DOCSLIB.ORG

Cold Crucible Induction Melter Technology: Results of Laboratory Directed Research and Development

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cold Crucible Induction Melter Technology: Results of Laboratory Directed Research and Development INEEL/EXT-01-01213 Cold Crucible Induction Melter Technology: Results of Laboratory Directed Research and Development D. Gombert J. G. Richardson September 2001 Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Bechtel BWXT Idaho, LLC INEEL/EXT-01-01213 Cold Crucible Induction Melter Technology: Results of Laboratory Directed Research and Development Dirk Gombert John G. Richardson September 2001 Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy Assistant Secretary for Environmental Management Under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-99ID13727 ABSTRACT This report provides a review of cold crucible induction melter (CCIM) technology and presents summaries of alternatives and design issues associated with major system components. The objective in this report is to provide background systems level information relating to development and application of cold crucible induction-heated melter technology for radiological waste processing. Included is a detailed description of the bench-top melter system at the V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute currently being used for characterization testing iii CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................iii CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................... iv FIGURES......................................................................................................................................... v 1. OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE ............................................................................................. 1 2. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................. 1 3. SYSTEM DESIGN AND DESCRIPTION OF MAJOR COMPONENTS .......................... 1 3.1 Overview.....................................................................................................................1 3.2 System Description ..................................................................................................... 2 3.3 CCIM Crucible............................................................................................................ 2 3.4 Induction Coil ............................................................................................................. 3 3.5 Induction Generator .................................................................................................... 3 3.6 Feed System................................................................................................................ 3 3.7 Offgas Control System................................................................................................ 4 3.8 Output Pour................................................................................................................. 5 3.9 Power Converter ......................................................................................................... 5 3.10 Controls and Instrumentation...................................................................................... 6 3.11 Mass and Energy Balance........................................................................................... 6 4. DESIGN ISSUES AND ALTERNATIVES ......................................................................... 7 4.1 Core and Coil Configuration....................................................................................... 7 4.1.1 Induction Coil................................................................................................... 7 4.1.2 Planar Geometry Alternatives .......................................................................... 7 4.1.3 Crucible Axial Geometry ................................................................................. 9 4.2 Power Generator ....................................................................................................... 10 4.2.1 Power Converter............................................................................................. 10 4.2.2 High Frequency Induction Generator............................................................. 11 4.3 Pouring System ......................................................................................................... 11 iv 4.4 Offgas System........................................................................................................... 12 4.5 Process Measurement and Controls .......................................................................... 12 4.6 Safety Design............................................................................................................ 13 4.6.1 Electrical......................................................................................................... 13 4.6.2 Radiated Emissions ........................................................................................ 13 4.6.3 Cooling (Loss of Coolant).............................................................................. 14 4.6.4 Corrosives....................................................................................................... 14 4.6.5 Over-Pressurization ........................................................................................ 14 4.6.6 Drain failure ................................................................................................... 14 4.6.7 Combustible Gases ......................................................................................... 14 5. PROCESS DESIGN FOR DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING.......................................... 15 5.1 General Issues ........................................................................................................... 15 5.2 Controls.....................................................................................................................16 5.3 Feed System.............................................................................................................. 17 5.4 Offgas System........................................................................................................... 17 5.5 Cooling System......................................................................................................... 17 5.6 Scaling Issues............................................................................................................ 17 6. CURRENT TESTING PROGRAM AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS............................ 18 APPENDIX A: SUMMARY OF TRIP TO VISIT RADON AND KRI ..................................... A-1 APPENDIX B: KRI CRUCIBLE DIMENSIONS....................................................................... B-1 APPENCIX C: KRI LAB EMI FIELD SURVEY....................................................................... C-1 APPENDIX D: SCHEMATIC OF LAMP GENERATOR AND CCI INDUCTOR COUPLING NETWORK....................................................................................................................... D-1 FIGURES Figure 1. Cold Crucible Induction Melter System........................................................................... 2 Figure 2. Khlopin Bench-Top CCIM.............................................................................................. 7 Figure 3. Linear Melter Geometry................................................................................................... 9 Figure 4. Tapered and Symmetric Crucible Geometries................................................................ 10 v 1. OBJECTIVE AND PURPOSE The purpose of this report is to briefly review the theory of cold crucible induction melter (CCIM) technology and provide brief summaries of alternatives and design issues associated with major system components. The data contained herein derives from various academic and commercial sources including detailed discussions with staff at the Moscow Scientific and Industrial Association in Moscow, Russia, and the V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute (KRI) in St. Petersburg. The objective in this report is to provide the reader with an understanding of the issues associated with development and application of cold crucible induction-heated melter technology to waste processing, including currently completed work to date and near term laboratory bench-top tests of various physical and electrical configurations. 2. INTRODUCTION The current technology in use in the USA and Europe for converting highly radioactive wastes into glass for final disposal is based on joule-heated melting. A joule-heated melter operates by passing electricity between water-cooled electrodes submerged in a molten pool of glass in a brick-lined chamber. This design is inherently limited by the susceptibility to corrosion and melting of the bricks and metal electrodes. In addition, the glass chemistry must be carefully controlled or it can increase the materials problems and lead to the electrical short-circuiting and glass leaks that have caused failures in test melters. A radically different design that has been in use for several years in Russia for a different kind of wastes is called a cold-crucible induction melter or CCIM. The CCIM design eliminates many of the materials and operating limitations inherent in the joule-heated melter. The cold-crucible design is smaller, less expensive, and generates much less waste for ultimate disposal. It should also allow a much more flexible glass chemistry, which will be crucial if the heterogeneous wastes at the INEEL
Load more

Recommended publications
  • AOAC Official Method 2011.25 Insoluble, Soluble, and Total Dietary Fiber in Foods
    AOAC Official Method 2011.25 supplies/fisherbrand.html) or 250 mL polypropylene bottles with Insoluble, Soluble, and Total Dietary Fiber in Foods polypropylene caps. Enzymatic-Gravimetric-Liquid Chromatography (c) Fritted crucible.—Gooch, fritted disk, Pyrex® 50 mL, First Action 2011 pore size, coarse, ASTM 40–60 µm (Corning No. 32940-50C® [Applicable to plant material, foods, and food ingredients or equivalent; http://www.labplanet.com/corning-crucible-gooch- consistent with CODEX Alimentarius Commission high-c-50-ml-32940-50c.html). Prepare four for each sample as Definition adopted in 2009 and modified slightly in 2010 follows: Ash overnight at 525°C in muffle furnace. Cool furnace to (ALINORM 09/32/REP and ALINORM 10/33/REP, respectively), 130°C before removing crucibles to minimize breakage. Remove including naturally occurring, isolated, modified, and synthetic any residual Celite and ash material by using a vacuum. Soak in 2% polymers meeting that definition.] cleaning solution, C(i), at room temperature for 1 h. Rinse crucibles See Tables 2011.25A–H for the results of the interlaboratory with water and deionized water. For final rinse, use 15 mL acetone study supporting acceptance of the method. and air dry. Add approximately 1.0 g Celite to dried crucibles and A. Principle dry at 130°C to constant weight. Cool crucible in desiccators for approximately 1 h and record mass of crucible containing Celite. A method is described for the measurement of insoluble, (d) Filtering flask.—Heavy-walled, 1 L with side arm. soluble, and total dietary fiber (IDF, SDF, and TDF, respectively), (e) Rubber ring adaptors.—For use to join crucibles with inclusive of the resistant starch (RS) and the water:alcohol soluble filtering flasks.
    [Show full text]
  • A Computer Simulation of Induction Heat Treating Systems Is Discussed
    Optimal Design of Internal Induction Coils Dr. Valentin Nemkov(1), Eng. Robert Goldstein (1), Dr. Vladimir Bukanin(2) (1)Centre for Induction Technology, Inc. 1388 Atlantic Blvd. Auburn Hills, MI 48326 USA www.induction.org (2)St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University (SPbETU), Prof. Popova str., 5, 197376, St. Petersburg, Russia ABSTRACT Internal induction heating coils are not so well studied as external. Three main induction coil styles were proposed in pioneering works many years ago: Cylindrical coils, Hair-pin coils and Rod-type coils [1, 2]. It was clear from the very beginning that electromagnetic parameters of the coils of two first styles might be strongly improved by application of magnetic cores. However it was not clearly shown what parameters may be improved and how much, as well as what are the optimal designs of induction coils. Current presentation contains short consideration and comparison of all three styles of coils followed by a detailed analysis of cylindrical internal (ID) coils using modern computer simulation tools. It is shown that it isn’t sufficient to only consider the influence of magnetic core on electrical efficiency of the coil head. The cores reduce dramatically current demand for transfer of required power into the workpiece. In turn it results in strong reduction of voltage drop and power losses in the whole supplying circuitry: coil leads, busswork and matching transformer. Plus much smaller capacitor battery is required. Computer simulation is simple for single-turn cylindrical ID coils and several computer packages may be used. Computer simulation of multi-turn cylindrical ID coils, which are the most common, is a much more complicated task, due to the return leg.
    [Show full text]
  • Download (PDF)
    Nanotechnology Education - Engineering a better future NNCI.net Teacher’s Guide To See or Not to See? Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Surfaces Grade Level: Middle & high Summary: This activity can be school completed as a separate one or in conjunction with the lesson Subject area(s): Physical Superhydrophobicexpialidocious: science & Chemistry Learning about hydrophobic surfaces found at: Time required: (2) 50 https://www.nnci.net/node/5895. minutes classes The activity is a visual demonstration of the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. Using a polystyrene Learning objectives: surface (petri dish) and a modified Tesla coil, you can chemically Through observation and alter the non-masked surface to become hydrophilic. Students experimentation, students will learn that we can chemically change the surface of a will understand how the material on the nano level from a hydrophobic to hydrophilic surface of a material can surface. The activity helps students learn that how a material be chemically altered. behaves on the macroscale is affected by its structure on the nanoscale. The activity is adapted from Kim et. al’s 2012 article in the Journal of Chemical Education (see references). Background Information: Teacher Background: Commercial products have frequently taken their inspiration from nature. For example, Velcro® resulted from a Swiss engineer, George Mestral, walking in the woods and wondering why burdock seeds stuck to his dog and his coat. Other bio-inspired products include adhesives, waterproof materials, and solar cells among many others. Scientists often look at nature to get ideas and designs for products that can help us. We call this study of nature biomimetics (see Resource section for further information).
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Equipment Reference Sheet
    Laboratory Equipment Stirring Rod: Reference Sheet: Iron Ring: Description: Glass rod. Uses: To stir combinations; To use in pouring liquids. Evaporating Dish: Description: Iron ring with a screw fastener; Several Sizes Uses: To fasten to the ring stand as a support for an apparatus Description: Porcelain dish. Buret Clamp/Test Tube Clamp: Uses: As a container for small amounts of liquids being evaporated. Glass Plate: Description: Metal clamp with a screw fastener, swivel and lock nut, adjusting screw, and a curved clamp. Uses: To hold an apparatus; May be fastened to a ring stand. Mortar and Pestle: Description: Thick glass. Uses: Many uses; Should not be heated Description: Heavy porcelain dish with a grinder. Watch Glass: Uses: To grind chemicals to a powder. Spatula: Description: Curved glass. Uses: May be used as a beaker cover; May be used in evaporating very small amounts of Description: Made of metal or porcelain. liquid. Uses: To transfer solid chemicals in weighing. Funnel: Triangular File: Description: Metal file with three cutting edges. Uses: To scratch glass or file. Rubber Connector: Description: Glass or plastic. Uses: To hold filter paper; May be used in pouring Description: Short length of tubing. Medicine Dropper: Uses: To connect parts of an apparatus. Pinch Clamp: Description: Glass tip with a rubber bulb. Uses: To transfer small amounts of liquid. Forceps: Description: Metal clamp with finger grips. Uses: To clamp a rubber connector. Test Tube Rack: Description: Metal Uses: To pick up or hold small objects. Beaker: Description: Rack; May be wood, metal, or plastic. Uses: To hold test tubes in an upright position.
    [Show full text]
  • MT 058 Linkam Stage THMS600 And
    Ref : LINKAM – EXAMINA - THMS 600 DESCRIPTION The THMS600 system can be programmed and controlled by either the TMS94,TP94 or CI94 temperature programmers. In order to cool the stage below ambient temperature, the LNP94/2 or LNP94/1 must be used. This manual describes the set up for a THMS600 heating/freezing stage connected to a TMS94 programmer and THM-LNP94/2 automatic cooling pump. The TP94 and CI94 have similar connections to the TMS94 and should be easy to set up following the procedures within this manual. The THM-LNP94/2 is similar to the THM-LNP94/1 THM-LNP94/2 Cooling Pump and Dewar except that the THM-LNP94/2 uses an I 2C cable to communicate with the temperature programmer, so that it automatically selects TMS94 Temperature Programmer the correct pumping speed specific to the programmed rate. THMS600 Microscope Stage If you have any problems with setup or with the operation of the equipment, please contact Linkam Scientific, we will be happy to help. - 1 - Ref : Complete list of THMS600 Accessories Part Part Name Part Description No. 9521 STGLD THMS600 stage connection lead 7017 PVC1 Plastic tube for stage body water cooling 2200 WGI Water/Gas Valve Insert 2202 WVC Water/Gas Valve Connector 2208 SGC Stage Gas Port Valve 9566 VS Complete Valve Set 9573 MGF Set of 6 Magnetic Feet for Mounting Stage 2061 SRR Silicon Rings for Lid and Base 9579 RI17 Stainless Steel Ring Set 2231 TCH Tube Clip Holder (for Nitrogen de-fogging stage lid tube) 2624 ORTHMS Set of O-Rings for THMS Stage Body and Lid 2220 THMS/CC Crucible Carrier for
    [Show full text]
  • A Fresh Look at Induction Heating of Tubular Products
    htprof.qxd 5/2/04 1:22 PM Page 1 he extensive use of metal tubing A fresh look at in thousands of products de- Tube T mands a wide range of process concepts. For example, in automotive induction heating manufacturing alone, new applica- Solid cylinder tions for tubing are being advanced at High coil efficiency for of tubular products: an expanding rate. These typically solid cylinder small- and medium-size tubular parts Coil efficiency Part 1 include stabilizer bars, intrusion High coil efficiency for beams, structural rails, steering hollow cylinder columns, axles, and shock absorbers. F F F The air conditioning and refrigeration 1 2 Frequency 3 industries and oil- and gas-transmis- Fig. 1 — Conditions for maximizing the elec- sion lines have high-pressure require- trical efficiency of the induction coil are different ments where larger tubular prod- for tubes and solid cylinders, as shown by these ucts are used. In all of these plots of coil efficiency vs. frequency. (Ref. 1) PROFESSOR applications, induction heat- ing has proven effective. the optimal frequency, which corre- INDUCTION Although there are many sponds to maximum coil electrical ef- Valery I. Rudnev • Inductoheat Group similarities, there are several process ficiency, is shifted toward lower fre- features and physical phenomena quencies (frequencies between F1 and Professor Induction wel- that distinguish induction heating of F2 for tubes instead of between F2 and 1 comes comments, ques- tubular products from induction F3 for solid cylinders). The optimal tions, and suggestions for heating of solid cylinders. The condi- frequency for heating tubes (hollow future columns.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Induction Heating Theoretical Background
    This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 28 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: CRC Press Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK Handbook of Induction Heating Valery Rudnev, Don Loveless, Raymond L. Cook Theoretical Background Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315117485-3 Valery Rudnev, Don Loveless, Raymond L. Cook Published online on: 11 Jul 2017 How to cite :- Valery Rudnev, Don Loveless, Raymond L. Cook. 11 Jul 2017, Theoretical Background from: Handbook of Induction Heating CRC Press Accessed on: 28 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/9781315117485-3 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. 3 Theoretical Background Induction heating (IH) is a multiphysical phenomenon comprising a complex interac- tion of electromagnetic, heat transfer, metallurgical phenomena, and circuit analysis that are tightly interrelated and highly nonlinear because the physical properties of materi- als depend on magnetic field intensity, temperature, and microstructure.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Equipment Used in Filtration
    KNOW YOUR LAB EQUIPMENTS Test tube A test tube, also known as a sample tube, is a common piece of laboratory glassware consisting of a finger-like length of glass or clear plastic tubing, open at the top and closed at the bottom. Beakers Beakers are used as containers. They are available in a variety of sizes. Although they often possess volume markings, these are only rough estimates of the liquid volume. The markings are not necessarily accurate. Erlenmeyer flask Erlenmeyer flasks are often used as reaction vessels, particularly in titrations. As with beakers, the volume markings should not be considered accurate. Volumetric flask Volumetric flasks are used to measure and store solutions with a high degree of accuracy. These flasks generally possess a marking near the top that indicates the level at which the volume of the liquid is equal to the volume written on the outside of the flask. These devices are often used when solutions containing dissolved solids of known concentration are needed. Graduated cylinder Graduated cylinders are used to transfer liquids with a moderate degree of accuracy. Pipette Pipettes are used for transferring liquids with a fixed volume and quantity of liquid must be known to a high degree of accuracy. Graduated pipette These Pipettes are calibrated in the factory to release the desired quantity of liquid. Disposable pipette Disposable transfer. These Pipettes are made of plastic and are useful for transferring liquids dropwise. Burette Burettes are devices used typically in analytical, quantitative chemistry applications for measuring liquid solution. Differing from a pipette since the sample quantity delivered is changeable, graduated Burettes are used heavily in titration experiments.
    [Show full text]
  • Concerning the Design of Capacitively Driven Induction Coil Guns
    IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE. VOL. 17. NO. 3. JUNF 19x9 429 Concerning the Design of Capacitively Driven Induction Coil Guns Abstract-This paper is concerned with the design of capacitively 11. THEORYAND SIMULATIONMODEL driven, multisection, electromagnetic coil launchers, or coil guns, tak- A. Capacitively Driven Coil-huncher System ing their transient behavior into account. A computer simulation based on the viewpoint of lumped parameter circuits is developed to predict Fig. 1 is a sketch of a capactively driven, multisection the performance of the launcher system. It is shown that a traveling coil launcher which consists of two main parts: The barrel electromagnetic wave can be generated on the barrel by the resonance and the projectile. It may be driven either by a set of ca- of drive coils and their capacitors. More than half of the energy ini- pacitors, as indicated in the diagram, or, alternatively, by tially stored in the capacitor bank can be converted into kinetic energy a set of ac polyphase sources. The barrel is a linear array of the projectile in one shot, and an additional quarter can be utilized in subsequent shots, if the launcher dimensions, resonant frequency, of drive coils. The projectile is a conducting sleeve sur- and firing sequence are properly selected. The projectile starts smoothly rounding the payload. The drive coils on the barrel are from zero initial velocity and with zero initial sleeve current. Section- energized with a certain time sequence so as to generate to-section transitions which have significant effects on the launcher a traveling electromagnetic wave that interacts with a sys- performance are also discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Gases in Metals: Ii. the Determination of Oxygen and Hydrogen in Metals by Fusion in Vacuum
    S5I4 GASES IN METALS: II. THE DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN AND HYDROGEN IN METALS BY FUSION IN VACUUM By Louis Jordan and James R. Eckman ABSTRACT Nearly all metals contain small amounts of oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen, frequently spoken of as "gases in metals," whether or not they exist as oxides, hydrides, and nitrides or in some other form. Many differences in quality of metals not readily attributed to differences in composition, as determined by the usual chemical analyses, or to different physical treatments are supposed to be due to the presence of "gases" in the metals. Satisfactory and generally applicable methods for determining oxygen in metals have not been available. Experimental studies were made of methods of fusion employed in previous vacuum fusion methods. Direct fusion of low- carbon iron alloys in refractory-oxide crucibles, or fusion with antimony tin in similar crucibles, does not determine all of the oxygen present in the metal. In the first case there is the additional difficulty of reduction of the refractory oxides by the carbon in the steel. In the fusion of high-carbon iron alloys this reaction between refractory oxides and carbon of the metal is very pronounced in direct fusion of the metal and is sufficient, even in fusion with antimony tin, to give values for oxygen in excess of the true oxygen content of the metal. Fusion of the metal sample in a graphite crucible permits satisfactory determination of oxygen in both low-carbon and high-carbon alloys. A new vacuum fusion procedure for the determination of oxygen and hydrogen in metals was developed.
    [Show full text]
  • High Voltage Ignition Moved Back In
    Rambling on about Ignition - High Voltage for Model Engine Ignition Article 3, 3/27/2007, © David Kerzel 2007 Rambling on about Ignition - High Voltage High voltage or high tension ignition was the first electric ignition used in engines. Ruhmkorff coils which are “buzz” coils originally made for electrical experiments were used. The Ruhmkorff coils were too fragile for practical engine operation and low voltage ignition was the preferred ignition on early engines. As time went on, higher reliability ignition was needed and high voltage ignition moved back in. The primary focus here is how these systems work electrically. In the last rambling, we examined how low voltage or low tension ignition works and how the coil stores energy and makes the spark or arc when the ignition contacts are opened. High voltage ignition is a continuation of those concepts. As you recall, the current flowing through the coil stores energy in the magnetic field around the coil and releases it when the switch interrupter or points are opened suddenly, causing an arc or spark as the energy stored in the coil is released. Michael Faraday made the first transformer in 1831 but thought it had no practical use. In 1836, Nicholas Callan invented the first induction coil to produce high voltage that was later improved by Heinrich Ruhmkorff in about 1851. In 1860 Lenoir was building spark ignition engines using Ruhmkorff coils. We need to start with a simple automotive type ignition coil which is a transformer. A transformer is two or more coils of wires that share a common magnetic field.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Equipment AP
    \ \\ , f ?7-\ Watch glass 1 Crucible and cover Evaporating dish Pneumatlo trough Beaker Safety goggles Florence Wide-mouth0 Plastic wash Dropper Funnel flask collecting bottle pipet Edenmeyer Rubber stoppers bottle flask € ....... ">. ÿ ,, Glass rod with niohrome wire Scoopula (for flame re,sting) CruoiNe tongs Rubber ubing '1 ,v .... Test-tube brush square Wire gau ÿ "\ file Burner " Tripod Florence flask: glass; common sizes are 125 mL, 250 mL, 500 .d Beaker: glass or plastic; common sizes are 50 mL, mL; maybe heated; used in making and for storing solutions. 100 mL, 250 mL, 400 mL; glass beakers maybe heated. oÿ Buret: glass; common sizes are 25 mL and 50 mL; used to Forceps: metal; used to hold or pick up small objects. Funnel: glass or plastic; common size holds 12.5-cm diameter measure volumes of solutions in titrafions. Ceramic square: used under hot apparatus or glassware. filter paper. Gas burner: constructed of metal; connected to a gas supply Clamps" the following types of clamps may be fastened to with rubber tubing; used to heat chemicals (dry or in solution) support apparatus: buret/test-tube clamp, clamp holder, double buret clamp, ring clamp, 3-pronged jaw clamp. in beakers, test tubes, and crucibles. Gas collecting tube: glass; marked in mL intervals; used to 3: Clay triangle: wire frame with porcelain supports; used to o} support a crucible. measure gas volumes. Glass rod with nichrome wire: used in flame tests. Condenser: glass; used in distillation procedures. Q. Crucible and cover: porcelain; used to heat small amounts of Graduated cylinder: glass or plastic; common sizes are 10 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL; used to measure approximate volumes; must solid substances at high temperatures.
    [Show full text]