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Surface Water and Alluvial Groundwater Connectivity at Mulloon Creek and the Implications for Natural Sequence Farming

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Surface Water and Alluvial Groundwater Connectivity at Mulloon Creek and the Implications for Natural Sequence Farming University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health - Honours Theses University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2017 Surface water and alluvial groundwater connectivity at Mulloon Creek and the implications for Natural Sequence Farming Oliver Hickson Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Hickson, Oliver, Surface water and alluvial groundwater connectivity at Mulloon Creek and the implications for Natural Sequence Farming, BSc Hons, School of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Wollongong, 2017. https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/144 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] Surface water and alluvial groundwater connectivity at Mulloon Creek and the implications for Natural Sequence Farming Abstract The effect of installing 22 instream weirs along a 2 km stretch of Mulloon Creek as part of a Natural Sequence Farming (NSF) pilot project was investigated. The outcomes of NSF are reportedly diverse: this study focussed specifically on floodplain aquifer rehydration. The alluvial groundwater response to NSF treatment was analysed by comparing floodplain piezometer measurements from two discrete monitoring periods. Using an ANOVA, the late period 0.37 m mean reduction in depth to floodplain water table was found to be significant (0.05). No monthly precipitation trends were detected by either the Mann-Kendall test or linear models over the monitoring periods, however the late period had higher rainfall intensity (1.8 vs 2.3 mm/day). Sedimentology conducted during installation and short-term monitoring of an additional piezometer network was used to determine alluvial groundwater flow dynamics at an untreated site located 2 km downstream of the pilot project site. A hydraulic gradient analysis technique was used to estimate and compare baseflow into the stream during each period and at each location. Groundwater flow across the Mulloon Creek floodplain is facilitated by semi-continuous coarse grained units transmitting water towards the gaining stream. Additional water is induced into the alluvial aquifer via the NSF process of step-diffusion. Often complex floodplain sedimentology results in groundwater flow patterns that are equally complex and difficulto t predict purely from surface topography. Although the NSF treated site was improved, the degree of hydration in the untreated site appears to be higher. NSF is most effective in incised streams with disconnected and porous aquifers composed of hydraulically conductive floodplain material. This emphasizes the importance of site suitability and prior investigation before implementing river/floodplain estr oration projects that emphasize the alteration of alluvial groundwater processes. Degree Type Thesis Degree Name BSc Hons Department School of Earth & Environmental Science Advisor(s) Tim Cohen Keywords Natural sequence farming, NSF, hydrogeology This thesis is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/144 Surface water and alluvial groundwater connectivity at Mulloon Creek and the implications for Natural Sequence Farming A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF SCIENCE ADVANCED (HONOURS) From THE UNIVERSITY OF WOLLONGONG by OLIVER HICKSON (School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health) (APRIL, 2017) I The information in this thesis is entirely the result of investigations conducted by the author, unless otherwise acknowledged, and has not been submitted in part, or otherwise, for any other degree or qualification. Oliver Hickson 19th April 2017 II ABSTRACT The effect of installing 22 instream weirs along a 2 km stretch of Mulloon Creek as part of a Natural Sequence Farming (NSF) pilot project was investigated. The outcomes of NSF are reportedly diverse: this study focussed specifically on floodplain aquifer rehydration. The alluvial groundwater response to NSF treatment was analysed by comparing floodplain piezometer measurements from two discrete monitoring periods. Using an ANOVA, the late period 0.37 m mean reduction in depth to floodplain water table was found to be significant (0.05). No monthly precipitation trends were detected by either the Mann-Kendall test or linear models over the monitoring periods, however the late period had higher rainfall intensity (1.8 vs 2.3 mm/day). Sedimentology conducted during installation and short-term monitoring of an additional piezometer network was used to determine alluvial groundwater flow dynamics at an untreated site located 2 km downstream of the pilot project site. A hydraulic gradient analysis technique was used to estimate and compare baseflow into the stream during each period and at each location. Groundwater flow across the Mulloon Creek floodplain is facilitated by semi-continuous coarse grained units transmitting water towards the gaining stream. Additional water is induced into the alluvial aquifer via the NSF process of step-diffusion. Often complex floodplain sedimentology results in groundwater flow patterns that are equally complex and difficult to predict purely from surface topography. Although the NSF treated site was improved, the degree of hydration in the untreated site appears to be higher. NSF is most effective in incised streams with disconnected and porous aquifers composed of hydraulically conductive floodplain material. This emphasizes the importance of site suitability and prior investigation before implementing river/floodplain restoration projects that emphasize the alteration of alluvial groundwater processes. III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A special thanks to my supervisors, Tim Cohen and John Bradd, for their constant support and encouragement. A thank you also extends to those who assisted with field work, especially Wayne Cook, Tony Bernadi Luke Peel. I am grateful for the opportunity The Mulloon Institute has given me. This project would not be possible without the statistical wizardry of Bradley Wakefield, the kind support from Kaila Tonge and the watchful eye of Susan Hickson. IV CONTENTS ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. IV CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................ V LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ IX LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. XI LIST OF EQUATIONS ..................................................................................................... XII CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 13 1.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 13 1.2 Australian rivers today ............................................................................................. 13 1.3 Natural Sequence Farming ....................................................................................... 15 Definition and origin of NSF ...................................................................................... 15 Implementation of NSF .............................................................................................. 16 1.4 Mulloon Creek .......................................................................................................... 17 1.5 Aims and objectives ................................................................................................. 18 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................... 19 2.1 Assessing river restoration ....................................................................................... 19 2.2 Natural Sequence Farming ....................................................................................... 20 2.3 Similar restoration techniques .................................................................................
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