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Euro Elections 00 Prelims 1 19/5/04, 4:06 Pm © the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2004 Final EU_Elect_EC_Cover 19/5/04 12:24 pm Page 1 E L S E P C T T E I H O C N E IA L S E THE SEARCH FOR A REINVIGORATING R C H EUROPEAN ELECTIONS F NEW MEDICINES O R The Implications of Electing A review of the issues debated at a Chatham House N E conference held in September 2003 W the European Commission M E In spite of the medical advances of the twentieth century, the world still faces D I disease burdens for which medicines do not exist, or could be improved. The most C I N pressing needs – new drugs for dealing with cancer, better anti-infectives and the E S like – vary from region to region. But the current economic boundaries between the differing needs of the developed and developing worlds are neither fixed nor clearly defined. HIV, for example, is a global problem. As developing countries become more affluent, they too will have to confront the disorders that already afflict the rich. This commentary, written by a distinguished medical journalist, highlights the major issues affecting the supply of new or improved drugs. It is based on the wide- ranging findings of the Chatham House conference on ‘The Search for New Medicines: Does the Pharmaceutical Industry's Past Have a Future?’ held in September 2003. Dr Geoff Watts currently presents the Radio 4 science programme Leading Edge. He was the deputy editor of World Medicine magazine and has presented count- G e o f less features and series for the BBC, notably Science Now and Medicine Now. He f W is a member of the UK government’s Human Genetics Commission and a Fellow of a t t Pre-Election Report the Academy of Medical Sciences. s Julie Smith THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Reinvigorating European Elections The Implications of Electing the European Commission Pre-Election Report Edited by Julie Smith Euro Elections_00_Prelims 1 19/5/04, 4:06 pm © The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2004 Published in Great Britain in 2004 by The Royal Institute of International Affairs Chatham House 10 St James’s Square London 1 4 http://www.riia.org (Charity Registration No: 208223) All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 86203 160 6 Cover design by Matthew Link Typeset in Caslon and Stone Sans by Koinonia, Manchester Printed and bound in Great Britain by the Chameleon Press Ltd The Royal Institute of International Affairs is an independent body which promotes the rigorous study of international questions and does not express opinions of its own. The opinions expressed in this publication are the responsibility of the author. Euro Elections_00_Prelims 2 19/5/04, 4:06 pm 5 Contents Acknowledgments v About the author vi Executive summary vii 1 Introduction 1 Lack of interest in European Parliament elections 2 Democracy and the Convention on the Future of Europe 6 Reinvigorating European elections 9 2 Changing the European public policy agenda 14 The democratic deficit 15 European Parliament elections in practice 18 What can the European Union do? 23 What can the European Parliament do? 29 3 Changing the personnel: models for electing the European Commission 32 Appointing the Commission: the status quo 35 The status quo plus 39 Election of the Commission President by the European Parliament 42 Election of the College of Commissioners by the European Parliament 45 Direct election of the Commission President 47 Direct election of the College of Commissioners 49 Conclusion 51 Euro Elections_00_Prelims 3 19/5/04, 4:06 pm Contents 4 Conclusions and recommendations 53 Prospects for the 2004 European elections and beyond 58 Appendix 1: Party groups in the European Parliament, May 2004 65 Appendix 2: Membership of transnational parties 67 Bibliography 73 Euro Elections_00_Prelims 4 19/5/04, 4:06 pm 5 Acknowledgments I am extremely grateful to the James Madison Trust for providing the grant that enabled me to undertake this project. Officials and MEPs gave generously of their time and ideas; their thoughts were greatly appreciated. I am indebted to Camilla Soar, Corina Stratulat and Mariana Tsatsas, who provided research assistance on the debates in the Convention on the Future of Europe and on the subsequent Intergovernmental Conference. I should also like to extend my thanks to participants at confer- ences organized by the Université Libre de Bruxelles, Chatham House, the Federal Trust for Education and Research, and the James Madison Trust for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper. Particular thanks go to Alan Dashwood, Erin Delaney, Geoffrey Edwards, John Pinder, Dermot Scott, Michael Shackle- ton, Graham Watson and Richard Whitman for their comments at various stages of the project. As always, I am grateful to Margaret May and Matthew Link of the Chatham House Publications Department for their support and forbearance against very tight deadlines, and to Kim Mitchell for his sterling efforts with copy-editing. Finally, I must thank all my friends and colleagues for their kind support as I struggled with deadlines and writer’s block; I greatly appreciated it. As ever, any errors are my own. May 2004 J.E.S. Euro Elections_00_Prelims 5 19/5/04, 4:06 pm 5 About the author Dr Julie Smith is Deputy Director of the Centre of International Studies, Cambridge University, and a Fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge. She was Head of the European Programme at the Royal Institute of International Affairs from 1999 to 2003. She has published widely on a range of European issues, including the UK’s bilateral relations within the EU, the European Parliament and political parties in Europe, and EU enlargement. Among her publications are Through the Paper Curtain: Insiders and Outsiders in the New Europe, edited with Charles Jenkins (London: Blackwell/ RIIA, 2003), The New Bilateralism: The UK’s Relations within the EU, with Mariana Tsatsas (London: The Royal Institute of Inter- national Affairs, 2002) and Europe’s Elected Parliament (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press for UACES, 1999). Euro Elections_00_Prelims 6 19/5/04, 4:06 pm 5 Executive Summary Europe’s voters go to the polls in mid-June to elect 732 Members of the European Parliament. In the past European Parliament (EP) elections have been characterized by low turnout, with an emphasis on national rather than European issues. The evidence suggests that this year’s elections will be little different despite the enlargement of the Union on 1 May. The lack of interest in EP elections arises because Europe’s citizens do not believe that their votes will change much: they do not lead to a change of government in the EU and they do not directly change the direction of EU policies. And, at the same time, there is a strong sense that the EU interferes in areas where it has no business to be while failing to act on issues such as foreign policy and immigration, where voters would like it to act. In order to enhance interest in EP elections, it is necessary to reform the Union so that it undertakes only those tasks that cannot be performed so well at the local or national level, and to ensure that it performs those tasks that it undertakes effectively. This will enhance popular support for the Union but will not on its own make EP elections more interesting to the voters. Thus European elections should contribute directly to the formation of the European Commission, a key part of the Union’s executive. This could be done by direct or indirect election of the Commission President or the whole College of Commissioners. Euro Elections_00_Prelims 7 19/5/04, 4:06 pm Euro Elections_00_Prelims 8 19/5/04, 4:06 pm Introduction 1 Introduction The Union needs to become more democratic, more transparent and more efficient. – The Laeken Declaration, December 2001 Europe’s citizens will go to the polls in June 2004 to cast their votes in the sixth set of direct elections to the European Parliament (EP). Although voters in the EU-15 have become accustomed to such elections, it will be the first opportunity for citizens from the ten new member states to elect their Members of the European Parliament (MEPs).1 This historic moment will highlight perhaps more clearly than any other the facts that the European Union (EU) has expanded to the east and south and now includes states that were formerly under communist rule. As a result, one might expect these elections to be accompanied by a high level of interest. Yet if past experience is anything to go by, turnout will be low in elections that focus on national rather than European issues.2 And opinion polls ahead of the 2004 elections suggested that fewer voters than ever were inclined to turn out. Why is there so little 1 The new member states sent Observers to the EP prior to formal accession on 1 May 2004. They became full members at the plenary session held on 3 May 2004 but the first elected MEPs from the Ten are only due to arrive after the June elections. For details of EP membership, see Appendix 1. 2 For a discussion of previous European elections see, inter alia, Karlheinz Reif (ed.), Ten European Elections: Campaigns and Results of the 1979/81 First Direct Elections to the European Parliament (Aldershot: Gower, 1985); Julie Smith, Europe’s Elected Parliament (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press for UACES, 1999); David Butler and Martin Westlake, British Politics and European Elections, 1999 (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000); Juliet Lodge (ed.), The 1999 Elections to the European Parliament (New York/ Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001).
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