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(Asteraceae) in the Context of Its Biological Control

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(Asteraceae) in the Context of Its Biological Control bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.965863; this version posted February 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Using karyotyping and achene morphology to accurately identify Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae) in the context of its biological control M. Ollivier1, P. Gauthier2, V. Lesieur1,3, T. Thomann3, M. Jourdan3, M. C. Bon4, A. Sheppard3,5, S. Raghu6, M. S. Tixier1, J.-F. Martin1 1. CBGP, Montpellier SupAgro, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France. [email protected], marie- [email protected], [email protected] 2. CBGP, IRD, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France. [email protected] 3. CSIRO European Laboratory, Montferrier sur Lez 34980, France. [email protected], [email protected] 4. USDA ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, 810 avenue du Campus Agropolis, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France. mcbon@ars- ebcl.org 5. CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. [email protected] 6. CSIRO, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Qld 4001, Australia. [email protected] Corresponding author: Mélodie Ollivier [email protected] Tel: +33 499 623 332 Fax: +33 499 623 345 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.965863; this version posted February 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Using karyotyping and achene morphology to accurately identify Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae) in the context of its biological control Abstract In weed biocontrol, accurate identification of the target weed is essential to select effective and host-specific biocontrol agents. This study focuses on the biocontrol of an invasive weed species in Australia, native from Europe, the common sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae). During field surveys, the distinction between S. oleraceus and a morphologically related species (S. asper L.) was difficult because of specimens bearing intermediate morphological features. These observations raised questions about the reliability the morphological characters used for distinguishing between these species and the identity of the intermediate phenotypes. First, cytological analyses coupled with morphological comparisons were carried out on specimens collected in Europe and Australia. Results showed that specimens morphologically described as S. oleraceus and S. asper possessed, in accordance with literature 32 and 18 chromosomes, respectively. Specimens with intermediate morphotypes had 32 chromosomes, showing that they belong to S. oleraceus species. The variability of characters used for diagnosis is discussed and for a particular feature, achene ornamentation, an inquiry among 30 people was carried out to determine how this character might be relevant for distinguishing the two species herein considered. The successful identification rate was 92.2% (SE ± 0.77) showing the practical interest of this feature for diagnosis. Keywords Diagnosis, Cytology, Morphological characters, Common sowthistle, Biocontrol bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.965863; this version posted February 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Introduction Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae: Cichorieae; common sowthistle) is a pioneer plant species, that colonises disturbed ecosystems, as roadsides, gardens, crops and fallows (Hutchinson et al. 1984). It is an annual, sometimes biennial, species (Holm et al. 1977), tolerant of a large range of temperatures (Chauhan et al. 2006). Sonchus oleraceus is considered native to Europe (Gleason and Cronquist 1991), North Africa and West Asia (Peschken 1982), but has subsequently spread to North and South America, East Asia and Oceania (Holm et al. 1977; Mejías and Andrés 2004). Common sowthistle has probably been introduced inadvertently in the late 18th century to Australia (Boulos 1974). It is now one of the most difficult weeds to control across some 4.3 M ha of crops in southeast Queensland and northern New South Wales (Walker et al. 2005; Osten et al. 2007) where it causes annual losses estimated at AUD$6.3M (Llewellyn et al. 2016). This weed has been managed using herbicides but due to the rapid development of multiple resistances, herbicide efficiency is decreasing (Boutsalis and Powles 1995; Adkins et al. 1997; Cook et al. 2014; Meulen et al. 2016; Llewellyn et al. 2016). A program of classical biological control was initiated for the integrated management of common sowthistle (McCarren and Scott 2008, 2013, 2017). This program clearly relies on the correct identification of the target plant to search for specialist natural enemies to manage focal taxa (Goeden and Ricker 1985; O’Hanlon et al. 2000; McFadyen 2003; Smith et al. 2010, 2018). In surveys carried out in France, accurate identification of S. oleraceus was always obvious, using the diagnostic morphological characters commonly defined in literature, i.e. cauline leaf, auricle shape and achene ornamentation (Boulos 1974; Hutchinson et al. 1984; Gleason and Cronquist 1991). Some plants with intermediate morphological features of Sonchus oleraceus L. and Sonchus asper L. were observed. Such intermediate phenotypes questioned i) potential hybridization events, ii) the use of inappropriate morphological features to distinguish between the two species. In comparable research programs (e.g. Senecio madagascariensis (Scott et al. 1998), Rhododendron ponticum (Milne and Abbott 2000), Acacia nilotica (Wardill et al. 2005), Rubus niveus (St. Quinton et al. 2011), and Rubus spp. complex (Bruckart et al. 2017)), the need for clarification of the target plant identity has been recognized as a prerequisite for subsequent steps. Indeed, the specificity relationship between the host plant and its natural enemies might be very tight, e.g. for pathogens and Eriophyidae spider mites, which is a crucial element in the science of weed biocontrol (McFadyen 2003; Smith et al. 2010, 2018). Misidentification of the target weed and selection of unadapted agents can cause incomplete control or bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.26.965863; this version posted February 28, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. failure of the establishment of the control agent in invasive range (Goeden and Ricker 1985; O’Hanlon et al. 2000). The first objective of the present study was to determine the status of the intermediate phenotypes observed. Both S. oleraceus and S. asper are self-compatible but can occasionally cross-pollinate, producing rare hybrid specimens with an intermediate number of chromosomes (hybrid, 2n = 25 chromosomes; S. oleraceus, 2n = 32; S. asper, 2n = 18 chromosomes) (Barber 1941; Walter and Kuta 1971; Hsieh et al. 1972; Mejías and Andrés 2004). It is commonly accepted that Sonchus oleraceus is a combination of S. asper and Sonchus tenerrimus. As an amphidiploid species, the genome of S. oleraceus integrates the genomic DNA of both parental species. Given that, the development of diagnostic molecular markers to delineate these species would be very complex (Kim et al. 2007), we thus choose use chromosome counts to clarify the status of the morphologically ambiguous specimens observed (Jauzein and Nawrot 2013; Pico and Dematteis 2014). The second objective was to determine reliable morphological characters for distinguishing between S. oleraceus and S. asper. An inquiry was carried out to determine the easy use of one “simple” feature (i.e. achene ornamentation and shape) found to be an unambiguous character. Materials and Methods Description based on classical morphological features In 2017 and 2018, during surveys carried out in France we had some difficulties to clearly distinguish S. oleraceus and S. asper individuals in the field. We thus sampled a total of 19 individuals among ten locations in Europe, but also five locations in Australia (to determine if same difficulties exist there) (Table 1), in areas known to be favourable for Sonchus sp., i.e. disturbed ecosystem as roadsides, gardens, crops and fallows (Hutchinson et al. 1984). Each specimen was characterized morphologically using the characters cited as the most significant discriminant between the species considered (Table 2): cauline leaf (degree of incision, margins serration, and aspect), auricle (shape and prominence) and achene (surface ornamentation). Other characters were not included in the description as they were not sufficiently variable to differentiate the species considered in the study (e.g. rosette leaves and stem traits) or because their observation is only possible during a limited period (e.g. 4-leaf stage, flowers that are in bloom in the early morning hours). A qualitative description was chosen as it fits the need for quick identification in the field (no
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