DOCSLIB.ORG

Agriculture at a Crossroads IAASTD Findings and Recommendations for Future Farming Contents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Agriculture at a Crossroads IAASTD Findings and Recommendations for Future Farming Contents Agriculture at a Crossroads IAASTD findings and recommendations for future farming Contents Introduction .................................................................................. 1 Agroecology ................................................................................28 Hunger in Times of Plenty .......................................................... 4 Water ............................................................................................30 Health: Food or Cause of Illness? .............................................. 7 Soil Fertility and Erosion .......................................................... 32 Meat and Animal Feed .............................................................. 10 Climate and Energy ...................................................................34 Trade and Markets ..................................................................... 12 Agrofuels and Bioenergy ...........................................................36 Food Sovereignty ........................................................................ 15 Adaptation to Climate Change ................................................38 Land Grabbing ............................................................................ 16 Knowledge and Science .............................................................40 Multifunctionality ..................................................................... 18 Seeds and Patents on Life ..........................................................44 Industrial Agriculture and Small-scale Farming .................. 21 Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology ................................46 The Female Face of Farming.....................................................24 Interview with Hans Herren ....................................................48 The Five IAASTD Regions ........................................................26 Ten Lessons and Challenges .....................................................50 Imprint Publisher: Editors: Foundation on Future Farming Angelika Beck (Zukunftsstiftung Landwirtschaft) Benedikt Haerlin Marienstr. 19-20 Lea Richter D-10117 Berlin, Germany Phone: +49 30 275 903 09 Fax: +49 30 275 903 12 [email protected] www.globalagriculture.org Published in June 2016 We especially like to thank these organizations for kindly providing generous funding for this brochure: Additional thanks to those organizations who supported the German version upon which this brochure is based: INTRODUCTION | 1 About the IAASTD Report Modern agriculture is producing more food per capita than ever before. At the same time, according to estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), almost 800 million people of today’s world population of seven billion are currently chronically undernourished. An additional two billion people are suffering from micronutrient deficiencies, lacking key vitamins and minerals. In 2014, 1.9 billion people were overweight, and of these, 600 million were obese. Climate change is presenting an enormous new challenge to agriculture while the world population is predicted to increase to 9.7 billion by 2050. Whether clean water, fertile soils, forests, wetlands and other natural resources, as well as the biodiversity of the planet, will be available to future generations in a condition that enables them to survive will depend crucially on The two IAASTD Co-chairs Hans Herren and Judi Wakhungu, UNEP Executive Director Achim the way we produce our food and on what we eat. An enormous share of human-induced Steiner and IAASTD Director Robert T. Watson greenhouse gas emissions result directly or indirectly from agricultural production and the subsequent processing, storage, transport and disposal of food. One-third of the world’s population obtains its livelihood from agriculture. Agriculture and food is by far the world’s largest business and therefore closely linked to sustainable development. The IAASTD process It was against this backdrop that the World Bank and the United Nations initiated a unique international scientific process to evaluate the state of global agriculture, its history and future: the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development (IAASTD), commonly known as the World Agriculture Report. More than 400 scientists from all continents and a broad spectrum of disciplines worked together for four years with the aim of answering the following In 2008 in a five-day marathon session in question: Johannesburg, government representatives “How can we reduce hunger and poverty, improve rural livelihoods and facilitate equitable, adopted the IAASTD summaries line by line. environmentally, socially and economically sustainable development through the generation of, access to, and use of agricultural knowledge, science and technology?” For several decades, the World Bank had seriously neglected investments in the agricultural sector. The IAASTD was hence set up to take stock of global agricultural knowledge and evaluate where and how the World Bank could best invest in the agricultural development of the poorest countries. The aim was to find out which future approaches should be adopted by the 15 international agricultural research centers (CGIAR) administered by the World Bank and which role the controversial technique of genetic engineering should play in feeding the world’s hungry. Professor Robert T. Watson, the then chief scientist at the World Bank, became the IAASTD authors, Bob Watson and the delegate Director of and driving force behind the IAASTD. In the 1980s, he initiated NASA’s of the Kingdom of Bhutan were dancing after the IAASTD was finally adopted after five years. groundbreaking report on ozone depletion and from 1997 to 2002 he was Chair of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). IAASTD - process, structure, stakeholders Consultative process Bureau 11 consultations in 30 Government representatives questions all continents 30 Civil society representatives (2002/2003) answers More than 400 authors from 86 · 22 from civil society countries (NGOs, consumers, producers/ First draft - public review (2006) farmers, private sector) · Selection of authors Second draft - public review (2007) · 8 from scientific institutions and Joint proposal · Conceptual framework ca. 20,000 external contributions by UN, UNEP, WHO, UNDP, international organizations · Conflict resolution –> final version UNESCO, FAO, World Bank 2 Co-chairs · Control of the budget: to conduct the IAASTD, 12 million US$ elaborated by a 55-member Steering Committee (2003) Secretariat 1 Director appoints 1 Global report 5 Regional reports 1 Synthesis report adopts Plenary of governments 7 Executive summaries · decides to start the process · appoints the bureau (Nairobi, 2004) · adopts the final text (Johannesburg, 2008) INTRODUCTION | 2 “The Bureau agreed that the scope of the assessment needed to go beyond the The structure and functioning of the IAASTD narrow confines of science and technology and should encompass other types of were very similar to the IPCC, yet with one relevant knowledge (e.g., knowledge held by agricultural producers, consumers fundamental difference: While the IPCC was and end users) and that it should also assess the role of institutions, organizations, only managed by government representatives, governance, markets and trade. The IAASTD is a multidisciplinary and the states and UN institutions participating multistakeholder enterprise requiring the use and integration of information, in the IAASTD set up a bureau for the process tools and models from different knowledge paradigms including local and comprising of 30 government representatives traditional knowledge.” (Global, p. IX-X) and 30 representatives from civil society. The latter included companies such as Syngenta and Unilever, and scientific institutions worked side by side with farmers, consumer groups and NGOs, such as Greenpeace and the Pesticide Action Network. This bureau agreed on the basic questions to be answered and jointly selected the authors of the report, taking great care to achieve a well-balanced representation of all continents and genders, and different disciplines and backgrounds. The IAASTD process brought together agronomists and economists with biologists and chemists, as well as ecologists, meteorologists, anthropologists, botanists, medical scientists, geographers, historians and philosophers. It also included some holders of traditional and local knowledge from diverse cultural backgrounds. This unique diversity of participants enabled a holistic perspective on all essential ecological, economic, social and cultural aspects of agriculture. The report strives for a historic perspective, which looks back over the past 50 years, but also for a future perspective, looking forward 50 years if possible. Besides the global report, the IAASTD consists of five separate regional reports and one synthesis report. It also includes seven executive summaries for decision makers which were adopted sentence by sentence by an intergovernmental plenary. Breaking new ground The IAASTD’s approach differed from mere assessments of science and technology that The 58 signatory states choose certain solutions as a starting point and then look for the problems that could be Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, solved with this technology. The IAASTD, by contrast, first identified key questions and Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Botswana, Brazil, main challenges in eleven public stakeholder consultations
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Preliminary Assessment Waste Management
    Executive Summary 1 The purpose of this report is to make a preliminary assessment of green jobs potentials in the waste management sector in Lebanon, including solid waste management, hazardous waste management and wastewater treatment. This report provides an overview of waste management in Lebanon, considers potentials for greening the sector, and estimates current and future green jobs in waste management. The current state of the waste management sector in Lebanon is far from ideal. Collection activities are fairly advanced when it comes to municipal solid waste, but insufficient for wastewater, and totally lacking for hazardous waste. Currently only two-thirds of the total generated solid waste undergoes some form of treatment, while the remainder is discarded in open dumpsites or directly into nature. Moreover, wastewater treatment is insufficient and Lebanon currently lacks any effective strategy or system for dealing with most hazardous waste. Incrementally, the sector is nonetheless changing. In recent years green activities such as sorting, composting and recycling have become more common, advanced medical waste treatment is being developed, and several international organisations, NGOs and private enterprises have launched initiatives to green the sector and reduce its environmental impact. Also large-scale governmental initiatives to close down and rehabilitate dumpsites and construct new waste management facilities and wastewater treatment plants are currently being planned or implemented, which will have a considerable impact in greening the waste management sector in Lebanon. In this report, green jobs in waste management are defined as jobs providing decent work that seek to decrease waste loads and the use of virgin resources through reuse, recycling and recovery, and reduce the environmental impact of the waste sector by containing or treating substances that are harmful to the natural environment and public health.
    [Show full text]
  • REGENERATIVE AGRICULTURE and the SOIL CARBON SOLUTION SEPTEMBER 2020
    REGENERATIVE AGRICULTURE and the SOIL CARBON SOLUTION SEPTEMBER 2020 AUTHORED BY: Jeff Moyer, Andrew Smith, PhD, Yichao Rui, PhD, Jennifer Hayden, PhD REGENERATIVE AGRICULTURE IS A WIN-WIN-WIN CLIMATE SOLUTION that is ready for widescale implementation now. WHAT ARE WE WAITING FOR? Table of Contents 3 Executive Summary 5 Introduction 9 A Potent Corrective 11 Regenerative Principles for Soil Health and Carbon Sequestration 13 Biodiversity Below Ground 17 Biodiversity Above Ground 25 Locking Carbon Underground 26 The Question of Yields 28 Taking Action ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 30 Soil Health for a Livable Future Many thanks to the Paloma Blanca Foundation and Tom and Terry Newmark, owners of Finca Luna Nueva Lodge and regenerative farm in 31 References Costa Rica, for providing funding for this paper. Tom is also the co-founder and chairman of The Carbon Underground. Thank you to Roland Bunch, Francesca Cotrufo, PhD, David Johnson, PhD, Chellie Pingree, and Richard Teague, PhD for providing interviews to help inform the paper. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The environmental impacts of agricultural practices This introduction is co-authored by representatives of two The way we manage agricultural land 140 billion new tons of CO2 contamination to the blanket of and translocation of carbon from terrestrial pools to formative organizations in the regenerative movement. matters. It matters to people, it matters to greenhouse gases already overheating our planet. There is atmospheric pools can be seen and felt across a broad This white paper reflects the Rodale Institute’s unique our society, and it matters to the climate. no quarreling with this simple but deadly math: the data are unassailable.
    [Show full text]
  • Program Guide For: Newly Adopted Course of Study Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Cluster, and Argiscience Middle School
    2020-2021 PROGRAM GUIDE FOR: NEWLY ADOPTED COURSE OF STUDY AGRICULTURE, FOOD AND NATURAL RESOURCES CLUSTER, AND ARGISCIENCE MIDDLE SCHOOL NOVEMBER 20, 2020 ALABAMA STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION CAREER AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION ANDY CHAMNESS, EDUCATION ADMINISTRATOR COLLIN ADCOCK, EDUCATION SPECIALIST JERAD DYESS, EDUCATION SPECIALIST MAGGIN EDWARDS, ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT (334) 694-4746 Revised 2/23/2021 Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources Cluster This cluster prepares students for employment in career pathways that relate to the $70 billion plus industry of agriculture. The mission of agriscience education is to prepare students for successful careers and a lifetime of informed choices in the global agriculture, food, fiber and natural resource industries. There are six program areas in this cluster: General Agriculture, Animal Science, Plant Science, Environmental and Natural Resources, Industrial Agriculture and Middle School. Extended learning experiences to enrich and enhance instruction are reinforced through learner participation in the career and technical student organization related to agriculture education. The National FFA organization (FFA) serves as the CTSO for this cluster. Additionally, project-based learning experiences, otherwise known as a Supervised Agriculture Experience (SAE) are an integral part of agriculture education. General Agriculture Program Pathway Career (Must teach three courses from this program list within two years) Pathway This program is designed to deliver a variety of agricultural disciplines
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Food Sovereignty Reclaiming Autonomous Food Systems
    Towards Food Sovereignty Reclaiming autonomous food systems Michel Pimbert Reclaiming Diversi TY & CiTizensHip Towards Food Sovereignty Reclaiming autonomous food systems Michel Pimbert Table of Contents Chapter 7. Transforming knowledge and ways of knowing ........................................................................................................................3 7.1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................................................................3 7.2. Transforming knowledge..........................................................................................................................................................................6 7.2.1. Beyond reductionism and the neglect of dynamic complexity ..........................................................................................6 7.2.2. Overcoming myths about people and environment relations .........................................................................................10 7.2.3. Decolonising economics......................................................................................................................................................17 7.3. Transforming ways of knowing..............................................................................................................................................................22 7.3.1. Inventing more democratic ways of knowing...................................................................................................................22
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. C. Padoch Scientist Institute of Economie Botany the Newyor K Botanical Garden Piôo&Dpi T2000
    Promotor: dr.ir. R.A.A. Oldeman Hoogleraar in de bosteelt en bosoecologie Co-promotor: dr. C. Padoch Scientist Institute of Economie Botany The NewYor k Botanical Garden piôO&dpi t2000 WIL DE JONG DIVERSITY, VARIATION, AND CHANGE IN RIBERENO AGRICULTURE AND AGROFORESTRY Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouw- en milieuwetenschappen op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C. M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 25 oktober 1995 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen. ff 933 CIP-DATAKONINKLIJK E BIBLIOTHEEK, DENHAA G 1995 Diversity, varation, and change in Ribereno agriculture and agroforestry / Wil de Jong. [S.I.;s.n.]. Fig.,Tab . Thesis Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen.Wit hréf .Wit h summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-5485-469-3 Subject headings:agriculture ;Amazonia-Peru/varze aresourc eutilization/ribereno s Riberenos, the native farmers ofth e lowland Peruvian Amazon region, subsist in an ecologically complex Amazonian varzea environment by practicing a highly diverseagriculture , and following individualistic agricultural strategies.A tota lo f 14 different agricultural methods, identified as agricultural types, and the varia­ tion inagricultura l strategies are described for two villages located atth e Ucayali river.Diversit y ofswidden-fallo w agroforestry onterr a firme lands,an d ofvarze a agroforestry is investigated. Riberefio agricultural diversity and variation inagri ­ cultural strategies can be explained as adaptations to the complex and dynamic conditions of the varzea. The case of ribereno resource use gives reason to ques­ tion several theories that have been formulated about varzea resource utilization. i \NVBO!""''IJ:'^ •"•],\-2iT'y " ''•'O-.Cé.N A/^JÛÏ'iOt , 2.00Q STELLINGEN î De diversiteit van ribereno landbouw in de varzea weerlegt Ross' stelling (The evolution of the Amazon peasantry.
    [Show full text]
  • Sundials for Urban Farming in an Early Inca City
    Universal Journal of Agricultural Research 2(3): 107-114, 2014 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/ujar.2014.020305 Sundials for Urban Farming in an Early Inca City Uwe Christian Plachetka University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright © 2014 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved. Abstract Information systems are essential for farming the methods of these indigenous farmers promote “response agriculture”. The famous IntiWatanas, the Inca an increase in crop diversity to avoid adverse effects of sundials were a technological detail of “response agriculture” inbreeding (Brush 2004). The Andean highlands and their as the development of the Inca Empire was a matter of traditional farmers harbor the genetic reserves for potatoes coping with the challenges of the Medieval Climatic (solanum tuberosum spp.), Quinoa (Chenopodia quinoa) Anomaly in the Central Andean Highlands. Such archaic and a wide range of other nutritive crops. Consequently the but smart techniques can be understood only when intervention of the last pre-European government of Peru, considered in their original socio-ecologic context. that of the Incas in agricultural systems and food production is palpable, which does matter for a proper understanding of Keywords Urban Farming, Inca, Sundial, Ecologic diversity-promoting agricultural systems and response Management agriculture because the Incas had to face the challenges of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly(MCA) (Haberle S.G., Chepstow-Lusty
    [Show full text]
  • Handout 3.1: Looking at Industrial Agriculture and Agricultural Innovation
    Handout 3.1: Looking at Industrial Agriculture and Agricultural Innovation Agricultural Innovation:1 “A form of modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock, poultry, fish and crops. The methods it employs include innovation in agricultural machinery and farming methods, genetic technology, techniques for achieving economies of scale in production, the creation of new markets for consumption, the application of patent protection to genetic information, and global trade.” Benefits Downsides + Cheap and plentiful food ‐ Environmental and social costs + Consumer convenience ‐ Damage to fisheries + Contribution to the economy on many levels, ‐ Animal waste causing surface and groundwater from growers to harvesters to sellers pollution ‐ Increased health risks from pesticides ‐ Heavy use of fossil fuels leading to increased ozone pollution and global warming Factors that influence agricultural innovation • Incentive or regulatory government policies • Different abilities and potentials in agriculture and food sectors • Macro economic conditions (i.e. quantity and quality of public and private infrastructure and services, human capital, and the existing industrial mix) • The knowledge economy (access to agricultural knowledge and expertise) • Regulations at the production and institution levels The Challenge: Current industrial agriculture practices are temporarily increasing the Earth’s carrying capacity of humans while slowly destroying its long‐term carrying capacity. There is, therefore, a need to shift to more sustainable forms of industrial agriculture, which maximize its benefits while minimizing the downsides. Innovation in food Example (Real or hypothetical) processing Cost reduction / productivity improvement Quality enhancement / sensory performance Consumer convenience / new varieties Nutritional delivery / “healthier” Food safety 1 www.wikipedia.org .
    [Show full text]
  • Industrial Agriculture, Livestock Farming and Climate Change
    Industrial Agriculture, Livestock Farming and Climate Change Global Social, Cultural, Ecological, and Ethical Impacts of an Unsustainable Industry Prepared by Brighter Green and the Global Forest Coalition (GFC) with inputs from Biofuelwatch Photo: Brighter Green 1. Modern Livestock Production: Factory Farming and Climate Change For many, the image of a farmer tending his or her crops and cattle, with a backdrop of rolling fields and a weathered but sturdy barn in the distance, is still what comes to mind when considering a question that is not asked nearly as often as it should be: Where does our food come from? However, this picture can no longer be relied upon to depict the modern, industrial food system, which has already dominated food production in the Global North, and is expanding in the Global South as well. Due to the corporate take-over of food production, the small farmer running a family farm is rapidly giving way to the large-scale, factory farm model. This is particularly prevalent in the livestock industry, where thousands, sometimes millions, of animals are raised in inhumane, unsanitary conditions. These operations, along with the resources needed to grow the grain and oil meals (principally soybeans and 1 corn) to feed these animals place intense pressure on the environment. This is affecting some of the world’s most vulnerable ecosystems and human communities. The burdens created by the spread of industrialized animal agriculture are wide and varied—crossing ecological, social, and ethical spheres. These are compounded by a lack of public awareness and policy makers’ resistance to seek sustainable solutions, particularly given the influence of the global corporations that are steadily exerting greater control over the world’s food systems and what ends up on people’s plates.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquculture and Deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon Gator Halpern Pomona College
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Keck Graduate Institute Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont Pomona Senior Theses Pomona Student Scholarship 2012 Aquculture and Deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon Gator Halpern Pomona College Recommended Citation Halpern, Gator, "Aquculture and Deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon" (2012). Pomona Senior Theses. Paper 40. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/40 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Pomona Student Scholarship at Scholarship @ Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pomona Senior Theses by an authorized administrator of Scholarship @ Claremont. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Aquaculture and Deforestation in the Peruvian Amazon Gator Halpern In partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Environmental Analysis, 2011‐12 academic year, Pomona College, Claremont, California Readers: Bowman Cutter Rick Hazlett Acknowledgments The completion of this thesis would not have been possible without the help of many individuals and institutions. First, I would like to thank Pomona College and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation; it was their generous support that provided me the opportunity to travel to the Amazon. A large thanks is due to Professor Bowman Cutter, who has been my advisor throughout my Peruvian adventures and my reader during this thesis process. Also there to read my drafts along the way was Professor Rick Hazlett, thank you for always being so prompt in getting things back to me, and Magister Ken Martin, thanks for steadily improving my prose for nearly a decade now.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing Markets for Agroecology — an Analysis of Diverse Options for Marketing Products from Agroecology FAO/INRA
    Constructing markets for agroecology for Constructing markets — An analysis of diverse options for marketing products from agroecology from products diverse options for marketing An analysis of CONSTRUCTING MARKETS FOR AGROECOLOGY An analysis of diverse options for marketing products from agroecology FAO/INRA Constructing markets for agroecology An analysis of diverse options for marketing products from agroecology Published by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) Rome, 2018 Recommended citation FAO/INRA. 2018. Constructing markets for agroecology – An analysis of diverse options for marketing products from agroecology, by Loconto, A., Jimenez, A. & Vandecandelaere, E. Rome, Italy. Cover photographs Background: ©J. Aguirre Top to bottom: ©FAO/R. Gangale; ©INRA/A. Loconto; ©INRA/Y. Chiffoleau; ©INRA/A. Loconto The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), or of the Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO, or INRA preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO, or INRA.
    [Show full text]
  • Opting out of Industrial Meat
    OPTING OUT OF INDUSTRIAL MEAT HOW TO STAND AGAINST CRUELTY, SECRECY, AND CHEMICAL DEPENDENCY IN FOOD ANIMAL PRODUCTION JULY 2018 www.centerforfoodsafety.org TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION: CRUELTY, SECRECY, & CHEMICAL DEPENDENCY 1 II. WHAT IS “INDUSTRIAL MEAT”? 7 III. TEN REASONS TO OUT OPT OF INDUSTRIAL MEAT 11 For Our Health 11 For Food Workers 13 For Pollinators 14 For Water Conservation 15 For Animals 17 For Climate 18 For Healthy Communities 19 For Food Safety 19 For Farmers 21 For Local Economies 22 IV. HOW TO OPT OUT OF INDUSTRIAL MEAT 23 1. Eat Less Meat Less Often 24 2. Choose Organic, Humane, and Pasture-Based Meat Products 26 3. Eat More Organic and Non-GMO Plant Proteins 28 V. CONCLUSION & POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS CHARTS Plant-Based Sources of Protein 30 Fish 31 ENDNOTES 32 CENTER FOR FOOD SAFETY OPTING OUT OF INDUSTRIAL MEAT INTRODUCTION: CRUELTY, SECRECY, & CHEMICAL DEPENDENCY hat came first—the chicken or the egg? ible toll on our climate, water, soils, wildlife, and WIt’s difficult to know whether increasing health. What’s more, massive production of animals consumer demand for meat and poultry in these conditions requires intensive production products has driven drastic increases in production of grains for feed, which contributes to high pes - levels, or vice versa. What we do know with cer - ticide use and threatens wildlife. 1 tainty, though, is that demand for and production of meat and poultry products has increased dra - Nevertheless, demand for meat and poultry con - matically in the U.S. and globally in the last 70 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction the Idea That Industrial Agriculture Is Successful In
    Introduction The idea that industrial agriculture is successful in providing food security during a time of climate change and increasing world hunger is grounded in the ontology and episteme of neoliberal economics. However, neoliberal economics offers a very specific worldview and is guided by a particular set of concepts and indicators. Other fields have been expanding their scope and measures by working across disciplines, with the environmental sciences, for example, attracting chemists, geneticists, botanists, astronomers and more (Davis & Ruddle, 2010; Martin, Roy, Diemont, & Ferguson, 2010). Similarly, ecology brings together natural scientists with those who know traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), for the former have found indigenous knowledge useful in perceiving dynamic interdependencies (Brook & McLachlan, 2008; Terer, Muasya, Dahdouh-Guebas, Ndiritu, & Triest, 2012). The study of agriculture recently expanded to include the field of agroecology, which also incorporates TEK, for measurement and understanding (Altieri, 2004; Björklund et al., 2012). Yet, neoliberal economics remains dominant and often directs global policy assessment of food production. The episteme of neoliberal economics 1 is central to approaches to agriculture by the G8 (and their Davos World Economic Forum conferences), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the World Bank (WB), but it is also endorsed by most G20 economies (or members). Their policies affirm the industrial farming system, with economies of scale for increasing yields and efficiency, linked to a single global market. They believe this approach is the answer to feeding growing populations in the face of climate change threats to food production. However, assumptions behind neoliberal economic theories, both the centralizing concepts and their measures, devalue the attributes of smallholder food production.
    [Show full text]