Appendix 1: Seed Processing Table – Species List Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure Apocynaceae Dehiscent, dry, often long Drying will cause fruits to split ● Alstonia and slender double follicles open. Seeds fall out by ● Wrightia with many seeds themselves or with minimal ● Dyera mechanical impact Anacardiaceae Drupe with fleshy, often Depulping by ingestion or ● Spondias edible mesocarp. Mesocarp soaking followed by stirring or ● Dracontomelum fibrous in, e.g., Mangifera. high-water pressure, or ● Swintonia In Swintonia and Gluta mechanical depulping. Seeds ● Gluta drupes remain attached to a are not extracted from the ● Mangifera 5-winged placenta formed pyrene. Removal of wings not from persistent petals necessary as they will fall off during wet processing Araucariaceae Dehiscent cones, often large. Drying causes cone scale and ● Araucaria Disintegrate at maturity seeds to separate from the ● Agathis central cone axis. Cone scale removed by sifting and/or winnowing; fine cleaning by flotation Bignoniaceae Long slender dehiscent Sun-drying causes dehiscence. ● Marchamia follicles/pods – in some species Seeds usually fall off or out ● Fernandoa up to 80 cm. Winged seeds readily or with little mechanical ● Stereospermum attached to central columella impact. If extracted manually, ● Millingtonia fruits are discharged by the ● Spathodea same procedure Bombacaceae Large woody capsules. Dehiscent Dry extraction from fruit ● Bombax with woolly seeds in Bombax followed by removal of testa ● Ceiba and Ceiba; dry edible pulp in appendices. In Bombax and ● Coelostegia Adansonia. Indehiscent with Ceiba mechanical deflossing or ● Durio arillate seed in Durio burning of seed hair. In Durio ● Adansonia removal of aril by depulping procedures, e.g. high-water pressure or, in edible species, by soaking off the edible pulp. Hard pulp in Adansonia removed after soaking (Continued) 366 APPENDIX Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list––Cont’d. Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure Boraginaceae 1 seeded drupe Pyrene extracted by wet ● Cordia extraction, e.g. high water pressure after softening Burseraceae Drupe with fleshy pulp and Wet extraction for removal ● Canarium hard endocarp containing of pulp, e.g. high-pressure ● Commiphora up to 3 seeds water after softening. Seeds ● Boswellia are not extracted from the pyrene Casuarinaceae Dry dehiscent multiple fruits, Drying makes fruits open. ● Casuarina ‘conelike’, spherical to oblong, Tumbling usually suffices to ● Allocasuarina opening by slots make seeds fall out. If trapped, ● Gymnostoma seeds can be extracted after disintegration of the whole fruit, e.g. threshing Celestraceae 3-valved woody capsule Drying until dehiscence, then ● Kokoona mechanical raking, shaking or tumbling to remove seeds Combretaceae Mostly dry winged fruits, in Extraction reduces storability ● Combretum Combretum with 4 angular and is generally avoided. To ● Terminatia wings, in Terminalia with 1 wing reduce bulk, fruits can be ● Anogeissus surrounding the seed (wing dewinged by rolling between much reduced in, e.g., wire-mesh screens. In T. catappa, making fruit Combretum seeds may be drupelike) extracted by manually splitting open the wings before sowing Cupressaceae Dehiscent cones with central Cone scales open upon drying ● Cupressus cone scales that open upon and seeds are released by gentle ● Fokienia drying tumbling. Usually no dewinging ● Libocedrus Datiscaceae Dehiscent capsules with Extraction by drying and ● Octomeles many seed shaking. The volume of fruits ● Tetrameles and that of seeds are always small and the tiny seeds easily spill out. To avoid loss, opened fruits can be shaken thoroughly manually in a pail with a closed lid and extracted through a fine masked sieve Dilleneaceae Dehiscent follicles making Fruits split open upon drying; ● Dillenea a star-formed compound fruit seeds extracted manually. surrounded by enlarged fleshy Fleshy sarcotesta removed sepals that split open at by wet extraction, e.g. high maturity water pressure or wet tumbling APPENDIX 367 Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list––Cont’d. Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure Dipterocarpaceae Nuts with 2 or 4 (occassionally5) Manual removal of wings ● Anisoptera large wings originating from sometimes done to reduce bulk ● Dipterocarpus persistent sepals. Fruits contain and ease sowing. Sensitivity to ● Dryobalanops usually only 1 embryo. Fruits desiccation and their short ● Hopea usually large, including wings storability makes fast sowing ● Parashorea from 3–20 cm. Most species mandatory ● Shorea have desiccation-sensitive seed ● Vatica Ebenaceae Berry with persistent sepals and Fleshy pulp removed by normal ● Diospyros from 1 to a few seeds. Most wet extraction, e.g. water ● Euclea species with fleshy pulp, but pressure or wet tumbling. Dry species with dry pulp occur in fruits keep well when sun-dried. dry areas Pulp must usually be removed before sowing to remove germination inhibitors Euphorbiaceae Dehiscent capsules. Seeds In this group of euphorbia, ● Aleurites usually small seeds can be extracted by any ● Bridelia dry extraction procedure, i.e. ● Croton drying until dehiscence and ● Hevea tumbling or other mechanical ● Macaranga impact to separate fruits from ● Trewia seeds ● Clutia Euphorbiaceae Drupes or berries, usually Stones or seeds extracted wet ● Aleurites small, often with sticky, after softening by soaking or ● Bischofia milky pulp initiated decomposition. Bleach ● Drypetes or some mild liquid soap help ● Endospermum remove sticky residual pulp ● Trewia Fagaceae Nut with enclosing, dehiscent The dehiscent cupula in Fagus ● Castanopsis or open cupula. Usually large and Castanea open by slight ● Quercus drying. The cupula remain ● Fagus firmly attached to the fruit in ● Lithocarpus some Lithocarpus and Quercus ● Castanea species. Wetting and slight ● Nothofagus drying help soften the attachment, but many Fagaceae are desiccation-sensitive. Cupula must often be removed manually Guttiferae Callophyllum has a drupe fruit Wet or dry extraction for fleshy ● Calophyllum with fleshy/fibrous mesocarp. and dry fruits, respectively. ● Mesua The fruit in Cratoxylum is a Residual pulp of fleshy ● Cratoxylum woody capsule mesocarp removed by tumbling in sand or by brushing (Continued) 368 APPENDIX Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list––Cont’d. Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure Hamamelidaceae Semidehiscent, casuarina-like, Apertures open upon drying ● Altingia compound, dry fruits, which and seeds may be extracted by ● Liquidambar open by apertures tumbling. If seeds are stuck inside the fruit, it is necessary to disintegrate the fruits, e.g. by threshing or in a hammer mill Juglandaceae Dry drupes or nuts, in Dry exocarp/mesocarp removed ● Carya Engelhardtia with wings manually or, for some species, ● Engelhardtia by tumbling in a cement mixer ● Juglans with abrasive material or in brushing machines with hard brushes Lauraceae Most genera with 1 to a few Fleshy pulp removed by wet ● Cinnamomum seeded berries. In Eusideroxylon extraction, e.g. high-pressure ● Cryptocarya fruits are large drupes (up to water after soaking. Some ● Eusideroxilon 15-cm long). In Cryptocarya species have fragile seed coats, ● Litsea fruits are surrounded by a which are easily damaged by ● Machilus persistent flower tube. mechanical handling Cinnamomum often have a persistent placenta Leguminosae – Dehiscent/semidehiscent pods. Mature fruits will split up upon Caesalpinaceae Often large, woody and thick. drying. However, owing to the ● Erythrophloeum Seeds often remain enclosed in thickness of the pod and the ● Intsia the fruit until after dispersal. woody character, drying for a ● Pelthophorum In Sindora and Afzelia seeds long time, occasionally using an ● Senna have large and thick arils artificial heat source, is ● Brachystegia necessary. Pods that remain ● Delonix closed can be split open ● Bauhinia manually by a few blows with a ● Baikaea club. Arils are easiest to remove ● Sindora immediately after extraction ● Afzelia when they are still soft. Strong drying for dehiscence has the drawback of hardening the aril. A few hours’ soaking immedi- ately after extraction facilitates manual removal of the aril Leguminosae – Indehiscent often round pods, Drying and then thrashing or Caesalpinaceae – 30–70-cm long. Seeds pounding to crush the fruits. ● Cassia surrounded by a sticky Seeds usually separate readily ● Tamarindus substance from the fruits. Residual pulp ● Dialium removed by washing with ● Koompassia addition of sodium hypochlorite. Seeds cleaned by sifting following winnowing APPENDIX 369 Table A.1. Seed processing table – species list––Cont’d. Family/genus / Prevailing fruit type – species group description Extraction procedure Leguminosae – Dehiscent thin pods, usually Sun-drying until dehiscence. Mimosaceae with many (4–16) seeds. Shaking or thrashing used to ● Acacia (some) Seeds usually remain attached extract seeds – the strength and ● Albizia to half of the pods during method depend on the strength ● Paraserianthes dispersal. Australian acacias of funicle attachment. Arils ● Xylia frequently with funicle detached by threshing, in ● Leucaena developed into an aril brushing machines or by ● Calliandra biological means (e.g. ants) ● Gllericidia Leguminosae – Indehiscent