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(Pdf) Download Revised and Expanded Edition A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates RICHARD D. ESTES DRAWINGS BY DANIEL OTTE FOREWORD BY KATHRYN S. FULLER Chelsea Green Publishing Company White River Junction, Vermont Copyright 1993, 1999 by R. D. Estes. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, or photocopying, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. Published by Chelsea Green Publishing Company, P.O. Box 428, White River Junction, Vermont 05001. Published in South Africa by Russel Friedman Books CC, P.O. Box 73, Halfway House 1685, South Africa. ISBN: 0-9583223-3-3 Published in Zimbabwe by Tutorial Press, 16 George Silundika Avenue, Harare, Zimbabwe. ISBN: 0-7974-1159-3 The Safari Companion was designed by Electric Dragon Productions, Montpelier, Vermont. First edition 1993 Revised edition 1999 Printed in the United States of America 09 08 10 9 The Safari Companion was printed on recycled paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Estes, R. D. The safari companion: a guide to watching African mammals / by Richard D. Estes; drawings by Daniel Otte.—Rev. ed. p. cm. Includes bibiographical references. eBookISBN: 978-1-60358-185-1 1. Wildlife watching—Africa, Eastern—Guidebooks. 2. Wildlife watching—Africa, Southern—Guidebooks. 3. Mammals—Africa, Eastern—Behavior. 4. Mammals—Africa, Southern—Behavior. I. Title. QL60.E841999 599.096—dc20 Chelsea Green Publishing Company P.O. Box 428 White River Junction, VT 05001 800-639-4099 www.chelseagreen.com To Runi, Lindy, and Anna May this book lead to our African reunion CONTENTS MAPS FOREWORD PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION USER’S GUIDE TO THE SAFARI COMPANION 1. SOCIAL AND MATING SYSTEMS 2. OBSERVING AFRICAN MAMMALS 3. UNDERSTANDING ANIMAL BEHAVOR PART I ANTELOPES AND OTHER RUMINANTS 4. INTRODUCING ANTELOPES AND OTHER AFRICAN RUMINANTS Antelope Behavior Guide 5. DUIKERS Blue Duiker, Cephalophus monticola Gray Duiker, Sylvicapra grimmia 6. DWARF ANTELOPES Steenbok, Raphicerus campestris Dik-dik, Madoqua kirkii Klipspringer, Oreotragus oreotragus Oribi, Ourebia ourebi 7. GAZELLE TRIBE Thomson’s Gazelle, Gazella thomsonii Grant’s Gazelle, G. granti Springbok, Antidorcas marsupialis Gerenuk, Litocranius walleri 8. REEDBUCK/KOB TRIBE Reedbucks, Redunca species Kob Antelope, Kobus kob Lechwe, K. leche Waterbuck, K. ellipsiprymnus 9. VAAL OR GRAY RHEBOK, Pelea capreolus 10. HORSE ANTELOPES Roan Antelope, Hippotragus equinus Sable Antelope, H. niger Oryx/Gemsbok, Oryx gazella 11. HARTEBEEST TRIBE Hartebeest, Alcelaphus buselaphus Topi/Tsessebe, Damaliscus lunatus Blesbok/Bontebok, D. dorcas Common Wildebeest, Connochaetes taurinus Black Wildebeest or White-tailed Gnu, C. gnou 12. IMPALA, Aepyceros melampus 13. BUSHBUCK TRIBE Bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus Sitatunga, T. spekii Nyala, T. angasii Lesser Kudu, T. imberbis Greater Kudu, T. strepsiceros Bongo, T. (Boocercus) eurycerus Common Eland, T. (Taurotragus) oryx 14. AFRICAN OR CAPE BUFFALO, Syncerus caffer 15. GIRAFFE, Giraffa camelopardalis PART II OTHER HOOFED MAMMALS 16. SWINE Bushpig, Potamochoerus larvatus Giant Forest Hog, Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Common Warthog, Phacochoerus africanus 17. HIPPOPOTAMUS, Hippopotamus amphibius 18. RHINOCEROSES Black Rhino, Diceros bicorniscr White Rhino, Ceratotherium simum 19. ZEBRAS AND ASSES Grevy’s Zebra, Equus grevyien Plains or Burchell’s Zebra, E. burchelli Mountain Zebra, E. zebraen 20. HYRAXES OR DASSIES Rock Hyrax or Dassie and Bush Hyrax or Yellow-spotted Dassie, Procavia johnstoni and Heterohyrax brucei Tree Hyrax or Dassie, Dendrohyrax arboreus 21. ELEPHANT, Loxodonta africanaen PART III CARNIVORES 22. INTRODUCING CARNIVORES The Main Types of Carnivore Social Organization 23. GENETS AND CIVETS Feline and Large-spotted Genets, Genetta felina and G. tigrina Civet, Civettictis civetta 24. MONGOOSES Slender or Black-tipped Mongoose, Herpestes sanguineus Ichneumon, Large Gray or Egyptian Mongoose, H. ichneumon White-tailed Mongoose, Ichneumia albicauda Marsh or Water Mongoose, Atilax paludinosus Yellow Mongoose, Cynictis penicillata Dwarf Mongoose, Helogale parvula Banded Mongoose, Mungos mungo Suricate or Meerkat, Suricata suricatta 25. HYENA FAMILY Striped Hyena, Hyaena hyaena Brown Hyena, H. brunnea Spotted Hyena, Crocuta crocuta Aardwolf, Proteles cristatus 26. CAT FAMILY African Wildcat, Felis sylvestris Black-footed or Small-spotted Cat, F. nigripes Serval, F. serval Caracal, F. caracal Leopard, Panthera pardus Lion, P. leov Cheetah, Acinonyx jubatusv 27. DOG FAMILY Bat-eared Fox, Otocyon megalotis Golden Jackal, Canis aureus Black-backed or Silver-backed Jackal, C. mesomelas Side-striped Jackal, Canis adustus Wild Dog or Cape Hunting Dog, Lycaon pictusen 28. WEASEL/OTTER FAMILY Zorilla or Striped Polecat, Ictonyx striatus Ratel or Honey Badger, Mellivora capensis Spotted-necked Otter, Lutra maculicollis Cape Clawless Otter, Aonyx capensisen PART IV PRIMATES 29. INTRODUCING PRIMATES 30. BUSHBABIES OR GALAGOS Greater Bushbaby, Otolemur crassicaudatus Senegal Bushbaby and Southern Bushbaby, Galago senegalensis and G. moholi 31. MONKEYS AND BABOONS Blue or Sykes Monkey, Cercopithecus (nictitans) mitis Savanna (Vervet) Monkey, C. (aethiops) Savanna Baboon, Papio cynocephalus Black and White Colobus or Guereza, Colobus guereza 32. GREAT APES Gorilla, Gorilla gorillaen Chimpanzee, Pan troglodytesen APPENDIX A: A Catalogue of Displays and Signals APPENDIX B: Tips for Viewing and Photographing African Wildlife GLOSSARY SUGGESTED READING AFRICAN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ORGANIZATIONS MAJOR VEGETATION TYPES 1. Lowland Rainforest 2. Forest-Savanna Transition and Mosaic a. Coastal Forest-Savanna Mosaic 3. Northern Savanna (including Guinea Savanna and part of Sudanese Arid Zone) 4. The Sahel (arid savanna and bushland) 5. Desert and semidesert shrubland a. The Sahara b. Namib Desert (Karroo semidesert) 6. Somali-Masai Arid Zone (dry savanna) 7. Southern Savanna (including wetter, broad-leaved deciduous Miombo Woodland Zone and drier acacia savanna) 8. South West Arid Zone (including Kalahari sandveld and drier Karroo dwarf shrubland) 9. Highveld temperate grassland and Karroo grassy shrubland 10. Afromontane vegetation (altitudinal zonation: montane forest, montane grassland, bamboo, heath, and alpine) 11. Cape and Karroo shrubland (Cape Macchia) 12. Mediterranean vegetation Simplified from White, F. 1983. The Vegetation of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. Tucker, C. J., J. R. G. Townsend, and T. E. Goff. 1985. “African land-cover classification using satellite data.” Science 227:369-75. THE MAIN NATIONAL PARKS AND GAME RESERVES OF EAST, CENTRAL, AND SOUTHERN AFRICA ABBREVIATIONS NP (NATIONAL PARK); GR (GAME RESERVE); NR (NATIONAL RESERVE OR NATURE RESERVE), FR (FOREST RESERVE) KENYA 1. Sibiloi and Marsabit NP 2. Mt. Elgon NP 3. Samburu-Isiolo (Buffalo Springs) and Shaba NR 4. Nakuru NP 5. Mt. Kenya NP 6. Meru NP and Kora NR 7. Aberdare NP 8. Masai-Mara NR 9. Lambwe Valley NP 10. Nairobi NP 11. Tsavo NP 12. Amboseli NP 13. Shimba Hills NR TANZANIA 14. Kilimanjaro NP 15. Arusha NP 16. Serengeti NP (top), Ngorongoro Conservation Area, and Manyara NP 17. Tarangire NP 18. Gombe NP 19. Mahali Mountains NP 20. Ruaha NP and Rungwa GR 21. Mikumi NP 22. Selous GR 23. Udzungwa NP 24. Katavi NP, Ugalla and Moyowosi GR UGANDA 25. Queen Elizabeth NP and Bwindi-Impenetrable NP 26. Kibale Forest Reserve 27. Murchison Falls NP 28. Kidepo Valley NP CONGO-KlNSHASHA 29. Garamba NP 30. Virunga NP 31. Kahuzi-BiegaNP RWANDA 32. Parc de Volcans 33. Akagera NP MALAWI 34. Nyika NP and Vwaza Marsh GR 35. Kazungu NP 36. Liwonde NP 37. Lengwe NP ZAMBIA 38. Luangwa South NP 39. Luangwa North NP 40. Mweru Wantipa and Nsumbu NP 41. Kafue NP 42. Blue Lagoon NP 43. Lochinvar NP 44. Liuwa Plain NP 45. Lower Zambezi NP (Zambia) ZIMBABWE 45. Mana Pools NP 46. Matusadona NP 47. Chizarira NP 48. Zambezi and Victoria Falls NP 49. Kazuma Pan NP and Matetsi Safari Area 50. Hwange NP 51. Matobo NP 52. Gonarezhou NP M OZAMBIQUE 53. Gorongosa NP BOTSWANA 54. Chobe NP 55. Moremi GR 56. Nxai Pan NP and Makgadikgadi Pans GR 57. Central Kalahari GR 58. Gemsbok NP SOUTH AFRICA 59. Kruger NP 60. Pilansberg NP 61. Suikerbosrand NR 62. Mkuzi GR 63. Hluhluwe and Umfolozi GR 64. Golden Gate NP 65. Willem Pretorius GR 66. Giant’s Castle NP 67. Mountain Zebra NP 68. Karroo NP 69. Addo Elephant and Zuurberg NP 70. Tsitsikamma Coastal NP 71. Bontebok NP 72. Augrabies NP 73. Kalahari Gemsbok NP NAMIBIA 74. Namib-Naukluft NP 75. Skeleton Coast NP 76. Etosha NP LANDMARKS A. Lake Turkana B. Lake Albert C. Lake Victoria D. Lake Tanganyika E. Lake Malawi F. Lake Kariba G. Okavango Delta FOREWORD As a child, I dreamed of venturing into the heart of Africa. That dream came true after I finished college, and the person responsible was Dr. Richard D. Estes, one of the foremost authorities on the social ecology and behavior of African mammals, who invited me to join a research expedition to study wildebeest in Tanzania’s Ngorongoro Crater. My stay in that spectacular crater reinforced what is now a lifelong commitment to conservation. I was able to experience firsthand, with the guidance of an expert, the miracle and majesty of wildlife and wild spaces. At the same time, the pressures that could lead the fragile web of life to unravel were evident, spurring my determination to do whatever I could to make sure that similar profound experiences would be available
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