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Echoing Silence and Narcissistic Violence: (Sub)National Struggles in Zanzibar

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Echoing Silence and Narcissistic Violence: (Sub)National Struggles in Zanzibar ECHOING SILENCE AND NARCISSISTIC VIOLENCE: (SUB)NATIONAL STRUGGLES IN ZANZIBAR By KIMBERLY PFEIFER A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2000 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS the National The research and writing stages of this project were supported by of Liberal Arts and Science Foundation, the Center for African Studies, and the College financial support, the Sciences at the University of Florida. Apart from generous support, and completion of this dissertation was possible only with the participation, gratitude appreciation for encouragement of many people. Thus, I must express my and involved. the various ways in which family, friends, and colleagues have been through the I begin with Dr. Goran Hyden, who has patiently supported me general difficulties of graduate studies. His intellectual insights, wisdom, talent with puns, spirited humor, and gentle advice and encouragement have made it possible for me to Tanzania, endure in my pursuit of my doctoral degree. Both Goran and Melania were in family just around while I was conducting my research. Their presence was like having the comer. Dr. Michael Chege has also enthusiastically encouraged me during the writing of my dissertation. His support and thoughtful comments indeed assisted me to refine my ideas. I thank Les Thiele for his encouragement during the formulation of this project and his efforts to refine the writing of my dissertation. I express my gratitude to Barbara McDade for energetically joining my committee late in the dissertation process. She offered warm encouragement and sincere expressions of interest. I express my appreciation to Ofelia Schutte for her multi-faceted assistance. Ofelia's philosophy classes ii so exciting. Her enticing intellectual reminded me of why I found intellectual inquiry interpretations of texts. Finally, contemplations have always compelled me to rethink my the time to listen to my concerns and in her extension of friendship, she has always found offer astute interpretations of the academic experience. thanks to a close friend, Ng'wanza I had a pampered arrival in Dar es Salaam, and Kamata. Our endless discussions about politics, feminism, post-structuralism, through the postcolonialism have played a critical role in my intellectual growth acquiring a dissertation process. Ben Mongula worked painstakingly to assist me in of Dar research associateship with the Institute of Development Studies at the University person es Salaam. He and his family took me into their home simply as another who Institute for belonged in their lively household. I express my gratitude to the director of Development Studies, Ibrahim Shao, for his generosity in providing me with the in institutional support to conduct my research along with his advice and encouragement my studies in Zanzibar. Finally, at the University of Dar es Salaam, I thank Penina Mlama for expressing an interest in my work and facilitating the most important introduction I received in Zanzibar. Upon my arrival in Zanzibar, I was again warmly welcomed into my new home by Abdulla Mzee. I was fortunate to have the gracious hospitality and friendship of Abdulla and his wife Pili. Throughout my stay in Zanzibar, Abdulla engaged in reflective conversation with me. He was always willing to find time in his tight schedule to educate me about Zanzibar society and to critically reflect on my research as it unfolded. Abdulla iii the director the Zanzibar National also labored, in collaboration with Khamis Hamad, Zanzibar. I thank them both. Archives, to acquire research clearance for me in I could have not conducted Without the generous assistance of two institutions, Department of Land in the my research with such ease. First, AH Khalil, Director of the research. Commission of Land and Environment, enthusiastically took an interest in my Salum Simba, an He generously handled the logistical needs of conducting my research. with translation. Second, officer in the Department of Lands, graciously agreed to help for me to Fatma Alloo, Director of the NGO Resource Centre facilitated an opportunity work with the organization under the direction of the Aga Khan Foundation. NGORC and AKF were very generous in their support of my research in exchange for my work coordinating a collective memory to analyze the process of organization building. The of life staff at NGORC cordially welcomed me into the office and shared their knowledge Said, and in Zanzibar with me. I thank Maria de Costa, Sanjay Raja, Omar Jecha, Khamis Dula Said for their assistance and friendship. I also extend a particular thanks to Dula for his assistance with translation during my research in the coral rag towns. Finally, I thank Suhail Sheriff for his friendship and endless brotherly conversations that endured when we both returned to the United States. Khamis Said's assistance extended to facilitating my stay in Pemba. He generously made important official introductions, handled the initial logistical arrangements for conducting research, and shared his rich knowledge of resource management. Khamis and Biubwa also graciously took me into their home during my stay in Pemba. In Pemba, a number of people helped me to conduct my research and enjoy my visit. I am grateful to IV Shaame, and Ali Abdulla. Finally, I Salim Rhasid, Mbarouk Ali, Mwalimu Hamisi, Omar Nungwi, Paje, and Fimiba for express my deepest gratitude to the citizens of Msuka, and for sharing their experiences of allowing me to conduct research in their communities people in the text of my dissertation because struggle with me. I chose not to cite specific any conflictual feelings within of the sensitive nature of some issues and to avoid creating However, in the appendix, I the communities as a consequence of expressed opinions. discussions with me. have listed everyone who agreed to have interviews and Once again, My good fortune endured upon my return back to the United States. return home easy and good friends extended their support and encouragement to make the and Antonio Martinez for enjoyable. I express my deepest gratitude to Carlos Muina discuss setting up a new home for us in New York. Carlos and Tony's willingness to Zanzibar politics, distract me from my work with good food, and remind me of my ambitions helped me through the rougher moments of the dissertation process. Hao Phan, Ravina Aggarwal, Dorthey Doudrick, and Leander Schneider offered intellectual engagement, support, and the pleasant distractions that I needed while vmting. I express my gratitude to Martha Cade, Jackie Klopp, Bob Uttaro, and Amanda Wolfe for their patient readings of chapters and warm extensions of encouragement and friendship through the writing process. I also thank Arun Agrawal, Michelle Seif, and Elke Zuem for providing insightful comments in the early stages of writing. I returned to Florida in the final stages of writing to begin preparations for my defense. Two close friends gave me their devoted, unconditional support in this final stage which I think was perhaps the most taxing mentally and emotionally. I express my discussions to energize my appreciation to Diana Smillov for her capricious and insightful ability to paint exuberant and writing. I give Michael Pruitt my gratitude for his never tire of empowering pictures of the most seemingly impossible experiences and to philsophizing with me. perceptive commentary on Finally, I turn to my family. Ken Traynor provided nation-building and energized encouragement during his visit in Tanzania and at home. stay in her home in Fatma Alloo is a new member of my family, as I am in hers. During my the Zanzibar, we cultivated a friendship that, for me, extended beyond this relationship to experience of having our souls entwined long before we met. It is not possible for me to has too often express my gratitude to Fatma, but I make the attempt because she wholeheartedly given of herself in intellectual pursuits without receiving the expressions of appreciation she deserves. She has overwhelmed me with her love, intellect, and zest for parents, Michael and life. It is also beyond my capabilities to express my gratitude to my Dolores. My parents willingly served as my pillars of strength. My father never failed to I felt that I re-instill within me the confidence and motivation to continue my studies, when had lost them. He has always been willing to intensely discuss the ideas I have attempted to contemplate in writing this dissertation. As my mother showered me with her love and encouragement, she also helped me to remember that I could complete my dissertation. Both have assisted me to refine my feminist perspective. I do not know how they made it through this process; but I do realize they are still wondering why I insisted that we remain committed to this academic pursuit. It is because they put aside their opinions and selflessly supported mine that I can never thank them enough. vi 11 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENT " ABSTRACT xi CHAPTERS ^ 1 EXORDIUM 2 The Issues Material Conditions °o Identity Construction Materiality in the Web of Power 1 13 Power in Comparative Perspective 1^ The Politics of Reinterpretation Method Research Narcissus and Echo ^-^ The Myth of Echo and Narcissus 30 An Interpretative Comment on Echo and Narcissus 32 An Overview of the Chapters 37 2 CHORUS OF PROPERTY, CITIZENSHIP, AND HEGEMONY 42 Ethno-nationalism The National and the Ethnic 46 Citizen, Property, and
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