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Mapping Opportunities for Healthy Eating and Healthy Physical Activity in Grey-Bruce, Ontario Spring 2012 Prepared for the Grey-Bruce Health Unit Prepared by the Human Environments Analysis Laboratory (HEAL), UWO Thank you to the following organizations for providing data to the project: 1 Preface Reference: Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Mapping Opportunities for Healthy Eating and Healthy Physical Activity in Grey-Bruce, Ontario, Grey Bruce Health Unit, Spring 2012. Authors: Richard Sadler, BSc, PhD Candidate, Research Associate, HEAL-Western Sandra Kulon, BSc, MSc, GIS Analyst, HEAL-Western Jason Gilliland, BA Hon, MA, MArch, PhD, Director & Professor, HEAL-Western Acknowledgements: We thank the following people who have provided support, advice, and assistance: Lynda Bumstead, RD, MHSc, Program Manager, Grey Bruce Health Unit Jason Weppler, Health Promoter, Grey Bruce Health Unit Gloria Dangerfield, GIS Specialist, Grey Sauble Conservation Authority Justin Kraemer, GIS Coordinator, County of Bruce Sandra MacDonald, GIS Coordinator, County of Grey Prepared by the Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, UWO, 2012 2 Executive Summary Results of this report suggest opportunities for improvements in the built environment of Grey-Bruce which would enhance the landscape of healthy food and physical activity. Based on a calculation of high socioeconomic distress, poor pedestrian access, and high population density, some parts of Grey-Bruce could be considered ‘food deserts’. Residents in a distressed neighbourhood in northwestern Owen Sound are not within walking distance of a grocery store, meaning this area could be a food desert. Grocery stores are also absent from some rural regions where distress levels are higher than average. These areas should be of immediate concern to region officials when planning future food-related programs. In most rural areas of the region, which are very sparsely populated, grocery stores can only be conveniently accessed by automobile. Residents in smaller settlements have good access to one, but not two, grocery stores. These residents are particularly vulnerable in the event of the closure of any of their local grocery stores. Opportunities for healthy physical activity are easier to find throughout Grey-Bruce; only a few areas are greater than 10 kilometres from a recreational opportunity. Additionally, unlike healthy food, healthy physical activity may also be found informally, in the form of hiking along trails or bicycling along roads. Still, more attention can be paid to both healthy eating and healthy physical activity to enhance Grey-Bruce’s built environment. Prepared by the Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, UWO, 2012 3 Executive Summary Several recommendations are proposed for improving access to opportunities for healthy eating and physical activity in Grey-Bruce as part of an overall ‘healthy environments’ strategy to enhance public health. Based on the findings of this report, we recommend that: • any policy or environmental interventions aimed at improving access to healthy food should target potential ‘food deserts’ as priority areas for reinvestment by retail • small communities with only one nutritious food option should be considered for proactive strategies to maintain a profitable economic environment for existing retail • the development of a sustainable food master plan should be a part of the official plan review process • any policy or environmental interventions aimed at improving access to physical activity should target potential ‘recreation deserts’ as priority areas • when new development occurs, the importance of walkability should be considered, including street connectivity, appropriate densities, and land use mix • existing developments should be retrofitted with safe and aesthetically pleasing sidewalk environments to promote active modes of travel Prepared by the Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, UWO, 2012 4 Executive Summary Additional recommendations are also made for moving beyond this report, to expand the current level of knowledge and collaboration around healthy environments in Grey- Bruce. To work toward the enhancement of health among residents throughout the region, we recommend that the Grey-Bruce Health Unit, the Grey Bruce Healthy Communities Partnership and other stakeholders: • more actively cooperate and collaborate with one another to achieve the common goal of enhancing health and quality of life • strengthen the ongoing work of the Grey-Bruce Healthy Communities Partnership to support the “Grey-Bruce Community Picture” report • generate and maintain a high quality database of public parks, other recreation opportunities, and food retail outlets • conduct field surveys of public parks and food retail outlets to inventory and assess the quality of different features in each location • conduct on-going surveys of residents to gain a better understanding of how health- related behaviours are influenced by access to and perceptions of elements of the built environment • conduct further accessibility studies based on the needs and desires of specific population subgroups (e.g children, seniors, rural populations) Prepared by the Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, UWO, 2012 5 Table of Contents Section Page Preface…………………………………………………............................................................... 2 Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………….... 6 List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………............................. 7 List of Tables and Graphs…………………………………………………………………………………… 9 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………….10 1. Socio-Demographic Profile of Grey-Bruce…………............................................ 12 2. Opportunities for Healthy Eating & Potential Food Deserts......................... 28 3. Opportunities for Healthy Physical Activity & Potential Recreation Deserts.. 45 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………………………………………57 Methodological Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………. 58 Methodological Note………………………………………………………………………………………… 60 Glossary of Terms……………………………………………………………………………………………… 61 Prepared by the Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, UWO, 2012 6 List of Figures Name Page Figure 1.1 Communities of Grey-Bruce, 2012…...........................................................................12 Figure 1.2 Population Density, Grey-Bruce, 2006 …............…........…....................................... 13 Figure 1.3 Proportion of Children under 19 years, Grey-Bruce, 2006................................. 14 Figure 1.4 Density of Children under 5 years, Grey-Bruce, 2006………………………................... 15 Figure 1.5 Density of Children under 19 years, Grey-Bruce, 2006……………............................ 16 Figure 1.6 Proportion of Adults 65 and Older, Grey-Bruce, 2006………….…………………………………17 Figure 1.7 Density of New Immigrants, Grey-Bruce, 2006………………….…………………………….. 18 Figure 1.8 Median Household Income, Grey-Bruce, 2006…………………….…………………………… 19 Figure 1.9 Low-Income Population Levels, Grey-Bruce, 2006……………….……………………………. 20 Figure 1.10 Lone Parenthood Levels, Grey-Bruce, 2006……………………………………………………… 21 Figure 1.11 Educational Attainment Levels, Grey-Bruce, 2006……………………………………………. 22 Figure 1.12 Unemployment Levels, Grey-Bruce, 2006…………………….…………………………………. 23 Figure 1.13 Socioeconomic Distress Index Levels, Grey-Bruce, 2006……………………………………….25 Figure 1.14 Socioeconomic Distress Index Levels, Owen Sound, 2006……………………………….. 26 Figure 2.1 Locations of Nutritious Food Retailers, Grey-Bruce, 2012………..……………………….. 29 Figure 2.2 Locations of Nutritious Food Retailers, Owen Sound, 2012……………………………… 30 Prepared by the Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, UWO, 2012 7 List of Figures Name Page Figure 2.3 Distance to Nearest Grocery Store, Grey-Bruce, 2012…………………………………….. 32 Figure 2.4 Distance to Nearest Grocery Store, Owen Sound, 2012…………………………………… 33 Figure 2.5 Distance to Nearest Nutritious Food Retailer, Grey-Bruce, 2012…………………….. 36 Figure 2.6 Distance to Nearest Nutritious Food Retailer, Owen Sound, 2012………………...... 37 Figure 2.7 Distance to Nearest Grocery Store by Socioeconomic Distress, Grey-Bruce, 2012……………………………………………................................................................................. 40 Figure 2.8 Distance to Nearest Grocery Store by Socioeconomic Distress, Owen Sound, 2012…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41 Figure 3.1 Locations of Recreational Opportunities, Grey-Bruce, 2012……………………………. 46 Figure 3.2 Locations of Recreational Opportunities, Owen Sound, 2012…………………………. 47 Figure 3.3 Distance to Nearest Recreational Opportunity, Grey-Bruce, 2012…………………… 49 Figure 3.4 Distance to Nearest Recreational Opportunity, Owen Sound, 2012………………… 50 Figure 3.5 Distance to Nearest Recreational Opportunity by Socioeconomic Distress, Grey-Bruce, 2012………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 53 Figure 3.6 Distance to Nearest Recreational Opportunity by Socioeconomic Distress, Owen Sound, 2012……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 54 Prepared by the Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, UWO, 2012 8 List of Tables and Graphs Name Page Table 2.1 Socio-economic Distress Indicators by Community, Grey-Bruce……………………….. 24 Name Page Graph 2.1 Average Distance to Grocery Stores, by Community……………………………………….. 34 Graph 2.2 Average Distance to Nutritious Food Retailers, by Community………………………… 38 Graph 2.3 Average Distance to Grocery Stores, by Distress Level…………………………………….. 42 Graph 2.4 Average Distance to Nutritious Food Retailers, by Distress

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