An Empirical-Theological Study of the Healing Praxis of „The Group‟ Assemblies of God in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
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PATHWAYS TO HEALING: AN EMPIRICAL-THEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE HEALING PRAXIS OF „THE GROUP‟ ASSEMBLIES OF GOD IN KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA by ANDREW JAMES THOMAS submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF THEOLOGY in the subject of PRACTICAL THEOLOGY at the UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA PROMOTER: PROF. JPJ THERON JUNE 2010 i ii Student Number: 4226-398-0 I declare that ―PATHWAYS TO HEALING: AN EMPIRICAL- THEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE HEALING PRAXIS OF ‗THE GROUP‘ ASSEMBLIES OF GOD IN KWAZULU-NATAL, SOUTH AFRICA‖ is my own work and that all the sources I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of complete references. ANDREW JAMES THOMAS 18 June 2010 iii KEY TERMS Pentecostal healing; church‘s ministry of healing; ‗The Group‘ Assemblies of God; empirical-theological cycle; Johannes A. van der Ven; Evangelical-Charismatic hermeneutic; Dialectics in the Spirit; affective theological praxis; practical theological rescripting; Mark J. Cartledge; Kathleen M. Eidenhardt; worldview; charismatic experience; Bible scale; Andrew Village; transformational eschatology; Jürgen Moltmann, Eucharist; ‗Breaking of Bread‘; the Lord‘s Supper; Veli-Matti Kärkäinnen; Walter Hollenweger; Keith Warrington; Francis MacNutt; Jacques P.J. Theron. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The process of completing this doctoral study has been rigorous and time consuming and has involved a host of people. It is impossible to recognise the efforts of every individual who has contributed in some way, either in the past or present, to the compilation of this work. I will therefore limit myself to acknowledging the input of a select few. I must first acknowledge the humble and patient work of my promoter Professor Jacques Theron. He has been supportive throughout the entire research process whilst also giving me the time and space to pursue my own angles of research. He has not only guided me through this project but has also prompted me to publish material in academic journals. The experience of writing material for accredited journals was initially difficult, and certainly humbling, but the exposure to critique certainly aided me in the production of this finalised study. I would also like to acknowledge the work of Dr. Rudolph Meyer whose professional editing skills corrected a number of my, all too frequent, basic grammatical errors. I must also extend my thanks to the finance department at UNISA who granted me an overseas postgraduate bursary for the duration of my studies. Without the bursary I could not have funded my study. I thank UNISA, therefore, for financially enabling this research project and hope that they are satisfied with the standard of the academic material that has been produced. There are also other academics from outside of UNISA who have unselfishly helped me at times in my research work. Dr Mark J. Cartledge sent me his most up to date work on practical theological methodology. Dr Andrew Village‘s advice concerning his Bible scale proved to be invaluable. Dr Obasi‘s willingness to allow me to use and adapt his worldview analysis scale enabled me to empirically test a difficult, yet important, conceptual issue. I extend my gratitude to them all and hope that I can continue to work with them in the future. The efforts of all those who participated in the various ‗Group‘ Assemblies of God in KwaZulu-Natal cannot go unrecognised. I must give special thanks to the area leader Dennis Solomon whose willingness to permit my study gave me access to all the Assemblies under his oversight. I also acknowledge the efforts of the pastor at ‗Ablewell‘ who has been supportive and enthusiastic throughout my work. I thank him, the leadership, and every congregant at ‗Ablewell‘ who opened themselves up to aid the research process. My friends and family have also played a significant role in the completion of this work. Without the financial support of numerous friends and family members we could not have supported ourselves in South Africa over these past few years. Their prayers and encouragements have also helped us through some difficult moments. I also extend my love and gratitude to my wife and sons who have shared this ‗African experience‘ with me. My v wife spent hours helping me transcribe interviews and enter questionnaire data. This final product would not have happened without her willingness to participate. The antics of my two young sons helped me ‗return to reality‘ after hours of study. I thank them all for their patience and tolerance throughout my study. Finally, I acknowledge the role that my Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ has played in my life thus far. He has enabled me to accomplish something that I, a short time ago, would not have believed was possible. It is my sincerest hope and prayer that the Lord will be glorified by the transformations suggested in this study. vi ABSTRACT The study commenced by identifying a theological problem relating to the lack of understanding regarding grass-roots African Pentecostal healing praxis. The empirical- theological approach of Van der Ven was utilised, therefore, to study the healing praxis of an African Pentecostal body, called: ‗The Group‘ Assemblies of God, in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Van der Ven‘s original framework was developed by drawing on the hermeneutic and methodological work of Cartledge. A case study was undertaken on a ‗Group‘ Assembly in rural KwaZulu-Natal. The use of social scientific techniques produced a wide range of results that point to the church‘s ministry of healing as a process, rooted in the Trinity, that can occur through varied channels. These pathways ended in a broad understanding of healing. A dialogue between the qualitative results and the healing literature was used to develop a more precise theological question. Case study categories were conceptualised and then operationalised as a questionnaire. A survey was performed on all Assemblies affiliated to ‗The Group‘ Assemblies of God in KwaZulu-Natal. A significant number of people participated in the survey which produced a wide range of data. It is found that worldview and charismatic experience form an important hermeneutic axis that influences attitudes towards the healing ministry. Conservative biblical belief, ethnicity, education and gender influence attitudes towards healing. A distinct divide exists between positive attitudes towards physical, spiritual, inner healing and deliverance and more negative attitudes towards social and environmental healing. The reflection on these results focuses on the perceived influence of American dispensational fundamentalism. The eschatology formed from these beliefs has a narrowing effect on holistic healing ministry. Moltmann‘s transformational eschatology is suggested, therefore, as a suitable alternative. The methodological evaluation finds that several problems exist with regard to research in a rural African location. The cycle concludes by offering a range of suggestions for further study. vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 ........................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................. 1 1.1.1 Health, healing and religion: the clash of worldviews in southern Africa ........... 1 1.1.2 The healing ministry of the church ................................................................... 2 1.1.3 Pentecostals and Healing ................................................................................ 3 1.2 THE THEOLOGICAL PROBLEM: LIMITED KNOWLEDGE OF PENTECOSTAL HEALING PRAXIS ............................................................. 5 1.3 A PRACTICAL THEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ........................................... 7 1.3.1 Variable approaches to Practical Theology ...................................................... 7 1.3.2 Problems with the “applied” approach .............................................................. 8 1.4 THEOLOGICAL GOAL ................................................................................. 10 1.4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 10 1.4.2 Practical value ............................................................................................... 10 1.4.3 Originality ....................................................................................................... 11 1.4.4 Urgency ......................................................................................................... 11 1.4.5 Scientific relevance ........................................................................................ 12 1.4.6 Assumptions .................................................................................................. 12 1.4.7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Chapter outline ............................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER 2 ......................................................................................... 14 AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH FOR PENTECOSTAL STUDIES ........... 14 2.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 14 2.2 THE EMPIRICAL APPROACH OF J.A. VAN DER VEN .............................. 14 2.2.1 Background to Empirical theology .................................................................