DOCSLIB.ORG

SESSION 1. New/Emerging Workplace Risk Risks Posed By

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
SESSION 1. New/Emerging Workplace Risk Risks Posed By SESSION 1. NEW/EMERGING WORKPLACE RISK RISKS POSED BY ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OR USE OF IT EQUIPMENT Frank de Vocht Centre of Occupational and Environmental Health The University of Manchester, UK THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM BACKGROUND Workers may be exposed to SMF (0Hz), ELF-EMF (50- 60Hz) and RF-EMF (3Khz – 300 GHz) x-rays during especially medical diagnostics not discussed here Population ELF-EMF and RF-EMF exposure low, and negligible for static EMF. First study a link between increased cancer risk and employment as high-voltage substation workers was already published in 1966 (Asanova et al. Gig Tr Prof Zabol. 1966; 10(5): 50-2) Exposure: increasing in the previous decades in many occupational settings expanded to new industries and occupations “ELECTRIC” OCCUPATIONS (STATIC AND ELF) Static magnetic fields aluminum industry chloralkali production certain welding processes train systems using DC power supplies magnetic resonance (NMR and MRI) systems Extremely low-frequency (ELF) high exposure may occur in generation and transmission of electric power ubiquitous through the use of IT equipment As such, ‘electric occupations’ now also include: computer programmers, bookkeepers, clerks, accountants,… “ELECTRIC” OCCUPATIONS (RF) Radiofrequency (RF) main source mobile telephones occupations that may expose workers to RF-EMF include: radar technicians, radio and telegraph operators, telecommunication manufacturing occupations dielectric heat sealing workers workers using industrial heating equipment manufacturing semiconductor chips or microelectronic devices maintaining medical EMF equipment OCCUPATIONAL EMF EXPOSURE AND CANCER RISK Occupational studies have primarily focused on: leukemia and leukemia subtypes brain cancer breast cancer Results across studies so far remains inconsistent The most recent comprehensive meta-analysis (1993- 2007)* indicated increased risks: 14% for brain cancer (95%CI 1.07 – 1.22) 16% for leukemia. (95%CI 1.11 – 1.22) * Kheifets, Monroe et al. J Occup Environ Med 2008; 50(6):677-88 OCCUPATIONAL EMF EXPOSURE AND CANCER RISK FROM: Kheifets, Monroe et al. J Occup Environ Med 2008; 50(6):677-88 OCCUPATIONAL EMF EXPOSURE AND CANCER RISK However, most recent study (November 2013): 120,852 men and women aged 5-69 in 1986 No increased risk on incidence of lung, breast or brain cancer High ELF-EMF exposure acute myeloid leukemia: HR 2.15 [1.06-4.35] follicular lymphoma: HR 2.78 [1.00-5.77] Cumulative ELF-EMF exposure Significant, positive association with FL but not AML among men. OCCUPATIONAL EMF EXPOSURE & NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES Neurodegenerative diseases*, including : Alzheimer’s Disease (Santibanez et al. Occup Environ Med 2008;64(11):723-32) Parkinson’s Disease (Wechsler et al. Neurotox 1992;12(3):387-92) Dementia (Feychting et al. 1998;24(1):46-53) Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) (Johansen. Scan J WE&H 2004;30 (S1):1-30) The link with ALS suggested to be associated with electric shocks rather than with ELF-EMF or RF-EMF exposure (Li and Sung. Am J Ind Med 2003;43(2):212-20.). * Feychting et al. Annu Rev Public Health 2005;26:165-89 OCCUPATIONAL EMF EXPOSURE AND OTHER EFFECTS Short term neurobehavioral and wellbeing effects MR engineers (de Vocht et al. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006;23(9):197-204) nurses working with MRI systems (Wilén & de Vocht. Eur J Radiol 2011;80(2):510-3) Increased suicide rates (van Wijngaarden et al Occup Environ Med 2000;57(4):258-63 & jOEM 2003;45(1):96-101) Biological effects tissue heating (RF) immune system disturbances (Johansson. Pathophysiology 2009;16(2-3):157-77) chromosomal aberration and micronuclei frequencies(amongst power generation and transmission workers). (Valjus et al. Rad Environ Biophys 1993;32(4):325-36; Nordenson et al. Rad Environ Biophys 1988;27(1):39-47) Overall evidence of increased health risk with occupational exposure to SMF, ELF and RF remains inconsistent. (Feychting et al. Annu Rev Public Health 2005;26:165-189; Johansen. Scand J WE&H 2004;S1:1-30) PARENTAL AND MATERNAL EMF EXPOSURE May cause adverse health effects in their children development of childhood cancers Smulevich et al. Int J Cancer 1999;83(6):718-22; Pearce et al. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2007;49(3):280-6 increased risk of birth defects Blaasaas et al. Occup Environ Med 2002;59(2):92-7 No data to indicate that that EMF exposure in the range up to RF-EMF directly damages DNA this may indicate EMF may cause epigenetic modifications However, other studies have shown lower cancer risks absence of any excess cancer risk Hug et al. Am J Epi 2010;171(1):27-35; Sorahan et al. Am J Ind Med 1999; 35(4): 348-57 No effect on birth outcomes Tonqvist. jOEM 1998; 40(2):111-7 PROBLEMS WITH EMF STUDIES Relevant exposure metric unknown Biological mechanism of interaction unknown No unexposed populations Co-exposure to chemicals More so than in studies investigating occupational exposure to chemicals important problems are: High spatial variability in exposure For example, electrical wiring in a building (McElroy et al. jOEM 2007;49(3):266-74) CONCLUSIONS / WHAT TO EXPECT… In short, the answer is that we don’t know… However, it is fair to say that if it was something serious (like for example asbestos) it would have been shown by now… With respect to cancers, if anything, it may be (rare) subtypes... However, exposure is only expected to keep increasing… Excerpt from: Frank de Vocht. Chapter 3. Occupational EMF Studies In: Epidemiology of electromagnetic fields. Röösli M (ed.). 2014 (In press) [email protected] EXTRA SLIDES RADIO SPECTRUM Frequency Wavelength Designation Abbreviation Extremely low 3 – 30 Hz 105 – 104 km ELF frequency 30 – 300 Hz 104 – 103 km Super low frequency SLF 300 – 3000 Hz 103 – 100 km Ultra low frequency ULF 3 – 30 kHz 100 – 10 km Very low frequency VLF 30 – 300 kHz 10 – 1 km Low frequency LF 300 kHz – 3 MHz 1 km – 100 m Medium frequency MF 3 – 30 MHz 100 – 10 m High frequency HF 30 – 300 MHz 10 – 1 m Very high frequency VHF 300 MHz – 3 GHz 1 m – 10 cm Ultra high frequency UHF 3 – 30 GHz 10 – 1 cm Super high frequency SHF Extremely high 30 – 300 GHz 1 cm – 1 mm EHF frequency Tremendously high 300 GHz - 3000 GHz 1 mm - 0.1 mm THF frequency OTHER PROBLEMS… Lack of funding Lack of a known biological mechanism But also… EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT What exposure metric to measure? Peak, average, duration? What frequency? Regular wave shape, or transients (“dirty electricity”)? de Vocht. J Expo Sci Environ Epi 2010; 20(5):39-405 .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What Is Rf? It's Like Magic
    Originally appeared in the December 2011 issue of Communications Technology. WHAT IS RF? IT’S LIKE MAGIC By RON HRANAC The cable industry has, since the very first systems in the late 1940s, embraced and been based on radio frequency (RF) technology. These days, we’ve also embraced the digital world — and a subset of digital technology called Internet protocol (IP) — but RF still is needed in most cable networks to transport digital data to and from devices in our subscribers’ homes. The answer to the question in the title of this month’s column is far more complicated than it seems initially. A good place to start is with an explanation of “R” and “F.” What’s radio frequency? Here’s one high-level perspective: It’s that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from a few kilohertz to about 300 gigahertz. The radio-frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum is further broken down into two chunks: radio waves and microwaves. Some references define radio waves as those with a frequency starting at about 3 kHz (the beginning of the very low frequency [VLF] band) and extending to 300 MHz (the beginning of the ultra high frequency [UHF] band), with microwaves covering roughly 300 MHz to 300 GHz. The latter is the beginning of the far infrared (FIR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Other references have microwaves starting at frequencies higher than 300 MHz; indeed, many RF engineers consider the microwave spectrum to be higher than about 1 GHz. Radio frequency also can be defined as a rate of oscillation within the 3 kHz to 300 GHz range (more on this in a moment).
    [Show full text]
  • Methods and Experiments for Sensing Variations in Solar Activity and Defining Their Impact on Heart Variability
    sensors Article Methods and Experiments for Sensing Variations in Solar Activity and Defining Their Impact on Heart Variability Michael Hanzelka 1,*, Jiˇrí Dan 2, Zoltán Szabó 1 , ZdenˇekRoubal 1, PˇremyslDohnal 1 and Radim Kadlec 1 1 Department of Theoretical and Experimental Electrical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 616 00 Brno, Czech Republic; [email protected] (Z.S.); [email protected] (Z.R.); [email protected] (P.D.); [email protected] (R.K.) 2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Letter, Catholic University in Ružomberok, 034 01 Ružomberok, Slovakia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +420-54114-6280 Abstract: This paper evaluates variations in solar activity and their impact on the human nervous system, including the manner in which human behavior and decision-making reflect such effects in the context of (symmetrical) social interactions. The relevant research showed that solar activity, manifesting itself through the exposure of the Earth to charged particles from the Sun, affects heart variability. The evaluation methods focused on examining the relationships between selected psychophysiological data and solar activity, which generally causes major alterations in the low-level electromagnetic field. The investigation within this paper revealed that low-level EMF changes are among the factors affecting heart rate variability and, thus, also variations at the spectral level of the rate, in the VLF, (f = 0.01–0.04 Hz), LF (f = 0.04–0.15 Hz), and HF (f = 0.15 až 0.40 Hz) bands. The results of the presented experiments can also be interpreted as an indirect explanation of sudden Citation: Hanzelka, M.; Dan, J.; Szabó, Z.; Roubal, Z.; Dohnal, P.; deaths and heart failures.
    [Show full text]
  • A Novel Database of Bio-Effects from Non-Ionizing Radiation
    A Novel Database of Bio-Effects From Non-Ionizing Radiation by Leach VA, Weller S and Redmayne M. ORSAA paper ID: 3088 OPEN SOURCE: https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/reveh/33/3/article-p273.xml Rev Environ Health 2018; aop Review Victor Leach*, Steven Weller and Mary Redmayne A novel database of bio-effects from non-ionizing radiation https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2018-0017 Received March 18, 2018; accepted May 6, 2018 Introduction Abstract: A significant amount of electromagnetic field/ The environmental profile of man-made electromagnetic electromagnetic radiation (EMF/EMR) research is availa- field (EMF) and associated radiation [electromagnetic ble that examines biological and disease associated end- radiation (EMR)] over the last several decades has grown points. The quantity, variety and changing parameters in by 12 orders of magnitude (1012) [1] and is now considered the available research can be challenging when under- one of the major sources of environmental pollution. taking a literature review, meta-analysis, preparing a During more recent years, the use of mobile phones study design, building reference lists or comparing find- in close proximity to the brain has become a major focus ings between relevant scientific papers. The Oceania of much research. Successful marketing and subsequent Radiofrequency Scientific Advisory Association (ORSAA) uptake have necessitated an on-going increase in the has created a comprehensive, non-biased, multi-cate- number of mobile phone base stations being deployed, gorized, searchable database of papers on non-ionizing contributing to increasing levels of background, environ- EMF/EMR to help address these challenges. It is regu- mental non-ionizing radiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Principes Et Utilisations RF Power Sources: Principles And
    Alimentations RF: Principes et utilisations RF Power Sources: Principles and Use Erik V. Johnson LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, 1 LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Outline – RF Power Sources • Frequencies of operation • ITU/STM Frequency bands for RF plasmas • Amplifiers vs Power Sources • Input and Output Power • Expected impedance and matching • Gain compression • Harmonics (THD and dBc) • Classes of Amplifier • Class A – Wideband amplifier • Classes B to E – Narrow band Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique What do we mean by RF plasma excitation Technically, all frequencies at which we can generate EM waves through oscillations in a macroscopic dipole/antenna are radio frequencies. Direct current (0 Hz) does not generate an EM wave, and optical frequency waves are not generated in the same way (and physics is different). For plasmas, we are particularly interested in the band of frequencies where electrons can respond but ions are too heavy, and things are still technologically manageable. Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique Radio Frequencies and ISM Bands International Telecommunications Union has split up spectrum into named bands. Frequencies of 1 GHz and above are conventionally called microwave,[7] while frequencies of 30 GHz and above are designated millimeter wave. Erik V. Johnson, LPICM-CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique ITU Band name Abbrev.
    [Show full text]
  • Frequency Multiplication in Silicon Nanowires
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Summer 7-7-2016 Frequency Multiplication in Silicon Nanowires Marius Mugurel Ghita Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Ghita, Marius Mugurel, "Frequency Multiplication in Silicon Nanowires" (2016). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3082. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.3077 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. Frequency Multiplication in Silicon Nanowires by Marius Mugurel Ghita A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Physics Dissertation Committee: Raj Solanki, Chair James Morris John Freeouf Andrew Rice Portland State University 2016 ABSTRACT Frequency multiplication is an effect that arises in electronic components that exhibit a non-linear response to electromagnetic stimuli. Barriers to achieving very high frequency response from electronic devices are the device capacitance and other parasitic effects such as resistances that arise from the device geometry and are in general a function of the size of the device. In general, smaller device geometries and features lead to a faster response to electromagnetic stimuli. It was posited that the small size of the silicon nanowires (SiNWs) would lead to small device capacitance and spreading resistance, thus making the silicon nanowires useful in generating microwave and terahertz radiation by frequency multiplication.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematical Analysis of Super Low Frequency Ground Loop Receiving Antennas
    Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. 7, No. 3, 1087-1092 (2013) 1087 Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences An International Journal ⃝c 2013 NSP Natural Sciences Publishing Cor. Mathematical Analysis of Super Low Frequency Ground Loop Receiving Antennas Hui Xie1, Ming Yang2 and Long Ji3 1Electronics Engineering College, Navy University of engineering, Wuhan 430033, China 2Unit 91404 of PLA, Qinhuangdao 066000, China 3702 repair factory of Navy, Shanghai 200434, China Received: 20 Sep. 2012, Revised: 30 Dec. 2012, Accepted: 14 Jan. 2013 Published online: 1 May 2013 Abstract: A compact super low frequency receiving antenna in the form of a loop can be built for which the induced atmospheric noise voltage dominates both the antennas thermal noise voltage and preamplifier noise. Air-core and ferromagnetic-core ground loop receiving antennas were introduced, and mathematical calculation methods to analyse the ENF spectrum of the atmospheric noise and thermal noise were derived. The research identified the roles played by the various contributing factors such as antenna dimensions, wire conductivity, ferromagnetic-core permeability, etc. One air-core and three ferromagnetic-core antennas were designed, and a compromise core design was recommend, which takes advantage of the improvement that ferromagnetic cores can provide while largely avoiding the disadvantages. Keywords: super low frequency, loop receiving antenna, air-core loop, ferromagnetic core loop 1. Introduction factor of self-resonance may increase the output signal voltage, this is more than offset by a concomitant increase The two most conventional super low frequency (SLF) in the resistance of the antenna [4]. Usually, therefore, at receiving antennas are the whip and the loop.
    [Show full text]
  • The Electromagnetic Spectrum Presentation
    3{30 Hz 100{10 Mm ELF (Extra Low Frequency) 30{300 Hz 10{1 Mm SLF (Super Low Frequency) 300{3000 Hz 1 Mm{100 km ULF (Ultra Low Frequency) 3{30 kHz 100{10 km VLF (Very Low Frequency) 30{300 MHz 10{1 m VHF (Very High Frequency) 300{3000 MHz 1000{100 mm UHF (Ultra High Frequency) 3{30 GHz 100{10 mm SHF (Super High Frequency) 30{300 GHz 10{1 mm EHF (Extra High Frequency) 300{3000 GHz 1000{100µm Submillimeter/InfraRed 500{900 THz 0.6µm{0.3µm Visible! The Spectrum There is only one. Frequency Wavelength Designation 30{300 kHz 10{1 km LF (Low Frequency) 300{3000 kHz 1000{100 m MF (Medium Frequency) 3{30 MHz 100{10 m HF (High Frequency) 3{30 Hz 100{10 Mm ELF (Extra Low Frequency) 30{300 Hz 10{1 Mm SLF (Super Low Frequency) 300{3000 Hz 1 Mm{100 km ULF (Ultra Low Frequency) 300{3000 MHz 1000{100 mm UHF (Ultra High Frequency) 3{30 GHz 100{10 mm SHF (Super High Frequency) 30{300 GHz 10{1 mm EHF (Extra High Frequency) 300{3000 GHz 1000{100µm Submillimeter/InfraRed 500{900 THz 0.6µm{0.3µm Visible! The Spectrum There is only one. Frequency Wavelength Designation 3{30 kHz 100{10 km VLF (Very Low Frequency) 30{300 kHz 10{1 km LF (Low Frequency) 300{3000 kHz 1000{100 m MF (Medium Frequency) 3{30 MHz 100{10 m HF (High Frequency) 30{300 MHz 10{1 m VHF (Very High Frequency) 3{30 Hz 100{10 Mm ELF (Extra Low Frequency) 30{300 Hz 10{1 Mm SLF (Super Low Frequency) 3{30 GHz 100{10 mm SHF (Super High Frequency) 30{300 GHz 10{1 mm EHF (Extra High Frequency) 300{3000 GHz 1000{100µm Submillimeter/InfraRed 500{900 THz 0.6µm{0.3µm Visible! The Spectrum There is only one.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiotherapy Is the Second Method for Treating Cancer (Through Ionizing Radiations)
    Cancer Radiotherapy Radiotherapy is the second method for treating cancer (through ionizing radiations) •External radiotherapy : irradiation source is situated outside the patient (RX devices, cobalt, accelerators), •Brachytherapy : radioactive sources are situated inside the patient * sealed sources : ‐intersticial brachytherapy : sources placed inside the tumour ‐ endocavitary brachytherapy : sources inside natural cavities where tumours develop * non sealed sources: ‐radioactive compounds are injected for particular tumours : I 131, P32, St189, .. In France, radiotherapy is used for the treatment of one out of two cancer patients. Half of the patients who are cured of their cancer, are treated by radiotherapy Some historical data on radiotherapy 1895: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in Würzburg ((y)Germany) discovers X‐rays. 1895: First therapeutic attempt to treat a local relapse of breast carcinoma by Emil Grubbe (Chicago) 1896: Discovery of natural radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in Paris 1896: First use of X‐Rays for stomach cancer by Victor Despeignes (Lyon ‐ France) 1896: Irradiation of a skin tumour in a 4‐year‐old by Léopold Freund (Vienna ‐ Austria) 1897: Thomson identifies the electrons for creating X‐Rays 1898: Discovery of radium by Pierre Curie and Maria Sklodowska Curie in Paris 1899: First real proof of cure by X ‐Rays ( two pictures taken at an interval of 30 years) 1901:First thiherapeuticuseof radium for skin 'bhhbrachytherapy' byDrDanlos (ôi(Hôpita l Saint‐Louis ‐ Paris) 1903: First scientific description of the effect of
    [Show full text]
  • Application Notes
    APPLICATION NOTES GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS INSULATION RESISTANCE: Resistance greater than 2 Giga-ohms at 50 Vdc is required between the chassis and all switch terminals. SPECIAL TESTING: Is available upon request. Please contact factory. FINISH: Electroless Nickel, Contact Factory if different finish is required. RF CONTACTS: Beryllium Copper, Gold plated over a Nickel undercoating. STORAGE TEMPERATURE: -55°C to +100°C. TOLERANCES: Unless otherwise specified. Dimensions are in inches. XX: +/- 0.03 XXX: +/- 0.005 ANG: +/- 1° INTERNAL TERMINATION RF POWER: 3WCW @ +85°C INTERNAL TERMINATION VSWR: 2.00 VSWR max. typical. REPEATABILITY: 0.1 dB max. between positions. AUXILIARY CONTACTS: (Indicators) rated at 250mA, 100 Vdc, 5W max. (switching). Must use a series current limiting resistor. RF CONNECTOR TORQUE: Apply no more than 8 inch pounds of torque to install mating connectors. SUPPLY VOLTAGE: +/- 10% nominal. MAGNETIC SENSITIVITY: SPDT switches - electromechanical switches can be sensitive to ferrous materials and external magnetic fields. Allow mounting no closer than 1/8” for neighboring ferrous materials. ACTUATION: DTI Microwave switches are RF devices, the impedance match is lost if more than one position is actuated simultaneously. Simultaneous actuation of more than one position is not recommended and under certain circumstances may damage the switch. Please consult factory. DC TERMINAL FUNCTION LEGEND N/A Not Applicable AV Actuation Voltage C Actuation Voltage Common, Plus (+) or Minus (-) +V SW Positive Switch Actuation Voltage C RTN Common Return for Actuation & Logic Voltage Supplies L Logic Input (1= 3.5 - 5.5 Vdc; 0= 0 - 0.8 Vdc) PV Pulse Voltage with specified polarity for latching operation (20 msec min.) IND COM Indicator Common F/S Failsafe Position (when applicable) +1, -2 SPDT/Transfer Failsafe version, indicates positive & negative actuation terminals N/C Normally Closed Position N/O Normally Open Position +A TTL Control, Indicates Postive Coil Voltage Terminals -B TTL Control, Indicates DC Return SPECIFICATIONS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.
    [Show full text]
  • Inexpensive Equipment and Simple Technique Changes
    Inexpensive Equipment and Simple Technique Changes Paul Robertson - GCSAR Paul Robertson 4th Year on Team GCSAR Board of Directors SAR Academy Coordinator Field Director Ham Technician License – KE0ETR Paul Robertson - GCSAR Paul Robertson - GCSAR On Sunday, May 17, 2015 - Grand County Search and Rescue and Alpine Rescue helped 59-year-old Littleton resident, Brad Bylund, off of Mount Flora above Berthoud Pass. – SkyHigh Daily News Paul Robertson - GCSAR Growing membership required new radios Can we save money? Is there newer/better equipment Difficulty in Backcountry Radio Communication “SAR Repeater doesn’t work here” “Simplex won’t go up the canyon, over the peak” Paul Robertson - GCSAR How can we solve them: While purchasing new equipment With modification of equipment, techniques or protocols Paul Robertson - GCSAR Radio Waves Frequency Bandwidth Wavelength Power Hand held - 5 watts Mobile - 50 Watts Antennas Paul Robertson - GCSAR Paul Robertson - GCSAR [5] Frequency Wavelength Designation Abbreviation 5 4 3–30 Hz 10 –10 km Extremely low frequency ELF 4 3 30–300 Hz 10 –10 km Super low frequency SLF 3 300–3000 Hz 10 –100 km Ultra low frequency ULF 3–30 kHz 100–10 km Very low frequency VLF 30–300 kHz 10–1 km Low frequency LF 300 kHz – 3 MHz 1 km – 100 m Medium frequency MF 3–30 MHz 100–10 m High frequency HF 30–300 MHz 10–1 m Very high frequency VHF 300 MHz – 3 GHz 1 m – 10 cm Ultra high frequency UHF 3–30 GHz 10–1 cm Super high frequency SHF 30–300 GHz 1 cm – 1 mm Extremely high frequency EHF 300 GHz – 3000 GHz 1 mm – 0.1 mm Tremendously
    [Show full text]
  • Waves, Wavelength, Frequency and Bands
    1 2 Wave - A wave is a traveling disturbance that moves through space and matter. Waves transfer energy from one place to another, but not matter. Amplitude - The measure of the displacement of the wave from its rest position. The higher the amplitude of a wave, the higher its energy. Crest - The crest is the highest point of a wave. The opposite of the crest is the trough. Frequency - The frequency of a wave is the number of times per second that a wave cycles. The frequency is the inverse of the period. Wavelength - The wavelength of a wave is the distance between two corresponding points on back-to-back cycles of a wave. For example, between two crests of a wave. Trough - The trough is the lowest part of the wave. The opposite of the trough is the crest. Wave frequency is the number of waves that pass a fixed point in a given amount of time. The SI unit for wave frequency is the hertz (Hz), where 1 hertz equals 1 wave passing a fixed point in 1 second. Frequency • Unit of measurement is the Hertz. • Abbreviation is Hz. • One Hertz = 1 cycle per second. • Example: 500 waves pass a point in 2 seconds. What is the frequency? – 500 cycles/2 seconds = 250 Hz FREQUENCY The number of crests that pass a given point within one second is described as the frequency of the wave. One wave—or cycle—per second is called a Hertz (Hz), after Heinrich Hertz who established the existence of radio waves. A wave with two cycles that pass a point in one second has a frequency of 2 Hz.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation Hans Dolezalek Basic Conversions: Λ = C/Ν = 1/K C = Λν = Ν/K K = Ν/C = 1/Λ Ν = C/Λ = Ck C = Speed of Light = 2 99792458
    ClAssIFICATION OF ElECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION Hans Dolezalek Basic Conversions: λ = c/ν = 1/k c = λν = ν/k k = ν/c = 1/λ ν = c/λ = ck c = speed of light = 2 .99792458 × 108 m/s Approximate photon Frequency (ν) Wavelength (λ) Wave number (k) Names of bands energies 3 × 100 – 3 × 101 Hz 108 – 107 m 10-8 – 10-7 m-1 ELF-(ELF 1), ITU band no . 1 3 – 30 Hz 100 – 10 Mm 10 – 100 Gm-1 3 × 101 – 3 × 102 Hz 107 – 106 m 10-7 – 10-6 m-1 SLF-(ELF 2), ITU band no . 2, megameter 30 – 300 Hz 10 – 1 Mm 100 Gm-1 – 1Mm-1 waves 3 × 102 – 3 × 103 Hz 106 – 105 m 10-6 – 10-5 m-1 ULF-(ELF 3), ITU band no . 3 300 Hz – 3 kHz 1 Mm – 100 km 1 – 10 Mm-1 3 × 103 – 3 × 104 Hz 105 – 104 m 10-5 – 10-4 m-1 VLF, ITU band no . 4, myriameter waves 3 – 30 kHz 100 – 10 km 10 – 100 Mm-1 3 × 104 – 3 × 105 Hz 104 – 103 m 10-4 – 10-3 m-1 LF, ITU band no . 5, kilometer waves 30 – 300 kHz 10 – 1 km 100 Mm-1 – 1 km-1 3 × 105 – 3 × 106 Hz 103 –102 m 10-3 – 10-2 m-1 MF, ITU band no . 6, hectometer waves 300 kHz – 3 MHz 1 km – 100 m 1 – 10 km-1 3 × 106 – 3 × 107 Hz 102 – 101 m 10-2 – 10-1 m-1 HF, ITU band no .
    [Show full text]