6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-15285-3 - Australian Constitutional Landmarks Edited by H. P. Lee and George Winterton Index More information

Index

Note: page numbers in bold indcate a substantial treatment of a topic.

A aliens, 181–4, 186, 196, 201 Abadee, A. R., 395 Allen, Allen & Hemsley (solicitors), 92 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Protection Act 1984 (Cth), 199–200 Steamship Co Ltd. see Engineers case Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Anderson, John (Colonial Office), 21 heritage protection, 181, 195–6, Anderson, John (Prof.), 120 199–200, 202, 266, 273 Ansett Transport Industries (Operations) v native title, 181, 196–9, 202 Commonwealth, 393 race power, xxxiii, 180–3, 185–90, Antill Ranger case, 325–6 192–208 appropriation. see Supply absolute freedom of interstate trade. see Arbitration Commission, xxxiii, 170–1, freedom of interstate trade 188, 372, 383 Ackland, Richard, 400 Australian Social Welfare Union case, xxxv, acquisition power 356, 359–62, 363 Bank Nationalisation cases, 87, 89, 91–2, Arbitration Court, xxxiii, 38–9, 42 94–8 Boilermakers case, 160, 162–6, 168–71 Communist Party case, 116, 124 arbitration power. see industrial race power and, 193, 198 arbitration; labour relations power States, 321–2 Archives Act 1983 (Cth), 157 Tasmanian Dam case, 274 Asquith, H. H., 245 Act of Settlement 1701 (Eng), Article III, s. 7, Association of Australian University Staff, Re 290 Application for Registration of, 369 Actors and Announcers Equity Association v Attainder, Acts of, 118, 127, 131–2, 134, Fontana Films Pty Ltd, 272 172 Acts of Attainder, 118, 127, 131–2, 134, Attorney-General (Cth); Ex rel McKinlay v 172 Commonwealth, 397 ACTV case, xxxi, xxxv, 134, 383, 384–9, Attorney-General (Cth) v Colonial Sugar 391–5, 397–8, 406 Refining Co Pty Ltd, 316–17, 320, administrative law, 206, 290, 296, 298, 300, 330 327 Attorney-General for Ontario v Attorney- Aickin, Sir Keith, 269 General for Canada, 320 Air Navigation Convention, 268 Austin v Commonwealth, 49–50 Airlines of New South Wales v New South Australia Act 1986 (Cth), 329 Wales (No. 2), 50–1 Australian Broadcasting Corporation v Lenah Alexander’s case, 162–3 Game Meats Pty Ltd, 401

412

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-15285-3 - Australian Constitutional Landmarks Edited by H. P. Lee and George Winterton Index More information

INDEX 413

Australian Capital Television Pty Ltd v Bankruptcy Act 1924 (Cth), 163 Commonwealth. see ACTV case Banks and Insurance cases, 361, 365–6 Australian Communist Party. see Barley Marketing Board (NSW) v Norman, Communist Party case 338, 347–8, 352 Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Barton, Sir Edmund Commission. see Arbitration Federation and constitutional drafting, Commission 1, 4, 12, 17, 20, 23–4 Australian Constitutional Convention implied rights, 394 (1980s), 275, 277 judicial advice to Governor-General, 249 Australian Education Union, Re; Ex parte Privy Council, 313–15 Victoria, 49, 375–6, 378 race power, 183–4, 186 Australian Industrial Relations reserved State powers, 38, 42, 46 Commission, 170, 172, 355, 357, 376, Barton, Wilfred, 42 384 Barwick, Sir Garfield Australian Insurance Staffs’ Federation v Bank Nationalisation cases, 87, 92–9, 130 Accident Underwriters Association, 361, Communist Party case, 126, 130 365–6 double dissolutions, 220–4 Australian Labor Party. see also Bank freedom of interstate trade, xxxv, Nationalisation cases; dismissal of 335–6, 345 Whitlam government implied freedom of political Communist Party case, 110, 112–19, communication, 383 123–5, 129–30, 132 Joske, 172–3 early history, 1, 7, 19, 216 reserved State powers, 50 Fitzpatrick and Browne, 147 Uniform Income Tax cases, 74 freedom of interstate trade, 337 Whitlam dismissal, 237–8, 244–51 implied freedom of political Bath v Alston Holdings Pty Ltd, 339–40, 342, communication, 385 348, 352 labour relations power, 362–3, 372 Baxter v Commissioners of Taxation (NSW), Murphy Affair, 284, 288, 298 37–8, 316–17, 319 race power, 188–9 Beasley, Frank, 97 Split (1950s), 229 Beazley, Kim C. (b. 1948), 385 Tasmanian Dam case, 262–5 Beazley, Kim E. (b. 1917), 188 Australian National Airways Pty Ltd v Berry, Sir Graham, 19 Commonwealth, 90, 139 Bienstein case, 290, 294, 297 Australian Social Welfare Union case, xxxv, Bill of Rights, 4, 22, 24–7, 133, 297–8, 356–7, 358–9, 360–1, 365–8, 372–8 386–7, 390–1, 393, 405 in the High Court, 362–3 Bills of Attainder, 118, 127, 131–2, 134, Australian Workplace Agreements, 376–7 172 awards. see federal industrial awards Birkenhead, Lord, 327–8 Birrell, Bob, 185 B Black, Michael, 267 Bailey, Kenneth H., 65, 69, 94, 187, 222 Black’s case, 79 Baker, Richard Chaffey, 5, 14 Blackshield, Tony, 36, 282–4, 289, 297, balance of power. see federal–State balance 299, 303 Bank Nationalisation cases, xxx, xxxii, xxxv, Boilermakers case, xxxiii, 160–79, 318–19, 85–107, 130, 319, 323–5, 337 326–7 Bank of New South Wales v Commonwealth. High Court decision, 166–9 see Bank Nationalisation cases impact, 170–3 Bank Officials’ Association v Bank of political background, 164–6 Australasia, 361, 365–6 Bolte, Sir Henry, 70 Banking Act 1945 (Cth), 48, 88–9 Bongiorno, B. D., 403–4 Banking Act 1947 (Cth), 85, 87, 89–90, 91, Booker, Keven, xxiii 92, 95–6 on Engineers case, xxxii, 34–61 banking power, 87, 92, 94, 96–7 Bowen, Lionel, 299

414 INDEX

Braddon, Sir Edward, 18 Chifley, Ben, 85, 87–91, 93, 97–100, Brandy v Human Rights and Equal 113–14, 117–18, 123, 125 Opportunity Commission, 173 Cigamatic case, xxx, 48–50 Brennan, Sir Gerard, xxiii citizenship, 26–7, 184, 202 Australian Social Welfare Union case, 363 civil liberties (Communist Party case), 108, freedom of interstate intercourse, 350 114, 117–21, 123, 128–9, 132–3 implied freedom of political Clark, Andrew Inglis, 12, 14–15, 20, 23, communication, xxxv, 384, 386–8, 25–8, 167, 182, 312 391, 397–8 Clark King & Co Pty Ltd v Australian Wheat Privy Council, xxxiv, 312–34 Board, 336 race power, 194–5, 197, 199–201 Clayton v Heffron, 223 Tasmanian Dam case, 268–72, 274, 277 Cockburn, John A., 19, 25 Whitlam dismissal, 250 Cohen J (ACAC), 362 Brennan, T. C., 45 Cold War, 112, 131 Briese, Clarrie, 282, 285–7, 303 Coldham, P. A., 361 British North America Act 1867 (UK), 14–15, Cole v Whitfield 320 Bank Nationalisation cases and, xxx, Broadcasting Act 1942 (Cth), Part IIID, xxxii, 87, 96, 98–9 384–6 constitutional drafting, 28 Brown v Members of the Classification Review exporting States, 338, 342, 347–9, 352 Board, 404 freedom of interstate intercourse, 335, Browne, Frank, 146–9, 151–2 349–51, 352 Bryce, James, 5, 14, 24–5 freedom of interstate trade, xxxiv–xxxv, Builders’ Labourers case, 316–18 335, 337–9, 351–2 Bunton, Cleaver, 234–5 importing States, 339–47, 348, 352 Burger, Warren, 146–7 Privy Council decisions, 321, 325–6 Burgess case, 268, 275, 277 Collector v Day, 37 Burke, Brian, 79, 124 Collins, A. E., 21 Burke, Tom, 124 Colonial Sugar Refining Co case, 316–17, Burns v Ransley, 133 320, 330 Business Franchise (Tobacco) Act 1974 (Vic), Comans, C. K., 226 339–40 Commissioner for Motor Transport v Antill Butlin, S. J., 120 Ranger & Co Pty Ltd, 325–6 Byers, Sir Maurice, 234, 237, 240, 242–3, common law, 319–20, 329–30, 388, 390–2, 387 395–6, 399–400, 403, 405 Commonwealth Bank, 85, 87–9, 91, 94, 96, C 100 Cahill, J. J., 70 Commonwealth Bank Bill 1951, 222 Cairns, James, 233–4 Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Callinan, Ian, 284, 288–9, 299, 304–5, 401 Act. see Conciliation and Arbitration Act Calwell, Arthur, 188 Commonwealth Conciliation and Cameron, Archie, 111 Arbitration Commission. see Cameron, D. J., 68 Arbitration Commission Campbell, E., 295–8 Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Canada, xxix, 11, 14–15, 72, 74–5, 77, 114, Arbitration. see Arbitration Court 185, 320, 391 Commonwealth Electoral Act (No. 2) 1973 Carrington, Lord, 11–12 (Cth), 218–19 Carson, Lord, 42 Commonwealth Grants Commission, 64, 67 Castlemaine Tooheys Ltd v South Australia, Commonwealth Industrial Court, xxxiii, 338–41, 343–6, 352 170–1 Cave, Viscount, 42 Commonwealth v Bank of New South Wales. Chamberlain, Joseph, 20–2, 312–14 see Bank Nationalisation cases characterisation, 47, 71, 387 Commonwealth v Cigamatic, xxx, 48–50 checks and balances, 135, 252 Commonwealth v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd, 395

INDEX 415

Commonwealth v Queensland (1975), 317 freedom of interstate trade, 345 Commonwealth v Tasmania. see Tasmanian omissions, 22–7, 386–7, 390 Dam case Privy Council, 5–7, 15, 20–2, 312–14, communication. see implied freedom of 330 political communication resolution of parliamentary deadlocks, communism, 89–90, 108–15 214–16 Communist Party case, xxxii, xxxv, 108–44, separation of powers, 161–2 286, 300 constitutional history, xxix–xxxvi significance, 129–33 constitutional interpretation. see also Communist Party Dissolution Act 1950 (Cth), literalism 108–9, 113, 115–24, 126–7, 129–34 Bank Nationalisation cases, 94 compensation. see acquisition power extra-legal considerations, 43, 53–4 Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904–1952 High Court, xxxii (Cth), 38, 164, 319, 355, 357, 359–60, implied freedom of political 364, 369, 371–3, 375 communication, 390, 398, 405 s. 4(1), 376 Privy Council, 319–21, 327, 329–31 s. 19(b), 34–5 proper rules of construction (Engineers s. 21AA, 38–9, 42 case), 40–2, 43–7, 49, 52, 55 s. 24, 359, 362 race power, 189–92 s. 25, 359 Uniform Income Tax cases, 71, 79–80 s. 29, 164–6 construction. see constitutional s. 29A, 165–6 interpretation s. 132, 370 contempt of court, 150–1, 164–5, 171, 290, Conciliation and Arbitration Act (No. 2) 1983 395, 402–3 (Cth), 371 contempt of Parliament, xxx–xxxi, xxxiii, Conciliation and Arbitration Commission. 145–57, 241 see Arbitration Commission conventions. see constitutional Conciliation and Arbitration conventions (Government Service) Amendment Cook, Sir Joseph, 216–17 Bill 1982, 372 Cooper, William, 187 conciliation and arbitration power. see Coper, M., 25 labour relations power Cormack v Cope, 213, 220–1 Concrete Pipes case, xxx corporations power concurrent powers, xxxi, 183–4, 357 Bank Nationalisation cases, 92, 94 Connor, Rex, 219, 233–4, 236 labour relations, 376 Connor, Xavier, 285–7, 290 Tasmanian Dam case, xxxiv, 266, 268, Constitution Alteration (Aboriginals) 1967 271–3, 274, 276, 278 (Cth), 180, 188–9, 192, 194–6, 200–3, Cowen, Sir Zelman, 128 205–6, 208 Cowper, Sir Norman, 92, 121, 127 Constitution Bills, 2, 15–17, 20–3, 26, 183, Craven, Greg, 392 312–14 Crawford, R. M., 120 Constitution (Cth), xxviii–xix Credit Union case, 361, 368–71 Constitution protection power, 131–2 Crimes Act 1914 (Cth), 126 constitutional amendment, xxxii, 78–9. Crisp, L. F., 89, 110, 114, 117, 121, 124, see also referendums 131 Constitutional Commission (1980s), 171, cross-vesting of jurisdiction, 173–4 208, 225–7, 275–6, 287–90, 303 Crown, constitutional power of, 161 constitutional conventions (dismissal of Curtin, John, 65, 69, 88, 93, 110, 187 Whitlam government), 229, 231, customs, 6–8, 13, 63, 323, 345–6 234–7, 241, 243–4, 247–8, 250–2 Cutler, Sir Roden, 248 constitutional drafting, xxxi, 1–33 contempt of Parliament, 146 D crises and controversies, 1–6 d’Alpuget, Blanche, 165, 170 Engineers case, 46 Davidson, Kenneth, 385

416 INDEX

Davies, G. L., 403 propriety, 243–8 Davis, Rufus, 97 Senate’s power to block Supply, 242–3 Dawson, Sir Daryl, 268–70, 272–4, 350, Dixon, Sir Owen 363, 376, 384, 386–7, 394, 397–9 Bank Nationalisation cases, 92–3, 95–8 de Garis, B. K., 21 Boilermakers case, 163–6, 168, 172 Deakin, Alfred, 3, 11, 13–14, 19, 22, 24, 63, Chief Justice’s advice to Governors, 249 182–3, 185 Clayton v Heffron, 223 Deakin v Webb, 314–15 Communist Party case, 118, 124–6, 128–9, Deane, Sir William 131–2, 135, 207 Australian Social Welfare Union case, 363 constitutional drafting, 22–3, 25, 386 constitutional rights and immunities, 27 constitutional interpretation, 320, 330 implied freedom of political Engineers case, 42–3, 47–9, 53, 55 communication, 384, 386–90, 396–7 Fitzpatrick and Browne, xxxi, 152 race power, 194–6, 199, 205 freedom of interstate trade, 322–6 Tasmanian Dam case, 268–72, 274 inter se matters, 317–19 defamation Melbourne Corporation v Commonwealth, 3, Fitzpatrick and Browne, xxxi, 151, 154–5, 48–9 157 Professional Engineers case, 366 freedom of interstate intercourse, 351 R v Burgess, 268 implied freedom of political Uniform Income Tax cases, 65, 70, 74–6, communication, 395–402, 404 79–80 defence, 10, 12, 110 West v Commissioner of Taxation (NSW), 45 defence power, 68–9, 73–4, 88, 202, 205 double dissolutions, 213–28 Communist Party case, 115–17, 126, 1914, 216–18 128–9, 131 1951, 216, 222 D’Emden v Pedder, 36–8, 40–1, 46, 315 1974, 213, 216, 218–20, 233, 236 democracy 1975, 216, 239–41 Communist Party case, 112–14, 119–21, 132 1983, 216, 226, 372 constitutional interpretation, 52–3, 331 1987, 216 dismissal of Whitlam Government, 250 amendment of Bills, 213–15, 222–3, Federation and constitutional drafting, 225, 227 3, 19, 25 Communist Party case, 123 freedom of interstate trade, 350 declaration of invalidity, 226–7 implied freedom of political dispute resolution, xxxi, xxxiii–xxxiv, communication, 383, 387–8, 392–3, 298 395, 397–8, 405 ‘fails to pass’, 213, 221–2, 225 Dennis Hotels Pty Ltd v Victoria, 318 history, 20, 214–16 Dennis v United States, 133 identity of proposed laws, 226 Depression Supply, 242, 244–5 communism, 108 Downer, Sir John, 16 financial matters, 64, 78, 87 drafting. see constitutional drafting Detmold, M. J., 383 dual characterisation, 47 Dibbs, George, 17 Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan, 7–8 Dignan’s case, 163, 168 Duffy, Sir Frank Gavan CJ, 34, 39, 41–2 discrimination. see also freedom of Dunedin, Lord, 42 interstate trade; racial discrimination Dunstan, A. A., 67 constitutional drafting, 386 Durack, Peter, 231, 276 States, 48–9, 65, 80, 276 dismissal of Whitlam Government, E xxx–xxxi, xxxiv, 4, 229–61 economics. see also Bank Nationalisation Chief Justice’s advice to Governor- cases; freedom of interstate trade; General, 248–50 income tax; labour relations power; legacy, 250–2 tariff policies outline of events, 229–42 federalism and, 8, 13, 16

INDEX 417

Edwards report on defence (1889), 12 Fairfax cases Eggleston, Sir Richard, 242 Commonwealth v John Fairfax & Sons Ltd, Elkin, A. P., 187 395 Ellicott, Robert, 237, 246 John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd v Enabling Acts, 18, 20 Attorney-General (NSW), 402–4 Enderby, Kep, 237 Farey v Burvett, xxx Engineers case, xxxii, 34–61, 71, 270, 318, Federal Council of Australasia, 9–11, 12 320, 373 Federal Court of Australia, 170, 172, 200 as classic case, 54–6 federal immunities doctrine, 71, 73–5, environmental issues. see Tasmanian Dam 79–80 case federal industrial awards equal protection, 25–6 Aboriginal people, 188 European Community, 344–5 Boilermakers case, 160–2, 164–5, 168, Evans, Gareth, 263, 267 170–1, 173 Evans, Harry, xxiii Engineers case, 34–5, 38 on Fitzpatrick and Browne, xxxi, xxxiii, labour relations power, 318, 355–6, 358, 145–59 360, 367, 371–2, 374–7 Evatt, H. V. federal–State balance Bank Nationalisation cases, 86–7, 89–90, Engineers case, 51, 55 93–5, 98–9 labour relations power, xxxv, 356–8, Boilermakers case, 163–5 367, 378 Communist Party case, 110, 113–14, 118, Tasmanian Dam case, xxxiv, 272, 274–5 121, 125–7, 129–31 federalism. see also fiscal federalism Engineers case, 40 constitutional interpretation, 44, 50–2, external affairs power, 268, 277 392 Fitzpatrick and Browne, 147–52 dual (co-ordinate), 71, 75 freedom of interstate trade, 321–3, history, xxix, xxxi, 62 325–6 Privy Council, 317, 330 Governor-General’s powers, 217, 241 responsible government and, xxxi, 5, excise, 4, 63, 78 16, 22 executive power separation of powers, 162, 167–8 abuse of discretion, 99 Tasmanian Dam case, 274 Communist Party case, 115, 126, 132–3, Uniform Income Tax cases, 71–5, 76–9 135 Federated Engine Drivers’ and Firemen’s Constitution, xxix, 15 Association of Australasia v Broken Hill dismissal of Whitlam Government, 244 Pty Ltd, 37 implied freedom of political Federated Municipal and Shire Council communication, 388, 391, 399, 404 Employees’ Union of Australia v City of Privy Council, 314, 319, 323–4, 327 Melbourne, 363–5, 367–8 removal of judges, 296 Federated State School Teachers’ Association of separation of powers doctrine, 160–1, Australia v Victoria, 362–8, 370–1, 374 163, 167–8 Federation Tasmanian Dam case, 270 Constitution and, xxix express incidental power. see incidental early attempts, 6–9 power imperial connection, 20–2 external affairs power movement towards, xxviii, 1–5, 9–20, Engineers case, 47 25, 162, 182–6, 205, 214–15, 312, 314 race power and, 186, 193 Ferguson, Sir Ronald Munro, 217 Tasmanian Dam case, xxxi, 266–7, Field, Albert, 235 268–71, 274–8 financial grants to States. see fiscal federalism F Finn, P. D., 394 Fadden, Sir Arthur, 65, 111, 114, 117, 245 fiscal federalism, 62, 63–4, 67 fair trial, right to, 145, 147–8, 155–6 after Uniform Income Tax cases, 76–9

418 INDEX

fiscal federalism (cont’d) freedom of religion, 276 financial grants to States, xxxii, 63–4, freedom of speech. see also implied 66–7, 69, 72–8 freedom of political communication Fisher, Andrew, 87 Communist Party case, 111, 113, Fitzpatrick, Raymond, xxx, 146–9, 151–2, 119–20 391–2 Constitution, 386–8, 393–5, 398 Fitzpatrick and Browne, xxx–xxxi, xxxiii, Fitzpatrick and Browne, 146, 149–50 145–59, 392 Freightlines & Construction Holding Ltd v Flannery, P. J., 282 New South Wales, 325 Flint v Webb, 316 French, Robert, xx, 405 foreign corporations power. see on race power, xxx, 180–212 corporations power Friedmann, Wolfgang, 120 foreign relations. see external affairs power Fullagar, Sir Wilfred, xxxi, 75, 118, 126–9, Forrest, Sir John, 18, 184 131, 134, 166, 317, 324–5 Forsey, E. A., 217 Founding Fathers. see constitutional drafting G Framers. see constitutional drafting Gageler, Stephen, 52, 206 France, 247 Gair Affair, 232–3 Franklin Dam case. see Tasmanian Dam case Galligan, Brian, 133 Fraser, Allan, 149 Game, Sir Philip, 247 Fraser, Andrew, 52–3, 55 Garran, Sir Robert, 42, 162, 222. see also Fraser, Malcolm, 77, 216, 229–30, 234–5, Quick and Garran, Annotated 238–42, 251, 264–5, 284 Constitution free trade, xxxii, 16. see also freedom of Gaudron, Mary interstate trade Boilermakers case, 174 freedom of association freedom of interstate trade, 341, 345 Communist Party case, 121, 134 implied freedom of political implied freedom of political communication, 384, 386–8, 396, 398 communication, 388–9 race power, 196–7, 199–201, 205–6 freedom of interstate intercourse, xxxii, Tasmanian Dam case, 277 349–51, 352 see also freedom of Gibbs, Sir Harry movement dismissal of Whitlam Government, 240, freedom of interstate trade, 335–54. see 249–50 also Cole v Whitfield double dissolutions, 220–1, 223, 226 Bank Nationalisation cases, xxxii, 86–7, labour relations power, 363, 365, 90, 92–3, 94–9 369–70, 373 cases before Cole, 335–6 Murphy Affair, 292, 301–2 cases since Cole, 339–49 race power, 193–4 constitutional drafting, 4, 394 Tasmanian Dam case, 267–70, 272–4 criterion of operation theory, 322–3, Gibson, Sir Robert, 88 325, 335 Gillies, Duncan, 11–13 discrimination and protection, 98–9, Gilpin (O) Ltd v Commissioner for Road 324–6, 337–49, 350–1 Transport and Tramways (NSW), 322 external affairs power, 276 Glass, Arthur, xxiv ‘inter se’ questions, 318 on Engineers case, xxxii, 34–61 legislative power, xxxi Gleeson, Murray, 207 Privy Council cases, 321–6 Goldring, Jack, 37 freedom of legislative proceedings, 146, Gollan, Neville, 199–200 297 goods and services tax (GST), 77, 79 freedom of movement, 8, 336, 344–5, Gordon, John Hannah, 1, 26 349–51, 388, 393–4 Gordon Hydro-Electric Development Act 1982 freedom of political communication. see (Tas), 264, 267 implied freedom of political Government Preference Prohibition Bill communication 1914, 216–17

INDEX 419

Governor-General Higgins v Commonwealth, 394 Chief Justice’s advice to, xxxiv, 248–50 High Court. see also removal of judges constitutional role, 6, 15 Chief Justice’s advice to Governor- dismissal of government, xxxi, xxxiv, General, xxxiv, 248–50 229–30, 233–52 Communist Party case significance, 129 double dissolution powers, 213–15, constitutional interpretation, xxxii 216–18, 224–5, 227 constitutional role, xxix–xxx, 15 executive power, xxvi foundation, xxix, xxxv, 6 Murphy Affair, 302 leading cases, xxxi–xxxvi reserve powers, 237, 241, 245, 247–9, politicisation of judicial appointments, 252 288–9, 303, 392 Grants Act. see States Grants (Income Tax Hilton v Wells, 172 Reimbursement) Act 1942 (Cth) Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 (Cth), grants to States. see fiscal federalism 200–3 Gray, Peter, 362 Hindmarsh Island case (Kartinyeri v Gray, Robin, 264–5 Commonwealth), xxxiii, 181, 192, Green, Frank, 150–2, 157 199–204, 205–7 Grey, Earl, 6–7 Hirst, John, 10, 18–20 Griffith, Gavan, 288, 393 Hodge v The Queen, 320, 329 Griffith, Sir Samuel Holgate, Harold, 264 consultation with Governor-General as Holmes case, 369–71, 374 Chief Justice, 217, 249 Holt, Harold, 125, 170, 188, 243 Federation and constitutional drafting, Horta v Commonwealth, 203, 276 10, 12, 14–15, 20, 22, 182, 186, 312, Howard, Colin, xxix 314 Howard, John, 77, 246, 299, 356 judgments, 37–8, 46, 315–16, 321, 364, Huddart, Parker & Co Pty Ltd v Moorehead, 367–8, 371, 394 xxx Gummow, W. M. C., 200–3, 207, 277 Hughes and Vale Pty Ltd v New South Wales, 324–5 H human rights, 173, 193, 203, 390–1 Hackett, John Winthrop, 5 Haldane, Viscount, 42, 316–17 I Hall, Steele, 235 immigration, 10–11, 181–4, 186 Hancock Committee, 171, 372, 376 immunities. see federal immunities Harders, Clarrie, 240 doctrine; intergovernmental Hardie, Martin, 126 immunities Hasluck, Sir Paul, 218 impeachment (United States), 294–6, Hawke, R. J. L., 250–1, 265, 267, 299, 337, 304 363 imperial connection Hayden, Bill, 232, 238, 251 constitutional drafting, 5, 8, 10–11, 19, Hayne, K. M., 200–3, 207 20–2 Health Insurance Bills 1973, 219–20 constitutional interpretation, 320 Healy, James, 123, 125 Governor-General’s role, 218 Heerey, P. C., 404 implied constitutional provisions, 49, 126, Hematite case, 79 249 Herbert, Sir Robert, 21 implied freedom of political heritage protection communication, xxxv–xxxvi, 45, 99, Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders, 383–411 181, 195–6, 199–200, 202, 266, 273 Communist Party case, 133–4 Tasmanian Dam case, xxxiv, 266, 271, constitutional dilemma, 386–7 273, 276–7 Fitzpatrick and Browne, xxx–xxxi, Hewson, John, 397 156 Higgins, Henry Bournes, 3, 19, 23, 34–5, Murphy Affair, 300–1 37–9, 41–2, 46, 162, 183, 357, 364 political storm, 392–4

420 INDEX

implied rights. see also implied freedom of Industrial Relations Act 1988 (Cth), 277–8, political communication 355, 372, 376, 384 Boilermakers case, xxxiii, 172, 174 ‘inter se’ questions, 22, 75, 90, 278, Communist Party case, 133 314–19, 329–30 constitutional drafting and intergovernmental immunities, 35, 36–8 interpretation, 27, 386–9, 392 Engineers case, 40–2, 44, 46, 47–50, 52, 55 early support for, 394–5 State public sector employees, 372–3 Engineers case, 44–5 International Convention on the Murphy J, 393–4 Elimination of All Forms of Racial incidental power Discrimination, 192, 269 Bank Nationalisation cases, 92 International Covenant on Civil and Communist Party case, 115, 126 Political Rights, 391 implied freedom of political international law communication, 387 implied freedom of political Murphy Affair, 292, 299–300 communication, 390–1 Uniform Income Tax cases, 75–9 industrial relations, 277 income tax, 62–84, 274. see also State race power, 203, 207 income tax; Uniform Income Tax Cases Tasmanian Dam case, 265–71, 275–7 evolution of uniform scheme, 64–7, 70 interpretation. see constitutional Income Tax Act 1922–1925 (Cth), 327 interpretation Income Tax Act 1942 (Cth), 66, 68, 73, 76 interstate intercourse. see freedom of Income Tax Assessment Act 1942 (Cth), s. 31, interstate intercourse 66 interstate trade. see freedom of interstate Income Tax (War-Time Arrangements) Act trade 1942 (Cth), 66, 68–9, 73 Irvine, W. H., 217 Independent Commission Against Corruption Irving, Helen, 8–9, 185 Act 1988 (NSW), s. 98, 395 Isaac, J. E., 360, 362 Independent Commission Against Corruption v Isaacs, Sir Isaac Cornwall, 395 Alexander’s case, 162 individual rights constitutional drafting, 3, 19, 23, 26, 46, Bank Nationalisation cases, xxxii, 95–9 183 freedom of interstate trade, 321, 323, 343 constitutional interpretation, 320 implied freedom of political Engineers case, 34, 37–8, 40, 46, 53 communication, 388, 391–2, 399 freedom of interstate trade, 321, 323, World War II, 85–6 326 industrial arbitration, 19, 169, 170–1 labour relations power, 364, 368 Industrial Arbitration Act 1916 (Qld), 327 race power, 186 industrial awards. see federal industrial Isaacs, Simon, 126 awards Industrial Court, xxxiii, 170–1 J industrial disputes Jacobs, Sir Kenneth, 221–2, 336, 369 Australian Social Welfare Union case, James v Commonwealth, xxxi, 322–3, 325–6 358–63 James v Cowan, 318, 321, 323, 325 Commonwealth public sector Japan, 127 employees, 356, 358, 371–2 Jehovah’s Witnesses case, 110 Communist Party case, 111–12 John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd v Attorney- constitutional interpretation, 363–7 General (NSW), 402–4 early cases, 318, 363–5 Johnston, Peter, xxiv Engineers case, 38–9, 42 on Bank Nationalisation Cases, xxxii, federal jurisdiction, 375–8 85–107 labour relations power, 355–8 Jones v Commonwealth Court of Conciliation return to broad view, 367–71 and Arbitration, 318 State public sector employees, 356, 358, Joske case, 172–3 367–8, 373–4, 375–8 judicial activism and restraint, 398, 405

INDEX 421

judicial independence Khemlani Affair, 220, 233–4 Boilermakers case, 161–2, 168–9, 172 Kingston, Charles Cameron, 3, 15, 18–19, Communist Party case, 129, 132–3 182, 184, 202 dismissal of Whitlam Government, 249 Kirby, Michael implied freedom of political Bienstein’s case, 290–2, 294, 297 communication, 401 Communist Party case, 130 Murphy Affair, 288–91, 294, 302 controversy involving, 288, 304–5 judicial interpretation. see constitutional implied freedom of political interpretation communication, 394, 397–8, 401 judicial misbehaviour, 282–7, 288–97, parliamentary privilege, 156 300–4. see also removal of judges race power, 200–1, 203–4, 206–7 judicial power Kirby, Sir Richard, 165, 171 Boilermakers case, xxxiii, 160–1, 166–9, Kirmani v Captain Cook Cruises Pty Ltd 171–4 (No. 2), 317 Communist Party case, 134–5 Kitto, Sir Frank, xxxi, 75, 92, 118, 126, Fitzpatrick and Browne, xxx, 152–3, 156–7 128–9, 131–2, 166, 319 functions incidental to, 161, 249 Knox, Sir Adrian, 34, 39–40, 42 implied rights, 391 Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen, xxx, 51, 192–4, incompatibility doctrine, 174, 200, 289 195–6, 206, 269–71, 273 separation of powers doctrine, 161–3, Korean War, 108, 123, 128, 133 200, 249, 294, 314, 319, 327 Kruger v Commonwealth, 199 judicial review Communist Party case, 116, 118–19, L 127–31 La Nauze, J. A., xxix, 4–5, 16, 120 dismissal of Whitlam Government, 249 Labouchère, Henry, 7 Engineers case, 52 labour relations power, xxxv, 355–82. Parliament and, 52–3 see also Australian Social Welfare Union removal of judges, 290, 295–8 case; industrial disputes Judicial Tribunal (proposed), 303–4 Boilermakers case, 49 Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth), 315–16 Engineers case, 37, 41, 47, 49 s. 18, 39 overview, 356–8 s. 39(2)(a), 315–16 referral of power by Victoria, xxxv, 356, s. 40A, 318 359, 377, 378 s. 64, 50 Laffer, K. M., 64 Judiciary and Navigation Acts, Re, 167, 173 ‘laissez-faire’ ideology, xxxii, 78, 99 Jumbunna Coal Mine NL v Victorian Coal Lane, P. H., 171–2, 217 Miners’ Association, 357, 362–4, 366–8, Lang, Jack, 247 371, 378 Lang, John Dunmore, 7 Just, Thomas C., 14 Lange, David, 398, 400 justice, interference with course of, 151, Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 281–3, 285–7, 299 xxx, xxxv, 398–403, 405 justiciability. see judicial review Latham, Sir John advice to government as Chief Justice, K 286 Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW), Bank Nationalisation cases, 95 172–3 Communist Party case, 108, 118, 126, Kartinyeri v Commonwealth, xxxiii, 181, 192, 128, 134 199–204, 205–7 Engineers case, 40, 48, 53 Keane, Senator, 68 external affairs power, 268 Keating, Paul, 77, 392, 397 separation of powers, 163–4, 174 Keith, A. B., 217 Uniform Income Tax cases, 68, 72–4, 76 Kennett, Jeff, 356, 377 Latham, R. T. E., 53–5 Kerr, Sir John, 218, 220, 230, 233–4, Laurie, Ted, 126 237–48, 250–1 Lawson, Henry, 3

422 INDEX

Lee, H. P., xxiv implied freedom of political implied freedom of political communication, 45, 54, 384, 386–7, communication, xxxv, 383–411 389, 398–9 introduction, xxix–xxxvii labour relations power, 369 Lee, Re; Ex parte Harper, 375 parliamentary privilege, 156 Leeth v Commonwealth, 196 race power, 200–1 legalism. see literalism Tasmanian Dam case, 277 legislative power. see also McIlwraith, Sir Thomas, 10, 12 intergovernmental immunities McIlwraith McEachern Ltd v Shell Co of Bank Nationalisation cases, 87, 92, 97 Australia Ltd, 316 Communist Party case, 126–7, 131–3 McInerney, M. V., 126 Constitution, xxxi McKell, Sir William, 248 Engineers case, 34–5, 38, 41 Macrossan, John Murtagh, 4 Fitzpatrick and Browne, 153, 157 McTiernan, Sir Edward, 68, 73–5, 95, 126, implied, 126 166, 220–1, 223, 268, 277 implied freedom of political Madison, James, 135 communication, 383, 386, 388, 399 Mannix, Daniel, 120 Privy Council cases, 314, 316, 323–4, Marbury v Madison, 23, 132 326–7, 328–9 Marketing of Primary Products Act 1993 separation of powers doctrine, 160–1, (NSW), 347 163, 167–8, 319–20 Markwell, Donald, 249 Tasmanian Dam case, xxxiv, 270–1 Marr, David, 92, 94 Levy v Victoria, 397–8, 401 Marshall CJ (US), 36, 132 Ligertwood, Sir George, 72 Martin, A. W., 11 Lindell, Geoffrey, xxiv, 90, 206–7 Mason, Sir Anthony, xxiv–xxv on Murphy affair, xxxiv, 280–311 double dissolution cases, xxxiv, 213–28 Lindsay, Norman, 122 Fitzpatrick and Browne, xxx–xxxi, 392 literalism freedom of interstate trade, xxxv, 336, Bank Nationalisation cases, 97–8 346, 349 Boilermakers case, 166 implied freedom of political Communist Party case, 135 communication, 45, 383–4, 386–92, Engineers case, 43–7, 52, 54 394–7, 405 Uniform Income Tax cases, 62, 75 labour relations power, 363, 368–71 Lloyd v Wallach, 128–9, 131–2 race power, 193–5, 199, 206 Loans Affair (1974), 220, 233–4 Tasmanian Dam case, 268–72, 274 Lochner v New York, 55 Whitlam dismissal, 246, 248 Loreburn, Lord, 320 Mathews, Russell, 78, 81 Lowe, Doug, 263–4 Mayer, Henry, 120 Lush, G. H., 126 Melbourne Corporation v Commonwealth, Lyons, J. J., 88 48–50, 76, 89–90, 92, 96 Menadue, John, 231, 251 M Menhennitt, C. I., 126 Mabo v Queensland (No. 1), 196–7 Menzies, Sir Douglas, 72, 220–1, 325–6, Mabo v Queensland (No. 2), xxxiii, 197–8 330 McCarter v Brodie, 324–5 Menzies, Sir Robert McCarthyism, 131 Bank Nationalisation cases, 85, 87, 89, 91, McCawley v R, 327, 329 98–9 McClelland, James, 284–6 Boilermakers case, 161, 165, 170 McCulloch v Maryland, 36–7 Communist Party case, 108, 110–15, 117, McGarvie, Richard, 241, 248 119, 121, 123–6, 130–2, 286 McGinty v Western Australia, 54, 397, 399 constitutional drafting, 23 McHugh, Michael double dissolutions, 235–6 Engineers case, 45, 54 Engineers case, 39–40 freedom of interstate trade, 341, 345 Fitzpatrick and Browne, 148, 151

INDEX 423

race power, 188 Nelson, Hugh, 18 Senate, 229, 231, 243 New South Wales v Commonwealth (Wheat Uniform Income Tax cases, 65, 67, 69, 78 case), 162–3 Merkel, Ron, 389 New Zealand, 182–3, 391, 398 Metal Trades case, 164 Nixon v United States, 296 Migration Act 1958 (Cth), 196 Norman case, 338, 347–8, 352 Miller v TCN Channel Nine Pty Ltd, 336, North Eastern Dairy Co Ltd v Dairy Industry 393–4 Authority of New South Wales, 338, 346 Milliner, Bert, 235 Mills, R. C., 66 O misbehaviour. see judicial misbehaviour O’Connell, D. P., 239–40 Mitchell, Sir Edward, 42 O’Connor, Richard, 38, 46, 315, 364, monarchy, 229, 241–2, 248, 252 367–8, 371 Monk, Albert, 170 Odgers, J. R., 235 Moore, William Harrison, 167, 182, 194, 217 onus of proof (Communist Party case), Moran’s case, 71, 76 116–18, 120, 131 Morehead, Boyd, 12 O’Shea, Clarrie, 171 Morgan, Charles, 147–9, 151 Morley, William, 186 P Municipalities case, 363–5, 367–8 Pacific Labourers Act 1903 (Cth), 186 Murdoch, Walter, 121 Parker, Robert, 241 Murphy, Lionel Parkes, Sir Henry, 2–3, 8–17 controversy about removal, xxx, xxxiv, Parliament. see also dismissal of Whitlam 280–311 Government; double dissolutions; freedom of interstate trade, 336 Fitzpatrick and Browne; Senate implied freedom of political amendment of Bills, 213–15, 222–3, communication, 393–4 225, 227 labour relations power, 363, 370 constitutional drafting, 6, 9, 15, 161 race power, 193–6 contempt of, xxx–xxxi, xxxiii, 145–57, Tasmanian Dam case, 268–72, 274 241 Whitlam dismissal, 233–4, 243 federalism, xxxi imprisonment by, 145–59 N joint sittings, 214–16, 218, 220–4 national parks. see Tasmanian Dam case legislative functions, 163, 168 National Parks and Wildlife Act 1970 (Tas), relationship with courts of review, 43, 264–5 52–3 National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act sovereignty, 133, 383, 386, 391–2 1975 (Cth), s. 69, 265, 267–8 Parliament Act 1911 (UK), 226, 244 National Parks (Western Tasmanian Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry Wilderness) Regulations (Cth), 271 (Murphy), 282, 284–8, 292–4, national security, 88, 110, 115–17 299–302, 304 nationalism, 5, 7–8, 183, 185, 205 Parliamentary Papers Act 1908 (Cth), 153 Nationwide News case, xxxi, xxxv, 134, parliamentary privilege, xxxiii, 147–57, 383–4, 386–9, 391–3, 395, 397–8, 406 391–2 native title, 181, 196–9, 202 Partridge, P. H., 120 Native Title Act case, 192, 194–5, 196–9, 206 Patapan, Haig, 390–1 Neasey, F. M., 15 Payroll Tax case, 48, 53 necessity Peacock, Andrew, 385 freedom of interstate trade, 339, 341 Peanut Board v Rockhampton Harbour Board, implications, 45 321–2 intergovernmental immunities Pearce, D., 223 doctrine, 40 Pedder v D’Emden, 36–8, 40–1, 46, 315 race power, 190, 191, 195, 198, 201–4, personal rights. see individual rights 206–7 Peterswald v Bartley, 46

424 INDEX

Petroleum and Minerals Authority Bill. Privy Council, 312–34 see PMA case Bank Nationalisation case, xxxii, 87, 93, Phillips, P. D., 70, 94 95, 96, 97–8, 130 Phillips Fox (solicitors), 400 Boilermakers case, 161, 167–8, 170–1 Pincus, C. W., 289 Constitution s. 74, 312–19 Pirrie v McFarlane, 318 Constitution s. 92, 321–6 Pittard, Marilyn, xxv constitutional drafting, 5–7, 15, 20–2, on labour relations power, xxxv, 355–82 312–14, 330 plain meaning rule. see literalism constitutional interpretation, 319–21 Playford, Sir Thomas, 67 Engineers case, 42, 45 PMA Act 1973 (Cth), 218–22 Fitzpatrick and Browne, xxviii, 153 PMA case, 213, 221–3, 224–6 removal of judges, 296–7 Polites v Commonwealth, 203 restrictions on exercise of political advertising, 384–6, 401 Commonwealth’s legislative power, Political Broadcasts and Political Disclosures 37–8, 326–7 Act 1991 (Cth), 384–6 role in development of Australian political communication. see implied constitutional law, xxix–xxx, xxxiv, freedom of political communication 329–31 political issues State constitutional cases, xxxiv, 313, Bank Nationalisation cases, 85–91, 93, 319, 327–8 97–100 termination of jurisdiction, xxxiv, 328–9 Boilermakers case, 161, 164 Uniform Income Tax cases, 71, 74–6 Communist Party case, 108, 110–20, Privy Council (Appeals from the High Court) 128–32 Act 1975 (Cth), 329 constitutional interpretation, 52–3 Privy Council (Limitation of Appeals) Act dismissal of Whitlam Government, 1968 (Cth), 328–9 229–37, 239, 241, 243, 245, 247–52 procedural fairness double dissolutions, 213, 218–20, 224 federal judicial power, 172, 174 federalism and, 62 removal of judges, 291, 292–5, 296 Federation and constitutional drafting, Professional Engineers case, 366, 371 3–4, 8, 18–20 protectionism, 16–17. see also freedom of Fitzpatrick and Browne, 148–9, 157 interstate trade implied freedom of political public sector. see industrial disputes; State communication, 388, 392–4, 396, public sector employees 401, 404–5 Public Service Arbitration Act 1920 (Cth), 371 income tax, 66–8, 70, 77 intergovernmental immunities, 41 Q labour relations power, 355, 373 Queensland Coast Islands Declaratory Act Murphy Affair, 280, 282, 286, 290, 1985 (Qld), 197 295–6, 298–9 Queensland Electricity Commission v Privy Council, 329–31 Commonwealth, 50 race power, 181, 195, 198, 201 Quick, Sir John, 17–19, 182, 184, 202, 217 Tasmanian Dam case, 262–3, 265 Quick and Garran, Annotated Constitution, Popovic v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd, 1, 13, 18–19, 146, 182, 194, 217, 288, 403–4 394 Porter, Lord, 323 postwar reconstruction, 85–8, 91 R Powell v Apollo Candle Co, 320, 329 R v Burah, 320, 329 Power v Coleman, 402 R v Burgess, 268, 275, 277 Powers, Sir Charles, 34, 42 R v Clarkson, 371 prerogative, 48–50, 315 R v Coldham. see Australian Social Welfare Prest, W., 81 Union case priority provision, 68–70, 73–5 R v Commonwealth Commission for Conciliation private enterprise, 87, 94, 337 and Arbitration; Ex p Victoria, 374

INDEX 425

R v Commonwealth Conciliation and Reid, Sir George, 3, 16–18, 21, 184, 217 Arbitration Commission; Ex p Association Reid, Re; Ex p Bienstein, 290, 294, 297 of Professional Engineers, 366, 371 removal of judges R v Federal Court of Bankruptcy; Ex p defamation, 404 Lowenstein, 163, 174 grounds for, 287–90 R v Holmes, 369–71, 374 judicial review, 295–8 R v Joske, 172–3 Murphy Affair, xxxiv, 280–311 R v McMahon; Ex p Darvall, 369–70 process, 290–301, 303–5 R v Marshall and the Australian Bank process in Murphy Affair, 298–301, 303–5 Officials Association, 361, 368–71 ‘proved’ as guarantee of procedural R v Metal Trades Employers’ Association, 164 fairness, 292–5 R v Richards; Ex parte Fitzpatrick and Browne. reform, 303–4 see Fitzpatrick and Browne suspension and admonition, 291–2, R v Sharkey, 133 301–3 R v Smithers; Ex p Benson, 394 Renan, Ernest, 205 R v Vizzard, 321–3, 325 Representation Bill 1973, 218 race, 26–7, 190–1, 193–5 representative government race power, xxxiii, 180–212. see also Engineers case, 52–3 Kartinyeri v Commonwealth; Koowarta federal constitutional law, 330 v Bjelke-Petersen freedom of interstate trade, 349 construction of ‘for’, 191–2, 194, 201 rights and, 387–8, 390, 392–4, 397–9, constructional issues, 189–92, 203, 402–5 206–7 Uniform Income Tax cases, 63, 68, 79 early 20th century, 185–9 republicanism, 5, 7, 25, 241, 252 general propositions, 204–5 reservations, 40, 48, 50, 52 genesis, 181–5, 205 reserve powers. see Governor-General native title, 181, 192, 194–5, 196–9, 202, reserved State powers doctrine (Engineers 206 case), xxxii, 35, 37–8, 41, 43–4, 46–7, necessity, 191, 195, 198, 201–4, 206–7 49, 50–2, 55 referendum (1967), xxxiii responsible government ‘special laws’, 180, 182, 184, 186, dismissal of Whitlam Government, 239, 189–90, 191, 193–6, 198–204, 273 243–4 Tasmanian Dam case, 193, 194–6, 199, Engineers case, 52–3 205–6, 266, 268–9, 273–4 federalism and, xxviii, 5, 16, 22, 330 racial discrimination, 180, 182–3, 188–90, rights and, 386, 402, 405 192–9, 201, 203–6, 208, 269, 273 revenue redistribution. see fiscal federalism Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth), Rich, Sir George, 34, 42, 48, 68, 74, 95–7, 192–3, 197–8, 269, 273 162–4, 313, 318, 364, 368 Racial Discrimination Convention, 192, 269 Roads case, 76, 78 Railway Servants case, 37–8, 40–1 Roberts v Bass, 401 Ramsey, Alan, 251 Robtelmes v Brenan, 186 Reece, Eric, 262 Rose, Dennis, xxii referendums on Cole v Whitfield, xxxiv–xxxv, 335–54 Communist Party (1951), 108, 123, Rosenberg, Gerald, 385 130–1, 286 Royal Australian Air Force, 263, 267 conscription (1916–17), 229 Royal Commissions Act 1902 (Cth), 316–17 constitutional amendment, xxxii rule of law Federation, 22, 216, 313 Boilermakers case, 161–2 race power (1944), 187 Communist Party case, xxxiii, 108, 128–9, race power (1967), xxxiii, 180, 188–9, 208 131, 135 resolution of parliamentary deadlocks, race power, 207 215 Rutledge, Arthur, 24 Tasmanian Dam case, 264 Ruxton, Bruce, 396 veto on Bills, 15 Ryan, Morgan, 281–3, 285–7

426 INDEX

S Engineers case, 34, 39, 48–9 Saunders, Cheryl, xxv, 168, 173 external affairs power, 268 on Uniform Income Tax Cases, xxxii, 62–84 judicial function, 163–4 Sawer, Geoffrey, 36, 47–8, 90, 131, 182, Uniform Income Tax cases, 68, 72–4 185–7, 194, 208, 235, 243–5, 252 State Banking case, xxx, 74, 80 Scholes, Gordon, 239–41 State constitutions, 327–8 Scullin, J. H., 66, 90, 93, 164 Commonwealth laws and, 375 security, 88, 110, 115–17 implied rights, 393, 395 Selborne, Lord, 320 Privy Council cases, xxxiv, 313, 319, self-government, 7–8, 330–1 327–8 Senate removal of judges, 304 Communist Party case, 115, 117, 121, separation of powers, 249 123–4 State income tax, xxxv, 64–7, 69–72, 75–7, contempt, 155–7 79, 314 dismissal of Whitlam Government, 229, State public sector employees 231–40, 244–7, 250–2 administrative services of the State, Murphy Select Committees, 282–3, 285, 372–3, 374–6 287, 289–90, 292–3, 298, 301, 303 industrial disputes, 356, 358, 367–8, power to block Supply, xxxi, 242–3 373–4, 375–8 role of, xxxi, 3–4, 15, 20, 214–16, 223 intergovernmental immunity, 372–3 Senate (Representation of Territories) Act 1973 labour relations power, xxxv, 372–6, 377 (Cth), 218, 223–4 State Public Service case, 374 separation of church and state, 25 State School Teachers case, 362–8, 370–1, 374 separation of powers States. see also federal–State balance; Boilermakers case, xxxiii, 160–1, 166–9, reserved State powers doctrine 172–4, 319 Bank Nationalisation cases, 92 Communist Party case, 134 concurrent powers, xxxi, 183–4, 357 dismissal of Whitlam Government, 249 grants to (see fiscal federalism) early development, 161–4 States Grants (Income Tax Reimbursement) Act Fitzpatrick and Browne, xxx–xxxi, 152–3, 1942 (Cth), 66, 69–70, 72–3, 75–6 156–7 statutory construction. see constitutional impact of Boilermakers case, 171–3 interpretation Murphy Affair, 294, 302 Staunton, J. H., 284–5 Privy Council, 319, 327 Steel Seizure case, 133 Service, James, 13 Stephen, Sir Ninian, 193–5, 206, 220–3, Sharkey case, 133 269–71, 302, 336, 388 Shaw, Lord, 42 Stephens v Western Australian Newspapers Ltd, Shell Company of Australia Ltd v Federal 396–9, 401 Commissioner of Taxation, 327 Stewart Royal Commission, 283 Silver, Re, 74–5 Stone, Adrienne, 401, 403 Simonds, Viscount, 325, 327 Stone, Julius, 97, 120 Slaughter House Cases, 26 Stout, A. K., 120 Smith Act 1940 (US), 133 Summers, John, 188–9 Snedden, Billy, 236 Sundberg, R. A., 404–5 socialism, 85, 89, 97, 99, 110 Supply Solomon, David, 392, 396 constitutional drafting, 16 South Africa, 130–1, 203–4 deferral of (1975), 234–6 special laws. see race power dismissal of Whitlam Government, 232, Spicer, John, 170 237–40, 244–7, 250–2 Spigelman, James, 402–3 double dissolutions, 214–16, 227 Spindler, S., 392 Senate’s power, 16, 242–3 Starke, Sir Hayden Supreme Court Act 1970 (NSW), s. 101A, Bank Nationalisation cases, 95–6 402–3 civil liberties, 121, 129 suspension of judges, 291–2, 301–3

INDEX 427

Switzerland, xxix, 27 impeachment power, 294–6, 304 Symon, Josiah, 313 independence, 329 influence on Australian Constitution, T xxxi, 5, 14–16, 22–4, 26–7 tariff policies, 6–8, 13, 63, 323, 345–6 intergovernmental immunities, 36–7, Tasmania v Commonwealth (1904), 46 40–1, 55 Tasmanian Dam case, xxxiv, 47–8, 51, 79, judicial review, 127 262–79 race power, 185 race power, 193, 194–6, 199, 205–6, 266, separation of powers, 161, 163, 166–7 268–9, 273–4 Supreme Court, 78, 129, 133–4, 394 Tate, Michael, 298, 392 Universities case, 369–70 taxation power, 40, 48–50, 63, 73–5, 77, 79. see also income tax; Supply V Taylor, Sir Alan, 92, 95, 126, 169, 223 Vagrants, Gaming and Other Offences Act Tennant, Kylie, 131 1931 (Qld), 402 Territory Senators case, 213, 223–4 Victoria terrorism, 207, 247 labour relations power, xxxv, 356, 359, textualism. see literalism 377, 378 Theophanous v Herald & Weekly Times Ltd, Victoria v Commonwealth (1971), 48, 53 390, 395–9, 401 Victoria v Commonwealth (1975), 213, Thomas, Don, 284, 286 221–3, 224–6 Thomas, J. B., 282, 402 Vizzard’s case, 321–3, 325 Tocqueville, Alexis de, xxx Todd, Alpheus, 288 W Toohey, John, 196–7, 277, 384, 386–9, W & A McArthur Ltd v Queensland, 323 391–2, 396, 398 Wakim, Re; Ex parte McNally, xxx, 173–4 trade, interstate. see freedom of interstate Walsh and Johnson, ex parte, 127–8 trade Ward, Eddie, 123 trade and commerce powers, 87, 97, 272, Way, Sir Samuel, 22 276 Webb, Leicester, 131 trading and financial corporations, 266, Webb, Sir William, 75, 126, 128–9, 169 271–4, 278 Webb v Outtrim, 37–8, 315–17, 320, 330 trading and governmental Wentworth, W. C. (1793–1872), 7 instrumentalities, 35, 37–9 Wentworth, W. C. (1907–2003), 188 Transport Regulations Act 1958 (Vic), 324–5 West v Commissioner of Taxation (NSW), 45 treaties. see international law Western Australia v Commonwealth (1975), Trenwith, William, 19, 184 213, 223–4 Trethowan’s case, 328–9 Western Australia v Commonwealth (1995), Turbet, K. C., 361 192, 194–5, 196–9, 206 Turnbull, Reginald, 231 Wheare, K. C., 78 Turner, George, 18–19 Wheat case, 162–3 Wheeldon, John, 251 U Wheeler, Fiona, xxvi Uebergang v Australian Wheat Board, 336–7 on Boilermakers case, xxxiii, 160 Uniform Income Tax Cases, xxxii, 62–84, 274 Whitehouse v Queensland, 317 First, 69, 72–4, 76, 78 Whitlam, Gough Second, 62, 70–1, 74–6, 79–80 dismissal (see dismissal of Whitlam United States of America Government) Acts of Attainder, 118 double dissolution, 218 Bill of Rights, 24–5, 386, 390–1 environmental issues, 262, 265 checks and balances, 135, 252 legislative program and constitutional constitutional interpretation, xxx, 44 constraints, 99–100 contempt of Congress, 146–7, 153 Murphy and, 284, 298 federalism, xxix race power, 189

428 INDEX

Wickham, John, 285 Workplace Relations Act (Cth), 355, 376–8 Williams, John, xxvi, 406 World Heritage Convention, 263–71, on emergence of Constitution, xxxi, 276–7. see also heritage protection 1–33 World Heritage Properties Conservation Act Williams, Sir Dudley 1983 (Cth), 194, 266–8, 271–3 Bank Nationalisation cases, 95–7 World Heritage (Western Tasmania Wilderness) Boilermakers case, 169, 174 Regulations 1983 (Cth), 265–8 Communist Party case, 126, 132 World War I, 64 Engineers case, 48 World War II Uniform Income Tax cases, 68, 70, 73, 75 banking regulation, 88, 97 Wilson, Sir Ronald, 194, 268–70, 273–4, communism, 110–11, 114, 118, 121, 128 363 income tax, 62, 65–6, 68–9, 73–4, 77 Windeyer, Sir Victor, 53–5, 126, 223 political aftermath, 85–8, 91 Winneke, Sir Henry, 248 Wriedt, Ken, 239 Winterton, George, xxvi, 394 Wright, Lord, 322 Communist Party case, xxxii–xxxiii, 108–44 Wynes, Anstey, 36 introduction, xxix–xxxvii Whitlam dismissal, xxxiv, 229–61 Z Wise, Bernhard R., 17, 19, 26, 184 Zines, Leslie, xxvi, xxxv, 36, 172, 399 Withers, Reg, 231–2, 235 on Tasmanian Dam case, xxxiv, 262–79