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Universidade De São Paulo Faculdade De Filosofia, Ciências E Letras De Ribeirão Preto Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Entomologia UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, CIÊNCIAS E LETRAS DE RIBEIRÃO PRETO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA Morfometria das antenas das abelhas crepusculares e/ou noturnas (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) e um novo enfoque metodológico para conhecer sua diversidade Carlos Augusto Martínez Martínez Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, obtido no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia. Ribeirão Preto - SP (2021) UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, CIÊNCIAS E LETRAS DE RIBEIRÃO PRETO PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ENTOMOLOGIA Morfometria das antenas das abelhas crepusculares e/ou noturnas (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) e um novo enfoque metodológico para conhecer sua diversidade Carlos Augusto Martínez Martínez Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo, como parte das exigências para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências, obtido no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia. Orientadora: Dra. Isabel Alves Dos Santos Ribeirão Preto - SP (2021) AGRADECIMENTOS À minha orientadora Isabel Alves dos Santos, pela compreensão, ajuda, dedicação, oportunidade e nunca desistir mesmo nesses momentos de pandemia. À minha família por seu apoio. Aos meus amigos Margarita Dussan Arquez e Leiner Benavides, que desde longe me incentivaram para chegar até aqui. Aos meus amigos Jessica Pissolato, João Sino, Karen Ishimine por me fazerem sentir em casa. Aos meus amigos da minha republica CACTUS, em especial Vitor Yamada, Diego Yamada e Marcel Tiba por me ajudarem durante os dois anos de mestrado e por me fazerem sentir em casa. Aos meus irmãos brasileiros Renan Kobal de Oliveira Cardoso e Herbeson Ovidio Martins por me ensinarem muitas coisas e por serem tão maravilhosos comigo. Aos meus companheiros e amigos do programa de Entomologia, em especial Felipe Freitas, Fabiano Stefanello e Danilo Ament, pela ajuda durante o primeiro ano de mestrado. Ao professor Eduardo Almeida, pela ajuda e compreensão durante os dois anos de mestrado. Aos professores Sidnei Mateus e Tiago Francoy por suas avaliações e recomendações. À secretaria do Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia Renata Aparecida de Andrade Cavallari, pelo constante apoio e empenho com todos estudantes do Programa. Ao Laboratório de Abelhas do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, em especial aos colegas Sheina Koffler e Sergio Hilário. Ao Laboratório de Biologia Comparada e Abelhas (LBCA), pelo espaço de trabalho e por permitir o uso do equipamento para medir e identificar meu material de trabalho. Ao Prof. Marcelo Pompeo do Departamento de Ecologia do Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo por permitir o uso do equipamento de microscopia. Ao Laboratório de Ecologia e Evolução de Abelhas e Vespas, em especial ao professor Carlos Garófalo e Patrícia Vilhena por permitir o uso do laboratório. Ao senhor Antônio Rogerio dos Santos pela permissão para coletar abelhas noturnas em sua própria residência, na região de Osasco, SP. Aos parques e reservas ambientais Parque Municipal Serra do Japi, Parque das Neblinas da Ecofuturo e Parque Estadual Campos do Jordão pela hospedagem, por permitir o acesso e a realização das coletas das abelhas noturnas. A CAPES pela bolsa de Mestrados e Auxílios. Ao Programa de PG em Entomologia pelo suporte durante os dois anos de Mestrado. A todos que de alguma forma contribuíram com essa maravilhosa experiência. Muito obrigado! Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Martínez-Martínez, Carlos Augusto Morfometria das antenas das abelhas crepusculares e/ou noturnas (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) e um novo enfoque metodológico para conhecer sua diversidade. Ribeirão Preto, 2021. 93 f. Dissertação de Mestrado, apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto/USP. Área de concentração: Entomologia. Orientador: Dr. Isabel Alves Dos Santos. 1. Sistema olfativo. 2. Segmentos antenais. 3. Megalopta. 4. Ptiloglossa. 5. 2-phenylethanol. SUMÁRIO RESUMO ................................................................................................................................. 8 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. 9 LISTA DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................................. 10 LISTA DE TABELAS ............................................................................................................ 12 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL. As abelhas crepusculares e noturnas e o sistema olfativo: aspetos gerais e históricos ................................................................................................................... 14 Abelhas crepusculares e noturnas: características, sistemática e comportamento .............. 15 Sistema olfativo .............................................................................................................. 23 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................................... 26 Objetivo Geral................................................................................................................. 26 Objetivos Específicos ...................................................................................................... 26 REFERÊNCIAS ..................................................................................................................... 27 CAPITULO 01. Comparação morfométrica e alométrica dos segmentos antenais entre abelhas noturnas e diurnas ................................................................................................................... 31 INTRODUÇÃO ...................................................................................................................... 32 METODOLOGIA ................................................................................................................... 34 Área de estudo ................................................................................................................ 34 Amostragem de abelhas ................................................................................................... 35 Morfometria e Alometria ................................................................................................. 41 Análises de dados ............................................................................................................ 42 RESULTADOS ...................................................................................................................... 43 Morfometria do comprimento das antenas ....................................................................... 43 Morfometria do diâmetro dos flagelômeros ..................................................................... 48 Morfometria da área dos flagelômeros ............................................................................. 52 Similaridade na morfologia das antenas ........................................................................... 56 Alometria ........................................................................................................................ 58 DISCUSSÃO .......................................................................................................................... 61 REFERÊNCIA ....................................................................................................................... 64 CAPITULO 02. Floral volatiles: a promising method to access the rare nocturnal and crepuscular bees ...................................................................................................................... 69 ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 70 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 71 MATERIAL AND METHODS ............................................................................................... 72 Nocturnal bee sampling ................................................................................................... 72 Literature review ............................................................................................................. 73 RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 74 DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................... 78 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................... 80 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS, CONFLICT OF INTEREST, FUNDING ............................... 81 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 81 APÊNDICE A – Informação detalhada de coleta das abelhas diurnas e noturnas ..................... 90 APÊNDICE B – Informação detalhada das abelhas diurna e noturnas de coleções biológicas .. 91 APÊNDICE C – Diferenças estatísticas entre as abelhas noturnas e diurnas baseadas nas medidas analisadas .................................................................................................................
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