the basin is –52.3°C.
TABLE 2-2: MONTHLY AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IN SRB (2003*) CITY J F M A M JN JL A S O N D AVERAGE
HARBIN -15.6 -8.9 0.2 10.0 16.7 21.3 22.2 20.9 16.0 7.4 -5.2 -13.0 6.0
CHANGCHUN -18.0 -4.8 1.9 9.0 18.1 20.0 24.1 21.2 17.7 4.6 -7.1 -12.8 6.8
QIQIHAR -18.0 -11.5 -0.6 9.5 16.0 22.1 22.5 20.2 14.9 6.4 -6.8 -12.8 5.2
JIAMUSI -16.6 -13.4 -0.9 9.3 16.0 20.6 21.9 19.8 15.6 6.0 -6.5 -13.2 4.9 *Except Changchun (2002)
As discussed later in this report, the extremely low temperatures in winter and the freezing period of the Songhua streams create specific conditions unfavorable to pollution abatement.
2.2.2. RAINFALL
The average annual rainfall varies from less than 400 mm in the southwest to more than 750 mm in the east. The highest average annual rainfall in the basin, more than 900 mm, is observed in the southeast at the top of Changbai Mountain (the highest peak in northeast China at elevation 2691 meters). Distribution of rainfall over SRB is presented in Figure 3.
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On average, 70% to 80% of rainfall occurs during the four rainy-season months (June through September). Average annual rainfall in a wet year may be as high as three times that of a dry year. The variation in annual average rainfall in the Songhua River basin is illustrated in Table 2-3. The area within the 400 mm annual rainfall isohyets correspond to the center of the saline or alkali soil, wetlands and desertification region. See following figures of monthly average rainfall at Qiqihar, Harbin and Jiamusi.
Large rainfall events can be generated by cold fronts, cyclones, Mongolia low pressures, Baikal low pressures or typhoons. As the area of the basin is large and the topography varies significantly, storms are not distributed uniformly over the basin. In the Second Songhua, Lalin River, Mudan River and south tributaries, most of the high rainfall events are caused by typhoons or cyclone storms with high rainfall over a short period of time. In the Nen River and its tributaries, weather is characterized by long periods of continuously cloudy, rainy days with rainfall of low intensity but long duration. In the southeast side of the Daxing’an Mountain Range and in the basin of the north bank tributaries, storms are limited in intensity and localized.
About 84% of the high rainfall, long-lasting and wide-ranging storms in the SRB occur in July and August, particularly in the last ten days of July and the first ten days of August. There are infrequent storms in June and September. A typical storm in the SRB lasts in average three days, with the main rainfall occurring within 20 to 30 hours.
Average rainfall observed in 2003 in 4 cities of SRB is provided in the following table.
TABLE 2-3: RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION IN SRB (2003*) CITY J F M A M JN JL A S O N D TOTAL
HARBIN 2.2 1.0 7.8 15.0 18.9 93.2 143.8 110.5 64.4 35.8 17.2 3.9 513.7
CHANGCHUN 4.5 1.1 8.1 75.0 12.2 121.6 85.1 126.7 8.5 37.7 5.7 3.7 489.9
QIQIHAR 0.7 1.0 0.2 14.0 4.9 33.1 277.9 212.9 44.6 3.1 2.6 5.2 600.2
JIAMUSI 5.3 4.4 10.6 13.4 12.2 59.3 101.7 178.3 99.9 46.9 19.6 7.9 559.5 *Except Changchun (2002)
2.2.3. EVAPORATION
Annual evaporation averages about 700 mm in the Songhua River basin with evaporation rates ranging from 500 mm in the mountainous regions to as high as 1200 mm in the Song- Nen Plain. The percentage of annual evaporation distribution pattern follows four periods which are generally November to March (10%), April to June (50%), July to September (34%) and October. for the periods are: 10%, 50%, 34% and 6%, respectively.
2.2.4. WIND
The ground circulation flow in the Songhua River basin varies according to seasons. Cold air currents from the north and northwest arrive via Mongolia in winter, and the predominant direction of flow is from the west and northwest. In summer, the circulation flow is opposite with the direction of predominant wind from the south or southeast.
The average wind velocity observed in the Song-Nen Plain at approximately 4 m/s. Wind velocity is lower in the mountains, usually around 2 to 3 m/s. Monthly average wind velocities are highest in April and May. The maximum observed wind velocity in the basin is 40 m/s (Anda station).
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2.3. SOILS EROSION AND SALINIZATION
An estimated 182,000 km² or almost one third of the Songhua River basin suffers from some form of soil erosion, either gully, sheet or wind erosion. Gully erosion is a serious form of water-induced erosion, but it only occurs in a few small catchments in hilly areas. The density of gullies in such areas ranges from 1.0 to 2.3 km/km². Gully erosion is not as serious a threat in the Songhua basin as it is in other parts of China, where it reduces the lifespan of reservoirs and other flood control structures. Sheet erosion is a more widespread form of erosion and mainly affects denuded farmland soils on gentle slopes. It may remove only a few millimeters of topsoil per year, but this affects the most fertile part of the soil which increases the need for fertilizer to maintain crop production levels.
About one million hectares of the Black Soil region are affected by erosion, losing 153 million tons of topsoil per year (about 2 to 3 mm). Frequent droughts and high winds have increased aeolian erosion in the western part of the basin. It is estimated that 6 000 km2 are desert land and covered with sand dunes in the Nen River plain, making it the 14th largest desert area in China. Wind erosion is also especially serious in Changling and Tongyu Counties in Jilin Province.
The main cause of erosion is the degradation or removal of native vegetation for farming or grazing associated with local conditions vulnerable to the erosion process: type of soil, landform, aggressiveness of rainfall. The vegetation cover is still reasonably good in the mountain zone, but sparse on the gentler slopes in the hill zone where forests have been cut for agricultural activities. These areas are most eroded. Between 1958 and 2000 the forest cover in Heilongjiang Province has declined from 200,000 km² to 160,000 km² (20% decline over 42 years). Near Qiqihar, the natural grassland area declined from 20,000 km² in 1963 to 14,000 km² in 1982 (30% decline over 19 years). Seventy percent of annual rainfall occurs within a three-month period, and 25% of rainstorms have intensities of 75 to 100 mm/day. These factors play important roles in erosion and transport of sediments.
The intensity of erosion increases also with the length of slopes. This is a key factor in the hill zone (34.5% of the basin), where slopes average only 3° to 8° gradient, but 800 m to 1500 m in length. In the hill zone, the black soils are also more affected by erosion because they are shallow (30 cm to 50 cm thick) and overlay a compacted loess layer that is hard and impervious, and through which little water infiltrates.
From 1986 to 1998 soil and water conservation measures were implemented over about 20,000 km² of the basin. More than 95% of the measures were implemented in the upper and middle reaches of the Nen and Second Songhua River basins. Measures included terracing (1680 km²), contour bunding (3840 km²), plantation for conservation (6050 km²), production forest (590 km²), re-vegetation with grass (480 km²) and conservation forest (1054 km²). The benefits were estimated by Government as a 655 million m3/year reduction in annual surface water flow, and a 43 million tons/year reduction in sediment erosion. From 1999 to 2003, an additional area of about 15,000 km² has been covered by these conservation measures. The objective for period 2003 to 2020 is to expand conservation over an additional 24,000 km² (2004 to 2010) and 30,000 km² (2011 to 2020).
Government Agencies have already achieved gains in reforestation and soil conservation. At present, soil erosion by water and river sediment transport are not considered to be critical problems. As observed in the Inner Mongolia part of the Tao’er River basin, the grass cover is regular and provides good protection for the soil. The erosion modulus remains within reasonable values of 2,000 to 3,000 t/km². The transport of sediment appreciated from the hydrological point of view confirms this situation, with high stability of the riverbeds in the plain and limited sedimentation.
Salinization and alkalization of soils is observed mainly in the western part of the river basin, and the extension of the phenomenon in Jilin and Heilongjiang parts of the river basin was estimated at about 7km2/year over the last 15 years5. The process is initiated when land is
5 Source: Jilin and Heilongjiang Provincial Ecological Environmental Construction Planning (EPB).
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inappropriately drained for agricultural development. Water-logging occurs, and with the high evaporation rate the region faces in spring and summer, salts are drawn to the soil surface. In the first stage, hydroxide anions accumulate, developing alkali soils, with high pH and a white color. Then cations progressively migrate to the surface as calcium, magnesium or sodium. At this stage, the soil changes from alkali to a saline type, often characterized by a reddish color caused when magnesium starts to accumulate.
This type of mineralization is a natural geological phenomenon, but was previously mitigated by the seasonal floods, which leached and flushed the soils. Construction of embankments, drainage of wetlands and irrigation have modified this fragile balance, accelerating accumulation of salts and making soils unsuitable for agriculture. Farmers acknowledge that after their fields are flooded harvests improve for two to three years, a clear confirmation of the role of floods in maintaining soil chemical balance.
2.4. RIVER SYSTEM
2.4.1. SONGHUA SUB-SYSTEMS
The Songhua River originates from two sources, the Nen River and the Second Songhua. The two rivers join at the mouth of Sanchahe, near Songyuan, where they form the Songhua River proper. From the confluence, the Songhua River flows in a northeasterly direction to join the Heilong (Amur) River, the boundary river between Russia and China. Of the total drainage area of the Songhua River approximately 298,500 km2 (53%) are in the Nen River watershed, 73,400 km2 (13%) in the Second Songhua basin and the remaining 189,300 km2 (34%) in the local watershed of the Songhua River main channel.
Following table provides a summary of key characteristics of the sub-catchments.
TABLE 2-4: SRB SUB-BASIN CHARACTERISTICS DRAINAGE AREA NAME OF SUB-BASIN RIVER LENGTH (KM) 6 (KM²) % OF SRB Nen River 298,502 53 1,370 Second Songhua 73,416 13 958 Songhua Main Stream 189,304 34 939 Total SRB 561,222 100 -
The Nen River is 1,370 km long and drops 900 m from its origin on the south side of Yilehuli Mountain in the Daxing’an Range. It drains an area of 298,502 km2. In the upper reaches it forms the boundary between Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Heilongjiang Province. In the lower reaches, it is the boundary river between Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces. The Nen River meets the Second Songhua at Sanchahe, Jilin Province.
The Nen River basin has many medium-to-large tributaries particularly on the right bank. The basin also has some large rivers that have no outlet but discharge into lakes and wetland areas. The largest of these is the Wuyu’er River on the left bank of the Nen. It has a drainage area of 23,110 km2 and terminates in the Zhalong National Nature Reserve and Lianhuan Lakes. Similarly, on the right bank, the Huolin River, with drainage area of 15,865 km2, forms a braided wetland in its lower reach, where underground flows become the water source for the Xianghai National Nature Reserve and Ramsar wetland. In addition to the many natural wetlands and lakes in the Nen River basin, there are several manmade reservoirs including
6 Figures for areas provided in the report come from the project GIS automatic computation. These figures can be slightly different from other figures observed in the documentation but will be retained all along this project for the purpose of consistency and coherence.
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Cha’ersen Reservoir, a major flood control project on the Tao’er River and the Ni’erji Multipurpose Reservoir, presently under construction, to be operational in 2005. The project will generate electricity and will improve flood control on the Nen River.
The Second Songhua River is 958 km long and drains an area of 73,416 km2. Its main tributaries are the Toudaosonghua, Huifa, Aolong and Yinma Rivers. The Second Songhua River basin, which covers 39% of Jilin Province, is a developed economic zone and a major cereal production area. There are many wetlands and inland ponds near the downstream end of the Second Songhua River. Boluo Pond, the biggest inland pond in the Second Songhua River Sub basin, is located on the left bank of Second Songhua River with a surface area of 48 km2. It has large populations of carp, extensive reed beds, and is an important staging area for migratory birds, such as geese and swans. There are also 11 large reservoirs in the basin, the major ones being Fengman and Baishan reservoirs.
The Songhua River Mainstream starts at the confluence of the Second Songhua and Nen Rivers near Sanchahe in Fuyu County and ends near Tongjiang where it discharges into the Heilong River, the international boundary river between Russia and China. The Songhua River is 939 km long and drains 189,304 km2. The Songhua River is wide and shallow with many branches, shoals, and floodplains. During the ice-free season, the river is open to navigation. Many tributaries are observed on both sides of the river. The Mudan River and Lalin River are two major right-bank tributaries with catchment area of aobut 39,000 km2 and 19,215 km2 respectively. Lianhua Reservoir developed on the Mudan River has a S storage capacity of 4.18 bm3. Several reservoirs have been developed on Lalin River tributaries, providing some flood storage capacity. The largest ones are the Longfengshan Reservoir on the Mangniu River, with a storage capacity of 340 million m3 and the Liangjiashan Reservoir on the Kacha River with a total storage capacity of 193 million m3.
The rivers in the Songhua River basin appear to be stable except for parts of the Nen River system. Some aggradations in the lower reach of the Nen are observed, and the right bank tributaries showed evidence of persistent rises or drops in the riverbed. The changes were not consistent along the entire river. The Nen River right bank tributaries showed no global trend in riverbed evolution. In conclusion, the river system is still largely stable.
The large floods in the Songhua River basin originate mainly from rainfall events rather than snowmelt. The floods in the Songhua and Nen rivers are usually one-peak type. The duration of floods varies from one river to another: Typically, large floods last 20 to 30 days in the major tributaries, 40 to 60 days in the Nen and the Second Songhua, and 90 days or more in the Songhua.
2.4.2. MAJOR SONGHUA TRIBUTARIES
The following table provides details on the main tributaries of the 3 sub-systems and on their catchments.
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TABLE 2-5: SRB SUB-BASIN TRIBUTARIES
CLASS 2 CLASS 3 2 CLASS 4 CATCHMENT AREA (KM ) CATCHMENT CATCHMENT Anzhaoxin River 9 923 From Baishatan to Sancha River 7 707 Huolin River 37 403 Downstream Jiang From Jiang Bridge to Baishatan 3 516 Bridge Taoer River 42 240 Wuyuer River and Shuangyang River 24 763 Zhaolanxin River 5 217 Gan River 19 540 Upstream Nierji Upstream of Guguhe Reservoir 25 156 Nen River From Guguhe Reservoir to Nierji Reservoir 21 364 Alun River 5 906 Zhuoer River 17 987 Nemoer River 13 918
From Nierji to Jiang From Nierji to Taha 4 387 Bridge Nuomin River 25 792 From Taha to Jiang Bridge 4 392 Yalu River 19 869 Yin River 3 495 Upstream of Fengman 27 554 Upstream Fengman Huifa River 14 763
From Fengman Reservoir to Hadashan Reservoir 12 291 Second Songhua Downstream From Hadashan Reservoir to Sancha River 788 Fengman Yitong River 10 157 Yinma River 8 078 Ashi River 3 549
From Harbin to Tong From Harbin to Tong River 14 099 River Hulan River 31 207 Mayi River 10 757 Downstream of Jiamusi 11 921 Downstream Jiamusi Wutong River 4 639 Main Songhua Upstream of Lotus Reservoir 29 922 (Downstream of Mudan River Sanchahe) Downstream of Lotus Reservoir 7 583 From Sancha River Lalin River 20 102 to Harbin From Sancha River to Harbin 10 207 Tangwang River 20 511 From Tong River to From Tong River to Yilan 4 154 the main stream in Jiamusi Woken River 11 001 From Yilan to Jiamusi 5 415
2.4.3. GENERAL HYDROLOGY OF THE SYSTEM
This aspect is detailed in Chapter 4 related to Hydrology and Water Resources.
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2.5. WETLANDS & BIODIVERSITY
2.5.1. AN EXCEPTIONAL BIODIVERSITY
The Songhua River basin includes most of the non-marine wetlands and wetland biodiversity in northeast China, the largest contiguous wetlands in China (Liu 1995), and is reputed to support the largest contiguous tracts of freshwater wetlands in East Asia. Lowland wetlands are concentrated on the Song-Nen and Sanjiang plains, and the riparian corridors along the Nen, Second Songhua and Songhua Rivers. Today the basin’s biodiversity is concentrated in the wetlands on those plains, and is dependent for survival upon the annual supply of water and nutrients brought by floods.
Wetlands in the watershed are recognized nationally and internationally for their regional and global biodiversity importance. Numerous estimates have been made of the flora and fauna species richness and diversity of portions of the catchment. The Song-Nen and Sanjiang plains together support 344 species of birds, some 27% of the 1253 species recorded in China. Both plains support nesting and migrating populations of cranes and White Storks, which are important not only ecologically, but also as cultural symbols to China, Russia, Korea, and Japan. Eight of the world’s 15 crane species occur in China, and six of those nest in (4 species) or migrate through (2 species) the Songhua River basin. Based on the global significance of the biota on both plains, there are several Global Environment Facility (GEF) projects in process in the basin.
Two of China's thirty wetlands listed under the Ramsar Convention lie within the Songhua River catchment in the Song-Nen plain (Zhalong and Xianghai NNRs) and five national level and several provincial level wetland NNRs also locate in this area. It indicates that these wetlands and their biodiversity are vitally important to conservation in China and in East Asia.
Mire soil is dominant in the Sanjiang plain and black soil, chernozem, chestnut soil, meadow soil, waterlogged saline-alkali soils and mire soil occur in the Song-Nen plain. The Songhua river basin supports the only black-soil belt in China, one of three such belts in the world. Black-soil is characterized by high concentrations of organic matter and nutrients that lead to high ecological and agricultural productivity.
An important difference between the Song-Nen and Sanjiang plains is the predominance of mineral-rich soils in the Song-Nen. Extensive areas of alkaline-saline wetlands in the Song- Nen plain were attributed to deforestation, reclamation for agriculture, over-grazing and dehydration due to flood control embankments followed by soil desiccation over the last 150 years. During the last 50 years the area of saline wetland in one county increased by a factor of 2.16.
The uplands have stable, non-erosive soils that facilitate habitat restoration. Forest and grassland restoration are both underway in the catchment with the objective of increasing soil moisture retention and reducing surface runoff and soil erosion. The success of the windbreak tree-belt program initiated some 20-30 years ago and supported by the late premier Deng Xiaoping demonstrates the potential of the soil to support vegetation restoration projects.
2.5.2. CONSERVATION MEASURES
By the end of 2004 Heilongjiang Province had established 163 nature reserves that covered 4.28 million ha, or 8.72% of the area of the province. 110.6 thousand ha increased over the Year 2003. There 14 national level and 40 provinical level nature reserves.
In Jilin Province there were 33 nature reserves by the end of 2004, of which 12 protect wetlands in the Songhua catchment. In Inner Mongolia there were 14 nature reserves, of which 2 national level protect wetlands in the Nen River catchment.
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TABLE 2-6: NUMBER AND AREA OF WETLAND NATURE RESERVES IN THE 3 SRB PROVINCES ADMINISTRATIVE NATURE HEILONGJIANG JILIN INNER TOTAL TOTAL AREA LEVEL RESERVES PROVINCE PROVINCE MONGOLIA AR RESERVES (HA) Number 3 2 1 6 National Area 630,582 301,942 126,987 1,059,511 Number 12 6 0 18 Provincial Area 471,570 1,344,400 0 1,815,970 Number 5 2 0 7 Municipal Area 22,897 3,044 0 25,941 Number 30 2 1 33 County Area 550,636 11,800 90,300 652,736 Total Number * 50 12 2 64 Total Area* 1,675,685 1,661,186 217,287 3,554,158 Number 1 1 0 2 Ramsar Site* Area 210,000 105,467 0 315,467 *Both Ramsar Sites are Nature Reserves and already included in previous Reserves count and area.
Management of nature reserves falls under a number of government sectors. The greatest number of nature reserves (25 reserves, 39% of catchment total) and the largest land area (2,435,958 ha, 69% of catchment total) in the catchment is managed by SFA. SEPA also manages a large number of nature reserves (19 reserves, 30% of catchment total) that cover a large land area (519,157 ha, 15% of catchment total).
2.6. CONCLUSIONS: MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
The SRB is facing four major environmental challenges, 1) pollution of surface and ground water, 2) flooding and seasonal drought, 3) soil erosion and alkalinisation, and 4) threat to wetlands.
2.6.1. POLLUTION OF SURFACE & GROUND WATER
Pollution level is high and creates a serious threat for economical and ecological use of the water including drinking water sources; except the upper reaches of the river system, which show reasonably good water quality levels, most of the river system hardly satisfies Water Quality Class IV and even Class V; Water use functions in the Songhua River Basin cannot be guaranteed in rather parts of the river system.
This particular aspect is the main purpose of this present report and is discussed in detail in Chapter 5 and 6.
2.6.2. FLOODING AND SEASONAL DROUGHT
The flood-drought cycle is one of the most important environmental problems in the Songhua River basin. Floods have historically been a natural agent of landform change in the basin. However, the increasing frequency of damaging floods is attributable to degradation of wetlands in the catchment caused by: • Loss of wetlands due to reclamation for agriculture, towns, villages;
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• Hydrologic fragmentation of wetlands due to construction of flood-control infrastructure; and • Construction of transport infrastructure.
Land-use changes that encourage more frequent and violent flooding have also increased the severity of the intervening droughts. Whereas catastrophic floods have a relatively long return period, water shortage in the basin prevails every year. These results from the micro-climatic changes brought about by degradation of the vegetation and wetland cover of the basin. When there is less open water and less vegetation to release water vapor to the atmosphere relative humidity is lower, and precipitation volume declines.
In reaction to increasing economic losses management options to date have attempted to reduce the extent of the flooded areas and quickly shift flood volumes downstream. Most of the options considered direct protection against floods, more rarely in association with storage of water for later avoidance of drought.
The current flood control strategy is based in the short-term upon constructing reservoirs and raising embankments to increase flood protection. These actions are made sustainable by being complemented by non-structural measures as illustrated by the simultaneous on-going implementation of the Songhua River Flood Management Project and of the Flood Management System Component.
2.6.3. SOIL EROSION & ALKALINISATION
Government has already achieved gains in reforestation and soil conservation. Soil erosion and sediment transport do not appear to be critical problems. As observed in the Inner Mongolia part of the Tao’er River basin, the grass cover is regular and provides good protection for the soil. However, the modulus remains within reasonable values of 2000 to 3000 t/km². The transport of sediment appreciated from the hydrological point of view confirms this situation, with a stable river and probably a very limited rising rate of the riverbed.
Revegetation is better achieved by re-grassing of the land rather than by forestation, as the hilly areas have very cold and long winters, which slow vegetation growth. It may take years or even decades before a reforested area supports a forest that effectively reduces runoff and improves percolation. In such cold areas, it is more appropriate to help develop a good grass cover first, which will have faster effects in reducing runoff and in building up an organic topsoil layer, prior to a long-term objective of tree planting and timber production.
Wind erosion is serious in the southwest part of the lower Nen River watershed. This problem is more pronounced in alkaline and saline soil zones, which are more sensitive to wind erosion, and where sand dunes are already extended.
Salinization and alkalization of soils is a serious problem in the Song-Nen plain.
The process is accelerated when land is inappropriately drained for agricultural development. Water-logging occurs, and with the high evaporation rate the region faces in spring and summer, salts are drawn to the soil surface. In the first stage, hydroxide anions accumulate, developing alkali soils, with high pH and a white color. Then cations progressively migrate to the surface as calcium, magnesium or sodium. At this stage, the soil changes from alkali to a saline type, often characterized by a reddish color caused when magnesium starts to accumulate.
Use of saline-alkaline zones as temporary flood storage areas would be highly profitable, but not all affected areas will be suitable for such treatment. The low plain is a mineral deposition area, in some places very rich in sodium carbonates (NaHCO3 and Na2CO3), where rehabilitation may not be possible. However, areas considered as alkali soils may be improved, and may eventually be rehabilitated as grasslands. As many of these soils will suffer very low cohesion, they should not be used for animal grazing. The livestock would
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rapidly destroy the fragile surface grass-root system. A better use is fodder production for seasonal harvest.
2.6.4. THREATS TO WETLANDS
Human influence has degraded the ecological resource base of the Songhua River basin. Although people have occupied the basin for millennia, most of the ecological degradation has occurred during the last half century. Since the 1950s reclamation for agriculture, construction of flood control and transport infrastructure, excessive grazing and hunting, and deforestation have largely cleared terrestrial wildlife from the plains and the lower slopes of the mountain ranges. Despite reforestation over the last three decades, the mono-species replanted forest (essentially all poplar or willow) limits re-colonization by a diverse fauna. Reforestation on the agricultural areas of the flood plains consists of tree shelter belts between the fields and along the roads for reduction of wind erosion of soils. Soil conservation or production forest is mainly planted on the lower mountain slopes.
The Song-Nen wetlands includes Zhalong, Xianghai, Momoge, and Ke’erqin NNRs, the former two being Ramsar Wetlands. Water and flood control projects have diverted flows, leading to dewatering of some wetlands during the dry season, or in drought years. The resulting increase in soil evaporation brought salts to the surface, and led to increased soil salinity and alkalinity, and degraded water quality. Wetland area has been lost to reclamation for agriculture. Of some 2 million ha of wetland habitat in 1949, approximately 650,000 ha remained by 2000 (67% reduction).
Wetland quality has been degraded from discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents, and from agricultural runoff. Reed beds have been depleted due to excessive and unregulated harvest for papermaking and fuel. Although the relationship between winter reed harvest and biological productivity in following years has not been studied, the levels of harvest in the Song-Nen plain suggest that impacts could be detectable.
Dehydration of wetlands results mainly from river diversion by flood control infrastructure, pumping for agricultural irrigation, and supply to villages, towns and cities. Transport infrastructure can also dehydrate wetlands when road or rail beds hydrologically isolate wetlands from their water supplies. Although statistics on wetland dehydration are not readily available, the Wuyu’er River serves as an example: SWRC estimates that the Wuyu’er catchment now supplies some 60% of its flow to basin wetlands, the balance being diverted for agriculture and urban consumption. The 40% reduction in water supply has negatively affected Zhalong NNR.
Absence of regulatory measures to maintain minimum flows in streams, rivers, and other water bodies for wetland and biodiversity conservation is a serious threat. Without such regulations water can be diverted or pumped from wetlands until they are dry. This threatens aquatic and amphibious wildlife in the short-term, and threatens wetland habitats in the long-term. Competing demands for freshwater between growing municipalities (Daqing and Qiqihar, for example) and protected areas (Zhalong NNR) threaten the survival of wetlands that may be critical for the continued existence of some species of birds (Oriental White Stork, up to six species of cranes).
Secondary threats include large-scale harvest of biological products, which exerts a negative impact on catchment biota. Unregulated harvest of reeds for fuel, paper, and construction materials, and other wild flora and wild animals or eggs for market or table use reduces catchment biodiversity.
oOo
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3. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SITUATION IN SRB
3.1. INTRODUCTION
Socio-economical assessment of the proposed Songhua River Basin Water Quality and Pollution Control Management (the Project) contains socioeconomic profiles of the Songhua River Basin, including Jilin province, Helongjiang province and Inner Mongolia; and identifies potential social and economical impacts of Songhua River Basin Water Quality and social sustainable development strategies.
The socio-economic assessment (SA) presented below follows the general ADB guidelines about poverty, gender, national minorities, resettlement and stakeholders’ participation. The SA is primarily based on the statistical yearbooks of the three provinces (municipality) and on relevant secondary data. The data have been supplemented by field visits to seven counties: Jilin (3), Heilongjiang (2) and Inner Mongolia (2). During visits, the consultants held extensive meetings at county level and conducted interviews in selected household or polluting enterprises (see Appendix B). On the basis of a survey focusing on water pollution impacts, potential social impacts were analyzed and meeting was held with stakeholders to discuss potential non-structural measures.
3.2. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
The Songhua River Basin covers parts of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Inner Mongolia, including twelve prefecture-level cities, twenty-nine county-level cities and fifty-five counties (or banners). By the end of 2000, the total population was 54.71 million7 accounting for 47% of northeast watershed population. Agricultural population was 23.8 million (44%). The population density was 94 people/km². The GDP of SRB was 9,195 Yuan, including 17% primary industry and 50% secondary industry. Farmland in SRB covered 11.28 million ha, and represents about 53% of northeast farmland, with an average field area of 0.21 ha per capita. Foodstuff output was about 38 million tons, or 47% of the total yield of northeast. Financial income was 46 billion Yuan or 830 Yuan/capita. Songhua River Basin is an important national base for heavy industry and agriculture.
During the period from 2000 to 2002, GDP per capita in all of the three provinces/autonomous- region has been increasing and reached, by the end of 2002, 8,893 Yuan, which is 9.0 percent higher than that of the national average. Heilongjiang and Jilin are higher than the national average, while Inner Mongolia is slightly below. (See following table)
The structure of the industrial sector did not change much from 2000 to 2002 in the three provinces, dominated by secondary industry. The share of primary industry in Heilongjiang is much lower than in the two other provinces and lower than national average while secondary industry in Heilongjiang is higher than in the two other provinces and also higher than national average.
Total output for secondary industry in the three provinces reached 387,591 billion Yuan in 2002, accounting for about half of the GDP. Jilin has become a key site of the national chemical industry, producing inorganic and organic chemicals. Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar
7 Song-liao water protection office, the way to protect rivers, Jinlin People’s press, 2003
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have electricity generation, chemical, oil/gas, fiber, plastic, lumber, and textile industries. Changchun is the home of the automobile industry for the northeast region, as well as chemicals, food processing, and a host of secondary and tertiary industries and services. Qiqihar has metallurgical, machine tool, chemical, gold mining, and lumber industries. Daqing has the country’s largest oil fields.
Data on government revenue per capita is an important indication of the financial strength of individual provinces. Though government revenue per capita in the three provinces /autonomous-region has increased from 2000 to 2002, it is still lower than the national average level. In 2002, the national average was 1,472 Yuan, while the corresponding figure was 17.7% lower at 1,211 Yuan for Heilongjiang, 37.2% lower at 924 Yuan for Jilin, and for Inner Mongolia was 40.9% lower at 869 Yuan.
As for people’s livelihood, two indicators of net income of rural household per capita and disposable income of urban residents per capita are important. From 2000 to 2002, the three provinces /autonomous-region all realized increase in both indicators, with Heilongjiang rank the first, followed by Jilin and Inner Mongolia (See following table). But all of the three provinces’ levels are lower than the national average level, especially the disposable income of urban residents per capita. Besides, the disposable income of urban residents per capita increases much faster than net income of rural household per capita in all three provinces, thus livelihood gap between urban and rural households increases. The Engel Coefficient8 is another important indicator to evaluate people’s livelihood, the smaller the coefficient, the higher the income level. In the period from 2000 to 2002, Engel Coefficient in both northeast provinces and nation presents a decreasing trend, but those in northeast provinces are comparatively lower than that of national average.
In conclusion, the economic indicators presented below show that the provinces in SRB are fairly well developed, especially Heilongjiang with almost all indicators rank first in the three provinces and some indicators are better than the national average level.
TABLE 3-1: MAIN ECONOMIC INDICATORS (UNIT: YUAN)
URBAN HH ENGEL COEFFICIENT GOVT RURAL HH GDP PRIMARY 2NDARY 3RDARY ANNUAL REVENUE ANNUAL NET YEAR PROVINCE PER INDUSTRY INDUSTRY INDUSTRY DISPOSABLE PER INCOME PER RURAL URBAN CAPITA (%) (%) (%) INCOME PER CAPITA CAPITA HH (%) HH (%) CAPITA
HL 8545 10.97 57.44 31.59 979 2148 4913 44.3 38.4 JL 7098 21.38 42.91 35.70 - 2023 - - - 2000 IMAR 5905 25.04 39.71 35.26 656 2038 5129 - - National 7059 16.35 50.22 33.42 1057 2253 6280 49.1 39.4 HL 9344 11.49 56.13 32.38 1126 2280 5426 42.7 37.2 JL 7707 20.13 43.34 36.53 828 2182 5340 - - 2001 47.7 & IMAR 6502 23.22 40.53 36.26 706 1973 5536 34.5 38.8 (1) National 7625 15.84 50.10 34.07 1284 2366 6860 47.7 38.2 HL 10181 11.51 55.88 32.61 1211 2405 6101 41.6 35.5 JL 8478 19.86 43.56 36.58 924 2361 6260 - - 46.0 & IMAR 7291 21.60 42.00 36.40 869 2086 6051 31.5 2002 34.1 Total 3 8893 16.13 49.30 34.58 1033 - - - - Provinces Nation 8158 15.38 51.09 33.53 1472 2476 7703 46.2 37.7 Note: HH=Household; (1): first value refers to farmer, second to livestock raiser. Source: Heilongjiang Statistical Yearbook 2003, Jilin Statistical Yearbook 2003, Inner Mongolia Statistical Yearbook
8 The Engel Coefficient is defined as the proportion of income that is spent on food.
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3.2.1. NORTHEAST OLD INDUSTRY BASE
Northeast China is an old industry base of China and known as the “industrial cradle of China”, which played a vital role in the country’s industrial development from the 1950s to the early 1970s. The northeast region produced the country’s first steel, machine tools, locomotives and planes after the foundation of New China in 1949. During the period of first and second five- year-plans, metallurgical, machinery, chemical, mine, electricity generation and military industries were developed.
However, many of the traditional industrial firms established in the 1950s when China adopted a planned economic system have become less competitive since the country implemented the policies of reform and opening up to the outside world, and moved toward a market-oriented economy two decades ago. The proportion of the region’s industrial output value to the national total has dropped sharply, and some loss-making state industries were closed, laying off a large number of workers. The number of laid-off workers in this region was 0.66 million by the end of 2002.
Due to the good natural conditions and formed socio-economic base in northeast China, the development of old industry base will offer the northeast area with development opportunities and also can meet the industrial demand in economy construction of the whole nation. Revitalizing northeast old industry base then becomes an essential part of the reform and opening-up drive in northeast China, and is of great importance for the nation’s coordinated economic and social development. In 2003 the State Government and the State Council launched the development strategy of the Northeast Old Industrial Base Revitalization. Following this, detail regulation was put forward to arrange the development of northeast old industry base and a series of favorable policies have been issued to promote the development of old industry base, such as reduce/exempt some taxes, perfect urban social safeguard system, etc.
Yet, the development of old industry base should play emphasis on eco-environment construction to enhance the sustainable development capacity. The development should be the harmony of economy, society and eco-environment, the unification of economic growth, resources insurance and environment carrying capacity. Besides, the development mode of “develop-pollute-manage-redevelop” must be given up, instead of which is to combine economic development with environment protection.
3.2.2. NORTHEAST FOOD PRODUCTION BASE
Since reform and opening-up, the food in China has kept the trend of lasting growth and the level of cash food production has been remarkably improved. At the same time, we should pay attention that the production areas of cash food in China have changed greatly. Jilin and Heilongjiang are the main cash food production provinces in China, whose grain commodity rate and per capita occupancy volume of grain have ranked first and second in the whole country for many years. In 2001, there are 4 provinces with the rural households sold the grain more than 500 kilograms each person in average, among which 3 provinces are in Northeast. Among the three provinces of northeast, Jilin and Heilongjiang are the only two provinces exceeding 1000 kilograms. Grain production in the Northeast accounts for 1/7 of the total and cash grain accounts for 1/3 of the total9. Due to industrialization and urbanization process in China, cultivated land resources will decrease gradually, which will influence the growth of the total amount of grain. During a long historical period, the supply of cash food in China is still in a precarious condition. How to consolidate the cash food base of the Northeast will be the main support in safeguarding food security in the whole country.
Besides the old industry base of China, the northeast also is an important comprehensive agriculture production base. According to 2002 data, there are 20.69 million ha of farmland in the three provinces, accounting for 15.91% of national farmland acreage. And the farmland per
9 Guo Qinghai. The Revitalization of Northeast Old Industry Base and the Construction of Cash Grain Base. Agricultural Economic Problem (Monthly). 2004.8
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capita is 0.23 ha, which is much higher than that of national average of 0.16 ha per capita. This area has considerable potential in agriculture production and will still be an emphasis in national agriculture construction.
The main crops in the three provinces are corn, beans and wheat. In 2002, the sown areas of grain crops in the three provinces reached 16.21 million ha, accounting for 15.61% of that in the nation; and the grain yield reached 65.62 million tons, accounting for 14.36% of national production. Besides, the cash crop rate in northeast area is much higher that of national average. It is estimated that northeast China will be the only area which can export a large quantity of cash crops in the future, which indicates that the food production in northeast China has played an important part in food supply security of China.
Yet, food production in northeast China is restricted by water user increasingly. On the one hand, agriculture is threatened seriously by water shortage and drought due to decreasing water reserve caused by the excess exploitation; on the other hand, the problem of water pollution also becomes an impact on agriculture production, which may further worsen the production of food in northeast. Besides, the productivity of black soils base in northeast (one of the only three black soils areas in the world) is weakened. The serious soil erosion has debased the black soils productivity, and it is estimated that there will decrease more than 4 million tons food every year due to the erosion in blacksoils area.
The revitalizing northeast old industry base must be based on the development of agriculture. Northeast China plays an important role in China food security, both agriculture and industry must be developed synchronously in revitalizing northeast old industry base. And the agriculture development should combine with the eco-environmental construction to pursuit the harmony with eco-environment.
3.2.3. SOCIAL SITUATION
Due to the large portion of Heilongjiang, Jilin and east part of Inner Mongolia are involved in the Basin, the social conditions of the whole three provinces are presented to indicate the social conditions of the Basin. Administrative boundaries are presented in Figure 6 (Map Volume 5).
3.2.3.1. POPULATION CONDITIONS
The population in the three provinces was 88.41 million in 2002, with 38.13 million, 26.49 million and 23.79 million population respectively in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Inner Mongolia.
SRB enjoys a relatively high urbanization rate with 43.76 million urban population in the three provinces in 2002, accounting for about 49.5% of the total population. And the urban system has been established with comparatively integrated structures and comprehensive types. Urbanization rates of all the three provinces/ autonomous-region are higher than that of nation average. (See following table) Heilongjiang is the most urbanized of all three provinces/autonomous-region with 52.6% in 2002; while Jilin and Inner Mongolia are 50% and 44.1% respectively. Besides, the percentage of urban population on total population in Heilongjiang was decreased from 54.0% in 1998 to 52.6% in 2002; and the speed of urbanization in Inner Mongolia is the most though the urbanization rate is the least.
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TABLE 3-2: POPULATION MAIN CHARACTERISTICS TOTAL POPULATION LAND POPULATION RURAL URBAN ILLITERATE AND SEMI-LITERATE POPULATION ANNUAL ACREAGE DENSITY YEAR PROVINCE POPULATION POPULATION POPULATION >15 AGE (%) (10,000 GROWTH RATE (10,000 (PERSONS/ (%) (%) PERSONS) (%) KM2) KM2) TOTAL MALE FEMALE HL 3773 46.0 54.0 0.59 45.4 83 8.87 5.78 12.08 JL 2603.2 53.6 46.4 0.12 18.74 139 8.43 5.27 11.69 1998 IMAR 2344.9 60.1 39.9 0.83 118.3 20 15.83 10.22 21.66 Nation 124761 66.6 33.4 0.92 960 130 ------HL 3813 47.4 52.6 0.05 45.4 84 6.54 4.11 9.06 JL 2649.4 50.0 50.0 0.47 18.74 141 4.36 2.85 5.86 IMAR 2378.6 55.9 44.1 0.05 118.3 20 13.46 8.42 18.74 2002 Total 3 8841 50.5 49.5 0.17 182.44 48 ------Provinces Nation 128453 60.9 39.1 0.65 960 134 11.63 6.43 16.92 Source: Heilongjiang Statistical Yearbook 2003, Jilin Statistical Yearbook 2003, Inner Mongolia Statistical Yearbook 2003, China Statistical Yearbook 2003.
From the aspect of average population growth, during the past four years the rate of the whole three provinces is 0.34%, which is less than the national average of 0.73%. The average population growth rate of Heilongjiang is lowest, 0.26%.
The average population density of the whole three provinces is 48 persons per square km, which is much lower than the national average of 141 persons. As for individual province, only the population density in Jilin is close to the national average with 134 persons per square km While Heilongjiang has 84 persons per square km and Inner Mongolia has only 20 persons per square km. This is partly because Jilin Province lies in the main agricultural areas of SRB with fertile and productive lands and with better weather and better living conditions.
From the aspect of population quality, the general illiteracy rates in Jilin and Heilongjiang are higher than that of the whole nation while that in Inner Mongolia is lower than that of the whole nation. It can also been seen from the table that though all of the three provinces/autonomous- region have improved their education and with lower illiteracy comparing 1998 with 2002, the illiteracy of female is much higher than that of the male: especially in Inner Mongolia, with the highest illiteracy of the three provinces/autonomous-region, the difference between male and female is much distinct with the gap of more than 10 percent.
3.2.3.2. SOCIAL CONDITIONS
As for the public health, all of the three indicators in following table have decreased in 2002 compared with 2000. Except for the number of health institutions per 10000 persons in the three provinces is lower than national average, the other two are both higher/ better than national average.
It can also be seen in following table that the gross education condition of the three provinces is better than the national average from the aspect of the ratio of full-time teachers to enrolment students. And Inner Mongolia is the best in higher education while Heilongjiang is the best in secondary education.
As for the urban public utility of water supply and water consumption, it is presented that the percentages of population with tap water are increased both in the three provinces and the whole nation, with 80.5%, 76.28%, 77.21% in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia respectively in 2002. While when it comes to the daily water consumption per capita, the level of all the three provinces are much lower than the national average, with Heilongjiang rank the first, followed by Jilin and Inner Mongolia.
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TABLE 3-3: SOCIAL INDICATORS PUBLIC HEALTH FULL-TIME TEACHERS URBAN PUBLIC UTILITIES (PER 10,000 PERSONS) (PER 100 STUDENTS) YEAR PROVINCE ACCESS TO DAILY WATER NO. HEALTH NO. BEDS NO. HIGH SECONDARY TAP WATER CONSUMPTION INSTITUTIONS HOSPITAL DOCTORS EDUCATION EDUCATION (% POP.) (L/C) HL 2.30 31.40 --- 6.64 6.38 77.60 174.90 JL ------8.35 6.13 74.36 140.11 2000 IMAR 1.81 28.75 22.00 9.38 6.20 95.80 136.26 Nation 2.59 23.90 17.00 7.40 5.47 72.30 215.89 HL 2.22 30.40 16.75 6.87 6.19 80.50 165.20 JL 0.79 32.13 19.28 7.55 6.05 76.28 141.92 IMAR 1.58 27.30 21.00 7.93 5.98 77.21 129.23 2002 Total 3 1.62 30.06 18.65 7.30 6.09 ------Provinces Nation 2.38 23.20 15.00 6.84 5.34 77.90 213.15 Source: Heilongjiang Statistical Yearbook 2003, Jilin Statistical Yearbook 2003, Inner Mongolia Statistical Yearbook 2003, China Statistical Yearbook 2003.
The three provinces / autonomous-region have been well developed. Though some of the indicators are slightly higher in Jilin than in Heilongjiang, the later is comparatively better developed than the other two.
3.2.4. POVERTY PROFILE
3.2.4.1. RURAL POVERTY PROFILE
In the SRB, there are 28 national and provincial level poverty counties, including 16 national level poverty counties and 12 provincial level poverty counties. About 10.6 percent of total population or 9.29 million of people live in these poverty counties. Among them, more than 71 percent of the people are in rural areas with a little of farmland. Among these poverty counties, per capita income in rural area was 1,700 Yuan in 2000, 21.8 percent lower than the basin average and per capita GDP was lower than the basin average. For 16 national poverty counties, the rural per capita income and per capita GDP were even lower, about 1,600 and 3,200 Yuan respectively. The poverty counties are along the banks of the Nen River and its tributaries. While the density of population is more in the middle basin, the concentration of poor people is higher in areas close to the rivers, indicating a fundamental association between poverty and flooding. The poverty counties distribution is shown in Figure 9 (Map Volume 5).
TABLE 3-4: POVERTY COUNTIES DISTRIBUTION IN SRB (MILLIONS PERSONS) PROVINCE SRB NATIONAL POVERTY COUNTY PROVINCIAL POVERTY COUNTY
COUNTY POPULATION COUNTY POPULATION COUNTY POPULATION Heilongjiang 70 60.43 9 2.93 4 1.49 Jilin 17 22.31 5 1.49 5 1.91 Inner Mongolia 38 4.66 2 0.64 3 1.15 Total 125 62.4 16 5.06 12 4.55
Compared with the provinces in the western region, the SRB region is relatively well-off. The incidence of poverty in 2000 was estimated at 8 percent based on the Yuan 800 or less for
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rural people and 13.6 percent based on a per capita income of Yuan 100010. Based on the Yuan 1,000 poverty line, the poverty incidence was highest in Inner Mongolia at about 17.3 percent, and lowest in Jilin Province at 10.1 percent. Furthermore, household surveys showed that 18.5 percent of the population or 6.5 million persons belonged to the near-poor at Yuan 1,000-1,500/ year. Poor and near poor combined comprise about 32 percent of total population.
TABLE 3-5: RURAL RESIDENT INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THE SRB
ITEM JILIN HEILONGJIANG IMAR OVERALL
Number of counties 38 70 17 125
%Population with income %Population with income Y800-1000 3.8% 6.7% 6.5% 5.6% %Population with income Y1000-1500 16.9% 18.9% 23.2% 18.5% %Population with income 3.2.4.2. URBAN POVERTY STATUS Besides rural poverty, urban poverty also exists. With the rapid development of urbanization, urban poverty problem becomes more and more serious. Laid-off workers, jobless and employees with low income are the main poor population in urban areas. And the poor groups in urban areas can be divided as follows: i) old without labor ability, living resources and support; the handicapped and the young persons. ii) laid-off workers, jobless and employees with low income. iii) Retired persons. iv) Other persons. In 2002, urban resigned unemployment in the three provinces reached 817,000, among which 332,823 or 40.7% are female. And the unemployment rates of Heilongjiang, Jilin and Inner Mongolia are 4.9%, 3.6% and 4.1% respectively, two of which are higher than the national average of 4%. In the three provinces, there are 0.66 million laid-off workers in various kinds of enterprises, accounting for 16% of the whole nation figure and 0.44 million are in Heilongjiang. Besides that, the retired and resigned persons were 4.03 million, among which 2.02 million are in Heilongjiang. Due to per capita annual disposable income of urban households by spot check, the income level differs much among different levels (see following table). Though the condition in Heilongjiang Province is better than those in other two provinces on the whole, the population with low income only has about 3000 Yuan of annual disposable income. Comparing the lowest income level population with the highest level income level population in the three provinces, the differences are distinct, about ten times. TABLE 3-6: PER CAPITA ANNUAL DISPOSABLE INCOME OF URBAN HOUSEHOLDS BY LEVEL (YUAN) INCOME LEVEL LOWER UPPER LOWEST LOW MIDDLE HIGH HIGHEST AVERAGE MIDDLE MIDDLE HL 2014 3148 4289 5823 8006 10564 16014 6678 JL 1562 2817 4056 5612 7493 9929 16326 6260 IMAR 1624 2978 4157 5718 7399 9685 16627 6051 Source: Heilongjiang Statistical Yearbook 2003, Jilin Statistical Yearbook 2003, Inner Mongolia Statistical Yearbook 2003. 10 Although the official state poverty line was set at ￥635 per capita in 2000, the recent practice by the State Statistics Bureau uses ￥ 856 per capita to determine rural poverty in China. Current ADB practices use ￥1,000 SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 22 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS With the economy transfer, industry structure adjustment and socio-economic policy changes in SRB, the income and actual living level of urban population have changed much. In spite of the rapid growth rate of urban economy and improvement in income level and living level, some of the enterprises in urban areas, especially state-owned enterprises, operate not so well and are even bankrupt, which may lead to lots of laid-off workers or jobless. This can cause relative poverty in the urban population. In addition, the closing of enterprises with serious pollution will also bring lots of jobless and laid-off workers, which may lead to urban poverty. Besides, due to the constraints of the urban social welfare system, the protection degree on low income population has been weakened, which makes the living condition of low-income population even worse. 3.2.5. GENDER PROFILE The status of women has improved significantly since the founding of PRC. Relevant laws, administrative decrees and local regulations have been made comprehensively to protect women’s basic rights. Yet in rural China, where the majority of the poor are concentrated, the educational level of women remains low, and their participation in political and economic affairs continues to be very limited. Discrimination persists in some areas and women’s basic rights, although legally stipulated, have not been implemented. There remains considerable scope for improving their status and living conditions, especially in indigent localities. In 2002, 51 percent of people in the three provinces were women and 46 percent of women were workers. Women in rural areas are responsible for housework and childcare. Besides, they also play an important role in agricultural production. Only 4 percent of those surveyed work in township and village enterprises. More than 35 percent of male workers in the countryside take on off-farm employment in or outside their villages. In most cases, they only work in their farms during the busy season. Consequently, the women bear a heavier farm workload and have less leisure and sleeping time. Selected interviews in the SRB showed that they, on average, work 20 percent longer hours than their husbands. Because daily expenditure in urban areas is much higher, many men here do not have much savings to send home, and women are thus compelled to do more on–farm work to provide food for the family. According to the field survey conducted by the provincial women federation, about 15 percent have to bear the families’ financial burden completely by themselves. Women’s health has generally improved in rural areas. However, heavy workload, lack of clean energy and potable water, inadequate knowledge of hygiene and poor access to medical care are responsible for many health problems in women’s. Fifty percent of poor villages are without clean tap water, which cause the risk of contacting diseases of waste water. 3.2.6. MINORITY PROFILE The minority population in three provinces of SRB is more than 9.24 million11, accounting for 7% of the total population. The minority populations of Helongjiang and Jilin are 0.15% and 4.5% respectively.The population of Inner Mongolia is most and accounts for 20%. In Inner Mongolia, there are 49 nationality groups including Daur, Korea, Erwenke, Manchu, Hui, Buyi, Gaashan, and Miao. Among minority groups in Inner Mongolia, the Mongols move over vast areas to find grasslands to support their livestock. They now live in settled villages and cultivate land. There are 48 minorities groups in Helongjiang Province, 10 of which, such as Manchu, Korea, Hui, Mongols, Daur, Xibe, Olunchun, Owenk, Hezhe, Kirgiz. Minority groups have long history living here, therefore, they are minority of extended family. These 10 minority groups account for large portion of the total minority population. 11 the fifth census data 11 Cai Renhua. Practical Reference of China Medical Safeguard System Reform. P.358. China Renshi Press. 1998 SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 23 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Jilin has 43 nationalities besides the Han. Two major minority groups are the Koreans and Manchu, who are long-time settlers in the province. Other minority groups include Mongolian, Hui and Xibe. The Province has four minority autonomous prefectures/counties and 34 minority autonomous townships. In sum, nearly half of the “hard-core” poor people in the rural areas are members of the minority groups. Many of them live below or close to poverty due to a host of reasons – remoteness, poor natural conditions, low education, lack of marketable skills, and poor access to market and social services. As a result, they have not benefited from the current economic growth and increased standards of living experienced by others. The minority areas distribution is shown in Figure 10 (Map Volume 5). 3.3. SOCIAL IMPACTS OF WATER POLLUTION In the period of traditional agriculture, the main pollutants are from natural origin, including organic matter most of which can be degraded. But, current pollutants are with several kinds and complex components, and some of the pollutants such as pollutants from chemical plants are poisonous and difficult to be degraded rapidly in the nature. So, from the material aspect, current pollutants are more harmful and more difficult to deal with. In addition interests urge or demand of achievements makes stakeholders put short-term economic growth on the first position with the cost of environment destroy. All of these will bring potential social risks. 3.3.1. IMPACTS ON PUBLIC HEALTH Relation between water pollution and health status of population depending on the polluted source of water has been demonstrated for long. The Second Songhua has been since the early sixties polluted by industrial discharges containing several kind of pollutants including particularly mercury and methyl-mercury in significant amount (estimated respectively at about 150 tons and 5 tons in the early seventies). Since 1982, mercury and methyl-mercury discharges have been stopped. Health investigation carried out in 1999-2000 among residents along the Second Songhua has shown that concentration of mercury in hairs has decreased since 1975 but remains still higher in the resident population located in the previously polluted area than in the control sample group. However, concentrations observed remain below the national standard of 10µg/g. An epidemiological study on the carcinoma mortality of the exposed population along the lower reaches of the Second Songhua River was carried out from 1980 to 1984 by the Jilin Provincial Sanitation and Anti-Epidemic Station. It showed relative prevalence of liver and gastric cancer among the population located in these key locations along the river when compared to average prevalence rate among the rest of the population. A study published in 2000 by the Heilongjiang Provincial Environmental Scientific Research Institute, presenting research carried out from 1997 to 1999 on the micro-pollutants in the Songhua showed that 191 micro-pollutants were detected in the Songhua river above the Sifangtai section, 46 of which being known for their toxicity. Similarly, 178 pollutants were identified in water sample from the Sifangtai section of the Songhua. Underground water near Zhaoyuan was contaminated by 133 identified micro-pollutants. Fish sample analysis revealed 45 toxic substances, and the Ames test carried out on this sample turned positive. The main water source of Harbin city is also contaminated. Detection and monitoring of micro organic pollutants is required in the SRB for appropriate measures regarding pollution control and public health. Clean water is an important factor in safeguarding public health. Common understanding has been established among residents on the relation between water pollution and public health. Most of the residents consider today that water pollution impacts significantly their health and quality of life. Besides public health, the psychology of population is also impacted by water SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 24 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS pollution. Many of the interviewees reflected that seeing the discharge of smelly sewage will put them in a bad mood. The understanding of the public on the relation between polluted water and public health has indicated the necessity of water quality and pollution control in present period. The earlier the water quality and safe drinking water, the earlier residents can enjoy clean environment and better health condition. 3.3.2. IMPACTS ON EMPLOYMENT The pollution caused by enterprises may not only destroy the environment and harm public health, but also lead to economic loss and unemployment, which further leads to urban poverty. SRB is one of the old industry bases. In the past decade a relative comprehensive industrial system has been formed with machine tool, petroleum, coal mine, chemical and metallurgical industries as dominical industries. But the excessive discharge of enterprises sewage has directly influenced the water quality of SRB and the public health. To safeguard public health and to promote the adjustment of industrial structure and the transition of economic growth pattern, the three provinces have carried out the action to safeguard public health by clearing up illegal pollution-discharge enterprises from July 2003 due to the requests in national “A Notice On Carry Out The Action To Safeguard Public Health By Clearing Up Illegal Pollution-Discharge Enterprises”. In Jilin Province for example, several enterprises, with severe pollution and waste in energy consumption and raw material, have been closed forcidly. Altogether, 245 enterprises have been closed forcidly and 76 enterprises have been forced to stop production until improvement of the system, resulting in mass unemployment. 3.3.3. IMPACTS ON POVERTY The main causes of poverty in SRB are: remote and hard natural environment, poor education condition, lack of market skills, restriction in access to market and social service, etc. But the impacts of environmental problems, especially water pollution, on poverty have become more and more evident. It has been presented that SRB is an important food production base. Agriculture production consumes large quantity of water; water pollution may not only debase crops quality and decrease output, but also destroy some irrigation works, which bring some loss in agricultural production and impact farmers’ income. As for urban residents, laid-off workers are main urban poverty components, and the closedown of the enterprises that exert serious pollution and discharge pollutants far exceeding the standards, brings laid-off workers, which further leads to urban poverty. Deterioration of water environment has caused large loss in economy. According to statistics, more than 10 million hectares of farmland has been polluted with loss of 12 billion kg food; and the loss of dead fishes caused by pollution reaches 45.5 million Yuan. According to the latest announcement of CAS, in 1995, the economic loss caused by environment pollution and ecosystem destruction reached to 187.5 billion Yuan, among which 142.89 billion Yuan or 76.2% were caused by water pollution. Because of water pollution it is difficult for residents of SRB to obtain clear drinking water and it also threats people’s health seriously. Yet, due to the sharp increase in iatric expenditure, the phenomena of “poverty lead to disease” and “disease lead to re-poverty” becomes more and more evident. Among rural poor households (accounting for about 4%), about 50% are “poverty lead to disease” or “disease lead to re-poverty”.11 From 1990 to 1999, net income of rural households per capita had increased from 686 Yuan to 2210 Yuan, increasing 2.2 times; and during the corresponding period, the outpatient service expenditure and the hospitalized expenditure had increased from 10.9 Yuan and 73.3 Yuan to 79 Yuan and 2891 Yuan respectively, increasing 6.2 times and 5.1 times respectively13. World Health Organization has presented the relation between health and poverty over and over again, that is “the burden caused by diseases has become an important obstacle of economic development in low-income countries, while such burden in these low-income 13 Abstract of China Statistic (2000) P.89; China Health Statistical Yearbook (1996) P.408; statistical data from “China Health Web” SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 25 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS countries are mostly caused by diseases that can be prevented or cured efficiently, such as infectious diseases and diseases of women and children. Besides, these diseases have more serious impacts on vulnerable groups such as poverty, which may further widen social inequality and threat sustainable economic development and society stability”. 3.3.4. WATER POLLUTION AND NORTHEAST OLD INDUSTRY BASE As for the water pollution of Songhua River one of the main reasons is the direct drainage of industrial sewage. Because the high treatment cost with great difference of pollutants and the lack of industry criterion, many industrial enterprises of Northeast China generally pay little attention to pollution control while much to the production benefit. During the construction of the northeast old industrial bases from the 1950’s to the earily 1970’s of last century, the lack of environmental protection concerns resulted in the damage to the environment and serious water pollution. After the implementation of the reform and opening policies, the lag technical level and unreasonable industrial and agricultural distribution and structure stood out gradually. The economic development in the region is at the expense of the damage to natural resources, which brought about deteriorate environment and unsustainable economic development. Based on statistics, the industrial wastewater discharge was 1.217 million tons in 2000 or 35.40% of the total wastewater discharge in the SRB. The COD load from industrial discharge was 102.9 thousand tons, contributing 20.29% to the total COD load in the wastewater in the SRB. The pollution in Heilongjiang Province is the most serious. Water shortage and pollution have restricted the sustainable development of northeast old industry base and economy and society. In 2003, the state government launched its development strategy to revitalize northeast old industry base and well-off society construction, northeast will be built as great industry bases on energy, petroleum chemicals, raw material, equipment manufacture, ship, transportation mechanism manufacture, agricultural product and byproduct processing, medicine and economical forest. Comprehensive, harmonious and sustainable development idea must insist during revitalizing Northeast old industry base. Environment construction and continuous sustainable development should be considered. Optimizing and upgrading of existing production manner and changing unreasonable industrial and agricultural structure are essential. The old way of development-pollution-management-redevelopment can not be followed. Revitalizing northeast old industry base should insist on the corresponding development of economy, society and environment, and the unification of GDP increasing, resource guarantee and environment capability. 3.3.5. WATER POLLUTION AND NORTHEAST FOOD BASE Water shortage and pollution also impact the development of the Northeast food base. Meanwhile, the development of agriculture and the use of fertilizer and agricultural chemicals has become one of the major causes for water pollution in the SRB. Excess chemical fertilizer decreases the soil fertility but in order to maintain the production capacity, farmers have to depend on more chemical fertilizer, which cause vicious circle. Soil hardens and the acid phenomenon is serious, which cause the ecological environment of soil worsening seriously. Unit productivity increases slowly and grain production has many agricultural chemical residues. Excess chemical fertilizer use increases product cost and decreases net income of farmland by 10% to 30%. After entering WTO, three provinces of northeast China will face harsh standard for agricultural chemical residue on agricultural products in future international agricultural products and food trade, which may become bottleneck for the three provinces to export agriculture product. It is a long-term and great task to extend "green agricultural chemicals" to farmers. Comparing with traditional agricultural chemicals, the real "green agricultural chemicals" have advantages such as high-efficiency, production-increasing, disease resistance and no social effects of pollution. But the new-type green agricultural chemicals mostly rely on importing. Farmers cannot accept this high price. In addition, China does not have an authentication system for agricultural products at present. So-called green or no-pollution on the market is mostly fake. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 26 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS This situation has attacked the enthusiasm of farmers to use green agricultural chemicals. The propaganda of biological agricultural chemicals is not enough, most farmers did not understand and they have no consciousness and request of integrated prevention, environment protection and agricultural sustainable development. The biological agricultural chemicals that some enterprises produced are at low quality, and seriously influence the reputation of the real one. Many enterprises are unwilling and without ability to carry on the research and development of green agricultural chemicals because of the high investment in research and development, long period, big risks and unsure market returning. Statistics show that it takes more than ten years to create a new agricultural fertilizer and costs more than 100 million dollars abroad. This course needs a lot of links. Few enterprises are willing to set foot in this field with time- consume, labor-consume and great risk. There are more than 270 agricultural chemicals enterprises in Shandong province, which is the second largest agricultural chemicals market in China. But only seven or eight kinds of biological agricultural chemicals are registered to be produced at present. What the agricultural chemicals manufacturing enterprises think is how to kill insects, lower cost and pursue most production profits. However, green agricultural chemicals with low poison and environment protection meets awkward situation, which is weak research and development, unsound market promotion and certification system. They cannot compete with those who manufacture poisonous agricultural chemicals. The research and manufacture of new green agricultural chemicals with high effect are urgent affairs for agricultural chemicals development and foodstuff security. oOo SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 27 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 4. SRB WATER RESOURCES 4.1. WATER RESOURCES PLANNING Water Resources Planning started before 1984 when the former State Planning Commission ordered an assignment to prepare the Songliao River Basin water resources Utilization Planning. In 1985 the former Ministry of Water Resources ordered an assignment to the Songliao Water Resources Commission (SWRC) and Water Resources Bureaus of Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province, Liaoning Province and IMAR. The aim was to analyze the “Use of Water Resources of all Rivers in the Northeast” based on the year 1980 situation with the objective to forecast the water supply and demand by the years 1990 and 2000, and to explore the developments until the year 2030. In June 1991, the leaders of the four northeast provinces agreed about the “North-South Water Diversion” to exploit the available water resources, however other diversion works proposed by the Liaoning Province in 1994 decreased the priority of this North-South Water Diversion which should not be considered in the short term. Based on investigations related to water resources, basic information was obtained to enable studies to reduce waste water discharges and waste loads, increase water use efficiency and re-use, and gradually implement clean-production processes and industry and water saving methods in agriculture. In 2003 the Government ordered the implementation of a strategy to revitalize the old industries in the Northeast region to strengthen the social and economic development. The water resources conservation requested a thorough and challenging approach. For planning purposes, the northeast region was considered to include both the Songhua and the Liaohe river basins. The Water Resources Planning Report of Northeast Old Industrial Base Revitalization has already been approved by the MWR and was summitted to the State Council at the end of 2004. This planning will guide the preparation work for basic reconstruction in the basin and forms the planning foundation to implement the recommendations of the project. The plan emphasizes safe and sufficient public water supply to cities and food producing areas. Details of this Plan are provided in Chapter 4 of Volume 4 (Strategic Planning). 4.2. SURFACE WATER RESOURCES 4.2.1. HYDROLOGICAL & RUNOFF OBSERVATION NETWORK The Songhua River hydrological system is already described in the Section 2.4 of this report. Along the rivers of the SRB, a total of 477 hydrological stations monitor levels or flows, with an average observation density of 1,177 km2 per station. The following table gives the distribution of hydrological stations per sub-basin. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 28 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 4-1: DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROLOGICAL STATIONS 2 NUMBER OF NETWORK DENSITY SUB-BASIN AREA (KM ) 2 HYDROLOGICAL STATIONS (KM /STATION) Nen River 298,502 163 1,831 Second Songhua 73,416 88 834 Main Songhua 189,304 226 838 Total 561,222 477 1,177 4.2.2. PRECIPITATION, EVAPORATION & RUNOFF The average annual inflow from precipitation in the SRB, estimated from data covering the period 1956 to 2000, was about 300 bm3, corresponding to an annual average rainfall of 537.2mm. In terms of distribution, the Second Songhua River sub-basin shows the highest precipitation with an average of 695.6mm. The following table details rainfall characteristics over the Songhua River basin. A contour map of the mean annual precipitation in the SRB is provided in the Map Volume of this report. TABLE 4-2: MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF PRECIPITATION IN SRB (PERIOD 1956 TO 2000) MEAN AP FOR DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES 2 MEAN AP MEAN AP SUB-BASIN AREA (KM ) 3 (BM ) (MM) 20% 50% 75% 95% Nen River 298,502 138.45 463.8 525.0 460.1 411.9 348.8 2nd Songhua 73,416 51.07 695.6 776.3 691.4 627.4 543.3 Main Songhua 189,304 111.99 591.6 660.2 588.1 533.6 462.0 Total SRB 561,222 301.51 537.2 - - - - 3 Note: AP=Annual Precipitation; BM =Billion cubic meter, MM=millimeter There are 63 evaporation stations distributed over the SRB. The average annual evaporation from 1956 to 2000 was 707.7mm. Winter shows minimum evaporation level. Highest evaporation level is observed in May and June, which represent from 25 to 40% of annual evaporation. The average annual runoff observed from 1956 to 2000 in the Songhua River basin was 81.77 bm3, the most contributing sub-basin being the Nen River and the Mainstream Songhua with respective average runoff of 35.97 and 29.38 bm3. TABLE 4-3: ESTIMATED RUNOFF IN SONGHUA RIVER BASIN FROM 1956 TO 2000 MEAN AR FOR DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES 2 MEAN AR SUB-BASIN AREA (KM ) 3 (BM ) 20% 50% 75% 95% Nen River 298,502 29.38 39.35 27.51 19.95 11.81 2nd Songhua 73,416 16.42 20.95 15.74 12.26 8.24 Main Songhua 189,304 35.97 46.69 34.24 26.08 16.80 Total SRB 561,222 81.77 106.99 77.49 58.29 36.85 3 Note: AR=Annual Runoff; BM =Billion cubic meter 4.2.3. ANNUAL AND INTER-ANNUAL VARIATION OF RUNOFF Under the influence of the monsoon climate, seasonal distribution of precipitation and runoff is significantly marked in SRB. From June to September, the flood season, rainfall accounts for SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 29 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 70 to 85% of the yearly total. The contribution to the total rainfall during the five winter months ranges only from 3% to 10%. FIGURE 4-1: EXAMPLES OF RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION Ji amusi P( mm) Ha r b i n P( mm) 180. 0 140. 0 160. 0 120. 0 140. 0 100. 0 120. 0 100. 0 80. 0 80. 0 60. 0 60. 0 40. 0 40. 0 20. 0 20. 0 0. 0 0. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 月 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 月 RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION IN HARBIN RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION IN JIAMUSI The seasonal variation of the runoff reflects rainfall variability, snowmelt and groundwater recharge and drainage. As a result, rivers in SRB experience a short spring flood period in spring and a longer and higher summer flood period flood which lasts generally from June to September. During this summer period runoff represents about 60 to 80% of the annual runoff, with 50 to 60% of the annual runoff generally concentrated during July and August. Inter-annual variation of runoff is presented below in selected stations. According to these results, it can be observed than inter-annual runoff variation based on the ratio between minimum and maximum runoff observed is more important in the dryer Nen sub-basin, with ratios between 10 to 20, than in the other two sub-basins, more wet, where ratios are around 4 to 5. TABLE 4-4: MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF ANNUAL RUNOFF IN SONGHUA RIVER BASIN MAXIMUM AR MINIMUM AR HYDROLOGICAL MEAN OBSERVED OBSERVED RIVER BASIN AREA (KM²) 3 MAX/MIN STATION AR (BM ) 3 3 (BM ) Year (BM ) Year Nianzi Mount. Nen 13,567 1.98 7.31 1998 0.40 1979 18.2 Liangjiazi Nen 15,544 2.23 7.81 1998 0.48 2000 16.3 Jiangbirdge Nen 162,569 22.53 57.47 1998 6.78 1979 8.5 Baiyunhushuo Nen 10,355 0.40 2.44 1998 0.09 1978 25.7 Yaonan Nen 27,200 1.70 7.24 1998 0.38 2000 19.3 Daben Nen 221,715 23.92 66.15 1998 7.18 1979 9.2 Jilin 2nd Songhua 44,060 13.79 24.93 1986 5.86 1978 4.3 Fuyu 2nd Songhua 77,400 16.07 29.44 1956 6.87 1978 4.3 Haerbin MS Songhua 389,769 45.67 93.22 1998 20.32 1978 4.6 Tonghe River MS Songhua 450,077 54.03 99.66 1960 24.96 1979 4.0 Yilan MS Songhua 491,706 63.47 114.18 1960 28.37 1979 4.0 Jiamusi MS Songhua 528,277 73.05 125.01 1960 33.96 1979 3.7 3 Note: AR=Annual Runoff; BM =Billion cubic meter 4.2.4. AVERAGE RIVER FLOWS In the northern part of the Songhua basin, the Nen River runs primarily through a rather low hilly area without significant site opportunity for reservoirs to store and regulate the downstream discharge, except the Nierji site, under development. Accordingly, low flows are SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 30 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS quite a natural phenomenon in this part of the basin during the dry season. This will change when the Nierji reservoir will start operation in 2006. The Second Songhua River and consequently also the main Songhua River have a more sustainable low flow situation because of the several reservoirs constructed along the Second Songhua and other tributaries of the Main Songhua. The minimum flow conditions have been significantly improved by the construction of a number of reservoirs in the upstream part of the Second Songhua basin. The resulting water quantity situation in the basin is presented in the following table for the main control sections in Songhua river basin. For each section, the flow characteristics in terms of average flow is specified. TABLE 4-5: SRB AVERAGE FLOWS 3 RIVER REACH CROSS SECTION NAME AVERAGE FLOW (M /S) Harbin 1502 Songhua Main Stream Tonghe 1713 Jiamusi 2317 Lalin River CaiJiaGou 112 Mayi River Lianhua 76 Mudan River Changjiangtun 262 Branches Woken River Woken 16 Main Songhua Sub-B. Tangwang River Chenming 160 Hulan River QinJia 72 Shihuiyao 121 A’yanqian 348 Nenjiang Mainstream Jiangqiao 714 Dalai 759 Nuoming River Guchengzi 152 Yalu River Nianzishan 63 Chao’er River Lingjiazi 71 Tao'er River Taonan 54 Ganhe River Jiagedaqi 62 Nenjiang Sub-B. Branches Ganhe River Liujiatun 124 Duobukuli River Guli 32 Tao'er River Zhenzi 50 Huolin River Baiyun Hu Shuo 13 Wuyu’er River Yi’an 25 Nemo’er River Dedu 34 Fengman 425 2nd Songhua Mainstream Fuyu 510 Yitong River Nong’an 12 Sub-B Songhua nd Branches Yinma River Dehui 30 2 Huifa River Wudaogou 89 4.3. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES 4.3.1. REGIONAL HYDRO-GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 31 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS The thick and dominant Miocene loose formation of theSongNen and Sanjiang plains has the capacity to store multi-layer groundwater resources. Jurassic formations in the mountainous parts of SRB, including magmatic or carbonated fractured rocks have also some potential for underground water. Groundwater resources in the SRB are found primarily in shallow groundwater aquifers. The high yield groundwater zones are located in the alluvial fans near mountains, such as in the Tao’er and Lalin rivers. Medium yield zones are located in the plains, such as the SongNen and further downstream in the Sanjiang. Areas with lower groundwater yield are located in the higher elevation plain, such as the plain on the left bank of the Nen River. 4.3.2. SHALLOW GROUNDWATER RESOURCES Shallow groundwater resources have direct connection with precipitation, resulting in rapid renewal of the resource and a low mineralization degree: TDS is generally below 1 g/L, and exceptionally higher than 2 g/l. Almost 95% of groundwater resources have TDS less than 1g/l. These resources are the most easy to exploit, but also the most fragile regarding overexploitation. TABLE 4-6: GROUNDWATER BALANCE IN THE PLAIN AREAS OF SRB (UNIT: MM3) SUB-BASIN INFILTRATION RECHARGE RECHARGE RETURN FROM TOTAL SUPPLY GROUNDWATER FROM FROM FROM WELL TO RESOURCES RAINFALL UNDERGROUND SURFACE IRRIGATION GROUNDWATER FLOW WATER Nen 7,141 218 1,688 140 9,187 9,046 2nd Songhua 1,433 0 115 53 1,601 1,548 MS Songhua 5,192 110 1,945 489 7,735 7,246 SRB 13,766 327 3,748 682 18,524 17,841 TABLE 4-7: PRESENT SHALLOW GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN SRB (UNIT: MM3) UNDERGROUND SUPPLY FROM GROUNDWATER RESOURCES SUB-BASIN FLOW QUANTITY SURFACE WATER HILL AREAS PLAIN AREAS SUB-BASINS Nen 218 363 5,266 9,046 13,732 2nd Songhua 0 19 3,545 1,548 5,074 MS Songhua 110 430 6,875 7,246 13,582 SRB 328 812 15,687 17,841 32,388 In the present situation, the average annual shallow groundwater volumes in the SRB are estimated 32.39 bm3. Regarding its distribution in the river basin, resources are mainly located in Nen and in Main Songhua sub-basins with respectively 13.73 bm3 and 13.58 bm3. 4.4. TOTAL ANNUAL WATER RESOURCES IN SRB The total volume of water resources in a basin refers to surface and underground water from local precipitation, and depends on the volume of river flow (namely the surface resources quantity), on the infiltration from precipitation in the recharge areas (namely the groundwater resources quantity), on the base flow of the river in mountainous areas, on the infiltration recharge from precipitation in the plain areas which is drained back to the river streams (called drainage output in previous tables). The estimation is based on 21 years data from 1980 to 2000, and on the analysis of groundwater series over 45 years (from 1956 to 2000). SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 32 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS The total amount of annual water resources in SRB is estimated at 96.08 bm3, including 81.77 bm3 of surface water resources and 28.78 bm3 of infiltration recharge from precipitation from which 14.47 bm3 is returned to surface drainage. Details for each major sub-basin are given in the following table. TABLE 4-8: ANNUAL TOTAL WATER RESOURCES IN SRB 3 ND (Unit: bm except if specified) 2 NEN BASIN MS SONGHUA TOTAL SRB SONGHUA Area (km²) (1) 298,502 73,416 189,304 561,222 Precipitation contribution (2) 138.45 51.07 111.99 301.51 Surface Water Runoff (3) 29.38 16.42 35.97 81.77 Infiltration from precipitation (4) 11.78 5.10 11.90 28.78 Drainage from aquifer to rivers (5) 4.39 3.37 6.71 14.47 Total volume of water resources (6) 36.77 18.15 41.16 96.08 Surface contribution coefficient (7)=(3)/(2) 0.21 0.32 0.32 0.27 Rainfall infiltration coefficient (8)=(4)/(2) 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.10 Water Yield Coefficient (9)=(6)/(2) 0.27 0.36 0.37 0.32 Contributing modulus (km3 per km²) (10)=(6)/(1) 123.2 247.2 217.4 171.2 However, the totality of this annual water resource cannot be exploited, and only a fraction is available for use. It has been estimated by MWR that only 52.3 % or about 50 bm3 is annually available for utilization in SRB. Details for each sub-basin is provided in the following table. TABLE 4-9: ANNUAL AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES IN SRB 3 (Unit: bm except if specified) ND TOTAL NEN BASIN 2 SONGHUA MS SONGHUA SRB Total Surface Water Resources (1) 29.39 16.42 35.96 81.77 Total Water Resources (2) 36.77 18.15 41.16 96.08 Total Available Surface Water Resources (3) 13.68 9.78 15.34 38.80 Total Available Water Resources (4) 19.59 11.09 19.57 50.25 Ratio Total Available/Total Annual (%) (4)/(2) 53.3 61.1 47.5 52.3 4.5. PRESENT SITUATION OF WATER UTILIZATION IN SRB 4.5.1. WATER SUPPLY CAPACITY IN SRB By the year 2000, there were in Songhua River Basin: • 13,460 storage works, • 1,192 diversion works, • 4,648 pumping facilities. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 33 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 4-10: WATER SUPPLY CAPACITY IN SRB IN 2000 (UNIT: MM3) ND NEN BASIN 2 SONGHUA MS SONGHUA TOTAL SRB Number of sites (No.) 425 7,241 5,794 13,460 Storage Total Reservoirs Capacity 7,396.21 21,301.00 6,427.20 35,124.41 Project Exploitable Reservoir Capacity 4,391.16 10,090.97 3,407.35 17,889.48 Existing Water Supply Capacity 1,243.13 1,463.51 1,982.74 4,689.38 Diversion Number of sites (No.) 175 441 576 1,192 Project Surface Water Existing Water Supply Capacity 3,466.07 971.94 2,923.05 7,361.06 Pumping Number of sites (No.) 253 3,500 895 4,648 Project Existing Water Supply Capacity 2,681.83 3,454.09 3,419.78 9,555.70 Number of sites (No.) 232,922 19,447 105,225 357,594 Groundwater Present Water Supply Capacity 4,981.62 2,118.45 6,100.26 13,200.33 Sub-basin Water Transfer & Others 123.00 345.00 16.00 484.00 Total Existing Water Supply Capacity 12,495.65 8,352.99 14,441.83 35,290.64 The total capacity for water supply of the water works in SRB in 2000 is estimated at about 35 bm3. The largest single type of contribution comes from groundwater with about 13 bm3, but the various supply types from surface water amount to about 22 bm3, or about 63% of the total water supply capacity. 4.5.2. PRESENT STATUS OF WATER UTILIZATION 4.5.2.1. ACCORDING TO WATER SOURCE The following table provides some statistical information about water utilization in SRB during year 2000 according to the water source type. It may be observed that in Nen and Mainstream Songhua sub-basins about 60% utilized water comes from surface source and 40% from underground source, while in 2nd Songhua sub-basin, more than 70% of water utilization comes from surface water bodies. In terms of relative consumption of each sub-basin, 2nd Songhua sub-basin amounts for about 20% of the total water used in SRB and each of the other two sub-basins about 40%. TABLE 4-11: WATER UTILIZATION IN SRB IN 2000 ACCORDING TO SOURCE TYPE (UNIT: MM3) ND NEN BASIN 2 SONGHUA MS SONGHUA TOTAL SRB Storage Water 651 1301 1912 3864 Diversion Water 3345 553 2682 6580 Pumped Water 2523 2793 3401 8717 Others 3 0 14 17 Surface Water Percentage of SB Total 58 72 59 61 Shallow Wells 3401 1702 4517 9620 Deep Wells 1379 133 991 2503 Percentage of SB Total 42 28 41 39 Groundwater Total Water Utilization 11,302 6,482 13,517 31,300 SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 34 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 4.5.2.2. ACCORDING TO WATER USE Following table provides data on water use during year 2000 in SRB, according to the main use: Domestic urban (Cities and Towns), Domestic rural, Industrial (including cooling water and process water), and agricultural (farm irrigation, forest and fish production). TABLE 4-12: WATER UTILIZATION IN SRB IN 2000 ACCORDING TO USE TYPE (UNIT: MM3) ND NEN BASIN 2 SONGHUA MS SONGHUA TOTAL SRB Urban 479 419 781 1,679 Domestic Rural 352 276 462 1,090 Sub-Total 831 695 1,243 2,769 General 2,893 1,692 2,477 7,062 Industrial Sub-Total 2,893 1,692 2,477 7,062 Farm Irrigation 6,736 4,054 9,417 20,207 Agriculture Forest & Fishing 842 41 379 1,262 Sub-Total 7,577 4,095 9,797 21,469 Total 11,302 6,482 13,517 31,300 The quantity of water used for agriculture in SRB was estimated at 21.47 bm3, accounting for 68.6% of the total water utilization; domestic water utilization represented 8.8% (2.77 bm3) and industrial water utilization was 22.6% (7.124 bm3). 4.5.3. PAST TRENDS IN WATER UTILIZATION Presented in the following table are comparative data on water utilization from 1980 to 2000. TABLE 4-13: WATER UTILIZATION TRENDS IN SRB FROM 1980 TO 2000 (UNIT: MM3/YEAR) SUB- DOMESTIC INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURAL YEAR BASIN (1) VOLUME % GROWTH VOLUME % GROWTH VOLUME % GROWTH 1980 328 - 1,003 - 4,054 - 1985 418 4.94 1,435 7.43 3,663 -2.01 1990 578 6.72 1,950 6.33 5,207 7.29 Nen SB 1995 706 4.08 2,606 5.97 5,790 2.14 2000 831 3.31 2,893 2.11 7,577 5.53 1980 289 - 1,134 - 2,521 - 1985 351 3.93 1,219 1.46 3,168 4.68 1990 461 5.64 1,432 3.27 4,274 6.17 Songhua SB 1995 552 3.64 1,639 2.74 4,263 -0.05 nd 2 2000 695 4.73 1,692 0.64 4,095 -0.80 1980 411 - 1,026 - 6,295 - 1985 560 6.41 1,379 6.09 5,953 -1.11 SB 1990 782 6.90 1,851 6.07 8,588 7.61 1995 1,025 5.56 1,987 1.43 8,405 -0.43 MS Songhua 2000 1,243 3.92 2,477 4.50 9,797 3.11 1980 1,028 - 3,163 -- 12,870 - 1985 1,329 5.86 4,033 5.50 12,784 -0.13 1990 1,821 7.40 5,233 5.95 18,069 8.27 Total SRB 1995 2,283 5.07 6,232 3.82 18,458 0.43 2000 2,769 4.26 7,062 2.66 21,469 3.26 Note: (1) Growth rate expressed at the end of a 5 year period. Ex: value on the 1995 line expresses growth for period 1990-1995. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 35 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS FIGURE 4-2: TRENDS IN WATER RESOURCES UTILISATION COMPARED TO AVAILABLE WATER RESOURCES IN 2000 1000 900 800 700 Domestic 600 Industry Agriculture 500 Total 1 in 2 year 10^8 m3/year 1 in 4 year 400 1 in 20 year 300 200 100 0 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 Year TABLE 4-14: MEAN ANNUAL GROWTH RATE OF WATER UTILIZATION FROM 1980 TO 2000 (IN % PER YEAR) ND NEN BASIN 2 SONGHUA MS SONGHUA TOTAL SRB Domestic 4.75 4.48 5.69 5.65 Industrial 5.44 2.02 4.51 4.48 Agriculture 3.18 2.46 2.24 2.96 4.6. WATER RESOURCES UTILIZATION LEVEL AND EFFICIENCY 4.6.1. LEVEL OF UTILIZATION Comparison between the estimated available resource and the present level of utilization as presented in the tables below leads to the following remarks: • Except in Second Songhua Sub-basin, where it seems some additional capacity for water supply exists, existing water facilities are almost utilized at their maximum capacities. • Pressure on the available water resources is the highest in the Main Songhua Sub- basin, where almost 70% of the resource is mobilized. For the whole SRB, it is about 62% of the available water resource which is used. This figure is already high when considering the high variability of the available resource either seasonal or inter- annual. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 36 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 4-15: DEGREE OF WATER RESOURCES UTILIZATION (UNIT: BM3/YEAR) ND NEN BASIN 2 SONGHUA MS SONGHUA TOTAL SRB Total Available Water resources 19.59 11.09 19.57 50.25 Total Existing Water Supply Capacity 12.49 8.35 14.44 35.29 Total Exploited Resource (2000) 11.30 6.50 13.52 31.30 Exploited as a % of Supply Capacity 90.4 77.8 93.6 88.7 Exploited as a % of Available Resources 57.7 54.6 69.0 62.3 However, this general annual approach is obviously not the full illustration of the actual situation, as water utilization is not homogeneously distributed and as the seasonal and inter- annual variability of the available resources brings distortion in the water utilization. During the dry periods of the year, underground resources are frequently overexploited to compensate for the deficit in surface water availability. In other places, underground resources are overexploited for urban water supply because surface water, even if abundant, is too polluted. This is the case of most of the large cities in the basin, which use groundwater to supplement (or replace) their surface water sources. The cones of depression in the groundwater aquifers are growing in the urban areas and exceed 20 m depth in most, as illustrated in the table below. Depletion of groundwater is particularly serious in Daqing and Harbin. TABLE 4-16: CONES OF DEPRESSION IN THE GROUNDWATER AQUIFERS IN SOME MAJOR CITIES OF SRB AREA OF THE CONE OF DEPRESSION (KM²) DEPTH OF THE CONE OF DEPRESSION (M) CITY 1979 1994 1996 1998 2000 1979 1994 1996 1998 2000 Harbin 100 206 400 470 - 20.0 40.0 46.7 47.3 - Daqing 4,000 4,800 5,040 5,130 5,560 30.0 43.5 45.1 45.2 - Qiqihar - - 40 34 47 - - 8.5 8.8 9.4 Jiamusi - - 30 - - - - 9.8 - - In year 2000, groundwater pumping in Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar reached respectively 178.9, 318 and 116 million m3 which in turn resulted in a respective overexploitation of 86.6, 40.9 and 6.1 million m3. Before the total depletion of the water bodies, rapid action for the provision of new water resources is needed. 4.6.2. WATER UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY Considering that agriculture is presently consuming almost 70% of the water resources utilized in the SRB, there is no doubt that priority action in the field of water saving must first focus on this sector. Indicative irrigation water application standards in SRB are frequently doubled in the field. The frequently high losses along the distribution channels (possibly up to 50% of the water volume conveyed) and the low tariff for agricultural water in Jilin and Heilongjiang Provinces (0.02 to 0.08 RMB/m3 ) do not really act as incentive parameters for the abatement of agricultural water consumption. Reduction of water consumption in the industrial sector, even if less important in terms of volume, is also made a priority because of the pollution load attached which affect in turn the quality large volumes of water turning them unusable for several economic activities, including urban water supply. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 37 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 4.7. MAIN ISSUES ABOUT WATER RESOURCES CONTRASTED SEASONAL CONDITIONS Water utilization in the SRB is still lower than the average annual water resources estimated at about 96 bm3 . However, because of the contrasted seasonal pattern, large quantities of surface water are lost during the flood season, resulting in frequent water shortage during the dry months of the year, especially in the lower reaches of the Tao’er and Huolin rivers, known locally as the “Drought Sea”. OVEREXPLOITATION OF WATER BODIES AND WASTAGE Distribution of water transfers and storage, even if significantly developed over the last twenty years, do not always satisfy the local demand, resulting in an exaggerated pressure on groundwater resources and a rapid depletion of the water body. As shown previous industrialized cities such as Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar, urgently need incremental water soruces. Agriculture is the main user of ground and surface water resources, with almost 70% of the total water use in the SRB. Increased water tariffs as well as water wasting irrigation practices need to be reconsidered to become more an incentive for water consumption reduction. WATER QUALITY Increasing pollution of surface or underground water bodies by urban and industrial wastewater results in the progressive and increasing restriction for use over yearly larger water bodies, and consequently leads to overexploitation of water bodies still compatible for specific water uses as domestic water supply. In SRB, more than 50% of groundwater resources are already affected by pollution, with water quality of class 4 or worse. Issues related to water quality are presented in the next chapter. ECOLOGICAL WATER REQUIREMENTS Development of water intakes along the rivers in SRB has drastically reduced river discharge during critical periods and lead sometimes to the temporary drying of streams and river reaches, with subsequent destruction of the aquatic or river related ecosystems. This is particularly observed in wetland areas: from more than 110,000 km² of wetlands recorded in the early 1950s, only 26,200 km² remained in 2000, or less than one quarter. oOo SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 38 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 5. SRB WATER QUALITY SITUATION 5.1. WATER QUALITY MONITORING 5.1.1. MONITORING ORGANIZATION IN SRB Water Quality monitoring is undertaken for a number of reasons within a river basin: • Reference monitoring of ambient water quality is used to gain basic information of the changes in water quality, and to assess pollutant loads; • Monitoring for effluent control, regulation and enforcement generally of point sources of pollution such as industries, domestic wastewater, etc • Protection of functions and uses most notably in the case of sensitive uses such as potable water supplies, recreation, fisheries, etc • Early warning monitoring in the case of accidental spill of contaminants. Except the last point about early warning process, the 3 other aspects are observed in the SRB. Water quality is monitored at provincial/regional level and basin wide level. 5.1.1.1. PROVINCIAL/REGIONAL LEVEL Two agencies, the Water Resources Bureau (WRB) under the Ministry of Water Resources and the Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) under SEPA, share responsibilities for water monitoring and have each developed their own water quality monitoring network over the basin. WRB: Historically the WRB developed their own network based on the flow and level monitoring (hydraulic parameters) which is its first monitoring mission. Water quality parameters have been added on the same sampling points as hydraulic measurements, and then progressively water quality stations (sections) have been independently developed. EPB: EPB is covering the whole administrative level from provincial to counties but with an organisation and staff strictly focussing on environmental survey and protection. Monitoring water but also air and noise, EPBs have developed over China comparable methods, elaborating quality assurance program and training organisation. With the financial support of SEPA and technical advice from the China National Environmental Monitoring Centre (CNEMC), they introduced automatic water quality monitoring equipment, gaining a significant experience in this field. Monitoring at water intakes, upstream of the water treatment plant (WTP), is also carried out by both agencies EPB and WRB. Data are not shared between the two agencies and there is no communication of data with the water treatment plant operator. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 39 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 5.1.1.2. BASIN LEVEL SRBWEMC: Songliao River Basin Water Environmental Monitoring Center is also in charge of monitoring water quality of key rivers and reservoirs in a similar way than WRB but focusing on provincial boundary rivers and international rivers. Role and responsibilities of concerned agencies are detailed in the Institutional & Regulatory Analysis Report section 4.1.2 (Volume 3). 5.1.2. MONITORING ACTIVITIES 5.1.2.1. SAMPLING FREQUENCIES AND PERIODS Water Resources Agencies Frequencies and periods for water quality monitoring are defined in the Criterion of Water Environment Monitoring (SL219-98) promulgated by the Ministry of Water Resources in 1998: 1) Sampling frequencies must not be less than twelve times every year in the Changjiang and Yellow Rivers and national key sections, and sampling occurs in the middle ten days of every month. 2) The sampling frequencies of middle and small rivers must not be less than six times every year and is two times in flood level and dry periods. 3) The sampling frequencies must not be less than twelve times every year (once/month) in seriously polluted river sections flowing through city or industrial area. While there is a seasonal variation in polluted river section, the sampling frequencies and time must be adjusted properly based on heavily and lightly polluted seasons, but cannot be less than twelve times in the whole year. 4) The sampling frequencies of key water areas such as drinking water area cannot be less than twelve times every year and the confirmation of sampling time is based on specific requests. 5) The secondary sections of river system will be sampled three times every year, at least once in flood, intermediate and dry seasons. If access is difficult, sampling can be reduced but not less than one time per year. Songliao River Basin Water Environmental Monitoring Center, and Province/Autonomous Region Water Environmental Monitoring Centers and Sub-Centers carry out the monitoring twelve times per year in key monitoring river sections according to the provisions of the Criterion. The sampling frequencies of provincial level monitoring centre or sub-centre stations are six times every year (two times in the flood, intermediate and dry periods). Due to various constraints as the lack of funds, of sampling vehicles or of equipment and the natural conditions (for instance; river dry or frozen), sampling frequencies may be less than six times every year at some monitoring sections. Environmental Protection Agencies Sampling Frequencies Frequencies and periods for water quality monitoring are defined in the Technical Guideline to Environment Monitoring promulgated by the SEPA. The sampling frequencies of national-level, provincial-level and municipal-level monitoring sections of lakes and reservoirs are twelve times, six times and four times every year respectively. The sampling frequencies for drinking water sources is twelve times every year. In accordance with State-level requirement, monitoring data is officially presented to public according to 3 annual periods and yearly average: SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 40 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS • Wet period (high flow), • Dry period (ice-period),and • Normal period (a double period in fact covering spring and autumn). MWR and EPB both rely on this 3-period approach, but unfortunately, these periods do not cover the same duration and same months for such agency, making comparison of results between both agencies and sharing of information extremely difficult: • For MWR, Normal season is April-May and October-Nov. (4 months); • For EPB, it is reported to be April-May-June and October (4 months). In addition, having one season split into 2 periods (normal season includes spring months and autumn months) makes data interpretation difficult as it represents different hydrological behavior of the rivers. 5.1.2.2. MONITORING PARAMETERS REGULATION Water Resources Bureaus (WRB) According to the Criterion of Water Environment Monitoring (SL219-98), there are 23 compulsory and 18 optional parameters for river bodies, 24 compulsory and 14 optional parameters for drinking water sources. TABLE 5-1: MONITORING PARAMETER OF SURFACE WATER OF WATER RESOURCES AGNEICES COMPULSORY MONITORING PARAMETER OPTIONAL MONITORING PARAMETER Water temperature, pH value, Suspended Fluoride, dissolved solid, nitrogen, TP, solid, Total hardness, Electric Dissolved Fe, Manganese, Total zinc, conductivity, DO, CODMn, BOD5, Nitrate, Selenium, oil, Anion synthetic detergent, River Nitrite, Volatile benzene, Cyanide, Organic chlorine, Benzo(A)pyrene, Fluoride, Sulfate, Chloride, Chromium Craldehyde, Benzene, Total carbon etc. (six valance), Total Hg, Total arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Coliform group. Water temperature, pH value suspended Fe, Total manganese, Copper, Zinc, solid, Total hardness, Electric Selenium, Argentine, Turbidity, Anion conductivity, DO, COD , BOD5, Nitrate, synthetic detergent, BHC, DDT, Benzo(a) Drinking Mn Nitrite, Volatile benzene, Cyanogens, pyrene, Total α radioactivity, Total β Water Fluoride, Sulfate, Chloride, Chromium radioactivity etc. Source (six valance), Total Hg, Total arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Coliform Group, Total bacteria Water temperature, pH value, suspended Potassium, Natrium, Zinc, sulfate, chloride, matter, Total hardness, Diaphaneity, TP, Electric conductivity, Total dissolved solid, TN, DO, COD , BOD , Nitrate, Nitrite, carbon dioxide, Total alkalinity, Carbonate, Lake and Mn 5 Volatile benzene, Cyanide, Fluoride, Bicarbonate, Coliform Group etc. Reservoir Chromium (six valance),Total Hg, Total arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Chlorophyll a. Environmental Monitoring Centres According to the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water GB3838-2002, there are 24 partameters in total. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 41 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 5-2: MONITORING PARAMETER OF SURFACE WATER OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCIES MONITORING PARAMETER Water temperature, pH value, Suspended solid, Total hardness, Electric conductivity, DO, COD , BOD, Ammonia nitrogen (non-ionic ammonia), River Mn Nitrate, Nitrite, Volatile phenol, Cyanide, Arsenic, Hg, Chromium (six valance), Lead, Cadmium, Phtroleum, Water temperature, pH value, Tubidity, Total hardness, DO, CODMn, BOD, Ammonia nitrogen (non-ionic ammonia),Nitrate, Nitrite, Volatile phenol, Drinking Water Source Cyanide, Arsenic, Hg, Chromium (six valance), Lead, Cadmium, Fluoride, Total Bacteria, Coliform Group. Water temperature, pH value, suspended matter, Total hardness, Lake and Reservoir Diaphaneity, DO, CODMn, BOD, TP, TN, Volatile phenol, Cyanide, Arsenic, Hg, Chromium (six valance), Lead,Cadmium etc. SITUATION IN SRB At present, monitored parameters at basin level monitoring center follows the regulation as shown in the following Table. Due to the lack of equipment, three parameters Hg, Oil and Anion synthetic detergent are generally not monitored. Besides pollution monitoring parameters, some additional parameters such as bicarbonate, total hardness, electric conductivity, mineralization degree, fluoride etc., which basically reflect water chemical types and hydro-geochemical characteristics, may also be monitored. Monitoring centre stations at the basin and provincial level have not yet developed monitoring for toxic organic pollutants or for biological indicators reflecting the status of river basin health. TABLE 5-3: WATER QUALITY MONITORING PARAMETER AT BASIN AND PROVINCIAL LEVELS SRB HEILONGJIANG JILIN IMAR FREQUENCIES (SAMPLING/YEAR) 12 6 to 12 (1) 6 to 12 (1) 6 to 12 (2) PARAMETER (1) Water temperature √ √ √ √ (2) pH value √ √ √ √ (3) Electric conductivity √ √ √ (4) Dissolved Oxygen √ √ √ √ (5) CODMn √ √ √ √ (6) COD √ √ √ √ (7) BOD5 √ √ √ √ (8) NH3-N √ √ √ √ (9) TP √ √ √ √ (10) TN √ √ √ √ (11) Copper √ √ √ √ (12) Zinc √ √ √ (13) Fluoride √ √ √ √ (14) Selenium √ (15) Arsenic √ √ √ √ (16) Cadmium √ √ √ √ (17) Chromium (six valance) √ √ √ √ (18) Lead √ √ √ √ (19) Cyanide √ √ √ √ (20) Volatile benzene √ √ √ √ (21) Sulfide √ SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 42 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS SRB HEILONGJIANG JILIN IMAR FREQUENCIES (SAMPLING/YEAR) 12 6 to 12 (1) 6 to 12 (1) 6 to 12 (2) (22) Coliform Group √ √ (23) Mercury √ √ √ (24) Oil √ (25) Anion synthetic detergent (26) Nitrite √ √ √ (27) Nitrate √ √ √ (28) Total dissolved solid √ √ (29) suspender solid √ √ √ (30) Sulfate √ √ √ (31) Chloride √ √ √ (32) Total hardness √ √ √ (33) Fe √ √ (34) Manganese √ √ (35) Bicarbonate √ √ (36) Chlorophyll a √ (37) Diaphaneity √ (38) Total bacterium √ (39) Chromium √ Water level √ √ √ Flow √ √ √ Note: (1) Sampling occurs in January, March, May, July, September, November (2) Sampling occurs in April, May, July, August, October, December 5.1.3. MONITORING RIVER SECTIONS 5.1.3.1. SRB SECTIONS With regard to the WRBs, there are 63 monitoring sections within the SRB, which mainly are located along 37 main streams and branches. Of these, 18 stations include both hydrology and water quality measurement, 21 sections are national levels, 42 sections are provincial levels, and 14 are inter-provincial boundary sections. There are 19 monitoring sections within the Nen River catchment, of which 11 are national and 8 are provincial: six monitoring sections are located along the Main Nen River, and other 13 along the 10 main branches, such as the Tao’er and the Yalu Rivers. The Second Songhua River catchment is covered by 19 monitoring sections, 2 of which are national and 17 provincial. Seven monitoring sections are located along the main stream of the Second Songhua River and the other 12 are along the tributaries, such as the Yitong, the Erdaobai, and the Yinma Rivers. In the Main Songhua River catchment there are 25 monitoring sections, 8 of which are national and 17 provincial. Five monitoring sections are located along the main stream and 20 along tributaries such as Lalin, Mudan and Tangwang Rivers. 5.1.3.2. EPB SECTIONS 5.1.3.2.1. JILIN PROVINCE In Songhua river basin, there were 36 water quality monitoring sections, among which 15 sections are national level, 18 provincial and 3 municipal level. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 43 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 5-4: THE WATER QUALITY MONITORING SECTIONS IN MAJOR RIVERS AND LAKES IN JILIN PART OF SRB WATER SYSTEM NAME OF RIVERS NAME OF SECTIONS LEVEL OF SECTIONS Baishan Bridge Provincial Linjiang Bridge Provincial Fen-man National Longtan Bridge Provincial Jiuzhan National Mainstream of Shaokou National Secondary Songhua River Baiqi National Songhuajiang village National Zhen-jiang-kou Provincial Xu-mu-chang Provincial West Da-zhui-zi Provincial Gan-shui-gang Provincial Songhua River Yi-zha-men Provincial Huifa River Shajin Provincial Fuxin Provincial Yinma River Kao-shan-nan-lou Provincial Dam of Xin-li-cheng Reservoir National East Bridge National Yitong River Yang-jia-wai-zi Bridge National Kaoshan Bridge National Mahao Provincial Dunhua upstream Provincial Mudan River Dunhua downstream Provincial Dashan Provincial Zhenxi Bridge Provincial Nen River Taoer River Daobao Bridge Provincial River mouth of Huifa River National Hua-shu-lin-zi National Songhua Lake Xiao-huang-di National Sha-shi-hu National Da-feng-man National Songhua River Shitoukoumen Reservoir Middle stream Municipal dam National Xinlicheng Reservoir Middle stream Provincial Dam State Jingyue Lake Dam Municipal Nen River Moon Lake Lake upstream Province Source:Jilin Environmental Monitoring Yearbook 2002. 5.1.3.2.2. HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE There are 9 rivers (including the mainstream) and altogether 38 monitoring cross sections in Songhua River within Heilongjiang Province, six being National level and 32 provincial level. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 44 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 5-5: HEILONGJIANG MONITORING SECTIONS LOCATION WITHIN SRB RIVER CROSS SECTIONS LEVEL MONITORING CENTER Zhaoyuan National Zhaoyuan Environment Down Lalin confluence Provincial Monitoring Center Zhushuntun National Down Ashi confluence Provincial Harbin EMC Down Hulan confluence Provincial Dadingzishan National Mainstream of Songhua River Up Mudan confluence National Down Mudan Confluence Provincial Yilan EMC Hongkeli Provincial Up Jiamusi Provincial Down Jiamusi Provincial Jiamusi EMC Jiangmantun Provincial tongjiang National Tongjiang EMC Laha Provincial Liuyuan National Qiqihaer EMC Nen River Fushang Provincial Jiangqiao Provincial Within Nenjing Confluence Provincial Zhaoyuan EMC Guoshuchang Provincial Haiang Provincial Mudan EMC Mudan River Chaihe Railway Bridge Provincial Hualinagou Provincial Within Mudan Confluence Provincial Yilan EMC Lalin River Within Lalin Confluence Provincial Zhaoyuan EMC Harbin Environment Ashi River Within Ashi Confluence Provincial Monitoring Center Suiqing Bridge Provincial Suihua EMC Hulan River Suiwang Bridge Provincial Within Hulan Confluence Provincial Harbin EMC Beixing Provincial Taohua Reservoir Provincial QItaihe EMC Woken River Hutougou Provincial Woken Provincial Within Woken River Provincial Yilan EMC Youhao Provincial Liushu Provincial Yichun EMC Tangwang River Chenming Provincial Within Tangwang Confluence Provincial Jiamusi EMC Wutong River Within Wutong Confluence Provincial Jiamusi EMC 5.1.3.2.3. IMAR In 2003, there were 9 water quality monitoring sections in seven main river branches of Nen river system within the boundaries of IMAR. Among them, 3 were National level, 2 were Regional level and 4 were city/league level. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 45 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 5-6: IMAR MONITORING SECTION LOCATION WITHIN SRB RIVER NAME OF SECTIONS LEVEL Yalu river Zhalantun National Yaluhe river Chengjisihan National Alunhe river Xinfa Municipal Nuomin river Baoshan Municipal Ganhe river Bayan Municipal Tao’er river Silihen National Tao’er river Baliba Provincial Guiliu river Jiajiajie Provincial Chao’er river Maoligeer League level Based on the existing distribution of the pollution sources in the Nen river basin within IMAR, the present location of monitoring sections and the monitoring frequency reflect reasonably well the current status of water quality. However, the mainstream of Nen river upstream Nierji town, which is the boundary river between IMAR and Heilongjiang province over 719 km, is lacking any monitoring section. With the Nierji project completed soon and for its major role on flood prevention, water supply and water quality improvement, this situation needs correction. It has to be stressed that integrated water quality management requires information on both water quality and water quantity status. For historical reasons, part of the WRB monitoring sections are sampling for both water quality and water quantity parameters. Because EPB monitoring sections do not include water quantity issues, sharing of obtained information is of the utmost importance for integrated water quality management. Analysis of mass balances for water and key water quality parameters is severely hampered by the present lay-out of the monitoring network for quality and quantity. 5.1.3.2.4. AUTOMATIC MONITORING STATIONS SEPA has developed a network of automatic water monitoring stations considered as national level stations. Within the three concerned provinces, 4 automatic water quality monitoring stations are presently operated by SEPA in the Songhua river Basin. Two stations are in Jilin (Changchun and Baicheng) and two in Heilongjiang (Zhaoyuan and Tongjiang). There is no automatic WM station in Inner Mongolia. These 4 automatic stations, have been funded and provided by SEPA, and are considered as “national stations” sending data (daily average of each parameter to the China National Environmental Monitoring Center (Technical environmental agency of SEPA). A new automatic water monitoring station is being installed in Jilin Province, funded by JBIC, this station located in Jilin city will be referenced as a provincial station and operated by the Jilin Municipal EPB. SEPA contributes annually to the operation cost of national AWMSs that they have funded and delivered. The contribution is 150.000 Yuan/year which is covering the cost of consumables, maintenance and daily operation (confirmed by both Heilongjiang and Jilin EPB’s). In addition to the “national level Stations”, Provinces and Municipalities have also developed and supplemented this automatic monitoring network. Heilonjiang EPB developed in 1996 a collaboration with Norway funded 5 monitoring stations operated at provincial and municipal levels. However being not introduced in the national SEPA program the province had to support the operating cost of the stations. There are only two (of the five) that are still in operation today, located in Qiqihar and in Harbin. 5.1.4. LABORATORY FACILITIES SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 46 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 5.1.4.1. WATER RESOURCE BUREAU LABORATORIES Equipment facilities available are highly variable depending on the level status of the laboratory considered. Provincial centers have generally insufficient equipment, which raises difficulties to satisfy water quality monitoring requirements. TABLE 5-7: LABORATORY FACILITIES AT BASIN AND PROVINCIAL LEVELS SWEMCS HWEMCS JWEMCS IMAREMCS ESTABLISHMENT TIME 1984 1993 1994 NUMBER OF SUB-CENTRE 6 6 2 PERSONNEL 19 45 53 15 2 AREA OF LABORATORY (M ) 1500 2500 3200 700 EQUIPMENT Portable multiple parameter WQ monitoring (1) √ √ meter (2) ICP-MASS √ (3) Equal proportion WQ sampler √ (4) Gas chromatograph √ (5) Ion chromatograph √ √ (6) Atomic absorption spectrophotometer √ √ √ √ (7) UV visible spectrophotometer √ √ √ √ (8) Spectrophotometer √ √ √ (9) COD detector √ (10) BOD detector √ (11) Atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer √ √ √ (12) Biological microscope √ (13) Common microscope √ √ √ √ (14) Electronic balance √ (15) Low temperature refrigerator √ (16) PHS-3C digital acidometer √ (17) DDS-12A digital conductivity meter √ (18) Oil detector √ √ (19) TOC meter √ √ (20) GC/MS √ √ (21) Spectrophotometer √ √ √ √ (22) Acidometer √ √ √ √ (23) Conductivity meter √ √ √ √ (24) Mercury meter √ √ √ 5.1.4.2. EPB LABORATORIES 5.1.4.2.1. JILIN PROVINCE JILIN PROVINCE In SRB, 27 environmental monitoring stations are under the supervision of the Jilin Provincial EPB, among which one is at provincial level, 4 are at municipal level and 22 are at county level. The Environmental Monitoring Central Station of Jilin Province is responsible for the organization and technical instruction for the environmental monitoring work in the province. Compared with other monitoring stations, the Central Station is better equiped. Other monitoring stations carry out sampling and analysis of samples for the monitoring sections SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 47 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS located within their administrative boundary. Current water quality monitoring equipment is presented in the following table. TABLE 5-8: WATER QUALITY LABORATORY EQUIPMENT IN JILIN PROVINCE /MS ERCURY METER AS AS IL DETECTOR HROMATOGRAPH HROMATOGRAPH HROMATOGRAPH LTRAVIOLET TOMIC ABSORPTION PECTROPHOTOMETER IQUID ON CHROMATOGRAPH U TOC O SPECTROPHOTOMETER Station Name G C C C SPECTROPHOTOMETER G L I A M S Province Monitoring 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 Central Changchun 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 Jilin 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 Songyuan 1 1 1 1 1 Baicheng 1 1 1 1 Dunhua 1 1 1 1 5.1.4.2.2. HEILONGJIANG PROVINCE The Songhua River Basin part of Heilongjiang Province is covered by 10 monitoring stations, including Zhaoyuan, Yilan and Tongjiang Monitoring Stations which are directly subordinated to the provincial administration. Current water quality monitoring equipment is presented in the following table. TABLE 5-9: WATER QUALITY MONITORING EQUIPMENTS IN HEILONGJIANG MONITORING CENTRES /MS ERCURY METER AS AS IL DETECTOR HROMATOGRAPH HROMATOGRAPH HROMATOGRAPH LTRAVIOLET TOMIC ABSORPTION PECTROPHOTOMETER IQUID ON CHROMATOGRAPH G U TOC O SPECTROPHOTOMETER C C C SPECTROPHOTOMETER G L I A M S Harbin 1 4 2 2 3 3 1 2 1 5 Qiqihaer 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 Mudanjiang 1 1 1 1 2 Jiamusi 1 1 1 2 2 2 Dsaqing 1 3 2 2 Yilan 1 1 Tongjiang 1 1 1 1 1 Zhaoyuan 1 1 1 1 2 Yichun 1 1 Heilongjiang 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 Province SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 48 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 5.1.4.2.3. IMAR In 2003, there were nine water quality monitoring sections in the seven main river branches of Nen river system within the boundaries of IMAR. Among them, three sections were of state level, two autonomous level, four city (league) level respectively. The Nen river basin, is covered by 13 EPB monitoring stations among which 2 are city or league level and 11 are banner (county) level. The Hulunber city station and Xing’an league station carry out routine monitoring tasks along the river branches in this area, while the other monitoring stations lack equipment (Yakeshi, Zhalantun, Wulanhot or Kerqinqiyouyiqian) or have no equipment or activity (Molidawa, Elunchun, Zhalaite, Kerqinqiyouyizhong, etc). TABLE 5-10: WATER QUALITY MONITORING EQUIPMENTS IN MONITORING STATIONS r Monitoring Station hotomete p ectro p Spectrophotometer Electronic balance Analyses balance Conductivity meter Mercury meter Bio-chemical Culture Box Oil detector Kinemometer Monitoring vehicle Monitoring boat COD detector Refrigerator Acidometer Atomic absorption spectrophotometer Gas chromatograph Ion chromatograph Ultra-violet-visible s Hulunber 2 1 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 5 4 Xing’an League 1 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 3 Yakeshi 1 1 2 1 Zhalantun 1 1 1 2 1 Wulanhaot 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 Kerqinqiyouyiqian Banner 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 5.1.5. DATA PROCESSING, STORAGE & COMMUNICATION 5.1.5.1. WATER RESOURCE PROTECTION BUREAUS The basin and provincial level environmental monitoring centre stations/ sub-centre stations, going through quality auditing once every two years by National Measure Supervision Bureau, process data according to the requirements of national measure certification. Original experimental notes must be signed by the testing and checking staff, and checking staff must have over 5 years working experience of analysis and test. Based on the water sector program of reorganization and compilation of water environment monitoring data, output data is stored and delivered with paper letter, diskette and CD. In order to offer the situations of water quality and pollution of the SRB to relative departments, Songliao River Basin Water Environmental Monitoring Centre releases Songliao River Basin Year Report of Water Resources Quality and Songliao River Basin Monthly of Inter-Provincial Water Body Quality, and related departments, which are submitted the situations of the SRB water environment, (see Appendix 2). Provincial level water environmental monitoring centers organize their sub-centers to reorganize and compile water quality data every year, and also provide the water quality data for the management and planning, quality assessment of water resources. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 49 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 5.1.5.2. EPBS According to the regulation of SEPA and the requirements of State Environmental Monitoring Central Station (SEMCS), the management of surface water quality monitoring data is as follows: • For the control sections at national, provincial, and city level, the routine monitoring follows the national monitoring criteria. The processing and treatment of all raw data follow the methods strictly regulated by SEMCS, i.e. the processed data of each section must be reported per season (rainy season, normal season, dry season) and in average, and the data must be grouped per water system and river basin. • The provincial and municipal environmental monitoring stations are responsible for gathering the data, and compiling the Environmental Monitoring Yearbook and the Environmental Quality Report. The provincial and municipal EPBs include the water quality monitoring evaluation results as a part of Environmental Quality Gazette and report formally to the public. The monitoring data of the national level sections must be regularly reported to the SEMCS by the provincial environmental monitoring station, and is then adopted as the compiling basis of State Environmental Quality Gazette. Data are saved in both computers and paper forms. Archives are kept at all levels of monitoring centers. Files are generally transmitted in accordance with “National Environmental Quality Monitoring Data Transmitting Software (United”). Since June 2000 in Heilongjiang, National Environmental Quality Monitoring Data Managing System V1.11 is applied. The quality control is carried out according to the Provincial requirements (as for example “Technic Regulation of Heilongjiang Environment Monitoring Quality Guarantee”). The quality control sample and the standard solution provided by the Provincial Environment monitoring center are common methods used for quality control within the laboratories and between the laboratories. Automatic water monitoring stations monitor in "Real-time"; this means that the data collected in the field is reported almost simultaneously via modem communication to the data central collecting centre of the Provincial EPB and from there to the CNEMC (China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, SEPA agency collecting on line the data). The provincial agency knows almost immediately about changes in surface water quality in these critical watersheds where automatic WM are installed. Data Sharing: Local data on water quality are under the ownership of the Government and not all of them can be publicized. At present there is no sharing of data. These data are not available except to the environmental protection departments. Usually, monitored data are submitted to the superior monitoring centers by the local ones. Except the average data of each water period, data are presented to the other departments against payment. At present the use of monitored data is too limited. This situation needs improvement for better and wider use of these data, and to support real integrated water quality management requiring information from various departments. In Inner Mongolia, monitoring stations have been qualified for the metrological certification by the “Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region’s Metrology Service”. The whole monitoring procedure follows the requirements of the “Technical Criterion on Surface Water and Sewage Monitoring” ; all the analysis are carried out in accordance with corresponding standards and the results released after three levels of control and auditing. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 50 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS National Environment Monitoring Center (EMC) Provincial EPB Provincial EMC Station Automatic Monitoring Municipal Monitoring Stations Centers County Level EMC FIGURE 5-1: DATA REPORTING PROCESS OF DIFFERENT LEVEL MONITORING STATIONS 5.2. PAST AND PRESENT SITUATION AND TRENDS OF WATER QUALITY IN SRB 5.2.1. SRB WATER QUALITY LONGITUDINAL PROFILES Existing situation of WQ in SRB may be appreciated from the latest available information related to year 2003, which has been used to prepare the longitudinal water quality profiles in the three main rivers in Songhua basin, being the Nen, the Second Songhua and the main Songhua river. The description of the water quality profiles is based on the information for BOD5, dissolved oxygen (DO) and CODMn. The description of the water quality situation is mainly based on the data from EPB, although some data of WRPB have been used to verify the overall picture. For the observations regarding ammonium (NH4-N), there is a consistent and significant difference between the obtained information from EPB and WRPB that has to be thoroughly analyzed as soon as possible. More details about the comparison of EPB-WRPB are provided in chapter 5.3.2.5. It is striking that, with some exceptions in January and February, water quality was reasonably constant through out 2003. This was most probably related to presence of the many man- made reservoirs in the upstream tributaries and rivers with considerable residence time, and the rather constant waste load from domestic and industrial point sources. As the Nierji reservoir in the upstream Nen River was not yet operational, the concentrations over the year 2003 have been much more variable in this part of the river basin. The most important exception to this observation is the variation of the dissolved oxygen concentration along the main Songhua River, with a steep decrease during January and SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 51 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS February 2003. The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration occurred just upstream of Jiamusi with values around 2 mg/l (Class 5). 5.2.1.1. NEN RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES The situation in the Nen River is significantly better than in the other 2 catchments. Only Yalu river and Tao’er river flow through dense urban areas (Zhalantun city and Wulanhaote city), receiving industrial and domestic wastewater. Except these two polluted branches, all other rivers basically show low pollution levels. Only a limited amount of anthropogenic waste water is discharged into the branches of the Nen river basin at sections of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region such as the rivers Gen, Nanweng, Hannuo, Guli, Duobukuer, Gan, Nuomin, Alun and Tao’er. The local EPB has set up monitoring cross sections in the downstream part of these major tributaries of the Nen river. Water quality meets the Class 2 or 3 surface water quality standards. The deterioration of the water quality situation within these tributaries is generally minor, if the downstream water quality is compared with the upstream water quality situation. The Zhalantun cross section in Yalu river also shows an almost unpolluted upstream water quality situation, with slightly increased COD concentrations that are varying over the year (1 – 4 mg/l), while ammonium concentrations are a bit higher in the rainy season and a related small decrease of dissolve oxygen in that period. Downstream of Zhalantun, the Yali river is heavily polluted and, consequently, the water quality changes from Class 3 to Class 4 levels in Chengjisihan. Pollution originates from industrial pollution sources with a rather constant waste load over the year, resulting in a deteriorated water quality situation in the dry season. The Tao’er River runs through Ulanhot city. Therefore, downstream of Ulanhot increased concentrations of COD and ammonia nitrogen are observed at Silihen cross section, revealing the fact that it is affected by organic pollution. The water quality situation along the Nen River itself is indicated in Figure 5-2, which also presents the situation in the downstream main Songhua River. The dissolved oxygen situation shows slightly decreasing DO concentrations in a downstream direction due to the decay processes of organic pollutants in waste water discharges from upstream sewers and industries. Remarkable is the low dissolved oxygen concentrations in the dry season (January – February 2003), when concentrations drop until 4 mg/l (Class 3) in the Liuyuan section (H21), which is probably due to the low dilution capacity and the low self-purification due to the low temperature. The CODMn concentrations in the Nen river proper show rather variable concentrations for Liuyuan (H21) and Jiangqiao (H18) between 1 mg/l in the January and February (Class 1) and 13 mg/l in August (Class 5), but very constant and almost equal concentrations at section Baishantan: the monitoring results from EPB only vary between 5 and 6 mg/l (Class 3) during the year 2003. The ammonium (NH4-N) concentrations are generally below 1 mg/l (Class 1), except for the dry period where at sections Jiangqiao (H18) and Baishantan (J30) concentrations up to 3 mg/l (Class 5) have been observed. No specific trend in downstream directions can be found. 5.2.1.2. SECOND SONGHUA The water quality profile of the upstream section of the Second Songhua is included in Figure 5-3, which also includes the same downstream section of the main Songhua River for the reason of continuity. The monitoring sections include Longtanqiao in the river reach downstream of Songhua Lake and upstream of Jilin city, the Jiuzha section near Jilin city, and the Xidazuizi section near Songyuan city. The water quality situation is mainly determined by the upstream Songhua Lake and the waste water discharges of Jilin city. The EPB monitoring results indicate an almost constant concentration of CODMn (Class 4) and ammonium nitrogen (Class 3-5) over the year 2003. In a SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 52 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS downstream direction, a slowly decreasing dissolved oxygen concentration (Class 1-2), an increasing ammonium concentration (from Class 2 till Class 4) and an almost constant concentration of CODMn (Class 4) is observed. No real change in water quality could be observed after the confluence with the Yitong river. This picture is confirmed by the available WRPB monitoring results. According to local specialists, the increase of ammonium is partially related to agricultural activities in that reach. The most polluted river reach in the Second Songhua river basin is the Yitong River, which is due to the waste water discharges from Changchun city and the absence of almost any dilution capacity from upstream. Therefore, the Yitong River downstream of Changchun can presently be regarded at an open sewer. The lack of dilution capacity in the Yitong is due to the small natural discharge in the river and the use of water from the reservoir just upstream Changchun almost exclusively for drinking water purposes. Installing sufficient treatment capacity in and around the city of Changchun will only partly solve this situation, as the waste water discharges from treatment facilities may still contain substantial concentrations of pollutants, depending on the type of treatment that is installed. The water quality situation along the Yitong itself is indicated in Figure 5-4, which also presents the situation in the downstream section of the Second Songhua and the main Songhua River. As these figures indicate, the water quality at Kaoshan Bridge (section J22), which is far downstream of Changchun city, is severely deteriorated with CODMn concentrations of 50 mg/l and more and ammonium concentrations of over 20 mg/l (worse than Class 5). Consultants have also checked the water quality data from WRPB, as no other monitoring results for 2003 could be obtained from EPB for the Yitong. The WRPB results indicate that the water quality upstream of the Xinlicheng reservoir in the Yitong is already seriously deteriorated. This situation is alarming, because the Xinlicheng reservoir is used for drinking water production of Changchun. The water quality in the reservoir itself seems acceptable, although the two available samples for CODMn in April and August 2003 are just below 6 mg/l (Class 3). This calls for concerted actions to decrease the upstream waste water discharge. Near Changchun the water quality is significantly worse than Class 5 due to untreated waste water discharges. Further downstream, the Yitong near Nongan just before the confluence with the Second Songhua River, the water quality is still bad and out of Class 5. 5.2.1.3. SONGHUA MAINSTREAM The water quality situation in the main Songhua River is presented in the following profile figures. The variation of water quality over the entire reach of the main Songhua is not that great. This is probably related to presence of the many man-made reservoirs in the upstream part of the basin which have a regulating effect on this downstream river discharge, combined with the rather constant waste load from domestic and industrial point sources. The exception is the dissolved oxygen concentration along the main Songhua River, which continuously decreases from the upstream Harbin until Jamusi which is not reflected in the CODMn and the ammonium nitrogen concentrations. The minimum dissolved oxygen concentrations occur around the confluence with the Mudan River with values around 2 mg/l (Class 5). It is remarkable that no significant deterioration of the water quality situation downstream of Harbin could be observed. Given the large waste water discharges from domestic and industrial point sources, an increase of CODMn and ammonium concentrations can be expected, and consequently a decrease of the dissolved oxygen concentration. This last phenomenon is to some extent visible, although only during the dry period. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 53 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 14 DO concentration profile along the Nen and main Songhua River (EPB) Jan Feb May 12 Jun July Aug 10 Sept Oct 8 6 concentration (mg/l) concentration 4 2 0 H21 H18 J30 H36 H33 H25 H27 H28 H32 H35 H26 Liuyuan Jiangqiao Baishantan Zhaoyuan Zhushuntun D/S Ashi River Dadingzishan U/S Mudan R. U/S Jiamusi D/S Tongjia 14 Jan CODMn concentration profile along the Nen and main Songhua River (EPB) Feb May 12 Jun July Aug 10 Sept Oct 8 6 concentration (mg/l) 4 2 0 H21 H18 J30 H36 H33 H25 H27 H28 H32 H35 H26 8 Jan NH4-N concentration profile along the Nen and main Songhua River (EPB) Feb 7 May Jun July 6 August Sept 5 Oct 4 3 concentration (mg/l) 2 1 0 H21 H18 J30 H36 H33 H25 H27 H28 H32 H35 H26 FIGURE 5-2: LONGITUDINAL PROFILES FOR NEN & MAIN SONGHUA RIVERS - DO, COD, NH3-N SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 54 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 14 Jan DO concentration profile along the Second Songhua and main Songhua River (EPB) Feb 12 May Jun July Aug 10 Sept Oct 8 6 concentration (mg/l) concentration 4 2 0 J08 J09 J13 H36 H33 H25 H27 H28 H32 H35 H26 Longtanqiao Jiuzha Xidazuiz Zhaoyuan Zhushuntun DS Ashi R. Dadingzisha US Mudan R. US Jiamusi DS Jiamusi Tongjiang 14 CODMn concentration profile along the Second Songhua and main Songhua River (EPB) 12 10 8 6 concentration (mg/l) concentration Jan Feb 4 May Jun July 2 August Sept Oct 0 J08 J09 J13 H36 H33 H25 H27 H28 H32 H35 H26 8 Jan Feb NH4-N concentration profile along the Second Songhua and main Songhua River (EPB) 7 May Jun July 6 August Sept Oct 5 4 3 (mg/l) concentration 2 1 0 J08 J09 J13 H36 H33 H25 H27 H28 H32 H35 H26 FIGURE 5-3: LONGITUDINAL PROFILES FOR SECOND SONGHUA RIVER - DO, COD, NH3-N SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 55 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 14 Jan DO concentration profile along the Yitong and main Songhua River (EPB) Feb May 12 Jun July 10 Aug Sept Oct 8 6 concentration (mg/l) 4 2 0 J22J13H36H33H25H27H28H32H35H26 Kaoshan Bridge Xidazuizi Zhaoyuan Zhushuntun DS Ashi River Dadingzishan US Mudan R. US Jiamusi DS Jiamusi Tongjiang 80 Jan COD concentration profile along the Yitong and main Songhua River (EPB) Mn Feb 70 May Jun 60 July August Sept 50 Oct 40 30concentration (mg/l) 20 10 0 J22J13H36H33H25H27H28H32H35H26 30 Jan NH4-N concentration profile along the Yitong and main Songhua River (EPB) Feb May 25 Jun July August Sept 20 Oct 15 concentration (mg/l) 10 5 0 J22 J13 H36 H33 H25 H27 H28 H32 H35 H26 FIGURE 5-4: LONGITUDINAL PROFILES FOR YTONG RIVER - DO, COD, NH3-N SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 56 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 5.2.2. SRB WATER QUALITY - PAST TRENDS 5.2.2.1. SELECTION OF WQ MONITORING SECTIONS The assessment of changes in trends is based on the comparison of WQ situations observed in 1990, 1995 and 2000 for the long term, and on the comparison of situations observed in 2001, 2002 and 2003 (last year for data availability) for the short term trends. Particular attention was given to the re-qualification of the WQ Class for all these years based on a common standard (the latest Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water GB3838-2002) in order to work on comparable quality classes. As most of the raw data on water quality are classified and were thus not accessible to the TA Consultant (nor to the PMO), the comparative work is based on seasonal average, (the only publicized data), including dry (icing), intermediate and wet periods. The information available is not always comprehensive, and some monitoring periods are still missing for some sections, because of several constraints as the lack of budget or equipment and also difficulties to reach some sections during the winter period. 5.2.2.2. WATER QUALITY CLASS DATA PRESENTATION Data on water quality class scores have been collected in representative monitoring sections of the 3 main catchments (Songhua Mainstream, Second Songhua and Nen). Monitoring sections selected are managed either by the EPBs or the WRBs. Data compiled and analyzed are presented in the following two tables. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 57 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Table 5-11: Information on Water Quality Class of Key EPB Monitoring Sections GIS Provin- 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 Basin River Section Name Objective Ref. No ce D M W D M W D M W D M W D M W D M W Lalin Lalin confluence H12 HLJ IV <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Mudanjiang - HLJ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅲ << D/S Dunhua - JL <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Mudan Hailong - HLJ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ Mudan conflu. H17 HLJ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Chai River H15 HLJ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <<Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ashi Ashi confluence H01 HLJ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ V <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Hulan Hulan confl. H11 HLJ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅲ Wutong Wutong confl. H47 HLJ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ — <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ — Ⅳ Ⅳ — Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Harbin - HLJ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅱ Zhaoyuan H36 HLJ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ D/S Lalin confl. H34 HLJ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅱ Zhushuntun H33 HLJ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ D/S Ashi confl. H25 HLJ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ IVER R D/S Hulan confl H37 HLJ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Main- Dadingzishan H27 HLJ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ ONGHUA stream S U/S Mudan conf H28 HLJ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ AIN D/S Mudan conf H29 HLJ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ M Hongkeli H30 HLJ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Up Jiamusi H32 HLJ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Down Jiamusi H35 HLJ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Jiangnantun H31 HLJ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Tongjiang H26 HLJ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Hailang Hailang H07 HLJ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ Sanguliu H09 HLJ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Heli Hegang - HLJ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Yichun - HLJ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅱ Youhao H38 HLJ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅲ Tangwang Tangwang conf H41 HLJ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ — Ⅴ Ⅴ — Ⅴ Ⅴ — Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Chenming H60 HLJ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Anbang Guntuling H03 HLJ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Qitaihe - HLJ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅱ Woken Woken Confl. H45 HLJ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ — Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ — Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Woken H44 HLJ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Hongqi Hongqi H56 HLJ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Reservoir Reservoir Zhongchukou - HLJ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Anzhaoxin Daqing - HLJ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ — <Ⅴ <Ⅴ — <Ⅴ <Ⅴ — <Ⅴ Ⅴ — <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅲ SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 58 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS (Continued) GIS PROVIN 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 BASIN RIVER SECTION NAME OBJECTIVE REF. N° -CE D M W D M W D M W D M W D M W D M W Daobao Bridge J33 JL Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅲ Zhenxi Bridge JL Ⅲ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Tao'er Baliba N09 IMAR <Ⅴ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅲ Siliken N02 IMAR <Ⅴ Ⅰ Ⅱ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅱ <Ⅴ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅳ Zhalantun N05 IMAR Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅳ Ⅲ Yalu Chengjisihan N03 IMAR Ⅰ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅰ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Gan Bayan N06 IMAR Ⅰ Ⅲ IVER R Nuomin Baoshan N04 IMAR Ⅰ Ⅲ EN N Alun Xinfa N07 IMAR Ⅱ Ⅲ Chao'er Maoligeer N01 IMAR Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅲ Liuyuan H21 HLJ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Fuxia H20 HLJ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅳ Mainstream Nen confluence H23 HLJ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ Qiqihar HLJ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ Yizamen JL Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Huifa Fuxing JL Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Shajin J44 JL Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Baiqi J10 JL Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Baishan Bridge JL Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Linjiang Bridge J41 JL Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Fengman J07 JL Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Longtan Bridge JL Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ IVER R Jiuzhan J09 JL Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Mainstream Shaokou J11 JL Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Songhuajiang ONGHUA JL Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅲ S Village Zhenjiangkou JL Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅲ ECOND Xumuchang J12 JL Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ S Xidazuizi J13 JL Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ 2nd Songhua H06 HLJ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ confluence Ganshuigang J15 JL Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Yitong Yangjiawaizi JL <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Shuichang dam J20 JL Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Yinma Kaoshan Bridge J22 JL < < < < < < < < < < < < < < Kaoshannanlou J23 JL <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 59 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 5-12: INFORMATION ON WATER QUALITY CLASS OF KEY WRPB MONITORING SECTIONS GIS Ref. 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 Basin Tributary Section Name Objective No D M W D M W D M W D M W D M W D M W Kumotun Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ A'yanqian Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Fula'er'ji 31 Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Main- Baishatan Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ stream Da'an 29 Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Liuyuan Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ Jiangqiao Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Liujiatun 14 Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Gan Jiagedaqi Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅲ Nian'zi'shan Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Yalu Zhalantun Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅲ Nen River Bei'an Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ Wuyu'er Yi'an Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ Nuomin Guchengzi Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Chao'er Liangjiazi 3 Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Yueliangpao Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Tao'er Reservoir Suolun Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅱ Tuliemaodu Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅰ Ⅳ Ⅰ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅱ Huolin Baiyunhushuo Ⅰ Ⅰ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Hongshi 8 Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Main- Reservoir stream Jilin Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Main- Songyuan 7 <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ River stream Huifa Huadian <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅱ Second Songhua Yinma Kaoshantun 63 <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Xiadaiji Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Tonghe Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Main- stream Yilan Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Harbin(Cement Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ Plant) Caijiagou 23 <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Lalin Shenjiaying Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅱ Wuchang Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ashi A'cheng <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Tieli Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ Hulan Qinjia 17 Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅳ Lanxi Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅲ Main Songhua River Changjiangtun Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅱ Shitou Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Mudan Mudanjiang Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅱ Ⅳ Ⅲ Chaihe Bridge Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅲ Wuying <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅱ Tangwang Yixin Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ <Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Chenming Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅲ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅳ <Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅳ Ⅴ <Ⅴ Ⅲ Ⅴ Ⅴ Note: Monitoring sections of Jilin WRB are not included. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 60 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 5.2.2.3. RECENT TRENDS IN WATER QUALITY The analysis of recent trends is based on the comparison of the water quality Class scores between 2000 and 2003 during the dry period, the most sensitive to pollution. NEN RIVER In the Nen river, only the sections located near Qiqihar show a significant deterioration between 2000 and 2001, but remain stable during the following years. The tributaries do not show contrasted changes from one year to the other. The water quality situation of Yalu river upstream Zhalantun (Zhalantun section) and Tao’er river upstream Wulanhaote remained stable and of good quality from 2001 to 2003, without significant changes. Downstream of these two cities, river water quality decreases to Classes 4 or 5. The water quality of Gan river, Nuomin river, Alun river and Chaoer river satisfy Class 2. No trend analysis can be done as monitoring for these rivers started only in 2003. SECOND SONGHUA Since water pollution prevention and control was strengthened in the river basin in 2001, especially control of industrial pollution sources, the water quality of all reaches was better. The water quality of the 3 downstream monitoring sections could meet Class 3. Since industrial and domestic pollution in Jilin city have not yet been controlled, the water quality situation is not stable. The water quality in certain sections in specific years (e.g. Songhuajiang village and Zhenjiangkou in 2003) has deteriorated significantly. There are no significant changes in the water quality of the major branches of Second Songhua (Yinma, Yitong and Huifa rivers) except some tendency to deterioration in Huifa river recently , probably resulting from increased discharge of industrial wastewater and urban sewage. MAIN SONGHUA Regarding the Main Songhua, no short term trend can be highlighted as the low water quality of the system remains to Class 5 or worse. SRB The analysis of the percentage of monitored river length dedicated to the various Water Quality Classes has been carried out and is presented in the following table. Similarly to previous conclusions, this approach does not lead to clear trends in water quality in intermediate and wet season. However, in the dry season there is an apparent increase in percentage of the lower classes (5 and worse) between 2001 and 2003 for most streams. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 61 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 5-13: DISTRIBUTION OF WQ CLASSES AS A PERCENT OF MONITORED RIVER LENGTH DRY SEASON CLASS INTERMEDIATE SEASON CLASS WET SEASON CLASS RIVERS YEAR I II III IV V 2001 18 27 25 12 13 56 11.9 12 69 Songhua 2002 8 13 20 50 81 10 89 11 Mainstream 2003 32 15 44 8 67 17 5 46 40 2001 62 11 13 11 100 100 Nen RIver 2002 15 74 11 51 39 11 89 11 2003 50 24 11 15 89 11 22 56 22 2001 49 30 22 73 27 27 27 46 Mudan 2002 27 51 22 100 78 22 RIver 2003 78 22 11 89 22 56 22 2001 49 30 22 73 27 27 27 46 Hulan 2002 27 27 46 27 27 46 27 73 River 2003 27 27 46 54 46 32 68 2001 100 100 100 Ashi River 2002 100 100 100 2003 100 100 100 2001 29 29 71 29 71 Woken 2002 39 29 71 100 River 2003 39 29 71 32 68 2001 100 100 100 Wutong 2002 100 100 100 RIver 2003 100 100 100 2001 34 65 67 33 13 87 Tangwang 2002 53 47 31 69 18 82 River 2003 53 35 12 13 87 13 87 5.2.2.4. LONG-TERM TRENDS Tentative identification of long term trends in Water Quality has been carried out by comparing situations observed in 1990, 1995, 2000, together with some general information over the last ten years. The following graphic of average COD and Ammonia at the outlet of the SRB demonstrates in a general manner how water quality has been degrading over the period 1994~2003. FIGURE 5-5: TREND OF AVERAGE COD AND AMMONIA AT THE OUTLET OF THE SONGHUA RIVER BASIN SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 62 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS SECOND SONGHUA Water quality of key monitoring sections in the mainstream of Second Songhua ranges from Class 3 to Class 5 and even worse from Year 1990 to 2003. In general, water quality upstream of Songhua Lake ranges between Class 3 and Class 4. Because of the intensive industrial and urban development in Jilin City, resulting in the release of high volumes of industrial wastewater and urban sewage in the river system, the river reach between Jiuzhan section and Baiqi section is highly polluted. Despite the implementation of pollution reduction programs for several years, monitoring results do not clearly show any significant improvement in the river water quality. In general, the water quality in all sections monitored did not meet the requirements of their respective zone function class target. As an important branch of Second Songhua, Yinma River’s is particularly affected downstream by its highly polluted branch the Yitong river which receives most of the urban and industrial pollution load produced by Changchun city. Consequently, the water quality at the monitoring section of Kaoshananlu does not meet Class 5. In the Yitong river itself, the situation is even worse because of the limited natural flow observed downstream the Xinlicheng reservoir. As a branch to Songhua Lake and due to increased discharge of industrial wastewater and urban sewage, Huifa river water quality worsened in recent years and cannot even meet Class 5. NEN RIVER According to the water quality evaluation results from 1990 to 2000, the major pollutants of Tao’er River are CODMn, BOD5 and SS. Except in 2000, the water quality of Tao’er River satisfies its function zoning requirements and the water quality didn’t change significantly during this ten years period. The water quality of the two monitored sections (Zhalantun and Bliba) of Yalu river and Tao’er river during period 1990-2000 satisfy Class 2 without significant changes. The reaches of Yalu River downstream of Zhalantun city are severely polluted, as observed at the Gengiskhan section where the water quality seems to have shifted from Class 1-3 in 1990 to worse than Class 5 since 2000. MAIN SONGHUA Also for the Songhua Mainstream, the comparison between the 3 milestone years does not raise clear evidence of any trend towards Water Quality improvement. 5.2.2.5. WATER QUALITY DATA COMPARISON 5.2.2.5.1. COMPARING EPB AND WRPB WATER QUALITY RESULTS The available data for the year 2003 from both EPB and WRPB have been used to compare the water quality measurements of both organizations. Unfortunately, WRPB has only measured in April and August 2003, while EPB for some reason took monthly samples except for April. Therefore, only the results for August 2003 at specific sections could be compared. Moreover, EPB sampled at August 5 and WRPB at August 15. Also, comparable sections are mostly situated in the Nen river basin. Although these differences make a comparison somewhat risky, the results are still presented in this chapter. There are only a few monitoring sections of EPB and WRPB that are almost at the same location. These are presented in the following table. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 63 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 5-14: EPB AND WRPB CORRESPONDING STATIONS RIVER / REACH EPB SECTION – CODE WRPB SECTION – CODE Nen (near Qiqihar) Liuyuan – H21 Liuyuan – 30 Nen river (downstream Qiqihar) Jiangqiao – H18 Jiangqiao – 32 Nen river (upstream Tao’er) Baishatan – J30 Baishatan – 33 Main Songhua (border) Tongjiang – H26 Tongjiang – 42 Second Songhua (downstream) Xidazuizi – J13 Songyuan – 7 Tao’er (Nen basin) Silihen – N02 Zhenxi – 44 Yalu (Nen basin) Chengjisihan – N03 Nianzishan – 54 The overall conclusion is that the results for dissolved oxygen are more or less comparable, that there are significant differences for CODMn, and incomparable results for ammonium (NH4- N). The results for these 3 substances are presented in the following figures. The differences for ammonium nitrogen indicate that EPB results are roughly a factor 2 higher than WRPB results, with concentrations levels up to 18 mg/l at the downstream end of the Yitong River in the Second Songhua basin. Differences for CODMn relate to monitoring results in Liuyuan, Jiangqiao and Chengjisihan in the Nen basin. However, it is stressed that it is almost impossible to draw conclusions from the comparison of only 2 samples that have been taken with a time-difference of 10 days. Still the differences for the results of ammonium are observed in almost each of the 7 sections and should therefore be analyzed as soon as possible. Another conclusion from this comparison is that both EPB and WRPB should join forces to optimize their monitoring networks in such a way that results can be compared and shared to improve integrated water quality management in practice. Although their monitoring networks have partly different purposes, combining or sharing part of their networks would be beneficial for both organizations and improve the reliability and accuracy of the obtained information (QA/QC quality assurance & quality control). Uniform sampling frequencies, sampling locations (including the exact position in the cross section), sampling methods, sampling preservation and laboratory analysis procedures would also be beneficial. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 64 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 9,0 8,8 Comparison of DO measurements from EPB (5 August 2003) and WRPB (15 /8/ 2003) 8,2 8,0 7,9 EPB WRPB 8,0 7,8 7,5 7,6 6,9 7,0 7,0 6,8 6,8 6,7 6,3 6,0 5,7 5,0 4,0 concentration (mg/l) 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 H21 30 H18 32 J30 33 H26 42 J13 7 N02 44 N03 54 Xidazuizi/Songyuan Chengjisihan/Nianzishan Liuyuan Jiangqiao Baishatan Tongjiang Silihen /Zhenxi 14,0 Comparison of CODMn measurements from EPB (5 August 2003) and WRPB (15 /8/ 2003) 12,8 12,8 EPB WRPB 12,0 10,0 9,2 7,9 8,0 6,5 6,5 6,3 6,2 6,0 5,7 5,8 concentration (mg/l) concentration 5,0 4,2 4,3 4,0 3,3 2,0 0,0 H21 30 H18 32 J30 33 H26 42 J13 7 N02 44 N03 54 1,2 1,1 EPB WRPB Comparison of NH4-N measurements from EPB (5 August 2003) and WRPB (15 August 2003) 1,0 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,8 0,6 0,6 0,6 0,5 concentration (mg/l) concentration 0,4 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,1 0,0 H21 30 H18 32 J30 33 H26 42 J13 7 N02 44 N03 54 Figure 5-6: COMPARISON OF EPB AND WRPB DATA FOR SOME SELECTED SECTIONS SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 65 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 5.2.2.5.2. COMPARING EPB AND WRPB WATER QUALITY CLASSES Based on seasonal water quality class scores of monitoring stations operated by EPBs and WRBs, two sets of maps have been prepared which present an interpretation of 2003 water quality of SRB river sections in dry, intermediate and wet periods. These maps are presented in the Map Volume of this report in Figures 20.1 to 20.3 (based on EPB stations) and 21.1 to 21.3 (based on WRB stations). Rapid comparison of the two sets of data and maps raises several discrepancies in the interpretation of present water quality by both Agencies, as presented in the following table with a comparative analysis of results for the main river reaches and for each season period. TABLE 5-15 : COMPARED WQ CLASSES FROM EPB & WRPB (YEAR 2003) DRY SEASON CLASS INTERMEDIATE WET SEASON CLASS RIVER BRANCH SEASON WQ CLASS (Note: u/s = upstream, d/s = downstream) EPB WRPB EPB WRPB EPB WRPB Nen u/s Gan confluence III III III III III III Nen u/s Qiqihar IV II III III IV Differences of 1 or 2 WQ Class levels are particularly frequent. The most probable explanations, aside from possible minor differences in sampling and analysis practices, are that the sampling dates and frequency do not correspond and the location of monitoring station is not representative for the full river reach. A serious improvement in the optimized distribution and sampling dates and frequency of the monitoring stations of both networks is probably the first important step towards an harmonization of the results. 5.2.3. THE ISSUE OF MICRO-ORGANIC POLLUTANTS Presence of micro-organic pollutants in the Songhua River has been revealed by several local studies conducted mainly in Heilongjiang Province by the EPB Provincial Research Institute in 2000, 2002 and 2004; these studies confirm the increasing level of hazardous contamination of the river and of the related drinking water sources. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 66 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Micro-pollutants have potentially detrimental effects on fauna, on flora and on public health. A large number of these complex components are highly toxic and some are even known as carcinogenic. They contribute to the degradation of the water ecosystems. Some of them accumulate in living organisms (bio concentration) and pass through the food chain. They result in significant damage to biological balances. Investigating the fate of the micro-organic pollutants in the environment (e.g., endocrine disrupting chemicals, dioxins and pharmaceuticals), and elucidating their toxic effect mechanisms onto the human health and eco-systems using state-of-the-art analytical methodologies and bio-assays, is one of the challenges that the Songhua river basin management has to face (as clearly identified as such in the TOR of this TA); There is a 5-month icing period in the Songhua River in most of the Basin. Water quality data evaluation shows that, during the icing period, the organic pollution is evidently more serious than during the non-icing period. Reasons for the seriousness of pollution particularly by organics in the icing period are: • Low temperature leads to low speed of decomposition of organic pollutants; • The coverage of ice prevents the organic pollutants from volatilizing and photolyzing; • The coverage of ice hampers the re-aeration process to transfer oxygen from the atmosphere to the surface water system; • The low river discharge in the icebound period comparatively diminishes the dilution capacity and consequently increases the concentration of pollutants in the water. • The biochemical treatment in the sewage works is less or even inefficient during the winter period. It is reported that treatment plants even stop operating in this period. From the EPB Provincial Research Institute study dated 2000, research carried out from 1997 to 1999 showed that the water of Songhua River above the Sifangtai section was seriously polluted. There were 191 kinds of micro organic pollutants in the river, 46 of which are considered as toxic substances. Due to the specific weather conditions and also due to quite high levels of waste water discharge containing such micro-organics in the Songhua River, the micro-organic substances are non-decomposing and can therefore be transported over a long distance. The research investigation also demonstrates that there are fewer organic pollutants in the tributaries than in the Songhua River. The total discharge of pollution sources along the tributaries is limited and thus the total amount of organic pollutants from the tributaries into the Songhua River is also limited. The underground water of the river bank is replenished with river water. An investigation on this water was carried out in Zhaoyuan. Some 133 types of micro-organic pollutants were found in the water and 45 types of organic pollutants were found in the body of fish from Songhua River. The Ames experiment on the fish body from Songhua River turned out to be positive. One of the major threats for the Heilongjiang Province is the pollution of the main raw drinking water source for Harbin City. Pollutant discharges from industrial areas upstream of Songhua River are suspected to contribute to this pollution. According to the same study, among 178 types of organic pollutants detected in the Sifangtai section of Songhua River, some 38 of which have already been considered in the literature as potentially toxic depending on their concentration. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 67 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 5-16: MAIN MICRO-ORGANIC POLLUTANTS FOUND IN HARBIN DRINKING WATER SOURCE CHEMICAL GROUPS TYPE NUMBER % OF TOTAL Hydrocarbons 21 11.8 Phthalein acid ester 8 4.5 Phenol 6 9.0 Alcohol ether 4 2.2 Aldehyde and ketone 20 11.2 Organic acid ester 5 2.8 Halohydrocarbons 9 5.1 Chlorobenzenes 30 16.9 Amines 17 9.6 PAH 40 22.5 Heterocyclic compounds 8 4.5 Studies on micro organic pollutants are still at the level of research works which need confirmation and further assessment prior to being considered for any specific action plan. Concerning monitoring of these micro-organic pollutants, there is not yet existing standard for water bodies so far in China and not yet systematic monitoring requirement. According to Harbin Municipal EPB, the largest drinking water treatment plants are equipped with GC-MS instruments and are supposed to monitor from time to time the presence of micro- organic pollutants. However, there is no data sharing between laboratories or experts, which is still a limiting factor to potential actions in this critical field. 5.3. WATER QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER As presented in Chapter 4, the shallow groundwater of SRB is mainly distributed in the Song- Nen Plain in Jilin Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Heilongjiang Province and also in the Sanjiang Plain (also called “Three Rivers Plain”) in Heilongjiang province, but which is mainly located outside the limits of the SRB. This chapter describes the water quality condition of underground water and is based on data related to year 2000. 5.3.1. CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDWATER 5.3.1.1. CHEMICAL TYPES OF GROUNDWATER In the SRB plain region, the HCO3-Ca type of groundwater is the most widely observed (77.44% of the total area of the Basin plain region), accompanied by some secondary types as presented in the following table. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 68 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 5-17: GROUNDWATER CHEMICAL TYPE AREAS IN THE SRB PLAIN REGION ND NEN RIVER 2 SONGHUA MS SONGHUA TOTAL Total Plain Area (km²) 118,339 17,664 76,088 212,091 Area (km2) 95,992 11,754 56,496 164,242 HCO3-Ca Area (%) 81.12 66.54 74.25 77.44 Area (km2) 5,448 1,573 11,865 18,886 HCO3-SO4 Area (%) 4.60 8.91 21.00 8.90 Area (km2) 0 546 804 1350 HCO3-SO4-Cl Area (%) 0.00 3.09 0.74 0.63 Area (km2) 16,899 1,904 6,923 25,726 HCO3-Cl Area (%) 14.28 16.20 9.10 12.13 Area (km2) 0 1,888 0 1,888 Cl Area (%) 0.00 10.69 0.00 0.89 5.3.1.2. DISTRIBUTION OF GROUNDWATER MAIN CHARACTERISTICS Mineralization of groundwater is low with about 85 % of the SRB plain area presenting a groundwater mineralization degree less than 1mg/l. Only 13.16% of the area shows a mineralization degree between 1 and 2 mg/l, mainly located in the Nen River catchment. The area of groundwater with mineralization degree of 2-3 mg/L is very limited (0.59% of the total basin), and is located in the Second Songhua catchment. Similarly, over about 83% of the SRB plain area, water presents a hardness less than 450 mg/l. About 97% of the plain area has groundwater with pH between 6.5 and 8.5. Some areas with more acidic water (pH 5.5 to 6.5) are observed in Heilongjiang Province, including Harbin City, Acheng City, YanShou County, Tonghe County, Shuang Yashan City, Suihua City and other places in the Main Songhua River catchment. Other limited areas show water with more alkaline pH (8.0 to 8.5), mainly located in Jilin Province, including Nong’an County, Qian’an County and Chang Ling County Hydrogeochemical abnormalities observed refer mainly to iron and fluorine abnormal high content which results from the geological environment. Iron high content is observed near Qiqihar City, Daqing City, Songyuan City, Harbin City, Suihua on the Song-Nen Plain, and Jiamusi City, Hegang City on the Sanjiang Low Plain. This situation is observed over about 29% of the plain area. Fluorine high contents are mainly observed near Baicheng City and Songyuan City on the Song-Nen Plain, and represent about 10% of the plain area. Data on these characteristics are summarized in the following table. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 69 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 5-18: AREA DISTRIBUTION OF GROUNDWATER MAIN CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS ND NEN RIVER 2 SONGHUA MS SONGHUA TOTAL Total Plain Area (km²) 118,339 17,664 76,088 212,091 ≤1 (mg/L) 94,048 14,358 73,595 182,001 ) Area (%) 79.47 81.28 96.72 85.81 2 1-2 (mg/L) 23,861 2,493 2,493 28,847 Area (%) 20.16 14.11 3.27 13.60 Distribution (Area in km 2-3 (mg/L) 430 813 0 1,243 Mineralization Degree Area (%) 0.36 4.60 0.00 0.59 ≤50 mg/l 102 0 228 330 50-100 mg/l 1,422 0 1,449 2,871 100-150 mg/l 5,898 12 8,958 14,868 150-300 mg/l 52,56 4,539 38,712 95,811 300-450 mg/l 36,774 9,772 16,612 63,158 (Area in km2) 450-550 mg/l 8,061 1,299 4,189 13,549 Total Hardness Distribution >550 mg/l 13,522 2,042 5,939 21,503 5.5-6.5 0 0 6,28 6,28 6.5-7.0 13,496 0 37,34 50,836 7.0-7.5 54,909 6,924 26,726 88,559 pH Value 7.5-8.0 47,451 9,811 5,741 63,003 Distribution (Area in km2) 8.0-8.5 2,484 929 0 3,413 Ferrous Abnormality 36,22 1,747 22,741 60,708 Area (%) 30.61 9.89 29.89 28.62 Fluorine Abnormality 21,306 23 0 21,329 Distribution Abnormality (Area in km2) Geochemistry Area (%) 18.00 0.13 0.00 10.06 5.3.2. GROUNDWATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION Groundwater quality assessment is based on year 2000 annual mean monitoring data and on the Groundwater Quality Standard GB/T14848-93 as a reference. Main parameters include pH, total hardness, NH3-N, volatile phenol, CODMn, sulfate, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, iron, and manganese. Iron, fluorine and manganese are the most frequent parameters inferior to Class 3 standard, having all a geological origin. However, many wells have a low quality (4 or 5) because of pollution resulting in high concentrations in NH3-N, nitrites or CODMn. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 70 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 5-19: PERCENT OF EXCEEDING STANDARD RATE FOR MAIN PARAMETERS ND NEN RIVER 2 SONGHUA MS SONGHUA TOTAL No. of Monitored Well 147 40 133 320 pH Value 2.04 0.00 15.79 7.50 Total Hardness (%) 19.73 22.50 11.28 16.56 NH3-N (%) 42.86 30.00 39.10 39.69 Volatile Phenol (%) 0.00 2.50 1.50 0.94 CODMn (%) 8.84 0.00 17.29 11.24 Sulfate (%) 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.31 Chloride (%) 0.68 5.00 0.00 0.75 Fluoride (%) 12.93 5.00 1.50 7.19 Nitrate Nitrogen (%) 4.08 2.50 0.00 2.19 Nitrite Nitrogen (%) 2.04 7.50 2.26 2.81 Fe (%) 46.94 15.00 40.60 40.32 Mn 26.53 0.00 46.62 31.56 The areas of groundwater of class 4 and 5 account for about 120,500 km2, almost 57 % of the total area of the SRB plain region. However, the precise area depends on the sub-basin considered, as presented in the following table. The Nen and the Main Songhua are the most affected areas with respectively 65 and almost 50% of these plain area of quality 4 or 5. Areas with ground water quality of Class 3 or better represent 91,573km2, or 43.18% of the total area of the SRB plain region. It is observed that more than half of the groundwater in the SRB plain region is not suitable for drinking without treatment. TABLE 5-20: AREA DISTRIBUTION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY CLASSES ND NEN RIVER 2 SONGHUA MS SONGHUA TOTAL Total Plain Area (km²) 118,339 17,664 76,088 212,091 Class 1 0 0 1,414 1,414 Class 2 0 593 0 593 Distribution of Plain area according to WQ Class 3 41,423 10,847 37,296 89,566 Class Class 4 8,066 3,241 1,514 12,821 Class 5 68,849 2,983 35,864 107,696 % of plain area of class 4 or worse 65.00 35.24 49.12 56.82 About 250 wells are of poor quality (4 and less), which represents almost 80% of the monitored wells in the SRB and which are mainly observed in the Nen and MS Songhua plains. Details are provided in the following table. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 71 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 5-21: NUMBER OF WELLS DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO GROUNDWATER QUALITY CLASSES ND QUALITY CLASS NEN RIVER 2 SONGHUA MAIN SONGHUA TOTAL All Total Wells 147 40 133 320 No. Wells 0 0 2 2 1 % of Total Wells 0.00 0.00 1.5 0.63 No. Wells 5 4 2 11 2 % of Total Wells 3.40 10.00 1.50 3.44 No. Wells 23 14 18 55 3 % of Total Wells 15.65 35.00 13.53 17.19 No. Wells 48 11 47 106 4 % of Total Wells 32.65 27.50 35.34 33.13 No. Wells 71 11 64 146 5 % of Total Wells 48.30 27.50 48.12 45.63 No. Wells 119 22 111 252 Class 4 & 5 % of Total Wells 80.95 53.00 83.46 78.75 5.3.3. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES ACCORDING TO QUALITY In terms of volume estimates, about 46% of the SRB plain resources are class 3 or better, suitable as drinking sources. The resources of quality 4 or worse, not suitable as drinking water source, represent about 54%, and are particularly abundant in the Nen sub-basin where they represent up to 62% of the Nen plain underground resources. TABLE 5-22: AREA DISTRIBUTION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY CLASSES ND NEN RIVER 2 SONGHUA MS SONGHUA TOTAL Groundwater Resources (Mm3) 9,046.50 1,548.28 7,246.44 17,841.22 Class 1 0.00 0.00 106.20 106.20 Distribution of Groundwater Class 2 0.00 43.26 0.00 4326.00 Resources Class 3 according to WQ 3,413.55 1,061.73 3,562.03 8,037.31 Class Class 4 618.15 252.53 158.71 1,029.39 (Mm3) Class 5 5014.80 190.76 3419.50 8,625.06 % of plain area with class 4&562.3 28.6 49.4 54.1 5.4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.4.1. RELATED TO MONITORING ORGANIZATION MAIN CONCLUSIONS 1) There is almost no coordination between agencies in charge of water quality monitoring over the SRB (WRPB, WRBs and EPBs). This situation results in inconsistencies in water quality monitoring practices and procedures (including parameters and frequencies) and overlapping SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 72 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS of monitoring sections between agencies. Moreover, the available monitoring results that could be compared showed significant differences that have to be analyzed to full extent. 2) As a consequence of 1), sections are unevenly distributed in the basin, with overlapping monitoring results in some river reaches while other parts of the river network are devoid of any monitoring. This is particularly true for wetland areas which have a recognized international value for biodiversity and where water quality is seldom monitored. 3) The planning documentation on Water Quality Zoning and Objectives issued by the Water Quality agencies is confusing, partly not comparable and of limited efficiency for the scheduled improvement of the serious Water Quality situation. 4) The current absence of data sharing between agencies results in duplication of efforts, equipment and additional costs, with limited contribution to the planning process at provincial and basin level. Furthermore, the confidential character attributed to Water Quality and Water Quantity data and information strongly limits their interpretation and thus their full utilization for Integrated Water Quality Management. 5) Duplication of efforts results in useless multiplication of laboratories over the basin, which capabilities are limited by the agencies financial capacity to invest in appropriate equipment and to support operation and maintenance costs. As a consequence, key strategic sections for Water Quality monitoring are not benefiting appropriate equipment and financial support, and do not provide the required accurate information. For example, Tongjiang station does not provide comprehensive and reliable information on Songhua Water Quality before it enters the international waters of Heilong river. 6) Monitoring focuses on simple and typical parameters as BOD5, CODMn, DO but totally neglects toxic and hazardous pollutants such as micro-organic compounds. SUGGESTIONS 1) Full data sharing between Water Quality and Water Quantity monitoring agencies is the first and critical step towards improvement of the observed situation. The creation of a Water Data Center concentrating and storing all monitoring results is a crucial measure to make this information accessible to all agencies involved in Integrated Water Quality Management. 2) Strengthening of cooperation between Water Quality monitoring agencies in order a) to optimize Water Quality monitoring networks and thus reduce the number of sections and to improve section distribution in SRB, b) to optimize role and equipment of laboratories, c) to establish a unique Water Quality monitoring planning documentation. 3) Develop the network of automatic monitoring stations and adapt to pertinent parameters. 4) Develop capabilities for monitoring of organic pollutants in the Songhua River, mainly micro- organic pollutants. This is also related to the optimization of role and equipment of laboratories. 5) Improve and upgrade the capability of key stations (such as Tongjiang for example) in terms of comprehensiveness of parameters monitored and of international standards for acceptability and reliability. 5.4.2. RELATED TO MONITORING PRACTICES MAIN CONCLUSIONS The past and present situation of river water quality in SRB leads to the following conclusions: 1) Pollution level is high and creates a serious threat for economical and ecological use of the water including drinking water sources. Water use functions in the Songhua River Basin cannot be guaranteed in most parts of the river system. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 73 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 2) Except the upper reaches of the river system, which show reasonably good water quality levels, most of the river system hardly satisfies Water Quality Class 4 and even Class 5. Most of the SRBs monitoring sections do not comply with the Function Zone Class target. 3) Short term and long term analysis of seasonal water quality class data did not allow for the identification of clear trends towards degradation or improvement. However, the percentage of river length per quality class seems to increase for lower classes between 2000 and 2003, highlighting a probable degradation of the main streams. 4) Monitoring systems operated by both EPBs and WRBs follow national standards and defines the Water Quality Class of a section in accordance with the worst class obtained by one parameter. Most of the time, organic pollution (CODMn, NH3-N and BOD5) are the determining criteria; no clear difference is established between a section with multiple pollutants and a section where only CODMn is violating the standard. Such differentiation will allow a better understanding of the complexity of the measures required for WQ improvement. 5) Water monitoring process should basically be the same for both agencies, however different practices regarding monitoring frequencies (from 6 to 12 times/year depending on the section level) and seasonal interpretation (the wet, dry and intermediate seasons do not cover the same months in the two Agencies systems) make any comparison of data difficult and doubtful in terms of interpretation. 6) Comparative analysis of monitoring results from EPB network and WRB network for the year 2003 resulted in the evidence of very significant discrepancies on the Water Quality Class evaluation of both systems. A more detailed analysis of the original data for the specific substances showed the same discrepancies for single parameters, especially for NH3-N. This might be due to the different dates at which the samples are taken or due to the natural variability of the concentration within the cross section. So, differences in monitoring results are not only the result of inappropriate distribution of sections which are not representative for a specific river reach, but probably also due to different time of sampling. 7) The distribution of monitoring sections is uneven over SRB, with sometimes clusters of stations in some reaches with overlaps in both networks sections, and the absence of any monitoring section over long reaches of rivers. 8) Recent studies carried out in SRB by various research institutes have identified the presence of several micro-organic pollutants in river water, groundwater and drinking water sources for Harbin, several of these components being known for toxic and carcinogenic effects. No regular monitoring is carried out for these components which are hazardous to public health. 9) The capacity of wastewater treatment in the basin is still much too low compared to the increasing production of urban and industrial wastewater, resulting in the degradation of river water quality. 10) Songhua River is the only large river in China with a long icebound period of 4 to 5 months. Due to the low temperature, the natural degradation of organic substances is slow in this period, and reduces (if not cancels) temporarily the efficiency of the biological treatment of WWTP. 11) Investigations were carried out by Harbin Medicine University on the health of people living along the river and relying on this water source. Studies show that the incidence of cancer is higher than in other areas, especially tumors of the digestive system, which might well be related to the consumption of polluted water and fish. 12) More recent investigations in Heilongjiang and Harbin region identified a significant pollution of the river water and of the water supplied in Harbin by several toxic organic pollutants generated by the industrial sector. SUGGESTIONS 1) Reduce pollution loads by improving and extending the wastewater treatment for sewage and industrial effluents; SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 74 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 2) Strengthen the supervision of the major pollution sources and cut down the discharge of organic pollutants, especially from the industries on the upper and middle reaches of Songhua River. “Clean production” should be promoted and implemented in the key pollution industries in cities along Songhua River, such as Changchun, Jilin, Songyuan, Beicheng, Huadian and Dunhua in Jilin Province, Harbin, Qiqihaer, Daqing, Jiamusi and Mudanjiang in Heilongjiang Province and Zhalantun and Wulanhaote in IMAR. Major pollutants that are difficult to degrade or that bring serious public health risks should be eliminated effectively on the spot or not be produced at all. 3) Give priority to drinking water sources zones when implementing de-pollution programs; 4) Implement research programs on micro-organic pollutants to get a clearer and official picture of the situation, and at the same time, implement a preliminary routine monitoring program for these toxic components. 5) Assess the use of existing or scheduled hydroelectric or reservoir projects to sustain the flow in the river during the icebound period; 6) Optimize the central government’s strategy of “prospering the old north-eastern industrial bases”. Make a full understanding of the importance and consequences of this strategy for the integrated management of water quality in the Songhua River. 7) Improve the planning and management of monitoring activities as discussed earlier in this report. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 75 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 6. POLLUTION SOURCE AND LOADING RATES 6.1. POLLUTION SOURCES Continued development and exploitation of natural resources within the river basin from a range of anthropogenic activities are continuing to exert stresses and leading to impacts on both surface waters and groundwaters in the basin. Pollution sources can be considered at two levels: • Point Sources typically considered as – Industrial Wastewater – Urban wastewater • Non Point Sources, such as – Agricultural runoff – Urban Stormwater Runoff The exact demarcation between a point and non-point source can be rather vague, as in the case for example of livestock farms which can be alternatively classified as point/non point sources. In this study, livestock farms have been considered to be part of non-point sources. Different sources give rise to different pollution levels. Organic pollution for example is often predominantly related to point sources; pollution due to nutrients leading commonly to eutrophication of water bodies (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) are often commonly ascribed to agriculture; toxic pollutants covering a range of substances can arise from industrial sources, agriculture (in the case of pesticides) or from distributed hazardous waste deposits amongst others. Quantifying the relative importance of different sources is also difficult and prone to error, especially in light of the errors associated with monitoring equipment. Different approaches have been used in this study to quantify these sources based upon calculation of sources on the basis of driving parameters such as population, industrial output, agricultural yield, livestock densities, etc. This modeling approach is calibrated using measurements of pollution sources, generally only available for point sources. The following figures presents the results of the calculations in terms of COD load for both domestic and pollution point sources for the Year 2000. The results show clearly the importance of the main portion of the Songhua to point sources, reflecting the greater population and industrial development in this part of the basin. The results also show however the importance of the Nen Basin, which is calculated to contribute potentially as much COD load as the Second Songhua Basin. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 76 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Figure 6-1: Relative s Sources of Domestic Point Sources of Pollution (in terms of CODCr) SRB Domestic COD Load 27% Second Songhua River 47% Nen River 26% Songhua River (downstream of Sancha River Outlet) Figure 6-2: Relative s Sources of Industrial Point Sources of Pollution (in terms of CODCr) SRB Industrial COD Load 15% Second Songhua River 54% Nen River 31% Songhua River (downstream of Sancha River Outlet) Another approach used in this study is based upon the use of concomitant flow and water quality information, to establish mass balances. Such approximate methods have enabled the Consultant to confirm the relative importance of non-point and point sources of pollution. This is discussed further below in Section 6.4.2. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 77 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 6.2. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION 6.2.1. BASIS FOR POLLUTION LOADS ESTIMATE Data provided in the Interim Report relied mostly on the EPB source of information. This information was related to industrial sectors in the 3 Provinces, but despite its detailed content, was hardly comprehensive enough to provide a reliable overview of the pollution situation within the SRB. Indeed, information was mainly expressed by administrative units, by cities or by industrial branches, which was not easily transferable for an approach by sub-basins levels, the type of approach required for pollution model elaboration within the strategic plan preparation. For this reason, it was decided at this stage of the study to rely on the data provided by the SWRPB, the basin level industrial pollution data in which was used in the preparation for the Integrated Water Resources Planning in the SRB. The data tentatively integrated all the available sources of information on industrial and domestic pollution sources to assess their distribution within SRB at sub-basin level. For all the detailed information related to industrial sector pollution estimates, the reader is invited to refer to the interim report of the present AOTA which provides the information in its sections 6 for industrial and 7 for domestic pollution sources. 6.2.2. PRESENT SITUATION OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION SOURCES & CAUSES 6.2.2.1. MAJOR SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION The Songhua River Basin, especially in its middle and downstream parts, is highly industrialized by large and medium enterprises belonging to potentially polluting industrial sectors: chemical, metallurgy, machinery, paper making, pharmacy and food processing. The industrial sector is particularly high water consumer, resulting in large volume of wastewater released in the environment. Most of the enterprises are centralized in townships, and industrial pollution mainly occurs in the large cities. According to the statistical data in 2003, 4179 enterprises were registered in the Songhua River Basin part of Jilin Province, corresponding to 74.3% of all registered industries of the province. More than half of these industries are located in Changchun City (2702 enterprises). In Heilongjiang, the main sources of industrial pollution are located in the five cities of Qiqihar, Daqing, Harbin, Jiamusi and Mudanjiang, each city discharging at least 100 million tons of wastewater each year. Paper industry and Petrolchemical & Coal industries are major contributors to the wastewater volumes and pollution loads discharged in the river system. In IMAR, Zhalantun City on the Yalu River is the main industrial area and main contributor to the pollution discharge. It is estimated that the paper industry there contributes to more than 50% of the total industrial pollution contribution of IMAR to the SRB. However, pollution from this region is mainly organic load without significant sources of toxic pollutants. 6.2.2.2. MAIN CAUSES OF INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION Many existing enterprises were created in the 1950s and 70s. As a result, the equipment is generally old, the technology applied is obsolete, the efficiency of the process is low with over consumption of raw materials, energy and water, and the wastewater and pollutant discharge is high. In more recent years, food processing industries developed in the NE region, but with SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 78 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS production processes consuming frequently high quantities of water and discharging high loads of organic matter in their wastewater, as observed for starch and wine industries for example. Even if major industrial pollution sources have implemented wastewater treatment facilities during the past 10 years, treatment efficiency of wastewater is still poor mainly because poor technical design of the facilities and inappropriate operation and maintenance. Often, treatment abatement is only a percentage of what it should be. Only few enterprises are recycling their wastewater, investment for such purpose being still considered as too high when compared with water fee and pollution fee. This is also the situation regarding clean production. Past trends of industrial wastewater consumption for the SRB have been examined to determine the unit rate of water consumption per industrial output (expressed as m3 per 10000 RMB GVIO). The results presented in the following table seemed to indicate marked decreases in water consumption; however, by placing the GVIO at a common base (the Year 2000), the results indicate very little if any change in industrial water consumption practices over the period. TABLE 6-1: TABLE: INDUSTRIAL WATER CONSUMPTION TRENDS SRB 1980-2000 WATER CONSUMPTION TOTAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL WATER WATER CONSUMPTION ADJUSTED FOR YEAR PRODUCTION VALUE CONSUMPTION PER PRODUCTION VALUE 2000 in Million % Million % m3 per % m3 per % Yuan increase m3 increase 104 Yuan increase 104 Yuan increase 1980 12,953 1003 774 121 1985 21,535 10.7% 1435 7.4% 666 -3.0% 174 7.6% Nen River 1990 47,527 17.2% 1950 6.3% 410 -9.2% 156 -2.1% 1995 108,285 17.9% 2606 6.0% 241 -10.1% 162 0.7% 2000 189,048 11.8% 2893 2.1% 153 -8.7% 153 -1.1% 1980 8,744 1134 1297 202 1985 16,242 13.2% 1219 1.5% 751 -10.4% 196 -0.6% Second Songhua 1990 34,992 16.6% 1432 3.3% 409 -11.4% 156 -4.5% River 1995 103,587 24.2% 1639 2.7% 158 -17.3% 106 -7.4% 2000 165,683 9.8% 1692 0.6% 102 -8.4% 102 -0.8% 1980 11,299 1026 908 141 1985 18,412 10.3% 1379 6.1% 749 -3.8% 196 6.7% Main Songhua 1990 40,422 17.0% 1851 6.1% 458 -9.4% 175 -2.2% River 1995 93,725 18.3% 1987 1.4% 212 -14.3% 142 -4.0% 2000 166,735 12.2% 2477 4.5% 149 -6.9% 149 0.8% 6.2.3. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION LOADS ESTIMATE IN SRB This following table is summarized from raw tables provided by SWRB on industrial pollution in the whole Songhua River Basin. This estimate for the year 2003 is based on the pollution loads from more than 700 major enterprises over the SRB which represent most of the actual load discharged. This information provides the basis for the forecasts of pollution loads for 2010 and 2020 presented in the Volume 4 of this Report (Strategic Planning). SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 79 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 6-2: INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION LOAD IN SRB FOR YEAR 2003 TOTAL WW TOTAL POLLUTANT PRODUCTION (KG/D) TOTAL GVIO 4 DISCHARGE (10 YUAN) 3 (M /D) COD NH3-N TN TP Upstream Fengman 140,506 39,214 9,661 107 174 22 Downstream Fengman 8,539,203 1,029,734 74,673 5,540 7,714 3,261 Sub-total Second Songhua River 8,679,708 1,068,948 84,335 5,647 7,887 3,283 Downstream Jiang Bridge 5,636,678 235,177 84,511 1,928 3,463 109 Upstream Nierji 7,649 2,450 211 23 12 1 Nierji to Jiang Bridge 152,106 638,901 88,832 13,590 20,969 941 Sub-total Nen River 5,796,433 876,528 173,554 15,541 24,444 1,052 Harbin to Tong River 760,953 301,174 63,227 3,190 5,516 321 Downstream Jiamusi 284,528 109,786 17,111 384 860 25 Mudan River 193,976 505,502 117,263 9,510 10,977 213 Sancha River to Harbin 1,101,275 323,464 85,104 6,190 10,770 186 Tong River to main stream in Jiamusi 156,057 148,921 23,177 1,339 2,323 109 Songhua MS (DS Sancha River Outlet) 2,496,789 1,388,847 305,882 20,614 30,447 854 Total Songhua Basin 16,972,930 3,334,323 563,771 41,803 62,778 5,189 Note: GVIO=Gross Value of Industrial Output 6.3. URBAN DOMESTIC POLLUTION Due to the rapid increase of urban population over the last 10 years, and the relatively slow development of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), the sewage volumes from domestic origin represent at present the major source of organic pollution in SRB. The SRB region is presently poorly equipped with domestic WWTP, having in 2003 only 11 operating facilities, for a treatment capacity of about 1,550,000 t/day. By 2005, 7 additional facilities are under construction, with an additional treatment capacity of 855,000 t/day. Information on these facilities are presented in the following tables. TABLE 6-3: EXISTING WWTP IN SRB OLLUTANT EMOVAL T YEAR CAPACITY P R ( / ) SUB-BASIN RIVER WWTP NAME LOCATION 3 10 T/D COD NH4-N TP North Suburb WWTP Changchun 390 30,945 1,820 Yitong West Suburb WWTP Changchun 150 3,475 204 Second Songhua Shuangyang WWTP Changchun 25 792 47 Economic. Devt Zone Jilin 50 Mainstream Chemical Ind. Co. Jilin 230 4,587 458 Tao'er Western Urban Area Wulanhaote 20 Central Urban WWTP Qiqihar 30 5,394 343 Nen Mainstream Qiqihar Wastewater Qiqihar 350 7,032 223 Oxidation Pond Mainstream Harbin Wenchang Harbin 162.5 3,169 246 89 Main Mudan Mudanjiang City Mudanjiang 100 2,720 80 36 Songhua Daqing Dongchengqu Zhaolanxin 50 (Phase I) Total SRB 1557.5 58,114 3,421 125 SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 80 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 6-4: WWTP UNDER CONSTRUCTION IN 2005 OLLUTANT EMOVAL T YEAR CAPACITY P R ( / ) SUB-BASIN RIVER WWTP NAME LOCATION 3 10 T/D COD NH4-N TP Second Mainstream Jilin City WWTP Jilin 300 Songhua Jiangnan WWTP Songyuan 50 Nen Yalu Zhalantun WWTP Zhalantun 40 Main Mainstream Taiping WWTP Harbin 325 Songhua Jiamusi WWTP Jiamusi 60 Zhaolanxin Xichengqu WWTP Daqing 80 Yanshou County Yanshou Lalin WWTP County/Harbin Total SRB 855 6.3.1. ESTIMATED CURRENT DOMESTIC POLLUTION LOAD Information presented in the following table is also summarized from SWRB data which is based on domestic production in the 49 major cities in SRB. TABLE 6-5: DOMESTIC POLLUTION LOAD IN SRB FOR YEAR 2003 TOTAL WW TOTAL POLLUTANT PRODUCTION (KG/D) POPULATION DISCHARGE (‘000) 3 (M /D) COD NH3-N TN TP Upstream Fengman 1,590 413,395 157,122 13,570 16,812 2,166 Downstream Fengman 5,235 1,131,138 456,142 36,223 45,681 6,182 Sub-total Second Songhua River 6,825 1,544,533 613,264 49,794 62,493 8,348 Downstream Jiang Bridge 5,047 1,245,809 481,053 40,674 50,611 6,602 Upstream Nierji 427 110,900 42,151 3,641 4,510 581 Nierji to Jiang Bridge 2,202 485,876 194,656 15,627 19,660 2,644 Sub-total Nen River 7,676 1,842,585 717,859 59,941 74,781 9,827 Harbin to Tong River 4,795 1,040,992 420,238 33,515 42,226 5,700 Downstream Jiamusi 2,105 549,763 209,964 18,134 22,466 2,894 Mudan River 1,551 353,201 139,822 11,383 14,278 1,904 Sancha River to Harbin 1,588 412,844 156,913 13,552 16,789 2,163 Tong River to main stream in Jiamusi 1,305 339,822 129,554 11,190 13,862 1,786 Songhua MS (DS Sancha River 11,344 2,696,623 1,056,490 87,775 109,621 14,448 Outlet) Total Songhua Basin 25,844 6,083,740 2,387,613 197,510 246,895 32,622 6.4. NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION 6.4.1. CONTRIBUTING SOURCES OF NON-POINT POLLUTION Fertilizer and Pesticide Agricultural non-point source pollution from fertilizer and pesticide is one the pollution problems in Songhua River Basin. SRB is one of the key agricultural basins of China, large quantity of fertilizer and pesticide are used, but fertilizer utilization ratio is a little low. Based on long-term field experiment, only in Songhua Lake catchment, 246093.8 tons fertilizer and 2517.5 tons pesticides are used in the year of 2002, but the utilization/absorption ratio for SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 81 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS fertilizer is 27% - 30%, and only 10%-20% for pesticide14, thus leading to potentially high residual nutrient and pesticide concentration in both surface and ground water. Fertilizer/pesticide usage intensity has also been increased in recent years. According to the statistics, in Heilongjiang Province during the last 10 years, the use of pesticide was doubled from 12,500 tons in 1990 to 27,700 tons in 2000, and unit use also went up from 2.54kg/ha to 3.70kg/ha, all of which exerted heavy burden to environment and surface water condition. But after the year of 2000, Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province actively advocate and develop Ecological Provinces Building and Green Products Basin Constructing; high toxic and high residual pesticides have been replaced by new green pesticide and low residual/low toxic pesticides. Although the general decreasing trend for the usage quantity of fertilizer and pesticide is still not very obvious, the pollution and harm from fertilizer and pesticides have already developed in a mitigating tendency in Songhua River Basin. Livestock Stock breeding has been rapidly developed in recent years; many intensive pig/cow breeding farms come into existing in Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province. Total number of livestock of SRB has been increased from 25.64 million capita in 1980 to 44.29 million capita in 200015. It is estimate that because of the untreated manure of stock breeding farms, 11059 ton COD and 2260 ton NH3-N will discharge into in Second Songhua River every year, and, 790 ton COD and 163 ton NH3-N will be discharged in Nen River Basin every year. But in recent years, because most of the breeding farms adopted intensive and centralized breeding methods, manures have become one of the main sources for organic fertilizer and tended to be centralized treatment. Although the total animal number, together with the dejected manures, has been largely increased, the mitigating effects from waste recycles and reuse have to be considered. To some sense, the pollution from livestock in Jilin Province and Heilongjiang Province has already in the tendency of mitigating. Soil Erosion The loss of natural organic material during soil erosion also deteriorated surface water quality as a kind of non-point source pollution, and because of which, water quality in some rivers is even serious in flood period than in dry period. It is reported water loss and soil erosion is the most serious ecological problem in Nen River Basin. Soil desertification and alkalization have been gradually serious these years, and erosion area has up to 18069 km2, accounting for 30.2% of the total basin area. Desertification is continually eroding to north of the basin at a speed of 20km2/year, and now, the deserted area has been up to 5700 km2, which is about 9.5% of the total basin area16. Navigation and Tourism With the development of navigation and tourism in Songhua River Basin, powerboats and tourism-garbage are gradually increased, and corresponding waste has become a kind of un- ignorable non-point source pollution. Take Songhua Lake as an instance, there are 266 powerboats in the year of 2000, which will exert 10 ton oil into the lake every year17. This kind of pollution is presented as the increasing of petroleum, TN, TP and SS in water body, which is especially prominent in the navigated river sections, boat docks and tourism places. 14 Comprehensive Report for “Strategy study for North-East Water Pollution Control”, Chinese Academy of Engineering, Noverber 2004 15 Songhua River Basin Water Resource Utilization Assessment Report, Water Resource Ministry Songhua and Liao River Water Resource Committee, August 2004 16 Integrated Management Plan for Water Pollution of Nen River Basin, Inner Mongolia Development and Planning Committee, Feb.2002 17 “The Tenth Fiver-Year” Plan and 2010 Plan for Songhua and Liao River Resource Protection, Songhua Water Resource Commission, August 2000. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 82 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 6.4.2. QUANTIFICATION OF NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION Non-point source pollution, unlike point source pollution from industrial and wastewater treatment plants, comes from many diffuse sources in urban and rural areas. NPS pollution is primarily caused when runoff from rainfall or snowmelt picks up natural and human-made pollutants from land surfaces and carries these pollutants into ground water, streams, rivers, lakes, and wetlands. Non-point source pollution is a main source for the water pollution of Songhua River Basin. Efforts have been made to calculate and quantify the current situation and to forecast the future trends of SRB non-point source pollution. Unfortunately, few data are available to conduct this calculation; furthermore, the available data used to estimate mass balance is especially difficult to interpret and is subject to a large degree of error especially due to a lack of coherence. Monitoring information of 7 key sections has been analyzed to calculat the mass flux of pollution using raw data concerning both flow and pollutant concentrations. These 7 key monitoring sections are: Jiangqiao, Dalai, Fengman Reservoir, Fuyu, Harerbin, Tonghe and Jiamusi section, which are the represent effluent sections of 7 Level-III catchments in this basin (all the data are from SWRB, no EPB’s data are available). For the Dalai, Fengman Reservoir and Fuyu sections, the only available data are monthly data of 1998, 1999 and 2000; for the other 4 sections, the only available are monthly data of 2000, 2001 and 2002; there is therefore a problem of coherence in that the overall balance has been derived from different data years. The results are clearly to a certain extent influenced by different trends associated with the pollution sources, different hydrological regimes, etc. Despite this difficulty, an approximate mass balance for CODMn has been developed based on water monitoring data as is thought to represent albeit approximately the year 2000 for seven level-IV catchments. These results enable a broad comparison to be made of the relative CODMn contributions both from non-point source and point source and from Nen River Basin, Second Songhua River Basin and Main Songhua River Basin. The results of these balances for CODMn are presented in the following Figure. On a very broad basis it would appear that the organic load as measured by CODMn in winter represents approximately half of the total organic load during summer months. One can therefore very broadly conclude that point sources represent approximately half of the total organic load in the summer months, and almost all of the organic load in the winter months. There are of course different spatial relationships with not surprisingly non point sources being relatively more important in the Nen Jiang Basin than other parts of the river basin. It should also be noted in this latter river basin that the major point source of domestic pollution (Qiqihaer) does not contribute during the winter months as effluent is stored in the existing stabilization ponds during winter. It is understood that this is also the case for a portion of the effluents from Daqing. The results presented in the following table over-estimate the importance of non-point sources; these have been taken into account in the accompanying figure but as can be seen have little impact on the overall conclusions. In spite of these comments, these results illustrate the importance of non point pollution sources as part of the overall mass balance of pollution in the SRB. These conclusions are supported by a recent nationwide study (ADB TA 3891: Study on Control And Management of Rural Non-Point Source Pollution) it which it was indicated that rural COD was in 2001 as high as 1.42 times that discharged by industry and urban sewage for the PRC taken as a whole. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 83 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 6-6: RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF NON-POINT SOURCE AND POINT SOURCE POLLUTION FOR SRB (YEAR OF 2000) CODMN (TON/DAY) LEVEL-III RIVER MONITORING SECTION CATCHMENTS NON-POINT POINT SOURCE SOURCE Nierji to Jiangqiao Jiangqiao 16.88 324.62 Downstream of Jiangqiao Dalai 43.83 241.02 Nen River 43.83 241.02 Sub-total of the Nen River 15% 85% Upstream of Fengman Fengman Reservior 98.44 66.78 Second Songhua Downstream of Fengman Fuyu 188.31 79.20 River 188.31 79.20 Sub-total of the Second Songhua River 70% 30% Sanchahe to Haerbin Haerbin 210.18 387.85 Haerbin to Tonghe Tonghe 187.72 322.54 Main Songhua Tonghe to Jiamushi Jiamusi 393.28 523.50 161.14 203.27 Sub-total of the Main Songhua River 44% 56% 393.28 523.50 Total SRB 43% 57% FIGURE 6-3: RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF NON-POINT SOURCE AND POINT SOURCE POLLUTION FOR LEVEL-II CATCHMENTS (YEAR OF 2000) Nen River CODMn Second Songhua River CODmn Non- Non- point source Point point 78% source source 22% 30% Point source 70% Non-Main Songhua River CODMn Non- Total SRB CODMn point point source source Point 46% 53% source 47% Point source 54% SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 84 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS SRB Non-Point Source CODMn Load 15% 39% Second Songhua River Nen River Main Songhua River 46% FIGURE 6-4: CONTRIBUTION OF NON-POINT LOAD FROM DIFFERENT LEVEL-II CATCHMENTS (YEAR OF 2000) From above tables and figures, for the relative importance, it shows in the year of 2000 Nen River Basin’s non-point source pollution is far higher than the point source pollution; while in Second Songhua River Basin, the non-point source pollution is less than the point source pollution; and in Main Songhua River Basin, these two kinds of pollutions are approximately similar. For the contribution from different catchments, the Nen River Baisn produced the most loads (46%) in the total SRB, higher than Main Songhua River Basin, and Second Songhua River Basin. For the whole SRB, the non-point source pollution load (57%) is higher than point source pollution (43%) during the summer months. In Second Songhua River Basin, the point pollution load is more than non-point source pollution loads, undoubtedly because of the high industrialization in Changchun, Jilin, Meihekou and Huadian cities of this basin. For Nen River Basin, the non-point pollution load is higher than the point pollution and than the other two Level-II Basins, resulting from the higher 3 cultivated farm land area (126.8ha),and higher water use quota (979 m /mu) than the other two Level-II river basins. Being a national grain basin, this river basin utilizes large quantities of fertilizer and pesticide. Another main source, the humic substance and organic materials which are flowed together with surface water flow, is reported to have more contributing effects than fertilizer and pesticides showed in qualified study, and brought higher non-point CODMn in Nen River Basin. 6.4.3. EUTROPHICATION OF SRB RESERVOIRS 6.4.3.1. EUTROPHICATION SITUATION ASSESSMENT OF SRB RESERVOIRS Eutrophication refers to the accumulation of nutrients in a lake or landlocked body of water. This occurs naturally over many years but will be accelerated by fertilizer runoff from farms and sewage input. Eutrophication Situation of reservoirs can be used to explain the situation of non-point source pollution. It is reported that soil erosion, livestock manure and agricultural SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 85 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS fertilizers have deteriorate surface water quality, and polluted to some extend of some drinkable water resources in SRB. Based on the following table (Table 7.3), trophic levels of all the reservoirs are assessed and listed hereinafter. It shows many of the reservoirs in Songhua River Basin have been eutrophic to different levels, and from the assessment based on total reservoir-capacity of Level-II Catchments (Figure 7.4), it shows more than 60% reservoir water in the whole SRB has been eutrophic, other about 40% reservoir water mesotrophic. In Main Songhua River Basin, which faces the most serious situation, more than 80% reservoirs are eutrophic to some extend. But due to the long ice period of Songhua River Basin, and basically in ice period no non-point source pollution and low quantity of micro-organisms existing in reservoirs, eutrophication seldom happens in this period. Practical survey shows that most of reservoir-eutrophications happen in July, August and September which are rain period of Songhua River Basin. In these three months, organic materials such as nitrogen and phosphorous are evidently higher because of the effects of surface runoff. TABLE 6-7: CONTROL AND ASSESSMENT STANDARD OF SURFACE-WATER TROPHIC LEVELS TROPHIC CHLOROPHYL-A TP TN SECCHI- DEPTH GRADE CODMN(MG/L) 3 3 3 LEVELS (MG/M ) (MG/M ) (MG/M ) (M) 10 0.5 1.0 20 0.15 10.0 Oligotrophic 20 1.0 4.0 50 0.4 5.0 30 2.0 10 100 1.0 3.0 Mesotrophic 40 4.0 25 300 2.0 1.5 50 10.0 50 500 4.0 1.0 60 26.0 100 1000 8.0 0.50 70 64.0 200 2000 10.0 0.40 Eutrophic 80 160.0 600 6000 25.0 0.30 90 400.0 900 9000 40.0 0.20 100 1000.0 1300 16000 60.0 0.12 Note: Consult the above table, and convert the concentration of single-parameter to some grade; Average the five grades from five parameters; Convert this average grade to a certain trophic level. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 86 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Sub-total Reservoirs Capacity of Sub-total Reservoirs Capacity in Nen River Basin Second Songhua River Basin 34% 40% 66% 60% Mesotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Eutrophic Sub-total Reservoirs Capacity of Total SRB Reservoirs Capacity Main Songhua River 12% 32% 68% 88% Mesotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Eutrophic FIGURE 6-5: EUTROPHICATION ASSESSMENT BASED ON RESERVOIR CAPACITY WITHIN SRB (YEARLY AVERAGE OF 2000) SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 87 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 6-8: RESERVOIR WATER QUALITY AND EUTROPHICATION SITUATION WITHIN SRB (ASSESSMENT BASED ON RESERVIOR NUMBERS, FOR THE YEAR OF 2000) ASSESSMENT BASED ON RESERVOIR NUMBERS LEVEL-II LEVEL-III CATCHME OLIGO- MESO- CATCHMENTS TOTAL WORSE NTS LEVEL- LEVEL- LEVEL- LEVEL- LEVEL- EUTRO NUMBE THAN I II III IV V TROPHI TROPH PHIC R CLASS V C I C YA 4 - - 1 - 2 1 - 3 1 Nierji to Jiangqiao FP 4 - - 1 - - 3 - 3 1 Nen NP 4 - - 1 1 1 1 - 4 - River YA 12 - - - 4 1 7 - 1 11 Downstream FP 12 - - - 3 2 7 - 1 11 of Jiangqiao NP 12 - - 1 3 2 6 - 1 11 YA 15 - - - 5 6 4 - 1 14 Upstream of Fengman FP 15 - - 6 2 7 - 1 14 Second NP 15 - - 2 7 3 3 - 2 13 Songhua River YA 21 - - - 10 5 6 - 1 20 Downstream FP 21 - - - 9 7 5 - 2 19 of Fengman NP 21 - - 2 5 8 6 - 2 19 Sancha YA 9 - - - 2 2 5 - 2 7 River to FP 9 - - - 3 2 4 - 1 8 Haerbin NP 9 - - 1 1 7 - 2 7 YA 19 - - 1 4 9 5 - 6 13 Haerbin to FP 19 - - 4 2 8 5 - 7 12 Tonghe NP 19 - - - 5 9 5 - 10 9 YA 5 - - - 1 3 1 - 2 3 Main Songhua Mudanjiang FP 5 - - - 2 2 1 - 1 4 River NP 5 - - - 1 2 2 - 2 3 YA 4 - - - 1 3 - 4 Tonghe To FP 4 - - - 1 3 - 1 3 Jiamusi NP 4 - - - 1 2 1 - 4 YA 3 - - 1 2 - - - 1 2 Downstream FP 3 - - 1 1 1 - - 1 2 of Jiamusi NP 3 - - 1 2 - - - 1 2 Note: YA: Yearly Average FP: Flood Period NP: Non-Flood Period SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 88 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Table 6-9: Reservoir Water Quality and Eutrophication Situation within SRB (Assessment Based on Reservoir Capacity, for the year of 2000) 3 ASSESSMENT BASED ON RESERVOIR CAPACITY (100 MILLION M ) LEVEL-II LEVEL-III TOTAL CATCHME RESERVOIR WORSE OLIGO- MESO- CATCHMENTS LEVEL- LEVEL- LEVEL- LEVEL- LEVEL- EUTRO NTS CAPACITY THAN I II III IV V TROPHI TROPHI PHIC (100 CLASS V 3 C C MILLION M ) YA 3.13 - - 0.15 - 2.85 0.13 - 0.33 2.80 Nierji to Jiangqiao FP 3.13 - - 0.15 - - 2.98 - 0.33 2.80 Nen NP 3.13 - - 0.15 2.80 0.05 0.13 - 3.13 River YA 15.13 - - - 8.06 0.21 6.86 - 5.80 9.33 Downstream FP 15.24 - - - 7.04 1.30 6.90 - 5.80 9.44 of Jiangqiao NP 15.02 - - 0.99 7.07 4.85 2.11 - 5.80 9.22 YA 80.17 - - - 78.09 1.93 0.15 - 33.50 46.67 Upstream of Fengman FP 86.03 - - - 84.08 0.07 1.88 - 40.00 46.03 Second NP 74.32 - - 27.01 45.44 1.76 0.11 - 27.06 47.26 Songhua River YA 4.64 - - - 2.94 0.52 1.18 - 0.09 4.55 Downstream of Fengman FP 4.44 - - - 2.82 0.58 1.04 - 0.15 4.29 NP 4.87 - - 2.53 0.31 0.76 1.27 - 2.26 2.61 YA 2.84 - - - 1.59 0.50 0.75 - 1.74 1.10 Sancha River FP 2.80 - - - 1.94 0.38 0.48 - 1.47 1.33 to Haerbin NP 2.88 - - 0.13 1.47 1.28 - 1.74 1.14 YA 6.76 - - 0.52 4.08 1.17 0.99 - 1.65 5.11 Haerbin to FP 6.75 - - 4.00 0.46 1.48 0.81 - 1.64 5.11 Tonghe NP 6.75 - - - 4.32 1.03 1.40 - 2.47 4.28 Main YA 22.23 - - - 0.59 21.36 0.28 - 0.64 21.59 Songhua Mudanjiang FP 22.23 - - - 0.64 0.39 21.20 - 0.59 21.64 River NP 22.23 - - - 0.59 21.25 0.39 - 0.64 21.59 YA 1.37 - - - 0.16 1.21 - - 1.37 Tonghe to FP 1.37 - - - 0.16 1.21 - - 0.60 0.77 Jiamusi NP 1.37 - - - 0.16 1.06 0.15 - 1.37 YA 0.41 - - 0.10 0.31 - - - 0.10 0.31 Downstream FP 0.41 - - 0.10 0.17 0.14 - - 0.10 0.31 of Jiamusi NP 0.41 - - 0.14 0.27 - - - 0.10 0.31 Note: YA: Yearly Average FP: Flood Period NP: Non-Flood Period From the above two tables, it shows no matter from the assessment of reservoir-capacity, or from the assessment of reservoir-numbers, the reservoirs in the catchments of Nierji to Jiangqiao, Mudanjiang and from Sancha River to Haerbin in the flood period are especially of bad water quality, many reservoirs have been polluted to some extent with water quality of less than class-v. The concentrations of TP,TN,CODMn and Secci-depth of all the reservoirs are surveyed and compared hereinafter. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 89 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS TABLE 6-10: AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF TYPICAL POLLUTANTS WITHIN SRB RESERVOIRS (YEAR OF 2000) CODMN TP TN SECCHI-DEPTH LEVEL-II CATCHMENTS LEVEL-III CATCHMENTS MG/L MG/L MG/L M YA 6.68 0.13 0.93 2.93 Nierji to Jiangqiao FP 5.13 0.18 1.24 2.93 NP 8.18 0.08 0.61 2.93 Nen River YA 10.76 0.21 0.97 1.49 Downstream of Jiangqiao FP 10.19 0.22 1.07 1.49 NP 11.33 0.19 0.87 1.48 YA 5.87 0.05 1.94 0.69 Upstream of Fengman FP 6.11 0.06 2.14 0.65 NP 5.63 0.05 1.74 0.72 Second Songhua River YA 5.73 0.11 1.49 0.70 Downstream of Fengman FP 5.96 0.11 1.31 0.69 NP 5.47 0.11 1.65 0.71 YA 6.11 0.19 1.24 0.52 Sancha River to Haerbin FP 6.91 0.20 1.14 0.46 NP 5.29 0.19 1.34 0.58 YA 8.23 0.16 0.58 0.56 Haerbin to Tonghe FP 9.68 0.16 0.53 0.56 NP 6.78 0.16 0.63 0.56 YA 7.12 0.09 1.19 0.68 Mudanjiang FP 7.76 0.09 1.15 0.56 NP 6.50 0.08 1.24 0.98 Main Songhua River YA 10.50 0.12 0.97 0.53 Tonghe to Jiamusi FP 8.95 0.13 0.93 0.53 NP 12.10 0.11 1.02 0.53 YA 6.93 0.05 0.51 0.63 Downstream of Jiamusi FP 8.37 0.04 0.51 0.63 NP 5.53 0.06 0.50 0.63 Note: YA: Yearly Average; FP: Flood Period;NP: Non-Flood Period; Source: SWRC, 2000 Comparison of Reservoir Secci-Depth in Different Catchments Downstream of Jiamusi Tonghe to Jiamusi Mudanjiang Haerbin to Tonghe Sancha River to Haerbin Downstream of Fengman Upstream of Fengman Downstream of Jiangqiao Nierji to Jiangqiao Class-III 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 M Catchment FIGURE 6-7: COMPARISON OF SECCHI-DEPTH IN DIFFERENT CATCHMENTS RESERVOIRS (YEARLY AVERAGE OF 2000) SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 90 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Comparison of CODmn in Different Catchments Reservoir Downstream of Jiamusi Tonghe to Jiamusi Mudanjiang Haerbin to Tonghe Sancha River to Haerbin Downstream of Fengman Upstream of Fengman Downstream of Jiangqiao Nierji to Jiangqiao Class-III 0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 Mg/L Catchment Comparison of TP in Different Catchments Reservoirs Downstream of Jiamusi Tonghe to Jiamusi Mudanjiang Haerbin to Tonghe Sancha River to Haerbin Downstream of Fengman Upstream of Fengman Downstream of Jiangqiao Nierji to Jiangqiao Class-III 0.00 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 Mg/L Catchment Comparison of TN in Different Catchments Reservoir Downstream of Jiamusi Tonghe to Jiamusi Mudanjiang Haerbin to Tonghe Sancha River to Haerbin Downstream of Fengman Upstream of Fengman Downstream of Jiangqiao Nierji to Jiangqiao Class-III 0.00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60 2.00 2.40 Mg/L Catchment FIGURE 6-8: COMPARISON OF CODMN, TP AND TN IN DIFFERENT CATCHMENTS RESERVOIRS (YEARLY AVERAGE OF 2000) SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 91 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 6.4.3.2. ANALYSES OF N/P RATIOS IN SRB RESERVOIRS Nitrogen and phosphorous are the main pollutants of non-point source pollution and the main control factors influencing reservoir-eutrophication, owning close relationship with the growth of aquatic plants (both fixed and planktonic). Control the discharge of nitrogen and phosphorous and maintain a suitable ratio between these two factors will reduce the risk of eutrophication in reservoirs. Efforts have been made to analyze the N/P ratios of SRB reservoirs, and based on this, to probe into the sources, limited factors and future risks of reservoir eutrophication. Although more accurate analysis should adopt bio-available nitrogen and bio-available phosphorous, which will be more essential to eutrophication, unfortunately due to the limited data, only total nitrogen and total phosphorous concentrations can be available to conduct this estimation. Based on the water quality data of the year of 2000, analyze all the currently existing 92 reservoirs in Songhua River Basin (including 16 in Nen River Basin, 36 in Second Songhua River Basin and 40 in Main Songhua River Basin). The three series of figures hereinafter illustrate the N/P ratio of reservoirs in flood period, non-flood period and yearly average. It shows in Nen River Basin and Main Songhua River Basin, most of the reservoirs seem to exhibit N-limitation; while in Second Songhua River Basin, most of the reservoirs are P- limitation. This illuminate that in Nen River Basin and Main Songhua River Basin, reservoirs are significantly influenced by domestic wastewater or discharge wastewater from local sewage treatment plants in surrounding regions generally rich in phosphorous. In Second Songhua River Basin, reservoirs are less influenced by urban wastewater, and phosphorous- limited is generally observed which is the situation under normally natural condition. Eutrophication is a very complicated issue caused by comprehensive factors. The above analysis is only the summarized estimation based on limited data resource which can only illustrate the brief tendency in Songhua River Basin. Further investigation and muti-years’ data are still needed before more detailed and more accurate estimation can be envisioned. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 92 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS N/P ratio of Nen River Basin Reservoirs (Yearly Average) 8 6 4 Nierji to Jiangqiao 2 Downstream of Jiangqiao N,Total Nitrogen(mg/l) N,Total 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 P,Total Phosphorous(mg/l) N/P ratio of Second Songhua River Basin Reservoirs ( Yearly Average) 8.0 6.0 4.0 Upsteam of Fengman 2.0 Downstream of Fengman N,Total Nitrogen(mg/l) N,Total 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 P,Total Phosphorous(mg/l) N/P ratio of Main Songhua River Basin Reservoirs (Yearly Average) 8.0 6.0 4.0 Sanchahe to Haerbin Haerbin to Tonghe Mudan River 2.0 Tonghe to Jiamusi Downstream of Jiamusi N,Total Nitrogen(mg/l) N,Total 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 P,Total Phosphorous(mg/l) FIGURE 6-9: N/P RATIO OF RESERVOIRS IN DIFFERENT CATCHMENTS (YEARLY AVERAGE OF 2000) SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 93 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS N/P ratio of Nen River Basin Reservoirs (Flood Period) 8.0 6.0 4.0 Nierji to Jiangqiao 2.0 Downstream of Jiangqiao N,Total Nitrogen(mg/l) N,Total 0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 P,Total Phosphorous(mg/l) N/P ratio of Second Songhua River Basin Reservoirs (Flood Period) 8.0 6.0 4.0 Upsteam of Fengman 2.0 Downstream of Fengman N,Total Nitrogen(mg/l) N,Total 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 P,Total Phosphorous(mg/l) N/P ratio of Main Songhua River Basin Reservoirs (Flood Period) 8.0 6.0 4.0 Sanchahe to Haerbin Haerbin to Tonghe Mudan River 2.0 Tonghe to Jiamusi N,Total Nitrogen(mg/l) N,Total Downstream of Jiamusi 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 P,Total Phosphorous(mg/l) FIGURE 6-10: N/P RATIO OF RESERVOIRS IN DIFFERENT CATCHMENTS (FLOOD PERIOD OF 2000) SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 94 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS N/P ratio of Nen River Basin Reservoirs (Non-flood Period) 8.0 6.0 4.0 Nierji to Jiangqiao 2.0 Downstream of Jiangqiao N,Total Nitrogen(mg/l) N,Total 0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 P,Total Phosphorous(mg/l) N/P ratio of Second Songhua River Basin Reservoirs ( Non-flood Period) 8.0 6.0 4.0 Upsteam of Fengman 2.0 Downstream of Fengman N,Total Nitrogen(mg/l) N,Total 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 P,Total Phosphorous(mg/l) N/P ratio of Main Songhua River Basin Reservoirs (Non-flood Period) 8.0 6.0 4.0 Sanchahe to Haerbin Haerbin to Tonghe Mudan River 2.0 Tonghe to Jiamusi Downstream of Jiamusi N,Total Nitrogen(mg/l) N,Total 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 P,Total Phosphorous(mg/l) FIGURE 6-11: N/P RATIO OF RESERVOIRS IN DIFFERENT CATCHMENTS (NON-FLOOD PERIOD OF 2000) SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 95 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS Fengman Reservoir, Xinlicheng Reservoir and Shitoukoumen Reservoir, proving drinkable water to Changchun City and Jilin City, are three important big reservoirs in Songhua River Basin. Focus on these reservoirs, N/P ratio is specially analyzed based on the quality data of 2000 in the following figures. It shows Fengman Reservoir and Shitoukoumen Reservoir are exhibited as P-limitation, which illuminate the high impacts from surrounding agriculture drainage water. N/P ratio of Fengman Reservoir 2.0 ) 1.5 Yearly Average 1.0 Flood Period 0.5 Non- N,Total Nitrogen(mg/l flood Period 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 P,Total Phosphorous(mg/l) N/P ratio of Xinlicheng Reservoir 2.0 Yearly 1.5 Average 1.0 Flood Period 0.5 Non- flood N,Total Nitrogen(mg/l) N,Total 0.0 Period 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 P,Total Phosphorous(mg/l) N/P ratio of Shitoukoumen Reservoir 2.0 Yearly 1.5 Average Flood 1.0 Period Non- 0.5 flood N,Total Nitrogen(mg/l) N,Total Period 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 P,Total Phosphorous(mg/l) FIGURE 6-12: N/P RATIO OF THREE KEY RESERVOIRS (YEAR OF 2000) SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 96 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS 6.4.4. TRENDS OF NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION Local governments invest large quantity of money into the conquest of desertification and soil erosion, which will be gradually improved and cured. And due to the policy of advocating “Green Agriculture” and “Organic Agriculture”, fewer chemical fertilizer and pesticide will be used in the near future, and livestock manure will be more used as a kind of organic fertilizer. The non-point pollution from soil erosion, pesticide/fertilizer and livestock will be gradually reduced in future years. 6.4.5. COUNTERMEASURES TO NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION The investigation, assessment and treatment to non-point source pollution are still in the early stage at this time in China. No matured treatment technologies for non-point source pollution exiting because of the definitely periodical and unstable nature of this pollution. In the period of “11th Five-Year Planning”, the treatment of non-point source pollution is mainly focusing on policy guidelines and pilot experiments. 6.4.5.1. GUIDELINES FOR THE TREATMENT OF NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION Non-point source pollution is impacted by several factors with ambiguous evolving mechanisms, thus exerting high difficulty to its treatment and control. Many aspects involves in the control process of non-point source pollution such as policies, management technologies, marketing adjustment and cooperation of farmers, together with the limited factor of un- substituted nature of fertilizer and pesticide. Anyway, the treatment of non-point source pollution should adopt the following points as the overall objectives and general guidelines: ¾ Income growth and poverty reduction in rural areas; ¾ Integrated rural environment management planning; ¾ Introducing the concept of Environment Impact Assessment into the agricultural planning system; ¾ Applying the concept of the circular economy to agriculture. 6.4.5.2. COUNTERMEASURES TO NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION Although the following recommendations are listed separately, they should be formulated and implemented as mutually and interactively supporting actions. Policy and Institutional Reform (a) Establish appropriate grain security policies to promote the control of non-point source pollution. It should integrate food self-sufficiency and environmental objectives, and ensure action consistency of different key Ministries involved. The strategy should consider the food security, Non-point source pollution and other environmental implications and guarantee grain self-sufficiency to be no less than 90 per cent. (b) Establish financing polices for rural wastewater treatment plants. It should also recognize that measures to control non-point source pollution from crop and agricultural production will not alone be sufficient to prevent eutrophication. Urgent action is also needed to control pollution discharge from village and town sewage as well as the wastes from intensive livestock enterprises. But, it is difficult to establish waste treatment facilities in rural areas in China because of the lack of finance. Consequently it is necessary to develop polices and institutional mechanisms for the financing of sewage and waste treatment facilities in rural. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 97 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS (c) Urgent action is required to improve the advisory services support to farmers on raising the efficiency of fertilizer and manure use, and reducing the negative environmental impacts of these inputs. The actions should include: (i) removing the dependence of extension worker incomes on the sale of fertilizer and pesticides; (ii) introducing a certification system to improve the skills of public and private extension workers; (iii) giving farmers the legal right together with financial and technical support to group together to form voluntary, independent farmers associations to improve their access to good extension services or even employ their own extension workers; (iv) widen training approaches for farmers; and (v) raising the environmental awareness of all extension workers. All of the above actions need both financial and political commitments by government, such as increased investment in rural education, health and extension services on environmentally sound and affordable technologies appropriate for small farmers. (d) Improve environmental assessment system through (i) establishing monitoring stations in key areas to measure risks to human and environmental health from the accumulation of residues from fertilizers, livestock manures and pesticides in soils, rivers, lakes and groundwater aquifers; (ii) conducting surveys to improve the assessment of the current Npp problem so to provide sufficient basis for policy priorities and integrated management for Npp control; (iii) introducing agricultural EIA performance indicators into local government reporting requirements; (iv) All the intensive livestock breeding farms should be periodically monitored to guarantee discharge within relative standards, navigated river section and tourist places should also be monitored periodically to control tourism-pollution. Legislative Improvement (a) New fertilizer and pesticide laws and regulations should be drawn up. These should encourage the production and use of chemical fertilizers and manure in ways that reduce Non- point source pollution, for example by: (i) setting higher quality standards for agro-chemicals and organic manures to limit the content of harmful contaminants or residues; (ii) establishing Good Farming Practices regarding the dosage, timing and method of application of fertilizers, pesticides and livestock manures to crops. (b) Stronger controls and incentives for waste discharges and recycling. The initial priority is regarding the discharge of wastes from intensive livestock in to waterways and the recycling of animal manure and human sewage. A feasibility study should be launched to examine whether it is possible to achieve greater recycling of animal manure and human sewage because most of it is currently wasted, and contributes to both point source and non-point source pollution. The study should examine economic as well as a physical and technical constraints and opportunities for recycling at the enterprise, village and regional level and applying the concept of the circular economy to agriculture. (c) Suggest local governments set up special departments to manage rural inhabitant environment, to control and treat rural domestic wastewater, solid garbage and surface runoff. Technical advancement The environmental safety from non-point source pollution should be improved by the following mutually supporting actions in technical aspect. (a) There should be a national campaign to promote the use of the proven technological measures that lower Npp. Such measures include : optimizing the rate of nitrogen fertilizer application using existing recommended technologies; reducing the use of ammonium bicarbonate fertilizers; balanced fertilizer applications tailored to specific soil nutrient (including micronutrients) deficiencies, and cropping systems; deep placement of commercial fertilizers, the use of slow release fertilizers and other forms of precision agriculture; adoption of drip irrigation to raise both water and fertilizer use efficiency; encouraging the use of manures with improved management of the level and timing of manure applications; adoption of no-till and other conservation farming techniques to reduce phosphate and pesticide losses on eroded soil particles; and use of catch or cover crops and buffer strips or diversion drains to capture lost nutrients in natural vegetation or harvestable crops. SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 98 PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA – THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK SONGHUA RIVER BASIN WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION CONTROL MANAGEMENT – TA 4061-PRC FINAL REPORT-VOLUME 2: SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS (b) Develop new technologies for Npp control and the improvement of existing ones. Launching pilot studies on the optimal practices for Npp control. These studies should draw on the experience of SEPA and the MOA in developing environment friendly farming practices and could use the already established eco-counties or model villages as pilot areas for revised Npp control policies and practices. (c) Efforts are urgently needed at all levels to increase public awareness of the causes and consequences of Npp from crop production. Many people know that pesticides cause pollution but are unaware of the pollution caused by fertilizers. These efforts need to be well-balanced and carry the message that the correct use of chemical fertilizers, manures and pesticides can achieve both environmental and economic objectives and provide consumers with safe and affordable food. (d) Build Green Ecological Corridor. Protect the ecological environment of Songhua River, Nen River head water area and other drinkable water sources. Keep on the policies of “return cultivated farm to forest land”; protect the natural forest and grass land. Build green ecological corridors between Songhua River Branches and mainstream to increase ecological connections and to reduce soil loss, and reduce the fertilizer amount which flowed into river. 6.5. CONCLUSIONS The rapid economic development in Songhua River Basin has resulted in an increased discharge of untreated wastewater in the environment, despite the development of industrial or domestic facilities. At present, the wastewater load from domestic origin far exceeds the industrial load, a direct result of the fast urbanization process. The increased pollution of river branches is now threatening severely major sources of water supply for large cities in the Basin. oOo SOGREAH / DELFT –SEPTEMBER 2005 PAGE 99