Dr. C. Padoch Scientist Institute of Economie Botany the Newyor K Botanical Garden Piôo&Dpi T2000

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Dr. C. Padoch Scientist Institute of Economie Botany the Newyor K Botanical Garden Piôo&Dpi T2000 Promotor: dr.ir. R.A.A. Oldeman Hoogleraar in de bosteelt en bosoecologie Co-promotor: dr. C. Padoch Scientist Institute of Economie Botany The NewYor k Botanical Garden piôO&dpi t2000 WIL DE JONG DIVERSITY, VARIATION, AND CHANGE IN RIBERENO AGRICULTURE AND AGROFORESTRY Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouw- en milieuwetenschappen op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C. M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 25 oktober 1995 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen. ff 933 CIP-DATAKONINKLIJK E BIBLIOTHEEK, DENHAA G 1995 Diversity, varation, and change in Ribereno agriculture and agroforestry / Wil de Jong. [S.I.;s.n.]. Fig.,Tab . Thesis Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen.Wit hréf .Wit h summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-5485-469-3 Subject headings:agriculture ;Amazonia-Peru/varze aresourc eutilization/ribereno s Riberenos, the native farmers ofth e lowland Peruvian Amazon region, subsist in an ecologically complex Amazonian varzea environment by practicing a highly diverseagriculture , and following individualistic agricultural strategies.A tota lo f 14 different agricultural methods, identified as agricultural types, and the varia­ tion inagricultura l strategies are described for two villages located atth e Ucayali river.Diversit y ofswidden-fallo w agroforestry onterr a firme lands,an d ofvarze a agroforestry is investigated. Riberefio agricultural diversity and variation inagri ­ cultural strategies can be explained as adaptations to the complex and dynamic conditions of the varzea. The case of ribereno resource use gives reason to ques­ tion several theories that have been formulated about varzea resource utilization. i \NVBO!""''IJ:'^ •"•],\-2iT'y " ''•'O-.Cé.N A/^JÛÏ'iOt , 2.00Q STELLINGEN î De diversiteit van ribereno landbouw in de varzea weerlegt Ross' stelling (The evolution of the Amazon peasantry. 1978) dat tegenwoordig boeren van het Amazone-gebied deze zone voornamelijk gebruikenvoo r extractieve doelen. Riberenos voedingspatroon op basis van cassave en vis weerlegt Roosevelts theorie (Parmana: Prehistorie maize and manioc subsistence along the Amazon and Orinoco, 1980) dat slechts als gevolg van de introductie van maïs in het Amazone-gebied groepen met meer complexe sociale stratificaties zich konden ontwikkelen. Riberenos onafhankelijke landbouw demonstreert dat er geen complexe sociale organisatie nodig is om landbouw te kunnen bedrijven in de varzea, en tevens dat onafhankelijke boeren efficiënter met de ecologische diversiteit en de onvoorspelbaarheid van dit gebied overweg kunnen dan georganiseerd opererendegroepen . De bereidheid van riberenos om, zoals ze gewoon zijn, riskante landbouw-produktiemethodento e te passen, zal verminderen als de nu aanwezige mogelijkheden zullen verdwijnen om binnen een korte tijd de consequentiesva n mislukte oogsten op te vangen. Agroforestry-systemen komen minder voor in varzea met haar vruchtbare bodems, maar worden daar intensiever beheerd dan die op de armere terra firme. De ecologische complexiteit van de varzea en de landbouwdiversiteit van riberenos vereisen een landbouwplanning en -voorlichting die in eerste instantie gericht zijn op het verbeteren van de economische situatie van de landgebruikers, en pas in de tweede plaats op het optimaliseren van de produktie van het gebied. De duurzaamheid van de landbouw is geen objectief meetbare eigenschap, maar een standaard die nog te weinig mede gedefinieerd wordt door diegenen van wie de huidige landbouw- produktiemethodenvaa k als niet duurzaambeoordeel d worden. 8 Het gebruik van niet-hout bosprodukten kan een belangrijke bijdrage leveren aan de economische ontwikkeling van kleinschalige boeren, maar het is te verwachten dat dit slechts van gering belang zal zijn voor het behoudva n niet of weinig verstoord tropisch regenwoud. Het gebruik van systeemtheorie in de analyse van landbouw-produktiemethodendi e direct en feitelijk beschreven kunnen worden, introduceert een extra abstractieniveau, wat in strijd is met de regel dat theorieën zo eenvoudig mogelijk dienent e zijn. 10 Vele proefschriften maken een fase door waarin ze voor een hele lange tijd bijna klaarzijn . Wil de Jong. Diversity, variation, and change inribereno agricultur e and agroforestry. 25 oktober 1995. A Carmen; Esta obra tela dedico ati, miesposa, micompanera, miamiga. Alfinal de cuenta, esfélo quenos hace alcanzar a losdestinos quenos ponemos. La tuya ha sido mas grande delo que podia esperar. Sinella esta obra no hubiera sidoposible. CONTENTS GLOSSARY x PREFACE xvii 1 VARZEA RESOURCE USE: ECOLOGY AND HISTORY 1 Introduction 1 Varzea ecology and land use 3 Pre-contact varzea resource use 4 Contemporary varzea resource use 6 Ribereno history 8 Riberefio resource use 9 Ribereno agroforestry... 10 Research questions and rational 11 Theories on varzea resource management questioned 13 2 METHODOLOLOGIES AND METHODS 15 Introduction 15 Definition of concepts 16 Scheduling of the research 17 Selection of research units 18 Data gathered and research methods 19 3 THE PEOPLE AND THE PLACES 24 Introduction 24 A brief history of riberefios 25 Ribereno political organization andsettlemen t patterns 27 The Ucayali environment 30 Climate soils and vegetation 33 Santa Rosa: people and place 35 A history and geography ofYanallp a 37 4 AGRICULTURAL DIVERSITY IN FLOODPLAIN FARMING 40 Introduction 40 Agricultural types, a concept for land use classification 41 Rice agricultural types 44 Barreal rice fields 44 Restinga rice fields 48 Aguajal rice fields 50 Terra firme rice fields 51 Chacra agricultural types 52 Restinga chacras 52 Terra firme chacras 54 Plantain agricultural types 56 Restinga plantain fields 56 Terra firme plantain fields 57 Forest garden agricultural types 59 Restinga forest gardens 59 Terra firme forest gardens 59 Other foodplain agricultural types 60 Restinga corn fields 60 Playa cowpea fields 62 Restingajut e fields 63 Restinga vegetable fields 64 5 VARIATION IN AGRICULTURAL STRATEGIES 65 Introduction 65 Factors influencing ribereno agriculture 66 Data sets used and methods of data-analysis 69 vi Results 71 Frequency of agricultural types in 1985/1986 71 Changes in utilization of agricultural types 75 Magnitudes of farming enterprises 77 Changes in agricultural strategies 80 Discussion 82 Preferred farming strategies 82 Household production 84 Rice versus corn cash cropping 84 Strategic farming in the floodplain 87 6 FOREST GARDENING IN SANTA ROSA 90 Introduction 90 Swidden-fallow agroforestry 91 Santa Rosa forest gardens 93 Results 95 Diversity of managed species 95 Weeding patterns 100 Yield levels 102 Management ofriberefio fores t gardens 104 Pathways for intensification of riberefio agroforestry 106 7 FLOODPLAIN AGROFORESTRY INYANALLP A 109 Introduction 109 Yanallpafloodplain agroforestr y 111 Yanallpa agroforestry fields 112 Results 115 Diversity of managed species 115 Weeding patterns and yield levels 120 Varzea agroforestry strategies 122 Options for varzeaagroforestr y development 124 vu 8 CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTIVES 126 Introduction 126 Summary of findings 128 Agricultural diversity 128 Variation in agricultural strategies 129 Diversity of ribereno agroforestry 130 Implications for theories on varzea resource management 131 Varzea agriculture in Peru versus Brazil 131 Requirement of complex social organization for varzea exploitation 133 Dependence of pre-contact groups on corn protein 134 Evaluation of the research 135 The future of varzea agriculture in Amazonian Peru 138 LITERATURE CITED 141 NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING 165 LEVENSOVERZICHT WIL DE JONG 168 vin FIGURES AND TABLES Figure 3.1 : General overview of the research area and ofth e villages 29 researched Figure 3.2 : Map of the surroundings of the villages researched 31 Figure 3.3 : Monthly water level in the Ucayali river, Jenaro Herrera, 1985 33 Figure4. 1 : General calendar agricultural types with marked seasonality ... 44 Figure 5.1 : Frequencies ofagricultura l types among Santa Rosa farmers,. 72 1985/1986 and 1989 Figure 5.2 : Frequencies of agricultural types amongYanallp a farmers, 74 1985/1986 and 1989 Figure 5.3 : Number of agricultural types per farmer in Santa Rosa and.... 76 Yanallpa, 1985/1986 Figure 5.4 : Number of agricultural types per farmer in Santa Rosaand.. 78 Yanallpa, 1989 Figure 5.5 : Changes in number ofagricultura l types per farmer between .. 81 1985/1986 and 1989 Figure 6.1 : Non managed vegetation index (IDmv) in four forest gardens, 101 Santa Rosa Table 2.1 : Inmv (non managed vegetation) index values to estimate 22 weeding patterns in forest gardens Table4. 1 : General features of theagricultura l types described in 45 chapter four Table4. 2 : Comparison of fourrice agricultura l types 47 Table 6.1 : Densities of managed plant species in seven forest gardens,.... 96 Santa Rosa Table 6.2 : Production per hectare of four forest gardens, Santa Rosa 103 Table 7.1 : Densities of managed plant species in nine varzea 116 agroforestry fields, Yanallpa IX GLOSSARY Acrisols Strongly weathered soils with low CEC and base saturation similart oUltisols ;FAO/UNESC O clas­ sification. Agente municipal Village authority who represent the municipality to which the village belongs, and who is elected by the villagers. Agricultural type Unique site-cropcombinatio n which hasa typica l set of agricultural techniques, scheduling of ac­ tivities,productio n levels,risk ,an dprincipa l des­ tination of output. Aguajal Forest which is dominated by the palm Mauritia flexuosa, probably an early succesional
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