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The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 12 by Editor-In-Chief Rossiter Johnson

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The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 12 by Editor-In-Chief Rossiter Johnson The Great Events by Famous Historians, Volume 12 by Editor-In-Chief Rossiter Johnson Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Lazar Liveanu and PG Distributed Proofreaders Note: Italics: _ Bold: % %THE GREAT EVENTS% BY Famous Historians A COMPREHENSIVE AND READABLE ACCOUNT OF THE WORLD'S HISTORY. EMPHASIZING THE MORE IMPORTANT EVENTS. AND PRESENTING THESE AS COMPLETE NARRATIVES IN THE MASTER-WORDS OF THE MOST EMINENT HISTORIANS page 1 / 554 %NON-SECTARIAN NON-PARTISAN NON-SECTIONAL% ON THE PLAN EVOLVED FROM A CONSENSUS OF OPINIONS GATHERED FROM THE MOST DISTINGUISHED SCHOLARS OF AMERICA AND EUROPE. INCLUDING BRIEF INTRODUCTIONS BY SPECIALISTS TO CONNECT AND EXPLAIN THE CELEBRATED NARRATIVES, ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY. WITH THOROUGH INDICES. BIBLIOGRAPHIES. CHRONOLOGIES. AND COURSES OF READING EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ROSSITER JOHNSON, LL.D. ASSOCIATE EDITORS CHARLES F. HORNE, Ph.D. JOHN RUDD, LL.D. _With a staff of specialists VOLUME XII_ %The National Alumni% 1905 %CONTENTS% VOLUME XII page 2 / 554 _An Outline Narrative of the Great Events_ CHARLES F. HORNE _Louis XIV Establishes Absolute Monarchy (A.D. 1661)_ JAMES COTTER MORISON _New York Taken by the English (A.D. 1664)_ JOHN R. BRODHEAD _Great Plague in London (A.D. 1665)_ DANIEL DEFOE _Great Fire in London (A.D. 1666)_ JOHN EVELYN _Discovery of Gravitation (A.D. 1666)_ SIR DAVID BREWSTER _Morgan, the Buccaneer, Sacks Panama (A.D. 1671)_ JOHANN W. VON ARCHENHOLZ _Struggle of the Dutch against France and England (A.D. 1672)_ C.M. DAVIES. page 3 / 554 _Discovery of the Mississippi La Salle Names Louisiana (A.D. 1673-1682)_ _King Philip's War (A.D. 1675)_ RICHARD HILDRETH _Growth of Prussia under the Great Elector His Victory at Fehrbellin (A.D. 1675)_ THOMAS CARLYLE _William Penn Receives the Grant of Pennsylvania Founding of Philadelphia (A.D. 1681)_ GEORGE E. ELLIS _Last Turkish Invasion of Europe Sobieski Saves Vienna (A.D. 1683)_ SUTHERLAND MENZIES _Monmouth's Rebellion (A.D. 1685)_ GILBERT BURNET _Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (A.D. 1685)_ BON LOUIS HENRI MARTIN page 4 / 554 _The English Revolution Flight of James II (A.D. 1688)_ GILBERT BURNET H.D. TRAILL _Peter the Great Modernizes Russia Suppression of the Streltsi (A.D. 1689)_ ALFRED RAMBAUD _Tyranny of Andros in New England The Bloodless Revolution (A.D. 1689)_ CHARLES WYLLYS ELLIOTT _Massacre of Lachine (A.D. 1689)_ _Siege of Londonderry and Battle of the Boyne (A.D. 1689-1690)_ TOBIAS GEORGE SMOLLETT _Salem Witchcraft Trials (A.D. 1692)_ RICHARD HILDRETH _Establishment of the Bank of England (A.D. 1694)_ JOHN FRANCIS page 5 / 554 _Colonization of Louisiana (A.D. 1699)_ _Prussia Proclaimed a Kingdom (A.D. 1701)_ LEOPOLD VON RANKE _Founding of St. Petersburg (A.D. 1703)_ K. WALISZEWSKI _Battle of Blenheim (A.D. 1704) Curbing of Louis XIV_, SIR EDWARD SHEPHERD CREASY _Union of England and Scotland (A.D. 1707)_ JOHN HILL BURTON _Downfall of Charles XII at Poltava (A.D. 1709) Triumph of Russia_ K. WALISZEWSKI _Capture of Port Royal (A.D. 1710) France Surrenders Nova Scotia to England_ DUNCAN CAMPBELL page 6 / 554 _Universal Chronology (A.D. 1661-1715)_ JOHN RUDD ILLUSTRATIONS VOLUME XII _Surrender of Marshal Tallard at the Battle of Blenheim_, Painting by R. Caton Woodville. _The Duke of Monmouth humiliates himself before King James II_, Painting by J. Pettie, A.R.A. _Charles XII carried on a litter during the Battle of Poltava_, Painting by W. Hauschild. %AN OUTLINE NARRATIVE% Tracing Briefly The Causes, Connections, And Consequencies Of %THE GREAT EVENTS% page 7 / 554 (Age Of Louis XIV) CHARLES F. HORNE It is related that in 1661, on the day following the death of the great Cardinal Mazarin, the various officials of the State approached their young King, Louis XIV. "To whom shall we go now for orders, Your Majesty?" "To me," answered Louis, and from that date until his death in 1715 they had no other master. Whether we accept the tale as literal fact or only as the vivid French way of visualizing a truth, we find here the central point of over fifty years of European history. The two celebrated cardinals, Richelieu and Mazarin, had, by their strength and wisdom, made France by far the most powerful state in Europe. Moreover, they had so reduced the authority of the French nobility, the clergy, and the courts of law as to have become practically absolute and untrammelled in their control of the entire government. Now, all this enormous power, both at home and abroad, over France and over Europe, was assumed by a young man of twenty-three. "I am the state," said Louis at a later period of his career. He might almost have said, "I am Europe," looking as he did only to the Europe that dominated, and took pleasure in itself, and made life one continued glittering revel of splendor. Independent Europe, that claimed the right of thinking for itself, the suffering Europe of the peasants, who starved and shed their blood in helpless agony--these were against Louis almost from the beginning, and ever increasingly against him. At first the young monarch found life very bright around him. His courtiers page 8 / 554 called him "the rising sun," and his ambition was to justify the title, to be what with his enormous wealth and authority was scarcely difficult, the Grand Monarch. He rushed into causeless war and snatched provinces from his feeble neighbors, exhausted Germany and decaying Spain. He built huge fortresses along his frontiers, and military roads from end to end of his domains. His court was one continuous round of splendid entertainments. He encouraged literature, or at least pensioned authors and had them clustered around him in what Frenchmen call the Augustan Age of their development.[1] [Footnote 1: See _Louis XIV Establishes Absolute Monarchy_, page 1.] The little German princes of the Rhine, each of them practically independent ruler of a tiny state, could not of course compete with Louis or defy him. Nor for a time did they attempt it. His splendor dazzled them. They were content to imitate, and each little prince became a patron of literature, or giver of entertainments, or builder of huge fortresses absurdly disproportioned to his territory and his revenues. Germany, it has been aptly said, became a mere tail to the French kite, its leaders feebly draggling after where Louis soared. Never had the common people of Europe or even the nobility had less voice in their own affairs. It was an age of absolute kingly power, an age of despotism. England, which under Cromwell had bid fair to take a foremost place in Europe, sank under Charles II into unimportance. Its people wearied with tumult, desired peace more than aught else; its King, experienced in adversity, and long a homeless wanderer in France and Holland, seemed to page 9 / 554 have but one firm principle in life. Whatever happened he did not intend, as he himself phrased it, to go on his "travels" again. He dreaded and hated the English Parliament as all the Stuarts had; and, like his father, he avoided calling it together. To obtain money without its aid, he accepted a pension from the French King. Thus England also became a servitor of Louis. Its policy, so far as Charles could mould it, was France's policy. If we look for events in the English history of the time we must find them in internal incidents, the terrible plague that devastated London in 1665,[1] the fire of the following year, that checked the plague but almost swept the city out of existence.[2] We must note the founding of the Royal Society in 1660 for the advancement of science, or look to Newton, its most celebrated member, beginning to puzzle out his theory of gravitation in his Woolsthorpe garden.[3] [Footnote 1: See _Great Plague in London_, page 29.] [Footnote 2: See _Great Fire in London_, page 45.] [Footnote 3: See _Discovery of Gravitation_, page 51.] CONTINENTAL WARS Louis's first real opponent he found in sturdy Holland. Her fleets and those of England had learned to fight each other in Cromwell's time, and they continued to struggle for the mastery of the seas. There were many page 10 / 554 desperate naval battles. In 1664 an English fleet crossed the ocean to seize the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, and it became New York.[4] In 1667 a Dutch fleet sailed up the Thames and burned the shipping, almost reaching London itself. [Footnote 4: See _New York Taken by the English_, page 19.] Yet full as her hands might seem with strife like this, Holland did not hesitate to stand forth against the aggression of Louis's "rising sun." When in his first burst of kingship, he seized the Spanish provinces of the Netherlands and so extended his authority to the border of Holland, its people, frightened at his advance, made peace with England and joined an alliance against him. Louis drew back; and the Dutch authorized a medal which depicted Holland checking the rising sun. Louis never forgave them, and in 1672, having secured German neutrality and an English alliance, he suddenly attacked Holland with all his forces.[5] [Footnote 5: See _Struggle of the Dutch against France and England_, page 86.] For a moment the little republic seemed helpless. Her navy indeed withstood ably the combined assaults of the French and English ships, but the French armies overran almost her entire territory.
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