Fuekz.K Lkfjdka Newsletter of BMTPC

Special Issue

fuekZ.k lkfjdkA Newsletter of BMTPC

Hkkx 5] vad 3] tqykbZ & flrEcj 2016] UkbZ fnYyh Vol.5, Issue 3, July – September 2016, New Delhi

fuekZ.k lkexzh ,oa izkS|ksfxdh lao)Zu ifj"kn~ vkokl ,oa ’kgjh xjhch mi’keu ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj BUILDING MATERIALS & TECHNOLOGY PROMOTION COUNCIL Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India

“Creating Enabling Environment for Affordable Housing for All” From the Desk of Executive Director

oti, Kapada aur Makaan (Food, Clothing & Shelter) are the three basic needs of the human being world over and puttingHousing at the Centre Ras the theme by UN habitat for 2016 World habitat day is an impressive step. It collectively reminds the authorities world over their responsibility of providing a decent safe shelter to all human beings. India has always been serious & committed about the housing and it is quite evident from Hon’ble President of India’s proclamation in his address to the joint session of Indian Parliament on June 9th, 2014 “By the time the nation completes 75 years of Independence, every family will have a pucca (permanent) house with water connection, toilet facilities, 24x7 electricity supply & access”. The Hon’ble Prime minister of India envisioned Housing for all by 2022 and launched a comprehensive mission Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna (PMAY) Urban as well as Rural through which, it is estimated that about 30 million houses need to be constructed in next seven years. The basic civic infrastructure like water, CONTENTS sanitation, sewerage, road, electricity etc. including social infrastructure i.e. community centres, schools, health facilities are part & parcel of the mission From the Desk of Executive Director 2 which need to be achieved through concurrently going on other schemes of 5 Actions to Strengthen India’s Housing Govt. of India & State governments. It is a gargantuan task and all stakeholders Development Effort 8 are geared up to make it a grand success. For the first time, the new models of Housing Model for Urban Area 11 New Construction Systems for PMAY 15 PPPs (public-private partnership) are now redefining their structure and evolving Smart City – A Holistic Perspective 21 towards a wider paradigm to also include ‘people’ participation and community Demonstration Housing Project at engagement. Hence, the 3Ps within the PPP framework are now transforming Saraswathi Nagar, Venkatachalam into the 4Ps structure: public-private people partnerships so as to realize the Mandal, SPSR Nellore, AP 24 dreams of housing for all. Suitability of Prefabricated Reinforced Cement Concrete Construction In order to accomplish the huge housing demand, it is imperative to go for mass for Mass Housing in India 28 housing construction methodologies, which can deliver safe, sustainable, resilient Pre-cast Light Weight Large Wall and & quality houses in quick time. BMTPC, a technical arm of Ministry of Housing Roof Panels for Mass Housing using Expanded Polystyrene 32 & Urban Poverty Alleviation has been entrusted with the task for identifying, Sustainable Materials for evaluating & certifying new systems which have been successful world over Roofing System 38 and can be adapted in Indian geo-climatic conditions. BMTPC has successfully HFNRP Partition Sheets for Housing at shortlisted 16 such construction systems after due diligence and they can broadly the Centre: A revolutionary solution 43 be classified as (a) large formwork systems including structural-stay-in-place Role of Aerodynamics of tall buildings formwork systems (b) sandwich panel systems (c) Precast concrete construc- in making cities Safe, Resilient and Sustainable 48 tion systems (d) steel structural systems (e) light gauge steel structural systems Ferro-Cement as a Cost Effective (f) prefabricated precast modular housing systems etc. Now, it is time to create Alternate Building Material an ecosystem which facilitates mainstreaming of these new methodologies into – A Participatory Approach 51 different states and a technology submission has been set up under housing for Earthquake Safety of Housing in India 57 all mission to accomplish the task in collaboration with state govts and our aca- Cyclone Shelter – Urban Sustainable Development 63 demic institutions like IITs/NITs/SPAs etc. States are coming forward and willing ‘Housing for All’: Planning and Design to embrace these new systems. At Centre also, CPWD & other main construction Interface 66 agencies like DDA, NBCC and many more are exploring the possibilities to make Methodology for estimating use of these systems into projects being executed by them. It is now time for Embodied Energy in Construction the technology providers and construction agencies to take plunge from the Industry 73 Housing with Honeycomb 77 springboard created by BMTPC. Housing for Aspirant Future India 80 Let us contribute towards building Strong India. Publications of BMTPC 83

(Dr. Shailesh Kr. Agrawal)

2 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ M. VENKAIAH NAIDU Minister of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Urban Development and Information & Broadcasting Government of India

MESSAGE

he first Monday of October is marked as World Habitat Day and being celebrated world over by United Nations and other Habitat related institutions to address the impending Tissues related with housing and human settlements. Housing has always been an engine for growth and prosperity in cities. As urbanization increases, housing will continue to be key to providing stability for the families and neighbourhoods and in turn strengthening urban economies, creating jobs and improving both financial and physical well-being. The growing urgency to provide adequate housing to millions of households and the need to do so in ways to guarantee a sustainable future for cities calls for a paradigm shift in housing policy and practice. The theme of the World Habitat Day this year “Housing at the Centre” becomes imperative given the emerging forms of urbanism that are producing cities as places of exclusivity, rather than opportunity. Cities, especially in the developing world, are growing fragmented with the current models of housing production. While the most common problem is the shortage of adequate housing, other important challenges are present in the form of poor quality and location of the stock usually far from job and livelihood opportunities, lack of accessibility and services, unaf- fordable costs and insecurity of tenure. The need of the hour today is an integrated housing framework that is consistently woven into urban plans and city investment strategies at both the national and municipal levels. The Government of India is implementing Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) with a vision of ‘Housing for All by 2022’ to meet the housing shortage among the urban poor. A comprehensive approach is adopted to cover all urban poor through four verticals namely (a) Slum Rehabilita- tion; (b) Promotion of Affordable Housing through credit linked subsidy; (c) Affordable Housing in Partnership with Public & Private sectors; and (d) Subsidy for beneficiary-led individual house construction or enhancement. I am happy that Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) is bringing out the Special Issue of its newsletter “Nirman Sarika” to highlight the issues related to the theme of the World Habitat Day. BMTPC plays a significant role in supporting the provision of shelter to all through the promotion of emerging building materials and technologies. I hope this issue will also provide further insights and knowledge of such alternate building practices that will contribute to our Governments aim of providing housing for all. I wish BMTPC success in this endeavour.

(M. Venkaiah Naidu)

Nirman Sarika 3 RAO INDERJIT SINGH Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Ministry of Planning and MoS for Ministry of Urban Development and Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India

MESSAGE

o provide adequate housing to millions of households with commitment to achieve sustainable development goals to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, Tresistant and sustainable, calls for a paradigm shift in housing policy and practices. This year’s theme “Housing at the Centre” of the urban agenda, reminds the world to shift the focus from simply building houses to a holistic framework for housing development, orchestrated with urban planning practice and placing people and human rights at the fore front of urban sustainable development.

There can be no sustainable urbanization without a roof over everyone’s head but that is not sufficient, unless other aspects like job, transportation, health, sanitation, education and safety are considered.

People’s need and aspiration, their future place of living and their existence at the Centre of city development are important. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana “Housing for All (Urban)” and other schemes of the government related to urban development bring the desired shift in approach of the government for an integrated approach for urban development with housing as main focus.

I congratulate BMTPC for bringing a Special Issue of its Newletter “Nirman Sarika” on the occasion of “World Habitat Day”.

(Inderjit Singh)

4 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ DR. N. CHATTERJEE Secretary Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation Government of India

MESSAGE

orld Habitat Day is celebrated across the world every year to create awareness on the collective responsibility of stakeholders on the need for sustainable habitat and Wto promote such habitat in the interest of future generations. The theme for 2016, namely, ‘Housing at the Centre’ is an extension of “Global Housing Strat- egy” which has been promoted as a collaborative movement towards adequate housing for all as the foundation to the sustainable urban development.

All member countries in United Nations are committed to the Sustainable Development Goals to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable and aims to ensure adequate, safe and affordable housing, basic services and improved infrastructure.

The Housing for All (Urban) Mission which intends to provide decent shelter to all by 2022 is in line with the UN Global Agenda. It is drafted with the objective of inclusive development with convergence of civic amenities and infrastructure development planned under Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and Smart Cities programme.

Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council is playing an important role of identifying, evaluating and promoting building materials & construction technology for safe, affordable and sustainable housing on a fast track mode.

I am happy that BMTPC, as in previous years, is bringing a special issue of their Newsletter “Nirman Sarika” on the occasion of ‘World Habitat Day’.

I wish BMTPC all the best in its future endeavors.

(N. Chatterjee)

Nirman Sarika 5 RAJIV RANJAN MISHRA Joint Secretary (Housing) Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation Government of India

MESSAGE

he World Habitat Day celebration on st1 Monday of October every year brings forth the need of better shelter all over the world and positive changes required in the Tsystems including policies and awareness worldwide of joint responsibility for the future generation’s habitat.

This year, the United Nations has chosen the theme“Housing at the Centre” to bring housing at the core of national and local urban agendas. ‘Housing at the Centre’ aims to shift the focus from simply building dwelling units to a holistic framework for habitat development, orchestrated with urban planning practice and placing people and human rights at the forefront of urban sustainable development. At the national level, the goal is to integrate housing into National Urban Policies through planned urbanization. At the local level, the approach is to reinforce the importance of housing for urban planning and concomitantly to the development of cities and people.

Government of India has launched Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) to provide Housing for All by 2022. This year’s theme of “Housing at the Centre” is in tune with PMAY, where Central Government is providing assistance to implementing agencies through State Gov- ernments, for providing houses to various economic sections through different verticals of the policy. The scheme is being implemented through synchronization between Centre and States to realize the overall objective of “Housing for All”.

I am pleased to know that Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) is bringing out a special issue of Newsletter “Nirman Sarika” on the Occasion of World Habitat Day 2016. Over the years, BMTPC has played important role in taking forward the agenda of affordable housing through dissemination and mainstreaming new technologies for construction of mass housing.

I take this opportunity to wish success to BMTPC in all its endeavors.

(Rajiv Ranjan Mishra)

6 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ AMRIT ABHIJAT Joint Secretary & Mission Director (Housing for All) Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation Government of India

MESSAGE

orld Habitat Day theme of this year “Housing at the Centre” is highly appropriate for our rapidly growing major urban centres, wherein large number of slums with Wshanties & poor houses are common phenomena. The inhabitants of these slums are deprived of adequate shelter, basic services such as water supply, sanitation, health & education facilities and most importantly the opportunities.

The challenges of main-streaming these foot soldiers of our economy is indeed not simple & requires policy level initiatives including efficient city planning, innovations & time bound implementation with commitment of all stakeholders. The risk of disaster, climate change & Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are other important issues which clearly need to be integral part of planning & implementation process.

The Govt. of India has taken several initiatives & most ambitious amongst them is “Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana -Housing for all (Urban) by 2022” which envisages provision of pucca house with water connection, toilet facilities, 24x7 electricity supply and access to every urban poor. Similar scheme has been launched for rural area to take care of rural poor. In order to ensure sustainable development, as a part of Housing for All (Urban) Mission, a Technology submission has been set up to facilitate adoption of modern, innovative and green technologies and building material for faster and quality construction of houses with disaster resistant features.

BMTPC has been playing a vital role in evaluation & promotion of emerging technologies for mass housing & presently entrusted with running the Technology Sub mission, in collaboration with IITs, NITs & SPAs.

I am happy to learn that BMTPC is bringing out special issue of Nirman Sarika on the occasion of “World Habitat Day” highlighting important issues related to the theme.

I wish BMTPC all the success in their continued efforts.

(Amrit Abhijat)

Nirman Sarika 7 5 Actions to Strengthen India’s Housing Development Effort

Prof. C.V.R.Murty*

ndia’s Housing challenge today and Policy. latter is developed for such an that is larger than ever before. There Typologies presents five aspects of the housing are two challenges that face typology from the structural point I India’s housing can be classified India today – (a) Over 3 Crores of of view (namely Siting Issues, Soil houses to be built on the whole to broadly under 3 Housing Typolo- & Foundation Conditions, Architec- eliminate the housing shortage, gies, 11 Housing Sub-Typologies tural Features, Structural Aspects and (b) India needs to accommo- and 30 Housing Sub-Typology Vari- and Constructional Details) and date the flip ofUrban : Rural popu- ants. And, there is an uncountable two aspects from non-structural lation ratio from 30:70 today to number of variants of the housing elements point of view (namely 70:30 by 2035. India needs to take sub-typologies practiced in India – Acceleration & Displacement Haz- giant strides; because of this rural some place this number at about ards, and Lifelines). The last step to urban migration, India needs 800. A detailed analysis of these of the documentation process is to build in urban areas about 2.7 variants needs to be documented an overall analysis of the housing times the houses it has now. Thus, through a scientific methodology sub-typology (in totality), which a large number of towns are likely developed to assess structural and clarifies where the said housing to grow into cities, and cities into non-structural safety of the hous- sub-typology stands in terms of mega polis. ing sub-typology variants. The safety and sustainability. methodology classifies the infor- The focus should be on putting Unless India learns its current mation related to a house into Life in place systems & processes that stock of buildings – the material Threatening Factors and Economic will affect behavioral changes in the preferences and the safety embed- Loss Inducing Factors. Further, the people of India, rather than on the housing stakeholders simply filling the housing shortage or special groups steering additional urban housing development through a purely contractor driven system without the engagement of the people of India. In this regard, 5 actions are needed to strengthen India’s Housing Development effort (Figure 1). These five actions are in the directions of Typologies, Figure 1: Five domains in which actions are essential to strengthen India’s march Safety, Human Resources, Practice towards self-sufficiency in Housing

* Director, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur

8 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ ded, it cannot take any decisions on new housing proposals first of buildings built, whose structural any of the aspects of technology, through an independent peer safety is not established publicly safety, human resources, practice reviewer and then through the either by the client owner or by and policy. municipal authorities before is- the municipalities. This brings forth Action Needed suing any permit to construct: two forceful requirements of the nation, namely: (a) retrofitting (a) Individual housing construc- India should begin to formally (especially from earthquake safety tion proposals submitted document all variants of these point of view), and (b) repairing & directly to municipal au- housing sub-typologies (both tra- rehabilitating, of the large preva- thorities, and ditional and current trend typolo- lent building stock. gies), and place the information in (b) Mass Housing or housing Action Needed public domain for masses proposals pro- Safety posed to be undertaken by Large number of hands are re- various departments and quired to meet the technical work While a large number of housing ministries; related to safety of over 31 Crores sub-typologies is practiced in the of existing houses and fill the short- (2) Build test facilities across the country (and even some of these age of 3 Crores of new houses for country to test prototype speci- are supported by the Architects India, India should prepare to: and some Structural Engineers of men of full-scale houses of the (a) Develop Teaching Resource Ma- the region), structural safety as- regional traditional, existing terial (with the available limited sessment is not undertaken by ANY and new technologies of in- persons specializing in the sub- municipal authority anywhere in dividual housing construction ject of housing technologies) for the country as of today. This leaves proposals offered by various bachelors degree programs for the country under a silent threat of vendors; and fresh graduates, refresher pro- the impending natural hazards (if (3) Prepare national standards for grams for practicing engineers, not under that of the man-made designing, constructing and and skill development programs hazards). Even though appropriate testing of different typologies for artisans; and framework exists in the form of a of houses. techno-legal regime in the Building (b) Undertake construction of pi- Human Resources Bye-Laws and Development Con- lot Technology Demonstration trol Regulations of the municipali- Design and construction of Units for: (i) constructing new ties, municipal corporations and components of housing is part of houses, and (ii) retrofitting and development authorities, it has not the engineering curriculum at the repair & rehabilitation of exist- been implemented. undergraduate level in the country. ing houses. This needs to be integrated with Housing for masses and mass Practice the practical aspects sensitive to housing projects are implemented regional context of the environ- The country faces a huge chal- across the country with type de- ment, especially on construction of lenge of (a) constructing new signs repeated in a large number of houses in hilly areas and with local houses, (b) retrofitting of existing small sized houses. In such cases, it skills & construction materials. houses, especially in earthquake is even more essential to examine Since the repository of knowledge areas, and (b) repairing & reha- the technology employed to pro- is not available in public domain bilitating many old buildings that vide safety to the residents of the on the spectrum of typologies now require to be upgraded. To houses through structural safety and new technologies available, achieve this vast work, special- tests on prototype houses. the appreciation of graduate en- ist knowledge is required among Action Needed gineers is relatively shallow on: (a) the housing product vendors and Safety of the people of India is skills needed by masons, and (b) task implementation contractors enshrined in the Constitution of standards related to new housing to undertake the work within the India. India should: technologies. time & money targets set for the proposed activities. (1) Begin to examine safety of all Further, there is a large stock

Nirman Sarika 9 Action Needed ment needs a backbone, which traditional interaction schemes. will bridge between the needs of India needs to build systems Action Needed the people of India, the technol- and processes at the level of each ogy competencies available in India needs to make operational state government for: the country, and the techno-legal urgently: (1) Preparing wide base vendors, regime that Stage Governments (1) National Housing Technology who will supply different items need to enforce. The Government Task Force comprising of tech- needed in housing develop- of India needs to play the role of nical persons, which will advise ment, which are certified by an integrator to bring synergies the Ministry of Urban Develop- national accredited laboratories between the common needs of at ment, Government of India, to have met the national stan- least the adjoining states of India. on current projects and future dards; and Towards this end, it needs a think projections; tank that will document, study, (2) Undertaking construction of pi- (2) National Center for Safe analyze, bring out special needs lot Technology Demonstration Housing, which will focus on that should be addressed, suggest Units towards: (i) constructing spectrum of issues related to ways of unknotting the tough and of new houses, and (ii) retrofit- Housing, including education, special demands, and make clear ting and repair & rehabilitation prototype testing, research, recommendations to the Govern- of existing houses. With an IIT implementation, and policy; and NIT now operational in ment of India for necessary steps. (3) Dissemination of Knowledge on each State (almost), this task The think tank should engage Housing, which will empower needs to be taken up with a with the people of India in arriv- the National Housing Technol- great sense of urgency, towards ing at the proposed policy changes ogy Task Force to achieve its ensuring high quality construc- or new policy development, and objectives, especially Indian tions. continually feedback to the people Housing Encyclopedia, Enthus- through electronic and print media Policy ing young India, and Taking the way forward to resolve out- Housing to Communities. The country’s housing develop- standing issues, in addition to the *****

BMTPC’s Exhibition at IITF, November 14-27, 2015, New Delhi

10 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Housing Model for Urban Area

Dr. Kumar Pallav*

Abstract: was only 29% in 1950-51. Fraker, fabric insensitive, sensible and (2013) stated in his work, that half sustainable way. Here Sinclairs resent work, review about of the world population lives in framework and Gestalt theory is an Urban model for de- cities. This directly elucidates the discussed for housing affordability, velopment of Housing. It P increase in pressure on civic infra- that must not narrow and restric- discusses about the scarcity of structure systems, water supply, tive, should consider all the neces- space with loads population that waste management systems, parks sary parameter qualities through is amalgamated with fragile infra- and open spaces, transport, etc. interdisciplinary relationship. structure make Authority, Planner, There are many programs launched designed to think of making a ho- Friedman (2007) emphasized by the government for ameliorat- listic housing approach for Urban that there is “need for space ing the urbanization process, but center. In this regards, Sinclairs adaptation to on-going life cir- due to lack of proper planning and model in detail, along with other cumstances is important in New negligence on the use of technol- popular framework for housing Urbanism and architecture”. To ogy and innovation, the fruitful are discussed in brief. It reflects an make urban housing, holistic, results are still an imagination. overall balance of social, cultural, more interdisciplinary approach environmental, economic, political During the Mid 1970 s, sustain- between different sectors need to and other aspects of design sus- able development began to draw be formulated. Gehl (2010; 2011) tainable environment in a holistic attention to provide a facility to recommended the provision for manner. Further, framing of legal residents that influences the price, new urban area housing where policies to restrain unplanned, fatal type of location, and that cost of places are complete, affordable, design and workmanship urban infrastructure. Housing in urban people friendly, walkable, acces- center for its protection. areastrives for limiting spaces, in- sible, and connected. The goal crease in pollution,budget restric- of urban housing design includes Introduction tion, and escalating regulations a series of associated building, Urbanization is one of the key for construction. Nature friendly green campus, suitable location, factors which decides whether housing in urban areas is directly sufficient production, and effective a country is on the right path of influenced the overall budgets of policies. development or not. For India, the housing. This article is going to In past sustainable and af- statistics have revealed that the focus on diversity, accessibility fordable house were rare in ur- country will be the hub of econom- and affordability of housing. Often ban contest and was negatively ic growth over the ne two decades. struggling with the rapid growth correlated with one another as Currently the contribution of urban of slum there may be possible to “more sustainable” means “less cities in the GDP is 62-63% which transform and modify the urban

* Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, MNNIT Allahabad

Nirman Sarika 11

Figure Figure1: Complete 1: Complete housing housing comfort comfort as per as Sinclairper Sinclair model model affordable” (Friedman, 2012). manner. The urban housing de- Sinclair, (2014) feels about improv- TransitNo systems, doubt, effectivepedestrian plans path, will signsurely should lead beto holisticmultidimensional development ing of the the model country. and Tosuggested improve that the asses to market along with efficient aspects: apart from safer, energy for urban housing, designers need housingscenario, have an concerned important authorities role in strategies, have to modifytransit facility, their approach etc. Sin- towardsto create urban an environmentagglomerates. which They assessinghave the to utiliseaffordability the basic of living natural clair’s resources framework like about air, water, the design sunlight are etc. for for more proper fluid, arrangement flexible and of and sustainable of neighborhood and planning of housing requires responsive. (Friedman,the urban 2012). centres. This theory Few can suggestions/approaches four major interconnected urban plannersele- should keep in mind are as No doubt, effective plans will validate with the person who can ment viz., Agility, Fitness, Diversity, follows. The wind is a very crucial factor. In addition to soothingsurely effect, lead it to cause holistic a gooddevelopment amount invest more with likely to have a Delight, added with green, transit of the country. To improve the moreof favorable pressure housing on building condition thus system, disturbing Complete the economy street, walkable of construction project. Proper study of scenario, concerned authorities in contrary to the person who can- area as shown in fig-1. wind rose diagrams and data provided by IMD will surely have be ofto muchmodify helptheir in approach deciding not invest more towards housing Further, Kevin Lynch in his book towards urban agglomerates. They tend orientationto be less satisfied of buildings with theirwhich will eventually lead to a retrench in construction cost as well as Good City Form, mentioned about have to utilise the basic natural housing environment. expenditures made for thermalcritical comfort. points Now in comesplanning the viz. sun, vital- servingresources us as like a source air, water, of light sunlight since Itmillennium needs to have also an controls overall theity, settlements Sense, Fit, Access, in strategic Control, way. Effi- Plannersetc. for proper generally arrangement tend to of keepthe balance of social, cultural, envi- ciency, and Justice. Sinclairs (2009) urban centres. Few suggestions/ ronmental, economic, political highlighted more open systems approaches urban planners should and other aspects for design sus- and added adaptability, durability, keep in mind are as follows. The tainable environment in a holistic constructability and materiality. wind is a very crucial factor. In ad-

12 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ dition to soothing effect, it cause a studies on statistical data is a must. London: Routledge. good amount of pressure on build- The data should not be forged as 4. Gehl, Jan (2010), Cities fro ing thus disturbing the economy of this leads to false predictions which people.Washington, D.C.: Island construction project. Proper study is a very heinous practice. The ab- Press. of wind rose diagrams and data sence of proper infrastructure for provided by IMD will surely be of monitoring water resources has led 5. Gehl, Jan (2011), Life between much help in deciding orientation to the pollution, over exploitation buildings: using public space. of buildings which will eventually and wastage. Washington, D.C., Island Press. lead to a retrench in construction Finally, to make a good urban 6. Lynch, Levin (1984), Good city cost as well as expenditures made settlement plan, analyse the data form.Cambridge, MIT Press. for thermal comfort. Now comes carefully, Put logic and try to see the sun, serving us as a source of 7. Sinclair,BR.,(2005) Comprehen- the clear picture and decide what light since millennium also controls sion+ Comprehensive: The can be fruitful in the long run. the settlements in strategic way. Environmental Design of Spaces Planning should not be for ephem- Planners generally tend to keep + Places, The 3rd Conference of eral periods. In case of disasters, settlements in such a place so as the Ottawa Colloquium on the efficient planning can save many to have optimum effect of sun. But Governance of Sustainable De- lives. Emergency exit plans must be now a days, we are running short velopement. Ottawa, Canada, a mandatory part of any planning of space, so we have to explore Center on Governance of the approach. ways how to exploit the available University of Ottawa. land for our benefit. We can cite References: 8. Sinclair, B R., Somayeh M, Ghaz- the example of Project Sunroof by 1. Fraker, Harrison (2013), Hidden aleh S (2012) Agility, Adaptabil- google using which and person can Potential of Sustainable Neigh- ity+ Appropriateness: Conceiv- calculate the intensity of sunlight borhoods: Lessons frm Low-car- ing, Crafting & Constructing falling on the roof and how much bon Communities. Washington, Architecture of the 21st Cen- solar electricity can be generated. D.C., Island Press. tury. Enquiry: ARCC Journal of In India, due to lack of advanced Architectural Research, 9, 1. 2. Friedman, Avi (2007), Sustain- infrastructure in GIS and Remote able residential Development: 9. Sinclair, B. R., Somayeh M., Sensing, we have become lag- Planning and Design for green and Kamaran N (2014) Change gards. No doubt the development neighborhoods, New York: Exploring Psyschological So- of indigenous satellite network McGraw-Hill Professional. ciological Constructs in the for subcontinent will surely help Quest for Agile Architecture & in proper planning of resources. 3. Friedman, Avi (2012), Town Environmental Design, ARCC While planning use of water re- and Terraced Housing: for af- Conference Repository, 2014. sources for urban settlement, the fordability and sustainability. *****

Nirman Sarika 13 International Seminar & Exhibition on “Emerging Building Materials and Construction Technologies”

MTPC organized an International Sem- inar on Emerging Building Materials & BConstruction Technologies on March 21-22, 2016 at New Delhi so as to bring all stakeholders on one platform to share their knowledge and experience. The International Seminar was inaugurated by Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu, Hon’ble Minis- ter of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Urban Development and Parliamentary Affairs, Government of India. Besides Aca- demic, R&D Institutions, known experts of the country; agencies involved in bringing technologies from advanced countries also participated with their technical presentation and showcasing of products and system. The participants also include representatives of Govt. agencies, faculty & students of technical institutions. More than 380 delegates participated in the Seminar. On this occasion a publication titled “Emerging Building Materials & Construction Technologies” and Audio-Visual CD “Hands on Training for Ma- sons” were released by Hon’ble Minister. To coincide with the International Seminar, an Exhibition on Emerging Building Materials and Construction Technologies showcasing various building products and construction technologies was also organised. More than 20 firms/companies displayed their products, technologies and systems.

14 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ New Construction Systems for PMAY

Dr. Shailesh Kr. Agrawal, Executive Director & J. K. Prasad, S. K. Gupta, and Dalip Kumar*

INTRODUCTION to estimate the actual housing government to construct 1 crore shortage, Nevertheless, a Technical pucca (permanent) houses for the he Housing at the Centre Committee constituted by Ministry rural poor in a span of three years has always been our present of Housing & Urban Poverty Al- from 2016-17 to 2018-19 with a Government’s motive which T leviation to assess housing short- budget of Rs. 81,975 crore. The is quite evident from the Hon’ble age at the beginning of the 12th cost of unit (house) assistance is President of India, in his address Plan, has estimated the shortage to be shared between central and to the Joint Session of Parliament at 18.78 million in 2012. Against state governments in the ratio on 9th June, 2014 where it was this, about 18 million of shortage 60:40 in plain areas and 90:10 for promulgated that “By the time is estimated to pertain to EWS and north-eastern and hilly states. An the Nation completes 75 years of LIG categories. Housing and habi- allowance of Rs. 120,000 in plain its Independence, every family will tat related services for the urban areas and Rs. 130,000 in hilly areas have a pucca house with water poor and low income groups are will be provided for construction connection, toilet facilities, 24x7 estimated to cost a sum of about of homes. electricity supply and access.” Rs.6,00,000 crores which requires Hon’ble Prime Minister envisioned This humongous task needs proper planning, policy frame work Housing for All by 2022 when the introspection of our current con- and technical interventions to deal Nation completes 75 years of its struction practices and study of with the subject. Through Housing Independence. In order to achieve globally accepted new construc- for All by 2022 mission it is targeted this objective, Central Government tion systems so as to introduce to construct 20 million houses with has launched a comprehensive best technologies and practices a span of seven years. mission “Pradhan Mantri Awas for faster & sustainable, quality & Yojana – Housing for All (Urban)” Also, to address the gap in rural safe construction in different parts in June 2015 through Ministry of housing and in view of Govern- of the country. It is high time for Housing & Urban Poverty Allevia- ment’s commitment to provide construction fraternity to make tion (HUPA). The mission seeks to “Housing for All” by 2022, the paradigm shift from orthodox cast address the housing requirement scheme of IAY has been re-struc- in situ concrete construction to of urban poor including slum dwell- tured into Pradhan Mantri Awaas mechanized factory made building ers by providing central assistance Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G) w.e.f. systems which can bring economy, to implementing agencies through 1st April, 2016. Pradhan Mantri efficiency & fast delivery. Awas Yojana – Gramin will be States and UTs for providing houses BMTPC has been promoting implemented in rural areas across to all eligible families/ beneficia- alternate cost-effective, environ- the country except Delhi and ries by 2022. Although, demand ment-friendly, energy-efficient and survey is in progress across states Chandigarh. Under the scheme,

* Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

Nirman Sarika 15 disaster resistant technologies. • Suitability to Indian climatic and Recently, BMTPC took an initia- hazard conditions tive to study/select emerging and • Scale of minimum number of alternate cost effective technolo- houses gies suitable to Indian geo-climatic conditions and advocate these • Adoptability of Services. technologies to the State Govt. • Expected life span of the pro- light weight form/ moulds in con- for implementation in housing posed system crete. Concrete is poured in the projects under various housing forms & forms are removed after schemes of government in differ- • Maintenance scheme for the system the setting of concrete takes place, ent parts of the country. resulting in box like cubical struc- BMTPC’s INITIATIVE • Resistance of the system against ture of required architectural de- fire, blast, etc. sign. The pre-designed formwork In order to identify & evaluate • Users’ feedback and certifica- also acts some sort of assembly suitable technologies for mass tion, wherever possible. line production and enables rapid housing, as a cost effective sub- construction of multiple units of stitute for conventional system, • Compatibility and adherence of repetitive type. These formworks a framework Based on the infor- the system to BIS are made from different materials mation with respect to material • Any shortcoming of the sys- such as aluminium, plastic, steel and structural details, status of tem and composites. Single floor with evaluation, actual construction built up area of about 300 sqm. can carried out in India or elsewhere Based on the broad param- be completed in two days using and their performance, economic eters, the identified technologies/ the aluminium formwork system. scale of construction, status of systems can be broadly classified The technology reduces the cost of transfer of the technology to India, as follows: repair and maintenance compared suitability for mass construction in Form work systems to conventional system. urban areas, durability & speed of construction, cost effectiveness, Precast Concrete Construction Modular Tunnelform innovation in technology, ease of Systems working & adaptability in Indian Steel Structural Systems condition, etc., the following broad Light gauge Steel Structural parameters were considered for Systems evaluation of technology/system: Precast Sandwich Panel sys- • Structural stability tems • Material specification and its Form Work Systems durability Monolithic Concrete Construction • Green concept Systems • Joints and connections specially for prefabricated system Tunnel formwork is a mechanized system for cellular structures. • Cost effectiveness of the emerg- It is based on two half shells which ing technologies vis-à-vis con- are placed together to form a room ventional construction system or cell. Several cells make an apart- (RCC and masonry construc- ment. With tunnel forms, walls and tion) slab are cast in a single day. The • Speed of construction and qual- structure is divided into phases. ity In the monolithic concrete tech- Each phase consists of a section nology, Walls and slabs are cast in • Sanitation of the structure that will cast in one operation in specially designed one day. The formwork is set up

16 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ !"#$%#&'()#*+(,#,-./( ,*01(73(8,,0-!$9( ¥! After delivery to the site, the assembly can begin.

¥!Building with SISMO is quick and easy, no specific skills are required. for the day’s pour in the morning. Sismo Building Technology ¥!The modulesThe are reinforcement positioned and on servicesthe are floor and verticallypositioned aligned. and concrete is poured in the afternoon. Once reinforcement is placed, concrete for walls ¥!The modules are joined together by iron rings andand supported slabs shall by be a poured light in one weight scaffolding.single operation. The formwork is stripped the early morning and

positioned for the subsequent This System combines a se- ¥!Once the modulesphase. are joined and ries of modules to create the supported, it is time to add the overall building, this provides structural fillingCoffor material. Construction System Sismo Building Technology is an complete flexibility in the layout. insulating shuttering kit for whole The structure is designed in spl- building based on a three-dimen- itable transportable modules. sional lattice made of galvanized These panels are assembled on steel wire. The lattice is filled with specially designed steel beds and materials of different nature to floor concrete is done linking the serve as formwork. The basic struc- panels to the floor reinforcement ture of the Sismo building module forming a monolithic structure. is steel wire lattice. At the exterior This module is moved to various sides of the lattice, infill panels stages to complete the secondary are inserted, which transform the operations and finishing works just lattice into a closed structure that like in a car assembly line. Finished can be filled with concrete. The module is then transported to type of infill panels used depends site and erected together to form on the purpose of the wall: load the final structure. It is suited for bearing or not, insulated or other- low to medium rise mass housing wise, etc. The steel wire also acts projects. as armature and anchoring for the Industrialized 3-s system using Coffor is a structural stay-in- finished material and it will hold cellular light weight concrete slabs place formwork system to build reinforcement bars in place during & precast columns load bearing monolithic structures. concrete filling. It is composed of two filtering grids Precast Concrete Construction made of rib lathe reinforced by systems vertical stiffeners made out of GP Precast concrete panels using sheets. The grids are connected by concrete, welded mesh and articulated rebar loops and con- plates nectors that fold for cost effective transportation. The panels can eliminate a major part of rebarr- ing and bar bending activity and completely eliminate the shuttering and deshuttering activity for The industrialized total open the load bearing wall. The system prefab construction technology remains in the construction to is based on factory mass manu- reinforce it after the concrete is factured structural prefab com- poured. ponents conforming to norms of IS standards and BIS Certification mark. In this system precast dense

Nirman Sarika 17 concrete hollow column shell of beams, columns, solid walls, stairs appropriate size are used in com- etc. are designed and manufac- bination with precast dense con- tured in factory, shipped and erect- crete rectangular T Shape/L shape ed at site. Multi-storey precast beams and lightweight reinforced concrete frames are constructed autoclaved cellular concrete slabs with columns and beams of dif- for floors and roofs. The hollow ferent shapes and sizes, stair and columns are grouted with appro- elevator shafts and floor slabs. priate grade of in–situ concrete. The structural frame is commonly All the connections and jointing composed of rectangular columns of various structures are accom- of one or more storeys height. The plished through in situ concreting beams are normally rectangular, along with secured embedded of both. Precast building consists L-shaped or inverted T-beams. reinforcement of appropriate size, of various precast elements such They are single span or cantilever length and configuration to ensure as walls, slabs, beams, columns, beams, simply supported and pin- monolithic continuous resilient staircases and some customized connected to the columns. Hollow ductile behavior. elements that are standardized core floor slabs are by far the most and designed for stability, dura- Waffle-Crete Building System common type of floor slabs in this bility and structural integrity of type of structure. the building. Precast residential building involves design, strategic Steel Structural Systems yard planning, lifting, handling Factory Made Fast Track Modular & transportation of precast ele- Building System using Concrete, ments, installation at site, con- Steel Structure and Polystyrene necting and finishing. The building Core framing is planned in such a way that maximum number of repeti- tions of moulds is obtained. These elements are cast in controlled factory conditions. The factory is developed at or near the site which provides an economical solution in Waffle-Crete Building system terms of storage and transporta- consist of factory made large, tion. structural, ribbed panels of rein- Pre-stressed precast prefab forced precast concrete, bolted technology using hollow core together and the joints between slab, beams, columns, solid walls, the panels are caulked to form stairs, etc. the walls, floor and pitched or flat roofs of buildings. The surface of each panel consist of 51 mm thick slab or skin, stiffened with the ribs around the perimeter and across Factory Made Fast Track Modu- the panel, giving an overall panel lar Building construction is a struc- thickness of 152mm or 203 mm. tural steel frame system manufac- Prefabricated Large Concrete tured and fabricated in a controlled Panel System factory environment and shipped Precast large concrete system to a prepared building site for is generally a large panel system, Pre-stressed precast RCC tech- installation. The system based modular system or combination nology using hollow core slabs, on steel structure with different

18 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ walling components is designed Light gauge Steel Structural Light Gauge Steel Framed Struc- according to relevant Indian / In- Systems ture with Infill Concrete Panels ternational standards to withstand (LGSFS-ICP) Technology com- Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure various forces. About 70% of the Using Cold Formed Steel Sections prises of factory made Light Gauge work is done in the factory with Steel Framed Structure (LGSFS), minimal usage of concrete which light weight concrete and precast enables it to deliver the building panels. The LGS frame is a “C” within a few days of work at site. cross-section with built in notch, The steel-modules pre-fitted with dimpling, slots, service holes etc. flooring, ceiling tiles, electrical and produced by computerized roll plumbing fittings are transported forming machine. These frames to the site for installation. Once all shall be assembled using metal the components are assembled screws to form into LGSF wall and erected at site, concreting and roof structures of a building. is done on the factory made 3-D Provisions for doors, windows, Light Gauge Steel Framed Struc- Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) panel ventilators and other cutouts as ture is based on factory made walls making it a monolithic struc- required shall be incorporated in galvanized light gauge steel com- ture. the LGSFS. ponents produced by the cold Speed Floor forming method assembled as Precast Sandwich Panel panels at site. The basic building systems elements of light gauge steel fram- Expanded Polystyrene Core Panel ing are cold formed sections which System can be prefabricated on site using various methods of construction. Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure is typically ideal for one to three storey high buildings, especially in residential homes, apartments and commercial buildings. Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure can Speed floor is a suspended be combined with composite steel/ concrete flooring system using a concrete deck resting on light steel roll formed steel joist as an integral framing stud walls. Construction part of the final concrete and steel phases of steel buildings resemble composite floor. The Speed Floor the phases of conventional rein- system essentially is a hybrid con- forced concrete buildings. crete/steel tee-beam in one direc- Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure tion and an integrated continuous with Infill Concrete Panels (LGSFS- one-way slab in other direction. ICP) The joists of different depths are manufactured from pre-galvanized high tensile steel in a one pass roll former, where it is roll formed, The panel Building system is a punched, pressed and slotted in a load bearing wall construction. The fully computerized machine. base element of the building system is a modular panel composed of two electro-welded galvanized steel meshes, reciprocally joined by connectors, in the middle of which

Nirman Sarika 19 is a suitably shaped expanded ently manufactured to a thickness an advantage over conventional polystyrene core panel (EPS). High of 124 mm under carefully con- construction systems in terms of resistance steel meshes composed trolled conditions to a length of 12 speed, safety, life-cycle cost and of bars having dia. 2.5 to 5 mm. m and a height of 3 m. The panel quality. However, in order to suc- are made in factory. Polystyrene is can be cut to required size. Al- cessfully mainstream and transfer self- extinguishing foam polysty- though its main application is in the these systems in the field, the fol- rene suitably shaped, used both construction of walls, it can also be lowing areas require immediate as a disposable form and as an used in floor and roof slabs in com- attention: insulating layer. The EPS is made bination with reinforced concrete. a) Standards, specifications, of carbon, hydrogen and for 98% The panel contains cavities that schedule of rates and design & air. Thickness, shape and density of may be filled with concrete and construction manuals the polystyrene core may change reinforced with steel bars to impart according to specific requirements. additional strength and provide b) Demonstration construction The minimum density normally ductility. GFRG panels can also be to instill confidence amongst used is equal to 15 kg / m3. Once used advantageously as infills (non- masses the panels are installed, they are load bearing) in combination with c) Build capacities of professionals anchored and finished with the RCC framed columns and beams i.e. engineers and architects in application of concrete by short- (conventional framed construction the area creting on both of their sides. of multi-storey buildings) without any restriction on the number of d) Skill training of manpower in GFRG/ Rapid wall Building System emerging technologies technology storeys. Also, GFRG panels with embedded micro-beams and RCC e) Development of contractors screed (acting as T-beams) can be who can execute the projects used as floor/roof slabs. f) Cost economics ROAD AHEAD BMTPC has been working on all BMTPC has identified, evalu- the above areas and a few states ated and certified construction have already adopted few emerg- systems which can replace con- ing technologies suiting to their ventional typical RCC framed con- geo-climatic conditions for their struction. These systems are suit- housing projects. able for mass housing and have *****

Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG)/ Rapid wall is a building panel product, made essentially of gypsum plaster, reinforced with glass fibres. GFRG panels are pres-

20 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Smart City – A Holistic Perspective

S.B. Dangayach*

ome of the dictionary mean- kicked this evolutionary process massive 1890 census were soon ings of the word “smart” are into high fear. New York, London put to use by corporations to track Sas under: and other great industrial cities the vital signs of continent-span- boomed on a steady diet of steam ning enterprises. By enabling busi- “Socially elegant, sophisticated power and electricity. But this ness to flourish and municipalities and fashionable” urban expansion was not driven to govern more effectively, these “Very good at learning or think- only by new machines that ampli- technologies removed critical ing about things” fied our physical might, but also obstacles to the growth of cities. “Showing intelligence or good by inventions that multiplied our By 1910, historian Herbert Cas- judgment” ability to process information and son could declare matter-of-factly communicate quickly over great what was clear to all about yet The symbiotic relationship distances. As Henry Estabrook, the another technology. “No inven- between cities and information Republican orator (and attorney for tion has been more timely than technology began in the ancient Western Union) bombastically de- the telephone”. It arrived at the world. Nearly six thousand years clared in a speech honoring Charles exact period when it was needed ago, the first markets, temples and Minot, who pioneered the use of for organization of great cities and palaces arose amid the irrigated telegraph in railroad operations the unification of nations. fields of the Middle East and served in 1851. “The railroad and the Massive growth in ICT is an ex- as physical hubs for social networks telegraph are the Siamese twins tension of intimate relationship of devoted to commerce, worship of Commerce, born at the same man with communication. Rapid and government. As wealth and period time, developed side by advances in this field give us an culture flourished, writing was side, united by necessity”. invented to keep tabs on all of the opportunity to think of superior transactions, rituals and rulings. It The telegraph revolutionized solutions through application de- was the world’s first information the management of big industrial velopment and deployment involv- technology. enterprises. But it also transformed ing all the stakeholders. the administration of city govern- Smart city is currently a buzz- In more recent eras, each time ment. Police departments were word. It definition is evolving and human settlements have grown among the earlier adopters, using therefore in different contexts larger, advances in information the tool to coordinate security over meaning of the term smart city technology have kept pace to growing jurisdictions. Innovations goes on changing. manage their ever-expanding flowed from government to indus- complexity. During the nine- try as well – the electromechanical Common understanding of a teenth century, industrialization tabulators invented to tally the smart activity, operation, device

* Managing Director, Sintex Industries Pvt. Ltd., Kalol

Nirman Sarika 21 or entity is that a stakeholder gets Skilling facilities Smart City history in foreign more out of less. In other words, Healthcare facilities countries: the output for given input is higher Smart city as a concept is rein smart option than in normal op- Cultural and religious facilities cent in India. Due to amorphous tion. In the context of a city, there Entertainment meaning and interpretation, it has are several products, services and come to signify different things to solutions that are a part of habitat, The above infrastructures have different people. A new smart city which can be improved. The basic to support and sustain the follow- is indeed a very expensive proposi- elements of urban agglomerate or ing: tion and hence very few new smart city revolve around the following: Economic activities like jobs and cities have come up in the world enterprises Land so far. Sustainable environment’ Housing Various people connected with Water Safety and security of citizens smart city movement have realized Good governance that smart interventions can be Wastewater applied to an area or a service or Sold waste In the modern context, tech- a cluster in the existing cities and nologies are rapidly improving and thus there are attempts to make Energy evolving. Using Information and select portion of city smart in a Communications Communications Technology (ICT), given domain. Examples… a whole lot of products, services Roads and solutions can be made more New smart city: Songdo in South Transport efficient on all counts. Thus, in a Korea smart city, use of ICT in an optimal Environment Old cities: Amsterdam, London, manner is also considered neces- New York, Bogota In addition to the above, social sary in many situations. Like any In Songdo ICT players like Cisco, infrastructure needs are again a other technology, ICT is enabling Google, Microsoft, Samsung etc. part of a city and inter alia covers tool for bringing about superior re- have collaborated to create a smart the following: source efficiency, waste reduction, city, result of which are not yet better environment and better Education facilities found satisfactory. health of the people of city. In places like Bogota, Bus Rapid

Source: http://gradestack.com/blogs/smart-cities-all-you-need-to-know/

22 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Transport has been used as a bet- clusters. It can possibly work tainable and feasible in medium ter alternative to private transport out a proposal for a proper hab- to long term as constant demand whereas in Amsterdam special itat for the slum dwellers while of viability gap funding or subsidy efforts are made to promote walk- utilizing the land efficiently. can cause more damage and harm ergand cycling as an alternative to to national development. As effi- • Water supply for 24 x 7 is con- conventional transportation. ciency and smartness are more of sidered a smarter way in many less synonymous, this concept can Smart City Concept in India parts of the world. Cities like be extended to towns or villages or Nagpur has demonstrated that Government of India thought of habitats of any kind. this can be a win-win. Some creating 100 new smart cities in the cities can therefore look at 24 A mechanism for periodical beginning of their term in the year 7 x water supply. review of the smart city project 2014. Realizing the scope for mak- against the stated objectives will be ing the current cities also smart, • Public health in some areas of essential. Our urban local bodies Government of India thought of Delhi is indeed poor. Using ICT are financially not sound nor do extending the concept of smart solution as well as public health they have a proper financing sys- city to several urban areas across measures, several outbreaks tem in place. A thorough project the country. A visit to the website such as dengue, malaria and appraisal and review will be neces- of the Ministry of Urban Develop- chikungunya can be reduced. sary to avoid wastage of all kinds ment shows that government is in All the proposals have to clearly of resources in implementation of the process of lending a compre- show outlay, method of securing such projects. hensive shape to the smart city funds, proper management, ben- Smart city will have to eventu- concept. At present, the website efits, costs and sustainability. Thus, ally show that “less is more” in all focuses on smart city contest that smart city proposals have to shown sense. is to be run by 98 cities selected for to be even financially sustainable in the purpose. the given period of time. William Shakespeare wrote “What is the city but the people” The onus for submitting propos- Conclusion . als is now on the city administration It is therefore obvious that people or urban local body administration Smart city concept revolves have to be at the centre of the (municipal corporations or urban around efficient use of resources, whole movement. They have to local bodes). Necessary knowledge technologies, tools and solutions be a part of the complete process with these bodies is inadequate. for enhancing quality and perfor- of converting ordinary existence Government of India, therefore, mance of urban services, reduction into smart living. Assimilation and has invited proposals from consul- of cost, reduction of resource con- application of knowledge by them tants and have shortlisted them sumption, engagement of people holds the key to success. and above all happiness of people. after due evaluation and diligence. (The views expressed in this article Smart city concept has to be sus- List of such consultants is available are personal) on the website. ***** Urban bodies have to now decide on proposals for smart city in the selected area and field with the help of these consultants. For examples: • Varanasi has a problem of waste management. A proposal can be worked out for solid waste management and liquid waste management in Varanasi. • Mumbai has a problem of slum

Nirman Sarika 23 Demonstration Housing Project at Saraswathi Nagar, Venkatachalam Mandal, SPSR Nellore, AP

MTPC has identified, evaluated and certified 16 new Bconstruction systems for mass housing which facilitate faster delivery of quality, sustainable and safe houses. BMTPC has initiated construction of model demonstration housing projects in Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Telangana, Bihar, Tamil Nadu & Uttar Pradesh, etc. so as to spread awareness and disseminate new emerging systems across India. In the process, BMTPC has constructed 36 Demonstration Houses using GFRG panel technology and a Community Centre building using alternate technologies like flyash blocks, filler slab, etc. at Saraswathi Nagar, Chowtapalem Village, Venkatachalam Mandal, SPS Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. The Demonstration Housing Project was designed by IIT Madras who has certified GFRG technology for mass housing. Shri M.Venkaiah Naidu, Hon’ble Minister of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Urban De- velopment and Information & Broadcasting, Government of India inaugurated the Demonstration Housing and Community Building Project on September 3, 2016 constructed by BMTPC in collaboration with IIT Chennai, FRBL Kochi and APSHCL, AP. The project has evinced interests amongst construction fraternity and the project has already been visited by professionals, entrepre- neurs and developers.

24 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Nirman Sarika 25 SALIENT FEATURES OF THE DEMONSTRATION HOUSES SALIENT FEATURES OF THE COMMUNITY CENTRE USING USING GFRG TECHNOLOGY ALTERNATE TECHNOLOGIES

• No. of houses : 36 (G+1) BMTPC, in continuation of its efforts to demonstrate cost effective • Carpet area of and disaster resistant technologies, constructed Community Building each unit : 30 Sq.mts. having an area of 6900 sq.ft. using green technologies like flyash • Each Unit bricks, filler slabs, etc. The Community Building consists of a multi- consist of : Living room, Bedroom, Kitchen, Bath, WC purpose hall, kitchen/pantry area, office space and utility area. and Balcony • Houses includes Earthquake Resistant Features. TECHNOLOGIES USED

TECHNOLOGIES USED Foundation • RCC Column footing with grade beams using M-25 con- Foundation crete • RCC Column footing with M-25 concrete Walling Walling • 200 mm thick walls using Fly ash blocks • GFRG Panel filled with M20 concrete Roof/Floor Roof/Floor • Filler slab using earthen pots • GFRG Panel Slab for floor& roof • RCC Sloping roof over the courtyard and entrance lobby Doors/Windows using designer tiles as cladding • Wooden Door & Aluminum Window Frames Doors/Windows • Flush door Shutter • Aluminium Door & Window Frames • PVC door and frames in toilet • Glazed aluminum door shutter • Glazed aluminum windows • PVC door and frames in toilet Flooring & Finishing • Glazed aluminum windows • Ceremic tile flooring Flooring & Finishing • Interlocking pavers block at entrance lobby • Vitrified tiles flooring • Oil bound distemper on internal surface • Interlocking pavers block in entrance lobby • Exterior walls with weather proof paint • Oil bound distemper on internal plastered surface Staircase • Exterior walls with water proofing cement paint • GFRG Panel with polished cuddapa stone as tread and riser

Infrastructure: • Boundary wall of Fly-ash brick • Interlocking paver tiles on pathways and internal roads • Underground Water Tank • Septic tank for solid waste management • Landscaped inner court

26 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ National Workshop on “Utilization Of Construction & Demolition (C&D) Waste in Construction of Dwelling Units & Related Infrastructures

MTPC has prepared the Guidelines for Utilization of Construction & Demolition B(C&D) Waste in Construction of Dwelling Units & related Infrastructures in association with C-FARM, New Delhi. Utilization of Con- struction and Demolition waste in construction activities is a burning topic. Recently Ministry of Environment Forest and Climatic Change, Govt. of India has brought out C&D Waste Manage- ment Rule 2016 defining the waste, duties of waste generator, duties of local authorities, service providers and Pollution Control Boards, criteria for site selection for storage and process- ing or recycling facilities for construction and demolition waste etc. In many industrialized countries, C&D waste is being recycled and used for housing and infrastructure. In India also, some of the state governments have taken steps to process and use C&D waste in construction. In Delhi and Gujarat, plants have been set up to process the C&D waste for gainful utilization. It is required to set up such facilities in other parts of the country also. The Guidelines covers International Scenario of use of C&D waste Indian Scenario of availability & generation of C&D waste, potential of use of C&D waste in building sector with suggestion for specific uses and a Road Map for Gainful utilization of C&D waste in housing sector. In order to sensitize and create awareness about the important points of the Guidelines amongst different stakeholders, a National Workshop was organised on September 23, 2016 at New Delhi. The Workshop was inaugurated by Dr. N.Chatterjee, Secretary, Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation. About 150 delegates from Municipal Corpora- tion, Pollution Control Board, Technical Insti- tution, Construction Industry and C&D waste Processors & Equipment Suppliers participated in the workshop.

Nirman Sarika 27 Suitability of Prefabricated Reinforced Cement Concrete Construction for Mass Housing in India Debashis Sanyal *

Shortage of housing have been wastefully used with ut- for proper site management and ter disregard to their conservation economy in numbers. Generally ith reference to techni- and judicious use. Industrialization different Development agencies cal group report on Ur- can be looked upon as a means to like housing boards launch such ban Housing shortage W overcome the plethora of prob- projects, but it is experienced that (2012-2017) by MOHUPA Govt. of lems faced by the present building in India such projects runs for years India, “there is a housing shortage industry. and runs into costly overruns. This of 18.78 Million housing units by is largely due to use of conven- 2022 considering the demographic Affordable housing tional construction techniques and increase and urbanization” (Kundu Housing that is decent-quality mismanagement at site. Private A. 2012). It is experienced that and affordable (generally defined builders and developers in India the Building industry has always as consuming less than 30% of a seldom undertake mass housing exhibited inertia to development family’s income) enables families projects. Still to overcome shortage as compared to other industries. to better enjoy a variety of life of Housing in India, particularly in Any innovation in material, tech- outcomes, such as family stabil- EWS and LIG sectors (which com- nology or management techniques ity, good health, employment, prises 56% of total), mass housing have always reached the construc- education and recreation. Decent is a necessity. tion industry in the end. Other and affordable housing also con- industries have always-developed tributes to the improved physical, Advantages of off-site modular new solutions to their problems economic, environmental and so- technology whereas problems in construction cial health—the sustainability—of Time Saving: The overall construc- industry accepting and adopting communities (Millennial Housing tion schedule for modular homes is technology from other industries Commission 2002). These impacts compressed because of site work solve. The building industry in India are especially important for lower and home construction (in factory) changed little in the years after the income households and other un- can happen simultaneously. The Independence. It is riddled with all derserved populations. It has been major building trades involved types of inefficient practices both also observed that generally Govt. are organized, operating together in construction and management. based accommodation offered under supervision. Conventional Experience has not taught us much by various development agencies site construction often experi- and the mistakes are repeated time often do not match with the afford- ence delays as a result of labour after time. There has been no sig- ability of the stakeholders in India. force problems of availability, nificant addition of the technology Mass Housing is very much needed coordination etc. and unpredict- or materials used. Scarce materials

* Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Email: [email protected]

28 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ able weather. Standardized design Stronger: Industrialized housing agricultural fields. Further, Baking and construction processes allow can meet all local, national/ inter- of bricks consumes fossil fuel, i.e. modular construction 30% quicker national building codes and can coal and it emits unhealthy smoke than Conventional site construc- exceed them. Structural quality is and carbon dioxide into the atmo- tion (Kaufmann Michelle 2009). In- ensured and sturdier in a modular sphere. It should be noted that the dustrialized housing factory nearly home than Conventional on-site land wasted in the production of eliminates the uncertainties of construction. Further, due to as- current annual requirement of 170 construction scheduling that often sembly line production with mod- billion bricks deprives the country plague traditional building proj- ern tools the necessity of precision of food production that could feed ects, such as delays and damage in construction and finishing can be 30 Lakh Indians for the whole year. due to weather. Further as modular easily achieved. Desired exemplary Moreover, production of these off site housing reaches site 90% horizontal or verticalness (plumb bricks consumes around 24 mil- complete, they significantly reduce lines) can be easily maintained in lion tonnes of coal and the process the on-site construction process factory which will effectively re- emits 61.3 million tonnes of CO2 and disruption to neighbors. duce the chances of faulty joining into the atmosphere. It is therefore lines and building defects, etc. imperative that we must look for Reduced Waste: In general over and develop alternative materi- estimating, ordering and deliver- Less use of Fossil fuel: A significant als, which are energy efficient and ing more than required quantity of amount of fossil fuel is used to more environment–friendly. Fly building materials on building site transport labor and materials to Ash Clay bricks, Fly Ash lime Sand results in lots of wastage of nascent sites for conventionally built homes bricks are some of the alternatives building materials. The problem daily and that too over a longer pe- being promoted by CBRI, NTPC, of dispensing them off site is also riod of time. Further house delivery Fly Ash Mission, but with limited significantly increased due to this. logistics can reduce the truck traffic success. Fly Ash based Autoclaved Construction waste is considerably on roads and factory construction Aerated Concrete (AAC) blocks, reduced in the modular factory. will also reduce commuting labors/ produced in big plants or more effi- Precision in building manufactur- workforce over longer distances cient and economical alternative of ing process reduces the amount for 7-8 months (typical on-site site produced Cellular Lightweight of materials used, and the remain- construction time in India). The Concrete (CLC) blocks are gaining ing scraps can be easily stored at delivery of labor and materials to increased usage. The latter pro- the factory for reuse or recycling. sites for conventionally built homes duced in an environment–friendly 50% to 75% waste can be saved are often more unpredictable like process need least intrinsic energy, compared to on-site building (Kauf- weather. offer superior thermal efficiency mann Michelle, 2009). Theft and Sustainability: Reduction of waste, and lower water absorption than vandalism can also be controlled use of sustainable designs and eco- clay bricks, need lower raw mate- this way. Reduction of wastage of friendly materials can make these rial inputs and make productive construction materials will bring in homes more sustainable than use of fly ash – a waste industrial economy also. conventional ones. These factors output. This seems to be one of the Quality Control: Since modular off sometimes are lost between cus- ideal futuristic materials. site housing are manufactured in tom-built housing colonies, where Even on the technology front, a controlled environment, better every house is designed differently we continue to depend on man- quality control can be achieved. and constructed one-at-a-time. power intensive traditional con- Quality is also increased in case of Technology & Materials – struction practices, which are slow assembly-line construction. It is a Urgent Need for Improvement and highly dependent on skilled fact that team of trained/skilled labor input - a category already craftsmen/construction workers Traditional burnt clay bricks scarce in availability. Therefore, in will produce significantly better still continue to be the primary order to be able to meet the huge quality of housing than Conven- raw material for housing activity housing shortage, we need to tional on-site construction in India all over India, but soil for bricks is adopt partially or fully mechanized which is a large country. sourced from fertile top soil from methodologies, which primarily

Nirman Sarika 29 need some unskilled labour inputs. possible. ash/ slag dust into (20 to 30% of) Large scale application must be en- raw materials for making cement, 2. Precast Prefabricated concrete couraged for semi-mechanized and makes it somewhat environment construction:- Precast/ pre- mechanized systems like mono- friendly, (since fly ash/ slag dust stressed concrete contribute lithic concrete/CLC construction are both air polluting agents). Most to sustainable design. Versa- using large area wall-, slab- forms of the cement manufacturers in tile, durable, factory produced or room sized forms or tunnel India have adopted this measure with trained personnel. These forms, with appropriate thermal for economical reasons. Further are manufactured under strict insulation for external walls. These ready-mix concrete is also now quality control measures, with in-situ technologies are highly ef- started penetrating the urban minimum wastes. The precast fective for mass scale application market. This makes it convenient panels or beams/columns can in earth-quake and tsunami prone for mass housing construction. The be quickly erected on site. This conditions in India. These would equipments necessary for precast system has long term economic provide faster, durable, economi- RCC construction is similar to pre- benefits, lower maintenance cal dwellings deploying limited cast railway sleeper manufacturing and overall operating cost. unskilled inputs. Use of prefabri- facility. The fireproof quality of cation technology or ready-made Comparison of Building concrete also advocates more us- building components in traditional Materials for LIG housing age in housing sector. Precast RCC constructions needs to be urgently While deciding the materials Construction if constructed proper- encouraged. This can however be suitability for LIG housing, longitiv- ly will last for 60 years or more and feasible, only if the establishments, ity and strength plays an important maintenance free. Except excessive producing and marketing such role as these house may need once rainfall Precast construction can components are subject to similar in a life time opportunity for having be an all weather construction labour laws and taxation structure a own shelter above their heads. technique in composite climate as applicable to manufacture of However a comparison is made which covers largest part of India. A clay bricks. and given in Table-1 [Sanyal, D. & reduction of up to 80% of actual in- situ construction period is possible The proposed alternative tech- Bhargava R.K. 2014]. by prefabrication [Indian Concrete nologies, which offer safe, durable, Due to faster development of Institute, 2016]. energy efficient, economical and cement industry in India, RCC is environment–friendly green dwell- readily available for house con- Different Alternatives of Precast ings to our countrymen, are recom- struction in every part of urban In- Construction System mended to be encouraged for wide dia. There is plenty relevant skilled Tunnel form system & Precast scale application. Concrete based labour available. The mixing of fly Component system are generally technologies which have potential for mass housing applications Table-1: Comparison of Building Materials for LIG housing identified by BMTPC are [Agrawal, Characteristics of R.C. Alternative Other Low cost / Shailesh Kr. 2016]:- building materials Concrete Timber recycled/ non- products timber materials 1. Monolithic Concrete Con- (Ply wood, (Gypsum board, struction:- All shear Walls are etc.) etc.) constructed in monolithic man- More eco-friendliness 3 2 1 ner with slabs using modular More Fireproof 1 3 2 formwork system of aluminium, More Waterproof 1 3 2 steel, plastic or composite. More Strength 1 2 3 Faster, speedier construction More Economical 3 2 1 possible with advantage of More Weatherproof 1 2 3 need of very little external fin- Requires Less 1 2 3 Maintenance ishing. This is suitable for large Availability near site 1 2 3 housing projects, where repeti- Total Scores 12 18 18 tion of formwork of 50 times is Scores are 1: Most Suitable. 2: More Suitable. 3: Less Suitable.

30 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ experimented and practiced in In- A d o p t i o n o f P r e c a s t 2. Millennial Housing Commission Re- dia. Tunnel form system is, casting Technology port May 2002, Washington DC. 2 walls and roof unit together 3. Agrawal, Shailesh Kr. 2016, Interna- Looking to the vast needs of forming a tunnel like form, where- tional Seminar on Emerging Build- India’s shortage of Affordable as 2 vertical wall units of 3 storey ing Materials and Construction housing, Precast RCC construction heights can be joined together. Technologies, BMTPC, New Delhi. can be advantageous. Other devel- In Precast Component System all 4. Kundu, A., Sept. 2012, Report of opments in Concrete technology individual column, beam etc. will the Technical Group on Urban like lightweight concrete, sandwich be casted separately and joined Housing Shortage (2012-17), New panels can be also considered. As Delhi; Ministry of Housing and together in site. This two systems long as faster construction rate Urban Poverty Alleviation. can be developed by making on- and quality of construction is 5. Sanyal, D. & Bhargava R.K. 2014, site production shed also. One of maintained, these can prove re- Identifying Various Building Ma- other feasible alternative is Box ally beneficial to India’s mission of terials suitable for Industrialised system. In Box system whole unit “Shelter for all”. Mass Housing in India, ABACUS can be manufactured beforehand (Monsoon) Vol.9, 2, ISSN 0973- in factory and shipped to site. Reference: 8339, pp12-19. Though this alternative is heav- 1. Kaufmann Michelle 2009, Remick 6. Indian Concrete Institute 2016, ily dependent on transportation Catherene, Prefab green, pp70- Handbook on Precast Concrete for logistics. 71. buildings, ICI-TC/02-01, pp4. *****

Capacity Building Programme on Good Construction Practices including Emerging Technologies for Housing

MTPC organizes capacity building and training programmes on regular basis. BThe purpose of these programmes is to enhance the capacity of Engineers & Architects at ULB & State level in the area of “Quality Control and Good Construction Practices” in housing projects and to introduce emerging technologies for construction of houses which may be useful for mass housing projects in the States. In this series, a Capacity Building Programme on Good Construction Practices including Emerging Technologies for Housing were organised at Jaipur, Rajasthan from October 8-9, 2015, Bhubaneswar, Odisha from De- cember 18, 2015 and Gangtok, Sikkim from March 1-2, 2016. The expert faculty made presentations on Planning & Design, Good Construction Practices and Quality Assur- ance, Earthquake Resistant Design. Around 60 to 65 participants from housing development agencies and State Govern- ments participated in each programme.

Nirman Sarika 31 Pre-cast Light Weight Large Wall and Roof Panels for Mass Housing using

Expanded Polystyrene J. Prabakar* J.D.R.Joseph **

n general, pre-cast, pre-stressed edge to form an enclosure and the in a post-disaster situation. Light building components compris- joints between the wall to wall and weight EPS panels are known for Iing thin concrete sections are roof to wall is connected through their low density and good ther- not commonly recommended or connectors. The system provides mal insulation. Other advantages used as seismic shear walls due to satisfactory thermal and acoustic include reduction in dead load, non ductile behavior particularly insulation for the constructed facil- speedy construction and easy han- the connections between the sand- ity. Besides structural soundness, dling. Composite concrete panel is wich wall panels and the founda- the use of waste material in large lighter than the normal concrete tion joint failures. In these aspects, quantities is also involved which panel by 45 to 60%. The reduced it is necessary to solve the issue adds to eco-friendliness of the sys- weight of reinforced composite to have pre-cast light weight large tem. A (G+1) building constructed panels makes it highly preferable wall and roof panels particularly using light weight panels tested for for structures in seismic zones to address the seismic resistant seismic loading effect and loadings because of the reduced dynamic building and the joint / connec- of seismic zone-5 was applied and actions. The advantages of light tions failures. . In view of this, it is the building performed excel- weight large panel prefabricated importance and necessary to pro- lently. The entire system is light in buildings are listed below; vide people with housing units that weight, durable, and resistant to • EPS is an excellent material are affordable. Preliminary studies forces caused by disaster such as for construction of housing carried out indicate that there is earthquake. because of its low thermal wider scope for using light-weight Advantages of Light Weight conductivity, moderate com- precast concrete structural panels Large Panel Prefabricated pressive strength, and excellent in the construction of affordable Buildings shock absorption. housing units. The panels are sandwich type comprising of two high The lightweight prefabricated • Low density and good thermal strength concrete Wythes sepa- building made up of EPS wall panel insulation. rated by an inner lightweight core. has several advantages than other • Simplicity of construction as Due to the use of light weight inner building systems. It is seismically well as ease of expansion for core material, the consumption of safe and affordable and provides future development. concrete is low and most structur- personal, social, and economic ben- ally efficient. It’s extremely light efits. Prefab housing, re-anchors • Concrete wastage is reduced to in weight and is easy to handle, the homeless in the community a greater extent as it is factory transport and erect. The panels and mobilizes those traumatized by made. are assembled on the site edge to a disaster and assumes importance • EPS panel is rigid and easy to * Senior Principal Scientist, CSIR Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai ** Scientist, CSIR Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai Email: [email protected]

32 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ ing SCC (Self Compacting Concrete) is shown in Fig.2. SSC poured into the mould to get 25 mm thick concrete uniform and then EPS panel is placed and top the EPS again SCC is poured to a thickness of 25 mm. Light Weight Panel under Static Flexural Test The test set-up used for carrying out static flexural test on the Fig.1 Typical Cross Sectional Details of Sandwich EPS Panel panels is shown in Fig.3. The panel was simply supported over two handle. diameter rebar at the middle of the steel pedestals. Hinge condition panel on either side. The Wythes was provided at one end of the • Formwork arrangements are are 25 mm thick made of M 40 self- RC panel and roller support was simple and can be used repeti- compacting concrete. Typical cross provided at the other end. The tively. section of Sandwich panel with EPS effective span of the panel was • Better quality can be assured. is shown in Fig.1. 2700 mm with middle 900 mm kept under constant bending moment. • It is excellent in seismic prone Casting Methodology of A hydraulic jack of 1000 kN capac- zones. Sandwich Panels ity was used to apply the load at Details of Sandwich EPS Panel A steel mould has been fabricat- mid-span and equally distributed Typical sandwich EPS panel ed to cast light weight panels and line loads at 900 mm from the along with rib beam is shown in the specimens had 100 mm thick supports. Thus, panels were sub- Fig.1. The panel consists of 100 EPS panel with GI wire mesh of size jected to two points loading. The mm thick core made in Expanded 100mm x 100mm on both surfaces instrumentation provided consists Polystyrene (EPS) which is held in of the EPS panel. Shear connectors of primarily the measurements of position by a three dimensional made of same material of the wire strains and deflection on the pan- welded wire space frame. The mesh connected both the wire els at various locations. The cracks space frame consists of welded meshes. 25 mm thick Wythes of formed were also marked at every wire fabric of 100 square mil- M40 grade concrete were provided load stages. Lead wires from the limeter welded mesh pattern of on both the surfaces. The sequence electrical strain gauges fixed to the longitudinal and transverse wires of casting sandwich panel by pour- reinforcement were connected to of 3 mm thickness made of galvanized high tensile steel on both sides. To complete the space frame galvanized high tensile steel wires of 2.5 mm thickness are pierced completely through the EPS and welded to each of the outer wire mesh to form a truss pattern at every 100 mm centre to centre. Concealed longitudinal RC beams of 100 mm width and 100 mm depth were provided on either side of the panel by removing the EPS to a width of 100 mm on either side. The beam consists of 4 nos. of 12 mm diameter bars and a 10 mm Fig.2 Casting Sequence of Sandwich Panel

Nirman Sarika 33 the strain recording instrument to In the axial com- record the strain. Electrical strain pression test, the pan- gauges were fixed on the surface of el failed at a load of the panel to measure top compres- 1800 kN. The ultimate sion strains. At every loading stage, load carrying capac- cracks appearing on the surfaces ity of the panel was were monitored. The panels were computed as the sum loaded up to ultimate failure. The total of the load car- test arrangement of the panel for ried by the concrete flexural loading is shown in Fig.3. of the two concealed Fig.4 Load Vs Deflection Curve of the Panel under Flex- columns, load car- ural Test ried by the reinforcement provided in the Light Weight Panel under Axial columns and load carried by the Compression Test concrete wythe of 25 mm thick- The panel had a length of 2500 ness on both the faces and found mm, width of 1200 mm and thick- to be equal to 1880 kN. Load Vs. ness of 150 mm. Concealed rein- deflection of the panel under axial Fig. 3 Flexural Test Set-Up forced concrete columns of 100 compression is shown in Fig.6. mm width, 100 mm depth and The panel failed at an ultimate Seismic Performance Evaluation 2500 mm long were provided at load of 76.5 kN under two points of Prefabricated Building both the edges of the panel after loading and the maximum bending Constructed using Lightweight removing EPS to a width of 100 moment computed is 33.75 kNm. Panels mm. The reinforcement provided Thus at failure, the equivalent consisted of four nos. of 12 mm di- A (G+1) single bay prefabri- uniformly distributed load on the ameter TMT bars in each column. A cated building, with plan area of panel is 37.04 kN/m2 (3704 kg/ 12 mm diameter bar was provided 3550 mm x 3550 mm and storey m2). The ultimate load computed at the centre of the panel on either height of 3000 mm, made with from reinforced concrete theory side and connected together using lightweight wall and roof pan- worked out to 75 kN. The first crack a 6mm diameter ring shaped rod els was assembled and rigidly appeared at the bottom side of the at 500 mm centers. At the two ex- mounted on the 4m x 4m shake panel at a load of 18 kN. The cen- treme ends of the panels (loading table at CSIR-SERC and subjected tral deflection at this load is 2.5 mm edges) reinforced concrete beams to realistic earthquake motions and the maximum deflection of the of 150 mm width x 100 mm depth (Fig.7). Spectrum compatible time panel at failure load is 250 mm. and 1.2 m long were provided. history was applied in a progres- The ultimate load carrying These beams would help in trans- sively increasing manner and the capacity of the panel is 37.04 kN/ ferring uniform load to the panel. response of the structure was stud- m2. The behaviour of the panel Two 100 t jacks were used to apply ied. The design spectra composed can be considered as acceptable. the load uniformly along the panel. of a band of frequencies specified The service live loads expected on Test setup of the panel for axial by the Indian code of practice a floor slab of a commercial build- compression is shown in Fig.5. IS-1893 for earthquake resistant ing is approximately 4 kN/m2. Thus, design of structures founded on from the test it is seen that the medium stiff soil is made use of panels can be used as floor panels to derive the input displacement in cases where higher live loads are time history. There is “no-damage” expected. The load and deforma- response of the structure and the tion value of panels under flexural absence of any cracks or perma- loading is shown in Fig.4 nent deformations of the structure was observed. This shows that Fig. 5 Light Weight Panels under Axial Compression the structure has withstood the

34 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ user, an experimental intervals. The panels were joined demonstration build- by overlapping mesh as well as by ing construction was tying 12 mm rod laterally at every undertaken using this 400 mm intervals. The EPS panels technology. The building were properly tied in roof beam using light weight EPS with dowel bars. Concrete of 40 panels is constructed mm thick was placed over the EPS at CSIR-CLRI Campus, panels place on the roof beam. Chennai. The execution For walls, the EPS panels were of experimental build- placed in between the RCC framed Fig.6 Load Vs Deflection Curve of the Panel under Axial ing was carried out by structure and the EPS panels are Compression construction RCC frame properly tied into the RCC mem- maximum earthquake loads suc- such as columns and roof beams. bers around it by inserting 12 mm cessfully. This study clearly indi- The EPS panels were placed over rods to a depth of 120 mm with cates that the prefabricated light the roof beam for casting roof lock fixing. The details of construc- weight wall panel building can be slab. Each EPS panel was reinforced tion methods using EPS panels are effectively used as seismic resistant with 12 mm of 3 Nos. at 750 mm shown in Fig.8. building. The strain observed in this building is well within linear limits and never reached the yield strain. G+1 building constructed using the developed panels tested on the shake table withstood PGA up to 0.5 g without any damage. Experimental Building with Light Weight Wall and Roof Panels using EPS Based on the Seismic Perfor- mance Evaluation of Prefabri- cated Building with EPS Panel, it is evident that these panels can be used for construction of seismic resistant building. In order to bring confident amongst the

Fig.7 A (G+1) Prefabricated Building assembled on Shake Table for Seismic Test Fig.8 Crèche Building at CLRI with Light Weight Panels both on Walls and Roofs

Nirman Sarika 35 Experimental Demo Building with windows opening 4 Nos. and are acting as nonstructural mem- with Prefab Large Walls and roof Panels of size 3.55 m x 3.55 bers. Fig.10 shows the use light Roof Panels using EPS at CSIR- m 2 Nos. All the panels were cast weight panels in construction of SERC with a overall thickness of 150 mm. four class rooms at KV-CLRI . Construction sequence details are Prefab pre-cast large light Important features unique to given in Fig.9. weight wall and roof panels using the development Construction of four class rooms EPS were used to construct a demo • The developed panels when at KV-CLRI. EPS panels was also building in CSIR-SERC campus. used in building results in two taken up using EPS panels. These Prefab large wall panels of size third weight reduction com- panels were fixed in-between the 3.55 m x 3.0 m with door 2 Nos. pared to the conventional framed structure and tied with and without door openings 2 Nos., ones. Wall Panels of size 3.25 m x 3.0 m dowel bars provided. These panels

Fig.9 Construction Sequence of Demo Building with Prefab Wall and Roof Panels using EPS

36 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Vol.92, pp.2927-2935, Novem- ber 2010. 4. Stephen Pessiki, Alexander Mly- narczyk, ‘Experimental Evalua- tion of the Composite Behav- iour of Precast Sandwich Wall Panels’, PCI Journal , Vol.48, Issue 2, pp.54-71, March/April 2003. 5. Thomas D.Bush and Zhiqi Wu, (1998) ‘Flexural Analysis of Pre- stressed Concrete Sandwich Panels with Truss Connectors, PCI Journal, Vol.43, Issue 5, pp.76-86, September/October Fig.10 KV CLRI School Building with Light Weight Panels using EPS 1998. 6. Benayoune, A., Abdul Samad, • Sandwich panels have low Acknowledgements A.A.,Trikha,D.N.,Abang Ali, A.A thermal conductivity, moderate The Scientists and the team are and Ellina,S.H.M ‘ Flexural Be- compressive strength and excel- express their sincere thanks to the haviour of Precast Concrete lent shock absorption ability. Director, CSIR-Structural Engineer- Sandwich Composite Panel- • The lightweight panels cast using Research Centre, Chennai for Experimental and Theoretical ing self-compacting concrete permitting to publish the technical Investigations, Construction resulted in faster casting and articles. and Building Materials, Vol.22, No.4, pp.580-592, April 2008. better quality control. References 7. Salmon David C., Amin Einea, • Amenability for prefabrication 1. PCI Committee, ‘ Precast Con- Maher K. Tadros and Todd D. crete Sandwich Wall Panels: Concluding Remarks Culp, ‘Full Scale Testing of Pre- State of the Art of Precast/ • Technology developed to cast cast Concrete Sandwich Panels, Pre-stressed Sandwich Wall the top and bottom skins in ACI Structural Journal, V. 94, No. Panels”, PCI Journal-Pre-cast single casting – considerable 4, pp. 354-362, 2008. Pre-stressed Concrete Institute reduction in the panel produc- , Vol.42, Issue 2,pp. 91-133, 8. IS 1893 (Pert I) 2002, ‘Indian tion time. March/April 1997. standard criteria for earthquake • A prototype G+1 building con- resistant design of structures’ 2. Flores-Johnson E.A., and Li structed using the developed General Provisions and Build- Q.M, ‘Structural Behaviour of panels tested on the shake ings (Fifth Revision), Bureau of Composite Sandwich Panels table withstood PGA up to 0.5g Indian Standards, New Delhi. with Plain and Fiber Reinforced without any damage. Foamed Concrete Cores and 9. Annie Peter J, J.Prabakar and • Meeting mass housing demand Corrugated Steel Faces’ , Com- Nagesh R Iyer., ‘Precast Light- through speedy and quality posite Structures, Vol. 94, Issue weight Large Panel Wall and construction 5, pp.1555-1563, April 2012. Roof Elements for Seismic Resis- tant Building’, Proceeding of the • Leads to pollution free con- 3. Amir F., and Sharaf T., (2010) ‘ International UKIERI Concrete struction Flexural Performance of Sand- Congress , Jalandhar, India, 5-8 wich Panels comprising Poly- • Wastage of materials minimized March 2013., pp.612-624. compared to the conventional urethane Core and GFRP skin ***** construction practices and ribs of various configura- tions’, Composite Structures,

Nirman Sarika 37 Sustainable Materials for Roofing System

Dr. J.S. Chauhan*

Introduction pucca house by this economically effects or rain, snow, sun, wind etc. weaker section of society. There It should be leak-proof and provide oof over the head is one of has been a further rise in the prices resistance against heat and sound. the fundamental needs of of raw materials like timber, ce- The roofs may be broadly classified a human being. Even birds, R ment, steel etc. which means that into pitched or sloped roof and flat animals run in search of shelter housing is going to be costlier than or terraced roof. Pitched roofs are at night or at the time of rain or ever before. used in coastal areas or other areas natural calamities etc. It is very where the rain fall is heavy or in unfortunate that a large part of the Roof may be defined as a cov- hilly areas where there is snowfall. population in Metropolitan cities ering provided over the top of a Flat roofs are provided in areas has no roof over their heads and building with a view to keep out where snow and rainfall is scanty. the living of human beings on the rain, snow, sun and wind and to Other types of roofs like domes, pavements, open spaces etc. cre- protect the building from the ad- shells, folded plates etc. are pro- ates social problems. It is roughly verse effects of these elements. vided to meet the functional as estimated that about 25—30% of A roof basically consists of roof well as aesthetic requirements of urban population in metropolitan covering materials supported on buildings. cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Madras, structural elements resting at the Calcutta etc. is living in slums and top of the building. The structural Pitched roofs may be of dif- squatter settlements. This is in- elements may be trusses, portals, ferent types such as lean-to-roof, creasing due to migration of rural flat slabs, shells, domes or space coupled roof, collar roof, scissors population to urban cities in search frames whereas the covering roof or roofs supported on king- of employment and attraction of materials may be thatch, wooden post roof truss, queen post roof city life, fast natural increase in shingle, tiles, slates, A.C. sheets, GI truss, composite roof truss etc., population etc. sheets etc. The choice of the type depending upon their shapes and of roof for a building should be are constructed mainly with timber In a number of cities efforts made considering the climatic con- or steel sections. Flat roofs could have been made to improve the ditions, local availability of materi- be of R.C.C., R.B., R.B.C., Madras human living condition of the als, skilled labour and equipment, terrace etc. slums, houses-sites have been al- aesthetics and cost of construc- lotted and resettlement colonies Due to steep rise in cost of tion. A well planned roof should have been established. But at the construction and scarcity of criti- be structurally sound and strong same time the high cost of con- cal materials like cement, steel, enough to carry the anticipated struction is a great haindrance in timber, bricks, etc., cost effective loads safely. It should be durable fulfilling the desire of living in a roofing systems are required in and protective against the adverse

* Director, Samrat Ashok Technological Institute (Engg. College), Vidisha (M.P.), E-mail : [email protected]

38 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ buildings. As the roofing compo- kerosene oil and wax (100:200:1) except fixtures. This type of roofing nents forms 25% of the cost of with one cubic metre of earth should be used in the areas where construction of a building, a saving mixed with Bhusa. the temperature does not exceed o in the cost of roofing system will af- Bamboo or timber frame with clay 40 C. fect the overall savings in the cost tiles, slates, etc. Materials for Flat Roof of the building to a considerable extent. It is, therefore, necessary Clay tiles or slates are brittle Flat roofs with timber rafter, to evolve and adopt innovative and the timber frame may also wooden flats and mud covering decay. CBRI has developed good methods of planning, design and The timber can be given preser- quality tiles which increase the life construction of roofing systems. vative treatment to improve its life. of roof and improved the function In this thesis work low cost tech- Secondary species of timber may of roof. The use of cement and niques particularly for roofing of also be used for reducing down steel can be avoided by making the Residential Buildings have been the cost. Mud covering may also roof with the clay tiles. briefly discussed and an effort has be finished with a coat of water- been made to compare the costs of Asbestos or G.I. or aluminium repellent mud plaster to withstand different roofing systems. corrugated sheet roofing. heavy rains, etc. Factors for selection of These roofs are light in weight Flat roofs with timber rafters and material and economical in cost. But the dis- stone slab covering advantages of such roofs are that The materials required for con- Good quality of stone duly these get heated quickly. Asbestos struction of roofs depend upon a chiselled and well dressed im- sheets are brittle and GI sheets get number of factors such as : proves the workability and life of rusted in humid areas. roof. The timber rafter can also be — type of roofing such as sloping Cement-coir-corrugated sheets given treatment with preservatives or flat roofing to prevent it from decay, insects, — form and shape of roof The roof has been developed by etc. — structural design of roof CBRI. The defects like brittleness Brick or stone arch or dome or rusting have been eliminated — dimensions of the space to be For arch or dome work, good in this type of roofing. This type covered quality bricks and stone should be of roofing does not get heated selected to avoid any chance of — climatic requirements quickly. Use of steel is completely efflorescence or other defects in avoided and coir which is a waste — functional characteristics the structure. product is properly utilized. — durability of constructions Brick jack arch roof with steel Asphaltic Corrugated sheets section — availability of materials and roofing skills (locally) Bricks should be of good quality Asphaltic corrugated sheets are and steel should not be exposed to — Cost economy etc. manufactured from waste materi- moisture. Steel structures should als like scrap paper, bagases, jute Materials for Sloping Roof be properly painted in case they waste, coconut fibre, etc. These Bamboo or timber roof frame with are exposed to atmosphere. sheets have good thermal insu- covering of thatch or palmyrah Reinforced brick flat roof leaves, reeds. lation properties and are water proof, flexible and light in weight. The life span of such type of The thatch or leaves is a mate- These are not attacked by fungi or roof is small compared to R.C.C. rial which gets decayed and catches vermin. They are not susceptible roof. If the top of the roof is not fire quickly. It also blows up due to to corrosion and leakage. These properly water proof, the steel high pressure of air. To increase the are relatively safe against fire and reinforcement of the roofs gets life, thatch can be given preserva- are not brittle like asbestos sheets rusted due to moisture, due to tive treatment prepared by mixing roofing. In this type of roofing use seepage of water. Therefore, the 64 kg. solution of bitumen and of cement and steel is practically nil

Nirman Sarika 39 roof should be properly treated duced mainly by three different and other waste products such with water proofing compound. methods. as, glass and saw dust. The com- Reinforced brick panel roofing i) Polymer impregnated concrete monly used binders are styrene, methylmethacrylate, polyesters, The brick panels are cast in In this process, precast products and epoxies. small size according to require- are manufactured in traditional Sulphur Impregnated Concrete ment and laid over R.C.C. joists. methods using cement compos- The construction of this type of ites. After the product is hardened, Sulphur, sand, and coarse ag- roofing is less time consuming. 15 air from the voids in it, is evacuated gregate are the ingredients of this percent saving in cement and steel and a monomer is injected under concrete. Molten sulphur is added is achieved by adoption of brick pressure. Sometimes the product to the preheated aggregates in a panel roofing. may be soaked in the monomer for mixer. The hot mix is immediately Stone slab roofing its effective diffusion through con- transferred into the moulds to crete in case of surface polymerisa- fill them completely. The prod- In the areas like Madhya tion. The product is then subjected ucts manufactured with sulphur Pradesh, Rajasthan, where stone to polymerisation. Polymerisation concrete need no curing and the is available in abundance, stone can be initiated either by radiation moulds can be stripped immedi- slabs are used for roofing. In plain or heat treatment. The commonly ately as the sulphur solidifies rap- slab roofing, the stone slabs of size used monomers in the former idly under normal temperatures. 1.5 to 3.6m length and 0.27m to method are methly - methacrylate One of the major advantages of 0.6m width are used according to (MMA), styrene, and polyestersty- these products is that they can be the size of span. The stone slabs are rene. Ether benzoyl peroxide, or remoulded and concrete can be directly supported over the walls Azobisisobutyronitrite, or hydro- reused with minimum or no wast- and no middle support or joist is gen peroxide is used as catalyst in age. These products have very low used for roofing. the heat treatment method. Com- absorption and less permeability. pressive strengths of 280 MPa have In other types of stone slab Strengths upto 44 MPa have been achieved in Italy, using MMA, roofing, small slabs of size 1.0m x been reported, when 30% of sul- high silica cement and crushed 0.6m are placed over the wooden phur, 50% of sand, and 20% of basalt aggregate. or RCC joists and a layer of lime coarse aggregate are mixed. These terracing is done over the slab ii) Polymer cement concretes are, therefore, versatile for use as roofing. These are polymer modified ce- precast slab elements of canal and Reinforced cement concrete slab ment composities and are obtained tunnel linings. roof by mixing polymers with the ingre- Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) dients of ordinary concrete. They Such roofs are durable and The concept of reinforcing are produced using either latices, longer lasting, but the cost is high brittle materials with fibres is very such as, natural rubber, styrene- compared to other types of roof- ancient. As early as 2500 B.C., butadiene and acrylic polymers ing. asbestos fibres had been used to or prepolymer modifiers, such as, New Materials and Products improve the tensile and flexural furfuryl alcohol, furfural acetol, strength of ceramics in Finland. Polymer Composites diglycidyl. Increased impermeabil- Horse hair was reported to have ity and reduced water absorption These are produced using poly- been used in plaster to increase capacity are the main advantages mers in addition to one or more its tensile strength. Even straw and of these products. of the traditional ingredients, other vegetable fibres were used in namely, cement, fine and coarse iii) Polymer concrete the past to reinforce the sun baked aggregates. Addition of polymers Cement is used as a binder bricks. Thin fibres of short lengths to concrete products considerably in cement concrete. In the same introduced into brittle materials improves the compressive strength way, a monomer or resin is added serve as crack arresting mecha- and resistance to wear and tear. to bind preheated aggregates nisms making the material ductile Polymer composites are pro- consisting of coarse, fine, ultrafine to a certain degree.

40 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Thin fibres made of several force cement and concrete. Glass is very limited because they suffer materials such as steel, glass, as- fibre reinforced cement (GFRC) severe damage and loss of strength Distinct Advantages bestos, graphite,Eco Friendly nylon, polyester, comprises hydration products of due to abrasion and impact forces Ÿ Resistant to Weather, polyethelene,Cost Effective polypropelene, cement, or cement plus sand, and generated during movement of Corrosion, Fire, Abrasion rayon, kelvar,Sustainable Aramid, wollastonite, the glass fibres. aggregates in mixer.GFRC and Fungi Customized Applications Ÿ basalt, bamboo, cotton, coir, sisal Light Weight Due To Thin Construction Glass fibres of 10 mm to 50 Asbestos Fibre Sections and banana, have been tried out to Home Decor mm in length and a few microns in Ÿ Non Combustible improve the structural properties Asbestos is a naturally available Ÿ Low Thermal Movement Solutions diameter can be added upto 5% by of concrete. Properties and appli- mineral fibre which has been suc- Ÿ High Impact Resistance weight and premixed with cement cations of FRC made using some cessfully combined with Portland Ÿ Suitable In Earthquake and water in a pan or a paddle Prone Areas of these materials are discussed in cement paste so as to form as- mixer. Small quanties of lubricating Ÿ High Density With Low detail in this report. bestos cement. Asbestos cement Porosity admixtures, such as, polyethylene has been widely used for fibre Ÿ Ease Of Forming Complex Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete oxide or methyl cellulose may be reinforced composite. Asbestos Shapes (SFRC) added into the mix. The resulting Ÿ Effective Noise Barrier cement products contain about mix may be sprayed, or cast into Ÿ Very Low Maintenance SFRC is a composite material 8% to 16% asbestos fibre which im- Ÿ Can Impart Any Surface having fibres as the additional in- the moulds. The products can also parts flexural strength to asbestos Texture And Finish gredient, dispersed uniformly at be produced either by extrusion board about 3 to 4 times of that of Ÿ Manufacturing Flexibility random in small percentages, i.e. or by injection-moulded process. unreinforced matrix. Asbestos ce- Ÿ Easy to Handle, Transport In some of the processes, rovings and Fast to Install between 0.3% to 2.5% by volume in ment has high thermal insulation, Ÿ Environmental Friendly plain concrete. SFRC products are can be chopped in situ and sprayed high mechanical strength, and high Ÿ Proven Long Term manufactured by adding steel fi- simultaneously with a slurry of suit- chemical resistance; but are brittle Performance bres to the ingredients of concrete able consistancy on to a mould for with low impact strength. Asbestos in the mixer and by transferring production. This is very effective products, such as, corrugated roof- the green concrete into moulds. and convenient for casting shell ing sheets, pipes, tanks are well The product is then compacted roofs and sheets. known. All over the world, there and cured by the conventional Use of glass fibres in concrete is great demand for a suitable sub- methods. Segregation, or balling is one Lightweightof the problems Cladding Materialencountered for duringIndustrial mixing and Commercial and compacting Buildings, Residential Complexes and Individual SFRC.Villas This as decorativeshould be facade avoided or total for uniformprefab distribution enclosure. of the fibres. The Individualenergy decorativerequired elements for mixing, of various types as required in a structure, conveying,like Sunscreens placing (Grills), and Columnfinishing of SFRCCladding, is slightly Capitals, higher. Brackets, Use Keystone,of pan Window Sill and Door Surround, mixerCornices, and fibre AC Cover, dispenser Planters, to assist in betterLandscaping mixing items, and Corbells to reduce etc, the customized. formation of fibre balls is essential. Additional fines, and limiting maximum size of aggregates to 20 mm, cement contents of 350 kg/m³ to 550 kg/m³ are normally needed. Steel fibres are added to concrete to improve the structural properties particularly, tensile and flexural strength. Glass Fibre Reinforced Cement (GFRC) Glass fibres are used to rein-

Nirman Sarika 41 stitute for asbestos fibre due to a tions. The journal of the structural two types, viz. skeletal steel and disease called “Asbestosis” associ- Engineering, India, published a wire mesh. When used, the former ated with the asbestos fibre. special issue in January 1975 on comprises relatively large diameter Concrete Reinforced with Organic the developments in ferrocement. (about 3 mm to 8 mm) steel rods Fibres In 1976, the Asian Institute of spaced typically at 70 mm to 100 Technology, Bangkok, established mm. It may be tied reinforcement Organic fibres include vegetable the International Ferrocement In- or welded wire fabric. The wire fibres, such as, sisal, bamboo, coir, formation Centre and the Journal mesh consists of galvanised wire of cotton, and banana, and synthet- of Ferrocement is regularly pub- diameter less than one millimeter, ics, such as, nylon, polypropylene. lished from this centre to develop (chicken wire mesh, hexagonal or Investigations made by British and disseminate the technology square type) formed by welding, Research Station in the U.K., on in the ferrocement held in Italy in twisting or weaving. Specific mesh the use of sisal fibres gave disap- July 1981 dealt several aspects of types include woven or interlocking pointing results due to high water ferrocement construction. mesh, woven cloth, welded mesh absorption by the fibres. Recent in a rectangular pattern with or Ferrocement composite com- studies on cement mortar rein- without diagonals. Expanded metal prises rich cement mortar matrix forced with some natural fibres of or without diagonals. Expanded of ten to sixty millimeters thick- the above family showed encour- metal lath has also been tried out ness, in which are embedded one aging results. Synthetic fibres of for fibre reinforced products. high purity are now available in or more layers of very thin wire many places in the world. Nylon mesh and a skeletal reinforcement Applications of Ferrocement in the form of cut monofilaments consisting of either weld mesh Ferrocement consists of very were recommended for the blast or mild steel bars. The matrix is high percentage of well distributed resistant buildings in U.S.A. How- typically rich in cement - cement/ and continuously running steel ever, nylon was found to be more sand ratio of 1:1.5 or 1:2. Use of reinforcement, and hence, their expensive than polypropylene and 1:3 cement mortar has also been behaviour is nearly the same as hence, fibrillated polypropylene reported. Portland cement, with steel plates. As discussed earlier, twine was recommended for use or without pozzolanas, is generally its cracking resistance, ductility, in concrete. used for ferrocement. Plastixizers flexibility, impact and fatigue re- and other admixtures may also be Ferrocement sistance are higher than concrete. added to improve the workability. In addition, impermeability of fer- The concept of ferrocement Chromium trioxide can be added to rocement products is far superior dates back to the ancient construc- prevent galvaniccorrsion of steel in to that of the ordinary reinforced tions built in India using mud walls ferrocement. products. Ferrocement combines reinforced with woven bamboo Water requirement of mortar, easy mould ability of concrete to mats and reeds. Chinese have which is an important factor that any desired shape, and lightness, extended this to roof construction governs strength and workability tenacity and toughness of steel using burnt lime composites with of mortar, primarily depends upon plates. Hence it is becoming a bamboo pole reinforcement. The the maximum grain size, the fine- popular structural composite to present form of ferrocement con- ness modulus, and the grading manufacture many precast prod- sisting of cement mortar and thin composition of sand. Sands with ucts, such as, water tanks, silos steel meshes was originally devel- maximum particle sizes of 2.4 mm and bins, biogas holders, pipes, oped in France for boat building and 1.2 mm with optimum grading boats, different types of roof and in the first half of the nineteenth are recommended for ferrocement floor units, kiosks, and service core century. mixes. Use of fine sand in ferroce- units. Since then many countries in ment is not recommended. ***** the world showed continued inter- As already stated, the reinforce- est in the ferrocement construc- ment used in ferrocement is of

42 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ HFNRP Partition Sheets for Housing at the Centre: A revolutionary solution V.A.Nagarajan* K.P.Vinod Kumar** B.G.Bavithran***

Introduction results in high fatalities. In order to sheets, which is being developed is reduce the cost and win such dif- a potential material for the building ndia is still a developing country ficulties, low cost and less weight of affordable and safe homes for and hence urbanisation is indis- Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRP) can millions of people, who dreams for pensable. People move in to big I be used as indoor partition mate- owning a home in cities. cities for their livelihoods and many rial in multi-storeys construction of them cannot afford to buy their Materials used: [Paul Wambua et al 2003]. own homes. Owning a house has Raw material such as glass fiber Fishnet is made using nylon been an eternal dream, even for of grade 300 g/m2. Discarded nylon fibre and woven in a grid-like struc- the middle class people living in fishnet of 8 mm mesh size were ture. Monofilament and multifila- India. Also, land cost and land area collected from the coastal area ment fishnet are generally used for in the overcrowded cities of India of Kanyakumari District, washed fishing and the latter is composed are other major deterrents in the thoroughly with water to remove of many small filaments twisted urban areas for house construc- dirt, subsequently were dried and together. Nylon is a plastic mate- tion. Providing ample facilities to stored for composite manufactur- rial, which is tough, possess high the expanded areas of cities such ing. Unsaturated polyester (Grade: tensile strength, elasticity, lustre as power and water facilities are SBA2303-Isothalic) was used as and highly resistant to abrasion and the other difficulties faced by the the matrix material. Methyl Ethyl chemicals [Clara Ceppaa et al 2012, local administration. Consequently, Ketone Peroxide (MEKP) was used Siddharth Das Gupta et al 1996]. it is imperative for the cities to as the catalyst. Cobalt naphthenate These are discarded as wastes and grow vertically in terms of multi- was used as the accelerator. storeyed apartments. thrown away as wastes along the shores [Central Pollution Control Mechanical properties of Normal concrete multi-storeyed Board, 2012]. fishnet nylon and glass fiber building construction involves high cost and takes much time for Hybrid fishnet reinforced plastic Density of the glass fiber and the completion. As the number (HFNRP) composites are developed discarded fishnet are 2.5 g/cm3 of floors in the multi-storeyed with the discarded fishnet, glass and 1.15 g/cm3 respectively. Elon- apartment’s increases, the overall fiber and polyester for indoor gation at break of glass fiber and weight is increased, which is not partition applications in our labo- discarded fishnet are 4.5 % and 40 desirable and unsafe. During natu- ratory. The manufactured com- % respectively. Young modulus of ral calamities such as earthquake, posite materials are tested for its glass fiber and discarded fishnet downfall of such large buildings mechanical and other properties. are 60-68 GPa and 3.1 GPa respec- These low cost building partition tively. * Principal investigator, University College of Engineering., Anna University, Nagercoil ** Co-investigator, University College of Engineering., Anna University, Nagercoil ***Junior Research Fellow, University College of Engineering., Anna University, Nagercoil

Nirman Sarika 43 C o m p o s i t e S a m p l e The thickness of composites more tensile strength than nylon Preparation HFNRP-1, HFNRP-2, HFNRP-3 and fiber, which is reflected in the com- HFNRP-4 measured with screw posites [F.T. Wallenberger, 1999]. HFNRP were prepared using gauge are 2.07, 2.09, 2.11 and 2.15 Here, the stress and the strain of discarded fishnet, glass fiber ad mm respectively. the composite sheets are taken polyester matrix. Curing of com- into consideration and the fact is posites was done using Methyl A model of the HFNRP com- that the partition sheets does not Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEKP) and posite developed is given below imply to tensile load. The tensile cobalt naphthenate (accelerator), in figure 2. strength of the HFNRP tends to in- all those were of AR grade chemi- Mechanical Tests crease with the increase in fishnet cals. The manufacturing is done by layers. But when the number of the hand lay-up method. The types Various mechanical tests con- layers of fishnets exceed more than composites developed are given in ducted such as Tensile Strength, three, the increase is less. figure 1. Flexural Strength and Impact Strength are given in table 1. All The flexural tests were per- • HFNRP 1 consists of two glass the experiments were reproduced formed according to ASTM D 790 fibers and one fishnet sand- three times for consistency. using Universal Testing Machine wiched. The tensile test was conducted at a cross head speed of 1.4 mm/ • HFNRP 2 consists of two glass min. Test specimens were made to Composite Sample Preparation as per the ASTM D 3039 specifi- fibers and three fishnets sand- cations for which the composite 191×13 mm. The flexural strengths wiched.HFNRP were prepared using discarded fishnet, glass fiber ad polyester matrix. Curing of composites was done using Methyl Ethylspecimens Ketone Peroxide were (MEKP) cut and cobaltto required also show similar type of results, • HFNRPnaphthenate 3 consists (accelerator of), all two those glasswere of ARdimensions grade chemicals. Theusing manufacturing saw. The is test re- as the increase in value is very fibersdone byand the hand five lay-up fishnets method. The types sand- compositessults developed for tensile are given strengths in figure 1. of HFNRP less in percentage as the number wiched. HFNRP 1 consists of two glass fibers and sheetsone fishnet aresandwiched. studied. It is seen that of fishnets layer increases above the tensile strength of the HFNRP three. The flexural strength of • HFNRP HFNRP4 consists 2 consists of of two glass glass fibers and three fishnets sandwiched. composite increases with increase nylon is comparable to glass fibers fibers andHFNRP seven 3 consists fishnets of two glass sand-fibers and five fishnets sandwiched. in fiber content. The glass fiber has [Jacob John et al, 2001]. From this wiched. HFNRP 4 consists of two glass fibers and seven fishnets sandwiched. observation, the composite with three fishnets possess maximum Glass fiber Glass fiber Glass fiber Glass fiber flexural property when compared Fishnet Fishnet Fishnet Fishnet to the other three. Glass fiber Fishnet Fishnet Fishnet Fishnet Fishnet Fishnet Impact tests were carried out in Glass fiber Fishnet Fishnet accordance with ASTM D 256. Fish- Fishnet Fishnet net nylon material has more elastic Glass fiber Fishnet property. The impact energy values Fishnet of different composites recorded Glass fiber during the impact tests. Fishnet HFNRP-1 HFNRP-2 HFNRP-3 HFNRP-4 nylon material has good elastic Figure 1 Different Hybrid Fish Net Reinforced Composite Plastics (HFNRP) fabricated Figure 1 Different Hybrid Fish Net Reinforced Composite Plastics (HFNRP) fabricated property [M.L. Tate et al, 1996].

The thickness of composites HFNRP-1, HFNRP-2, HFNRP-3 and HFNRP-4 It is observed that glass fiber is measured with screw gauge are 2.07, 2.09, 2.11 and 2.15 mm respectively. more brittle than nylon fiber (soft) A model of the HFNRP composite developed is given below in figure 2. [D.J. Lin et al, 2006] and flexible. It shows that the resistance to im- 3 pact loading of composite material

improves with increase in fishnet contents. The suitability of a composite for a specific application should therefore be determined not only by usual design param-

FigureFigure 2 2Model Model ofof HFNRP HFNRP composite composite eters, but by its impact or energy

Mechanical Tests

44 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉVarious ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ mechanical tests conducted such as Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength and Impact Strength are given in table 1. All the experiments were reproduced three times for consistency.

The tensile test was conducted as per the ASTM D 3039 specifications for which the composite specimens were cut to required dimensions using saw. The test results for tensile strengths of HFNRP sheets are studied. It is seen that the tensile strength of the HFNRP composite increases with increase in fiber content. The glass fiber has more tensile strength than nylon fiber, which is reflected in the composites [F.T. Wallenberger, 1999]. Here, the stress and the strain of the composite sheets are taken into consideration and the fact is that the partition sheets does not imply to tensile load. The tensile strength of the HFNRP tends to increase with the increase in fishnet layers. But when the number of layers of fishnets exceed more than three, the increase is less.

Table 1. Comparison of Mechanical Properties 2. Jacob John, Shivaputrappa A. S.No. Test Unit HFNRP 1 HFNRP 2 HFNRP 3 HFNRP 4 Gangadhar and Ila Shah, Flexur- 1. Tensile MPa 70.0 74.4 74.6 75.0 al strength of heat-polymerized 2. Flexural MPa 148.0 270.0 276.2 269.0 polymethyl methacrylate den- 3. Impact kJ/m2 43.8 63.1 65.0 68.7 ture resin reinforced with glass, aramid, or nylon fibers, The absorbing properties. It is obvious be applied over these composite Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, that glass fiber is more brittle than surfaces to reduce the flammabil- 2001; 8 (4): 424–427. nylon fiber, which reflects the fact ity, which can be used as partition 3. Lin DJ, Chang CL, Lee CK and that HFNRP 2 have better impact sheets in multi-storeyed apart- Cheng LP. Fine structure and property than the others. ments. crystallinity of porous Nylon 66 Flammability Conclusion membranes prepared by phase Flammability of the HFNRP Four different types of com- inversion in the water/formic composites were evaluated using posite panels were prepared with acid/Nylon 66 system. Euro- the horizontal flame test and the fishnet nylon fiber and glass fiber pean Polymer Journal 2006; 42: vertical flame test. as reinforcement material indi- 356‑367. vidually and in combinations along Horizontal flame test: Flamma- 4. Material on Plastic Waste Man- with polyester matrix. Various bility horizontal evaluations of agement, Central Pollution Con- mechanical and fire properties composites were performed by trol Board, June 2012, Delhi- were examined for the composites. adopting the standard procedure, 110032. The results showed that hybrid ASTM D 635. Horizontal burning 5. Paul Wambua, Jan Ivens and composite material made with test was conducted by holding the Ignaas Verpoest. Natural fibres: two layers of glass fibers and three specimen horizontally and a flame can they replace glass in fibre layers of nylon fishnet has good was introduced to one end of the reinforced plastics. Composites properties than other composites. specimen. The time taken for the Science and Technology 2003; Therefore, HFNRP – 2 composite flame to reach from first reference 63: 1259–1264. can be used as an alternate, less mark (25mm from one end) to the weight partition sheet material in 6. Siddharth Das Gupta, Willis B. second reference mark (100mm multi-storeyed apartments at the Hammond and William A. God- from the same end) was noted. centre, where weight plays a major dard III. Journal of the American The burning rate of the composites role in construction. Chemical Society 1996; 118, was calculated by V=60L/t, where 12291-12301. V is the burning rate in mm/min, Acknowledgement: 7. Tate M.L., Kamath Y.K., Wesson L is the burned length and t is the The authors sincerely acknowl- S.P. and Ruetsch S.B. Surface time of burning. It is obvious from edge BMTPC for providing them Energetics of Nylon 66 Fibers. the results that more glass fiber in- with funding for this research Journal of Colloid and Interface corporated composites have better work: BMT/RESEARCH PROPOSAL/ Science 1996; 177: 579-588 flammability resistance than more AR/2014(P-5) dt: 16 and 24-03- fishnet incorporated composites. 2015. 8. Wallenberger F.T., Silica Glass But the variation is not significant References Fibers, in Advanced Inorganic for all the four composites. Fibers Processes, Structures, Vertical flame test: Flammability 1. Clara Ceppaa and Gian Paolo Properties, Applications, F.T. vertical evaluations of composites Marinoa. Food-pack waste sys- Wallenberger, Ed., Kluwer Aca- were performed by adopting the temic management. Alternative demic Publishers 1999; 129– standard procedure UL-94. None ways to reuse materials and to 168. develop new business, products of the samples confirmed to this ****** test as the specimens burned up and local markets, Procedia to the clamp. However, fire retar- Environmental Sciences 2012; dant polyurethane coating shall 16: 616 – 623.

Nirman Sarika 45 Earthquake Hazard Zoning Maps and Atlases

hri M.Venkaiah Naidu, Hon’ble Minister of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, Urban SDevelopment and Information & Broadcast- ing, Government of India and Shri Rao Inderjit Singh, Hon’ble Minister of State for Urban Devel- opment and Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation released the Earthquake Hazard Zoning Maps and Atlases brought out by NDMA and BMTPC on Sep- tember 20, 2016 at New Delhi. NDMA with the technical assistance of BMTPC have prepared the Earthquake Hazard Zoning maps of India as a whole, every State and UT of the country and even each District, taking the details upto the sub-district namely, Tehsil, Talukas, Blocks, etc. This information can be used by every citizen of the country by looking at the District Hazard Zon- ing Map to know in which intensity zone his/her village is and then to approach the knowledgeable authorities for guidance about his/her safety from a future earthquake occurrence in the area. The updated Earthquake Hazard Maps and Atlases has the following components:

46 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ • Earthquake Hazard Zoning Maps for India • Earthquake Hazard Zoning Maps for 36 States/UTs • Earthquake Hazard Zoning Maps for all Districts • Earthquake Hazard Zoning Atlas of India • Earthquake Hazard Zoning Atlases for 36 States/UTs The updated Earthquake Hazard Zoning Maps are based on Seis- mic zones as per IS 1893 (Part1) – 2002, District Boundary as per 2012 Survey of India data, Sub- division Boundary as per Census of India 2011 data, Epicentres of earthquakes of 4.0 and above as per IMD data, Seismo Tectonic details as per Seismotectonic At- las of India of GSI. The additional features in the maps are Housing Data and Population data (Cen- sus 2011), Railway Lines, Golden Expressway & National Highway, Rivers & Waterbody. Usefulness of Earthquake Hazard Zoning Atlas and Maps • All major stakeholder groups

D D

i.e. leaders and policy makers, D D

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D ANDHRA PRADESH D

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D D Lingala VirapanayaY.S.R Chejerla Fault D Indukurupeta D Bathalapalle Cuddapah Kovur ANANTAPUR D D Setturu Kambadur KanaganapalleDharmavaram Pulivendla Kaluvoya Nellore Pendlimarri D Podalakur Vontimitta Totapalligudur!p D Vemula Vontimitta Sub-surface Fault D Ramagiri Nallamada Vempalli Chintakommadinne Penagalur Kundurpi D S.P.S. NELLORE D Nandalur Chennekothapalle D VenkatachalamMuttukuru DD D Bukkapatnam Rapur Talupula Chekrayapeta Ramapuram Manubolu Shear Zone D Rajampet Kothacheruvu D Saidapuram Chillakur D Chitvel Lakkireddipalle D D Viraballe Ruddam Puttaparti Amarapuram Peddapappur Nambulipulikunta Gudur Chillakur 4(2006) Neotectonic Fault 14°0'N involved in land use planning, D ! Penukonda p D Dakkili Gandlapenta Galividu D Pullampet 14°0'N D D Obuladevaracheruvu Rayachoti Kota Balaiahpalli Gudibanda SomandepalleGorentla Nallacheruvu T SundupalleObulavaripalle Ojili D Normal Fault D D D Madakasira D ChinnamandemSambepalle Venkatagiri Paragi Amadagur Kodur Tanakal Peddamandyam Nayudupeta Vakadu Chilamathur Chittamur Rolla Kambhamvaripalle D Srikalahasti Balaiahpalli D D Agali Hindupur Lepakshi Thamballapalle Kalakada Pellakur Railway Lines Pullampet Thottambedu MulakalacheruvuGurramkonda Doravar isatram Rompicherla D Yerravaripalem Butchinayudukandriga D Pedda Tippa SamudramKurabalakota S ullurpeta Sullurpeta Golden Expressways KalikiriPileru Tirupati Urban Erpedu Birangi Kothakota Vayalpad Chinnagottigallu Renigunta D Chandragiri Varadayyapalem

and, in various aspects of D National Highway T irupati RuralK.V.V .B. Puram Madanapalle Pulicherla Sodam Tada Nimmanapalle Ramchandrapuram D Nagalapuram CHITTOOR Narayanavanam Rivers D ChowdepalleSomala Pakala Satyavedu Vedurukuppam Puttur RamasamudramPungunuru Irala Karvetnagar D Pichatur PuthalapattuPenumur Nindra Waterbody D Peddapanjani Thavanampalle Srirangarajapuram Nagari 4(1998) Vijayapuram

!p Gangavaram Gangadharanellore D D Puttur Bangarupalem Chittoor State Boundary

Palmaner Yadamari 13°0'N D Baireddipalle GudipalaD public and financial policies 5(1916)

13°0'N !( District Boundary Venkatagirikota D Venkatagirikota PALAR 4.5(1984) Subdivision Boundary !p SanthipuramRamakuppam Gudipalli © NDMA, Government of India, Copyright 2016. Kuppam The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher. Zone III : Moderate Damage Risk Zone (MSK VII) dealing with disaster mitiga- The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriateT A Mbase I Lline. N A D U The states, districts and sub-divisions boundaries of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have not been verified by the goverments concerned. KAVERI 4.3(2001) Zone II : Low Damage Risk Zone (MSK VI or less) The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master copy certified by Survey!p of India. KERALAThe spellings of names in this map, have been taken from various sources. For commercial use of the map, permission is required from NDMA. For other purposes, acknowledgement is to be given.

76°0'E 77°0'E 78°0'E 79°0'E 80°0'E 81°0'E 82°0'E 83°0'E 84°0'E 85°0'E 86°0'E NDMA - BMTPC Earthquake Hazard Zoning Map; Map is Based on digitised data of SOI; Sub-Division Boundary as per Census of India 2011(erstwhile Andhra Pradesh); Seismic Zones of India Map IS: 1893 (Part I) - 2002,BIS; Earthquake Epicentre from IMD; tion and emergency planning !( Seismotectonic Atlas of India and its Environs, GSI; *Houses/Population as per Census 2011 based!( on district data of erstwhile Andhra Pradesh. "(First Edition)" Disclaimer: The maps are solely for thematic presentation.

!p !( !( and management. !(

Nirman Sarika 47 Role of Aerodynamics of tall buildings in making cities Safe, Resilient and Sustainable Dr. S.Selvi Rajan* Dr. P.Harikrishna**

Introduction require following considerations: the boundary layer wind tunnel. The aerodynamic parameters re- he approach of ‘Housing at • Aerodynamic modification to quired for the design of tall build- the Centre’ as defined by the structures having many ing depend on mainly the shape in UN Habitat, is used to shift reentrant corners T plan and elevation, the geometric the focus from simply building • Aerodynamic optimization for proportions and the angle of wind houses to a holistic framework economical design incidence. where housing is orchestrated with national and urban development • Group effects amongst cluster Wind Tunnel Facility at CSIR- in a way that benefits all people, of buildings SERC which is aptly applicable for the • Aerodynamic data to improve The boundary layer wind tun- Smart Cities Mission initiated by the design of buildings nel facility available at CSIR-SERC Government of India (Ref.: http:// • Occupancy comfort for tall flex- is an open-circuit, blower type unhabitat.org/housing-at-the-cen- ible buildings wind tunnel. The total length of tre-of-the-new-urban-agenda/). the tunnel is 52m. It is possible to Some of the smart cities proposed • Serviceability aspects for effec- generate a wind speed of 0.5 m/s by the Government are located tive functional performance to 55 m/s with the help of an axial along the coast line are exposed • Pedestrian comfort in a colony fan. The power of the fan-motor to severe cyclone hazard. The de- where channelized flow exists is 600 HP (as shown in fig 5.1). An sign of tall buildings in those cities inlet diffuser is provided, followed requires special design guidelines. Boundary layer wind tunnel by a settling chamber with screens CSIR-Structural Engineering Re- (BLWT) experiments have been and honey combs to channel the search Centre has been conduct- employed successfully for the approach flow and to control the ing post-cyclone damage survey past five decades to generate the whirls into a laminar flow. The flow on buildings and structures since design aerodynamic data required is furtherpassed through a con- 1970. Wind loads on such build- to address the above issues. These traction (1:5) zone. After the con- ings and structures need to be experiments help in assessing the traction zone, stream of air with assessed scientifically for ensuring wind loads and their effects on uniform flow characteristics are their safety and sustainability. This tall buildings in urban environ- achieved at beginning of the test exercise would also help in achiev- ment. The built-up terrain effects section. The size of the test sec- ing the resilience of the society in including atmospheric boundary tion is 18m (L) X 2.5m (W) X 1.8m general. Development of rational layer effects and topography ef- (H) as shown in Fig. 1. Such a long design guidelines for tall buildings fects can be reliably simulated in test section is preferred to achieve

* Chief Scientist, CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai ** Sr. Principal Scientist, CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

48 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ

Fig. 2 Model of a Tall Building with Square Plan Shape in Wind Tunnel

The boundary layer wind tunnel facility available at CSIR-SERC is an open-circuit, blower type wind tunnel. The total length of the tunnel is 52m. It is possible to generate a windTall speed buildings of 0.5 with irregular plan shape: m/s to 55 m/s with the help of an axial fan. The power of the fan-motor is 600 HP (as shown in fig 5.1). An inlet diffuser is provided, followed by a settling chamber with screensCompared and honey to tall buildings with regular plan shape, for buildings with irregular plan shape the combs to channel the approach flow and to control the whirls into a laminar flow.mean The dragflow coefficientsis are less and mean lift coefficients are higher. The mean torsion furtherpassed through a contraction (1:5) zone. After the contraction zone, streamcoefficients of air with were observed to be almost same for buildings with regular and irregular plan shape. uniform flow characteristics are achieved at beginning of the test section. The size of the test Tall buildings with non-prismatic shape: section is 18m (L) X 2.5m (W) X 1.8m (H) as shown in Fig. 1. Such a long test section is preferred to achieve natural development of a boundary layer. A flexible ceiling arrangementFor tall buildings is with non-prismatic shape, wind tunnel studies (Fig. 3) revealed that mean local provided to achieve zero longitudinal pressure gradients.Fig. In 2 Modelthe test of section,a Tall Building a trip withdragboard Square coefficient at U/S Plan Shape values in vary Wind along Tunnel the height as against nearly constant value for prismatic end followed by, roughness boards with roughness blocks are provided as the vortexshaped generators. buildings. The values of Strouhal number are comparable to those of prismatic shaped With this setup, a boundary layer depth as high as about 1.2 m can be satisfactorilybuildings. generated at the downstream side of test section at which instrumented models are placed on a turn table. Tall buildings with irregular plan shape:

Compared to tall buildings with regular plan shape, for buildings with irregular plan shape the mean drag coefficients are less and mean lift coefficients are higher. The mean torsion coefficients were observed to be almost same for buildings with regular and irregular plan shape.

Tall buildings with non-prismatic shape:

For tall buildings with non-prismatic shape, wind tunnel studies (Fig. 3) revealed that mean local drag coefficient values vary along the height as against nearly constant value for prismatic shaped buildings. The values of Strouhal number are comparable to those of prismatic shaped buildings. (a) Set-back (b) Tapered Fig. 3 Models of Tall Building with Non-Prismatic Shapes in Wind Tunnel

Tall buildings with corner-cuts:

Fig.1 Isometric view of boundary layer wind tunnel at CSIR-SERC Fig.1 Isometric view of boundary layer wind tunnel at CSIR-SERC natural development of a bound- on plan ratio and aspect ratio. It WIND TUNNEL STUDIES TO EVALUATE AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS OF TALL ary layer. A flexible ceiling arrange- is observed from wind tunnel ex- BUILDINGS ment is provided to achieve zero periments (Fig.(a) Set-back 2) that beyond an (b) Tapered Fig. 3 Models of Tall Building with Non-PrismaticFig. 3 Models Shapes of Tall in Building Wind Tunnel with Non- Talllongitudinal buildings with pressure regular plangradients. shape: aspect ratio of 1:7 the drag coef- Prismatic Shapes in Wind Tunnel In the test section, a trip board at ficientTall buildings values with arecorner-cuts: invariant.

TheU/S aerodynamic end followed characteristics by, roughness of tall buildings with regular plan shapes like rectangular/squareover which corner cut need to be are observed to be mainly dependent on planTall ratio buildings and aspect with ratio. irregular It is observed plan from wind provided has partial benefit in tunnelboards experiments with roughness (Fig. 2) blocks that beyond are anshape: aspect ratio of 1:7 the drag coefficient values are invariant.provided as the vortex generators. reducing a few overall force coef- With this setup, a boundary layer Compared to tall buildings with ficients. regular plan shape, for buildings depth as high as about 1.2 m can Tall buildings with curved plan be satisfactorily generated at the with irregular planCompared shape tothe tall mean buildings without corner-cuts, for buildings with corner cuts (Fig. 4), the mean drag coefficient values are less.shapes: Further, the optimization of height over which corner cut need to downstream side of test section drag coefficients are less and mean be provided has partial benefit inAs reducing against a fewcircular overall buildings force coefficients. for at which instrumented models are lift coefficients are higher. The which the mean drag coefficient is placed on a turn table. mean torsion coefficientsCompared to tall were buildings without corner-cuts, for buildings with corner cuts (Fig. 4), the mean drag coefficient values are less.uniform, Further, for the buildings optimization with of height ellipti- over which corner cut need to observed to bebe almost provided same has partial for benefit in reducing a few overall force coefficients. Wind Tunnel Studies to Evaluate buildings with regular and irregular cal plan shape (Fig. 5), the drag co- Aerodynamic Coefficients of plan shape. Tall Buildings Tall buildings with non-prismatic Tall buildings with regular plan shape: shape: For tall buildings with non-pris- The aerodynamic characteristics matic shape, wind tunnel studies of tall buildings with regular plan Fig. 4 Model of a Tall Building with Corner-Cut in Wind Tunnel (Fig. 3) revealedTall that buildings mean with local curved plan shapes: shapes like rectangular/square are drag coefficient values vary along observed to be mainly dependent the height as againstAs against nearly circular con buildings- for which the mean drag coefficient is uniform, for buildings with elliptical plan shapeFig. (Fig.4 Model 5), theof adrag Tall coefficient Building with varies Corner-Cut linearly with in Wind angle Tunnel of wind incidence. stant value for prismatic shaped Fig. 4 Model of a Tall Building with Tall buildings with curved plan shapes:Corner-Cut in Wind Tunnel buildings. The values of Strouhal As against circular buildings for which the mean drag coefficient is uniform, for buildings with number are comparableelliptical plan to shape those (Fig. 5), the drag coefficient varies linearly with angle of wind incidence. of prismatic shaped buildings. Tall buildings with corner-cuts: Compared to tall buildings without corner-cuts, for buildings with corner cuts (Fig. 4), the mean

Fig. 2 Model of a Fig.Tall 2Building Model ofwith a TallSquare Building Plan Shapewith in Winddrag Tunnel coefficient values are less. Square Plan Shape in Wind Tunnel Fig. 5 Model of aFig. Tall 5 BuildingModel of with a Tall Elliptic Building Plan with Shape El- in Wind Tunnel Further, the optimization of height liptic Plan Shape in Wind Tunnel Tall buildings with twisted shape: Tall buildings with irregular plan shape: Compared toFig. regular 5 Model rectangular of a Tall tall Building buildings, Nirman with for Elliptic Sarikarectangular Plan Shape building 49 in Wind with Tunneltwisted shape (Fig. Compared to tall buildings with regular plan shape, for buildings with irregular plan shape the 6) the mean drag and lift force coefficient are invariant with angle of wind incidence and the mean drag coefficients are less and mean lift coefficients are higher. The mean torsionTallmaximum buildings values with of twisted the coefficients shape: are less. coefficients were observed to be almost same for buildings with regular and irregular plan shape. Compared to regular rectangular tall buildings, for rectangular building with twisted shape (Fig. Tall buildings with non-prismatic shape: 6) the mean drag and lift force coefficient are invariant with angle of wind incidence and the maximum values of the coefficients are less. For tall buildings with non-prismatic shape, wind tunnel studies (Fig. 3) revealed that mean local drag coefficient values vary along the height as against nearly constant value for prismatic shaped buildings. The values of Strouhal number are comparable to those of prismatic shaped buildings.

(a) Set-back (b) Tapered Fig. 3 Models of Tall Building with Non-Prismatic Shapes in Wind Tunnel

Tall buildings with corner-cuts: efficient varies linearly with angle Summary - Importance of of wind incidence. Wind Tunnel Stuidies for Urban Tall buildings with twisted shape: Development Compared to regular rectangu- Tall buildings in urban environ- lar tall buildings, for rectangular ment are in general surrounded by Fig. 6 Model of a Tall Rectangular Twisted Building in Windother Tunnel buildings due to which these building with twisted shape (Fig. 6) the mean Groupdrag and effects lift between force coef- tall buildings: buildings are prone to wind induced ficient are invariant with angle of group effects, either shielding or wind incidenceThe studies and the on maximuminfluence of orientation of three identical tall buildingsenhancement. with many recessions Boundary in Layer values of theplan coefficients (Fig. 7) with arejuxta less. positions with specific c/c spacing on the interferenceWind Tunnel effect is indicatedbeing successfully that mean forceFig. coefficients 6 Model of are aFig. Tall observed 6 Model Rectangular ofto abe Tall significantly RectangularTwisted Building increasedTwisted in forWindserving buildings Tunnel as aplans research parallel and design Group effectsto each compared between to building tall plans rotatedBuilding by in45 Wind degree. Tunnel tool in the assessment of such buildings:Group effects between tall buildings: wind loads. The aerodynamic loads The studiesThe studies on oninfluence influence of of orientation of three identical tall buildingson with tall buildingsmany recessions can be effectivelyin orientationplan (Fig.of three 7) with identical juxta positionstall with specific c/c spacing on the interferencereduced, with effect aerodynamic indicated modi- buildingsthat with mean many force recessions coefficients in are observed to be significantly increased ficationsfor buildings to plans conventional parallel shapes plan (Fig.to 7)each with compared juxta positions to building plans rotated by 45 degree. such as corner-cut, set-back, taper, with specific c/c spacing on the twist, etc. This article brings out the interference effect indicated that role of aerodynamics of tall build- mean force coefficients are ob- ings in making cities safe, resilient served to be significantly increased and sustainable. for buildings plans parallel to each ***** compared to building plans rotatedFig. 7 Models Fig. 7 of Models Group of of Group Tall ofBuildings Tall Buildings in Wind in Tunnel by 45 degree. Wind Tunnel

SUMMARY - IMPORTANCE OF WIND TUNNEL STUIDIES FOR URBAN Indo-NorwegianDEVELOPMENT Training Programme on Nonlinear Analysis

and PerformanceTall buildings in urban Based environment Design are in general of surroundedMultistorey by other buildings Buildings due to which these buildings areFig. prone 7 Models to wind of Group induced of Tall group Buildings effects, in either Wind shielding Tunnel or enhancement. heBoundary Council organized Layer Wind a Indo-Norwegian Tunnel is being Training successfully serving as a research and design tool in the Programme assessment on of Nonlinear such wind Analysis loads. Theand aerodynamicPerfor- loads on tall buildings can be effectively manceSUMMARYreduced, Based with Design - aerodynamic IMPORTANCE of Multistorey modifications OFBuildings to WIND conventional TUNNEL shapes STUIDIESsuch as corner-cut, FOR set-back, URBAN fromT DecemberDEVELOPMENTtaper, twist, 3-5, 2015etc. Th atis New article Delhi brings in collaboration out the role of aerodynamics of tall buildings in making cities safe, resilient and sustainable. with Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Royal Tall buildings in urban environment are in general surrounded by other buildings due to which Norwegian Embassy to India and NORSAR, Norway. these buildings are prone to wind induced group effects, either shielding or enhancement. The programmeBoundary Layer was inauguratedWind Tunnel byis beingDr. Nandita successfully serving as a research and design tool in the Chatterjee,assessment Secretary, of such Ministry wind loads.of Housing The aerodynamic& Urban loads on tall buildings can be effectively Povertyreduced, Alleviation. with aerodynamicDuring the Inaugural modifications Session, to the conventional shapes such as corner-cut, set-back, taper, twist, etc. This article brings out the role of aerodynamics of tall buildings in making cities participants were addressed by Dr. Shailesh Kr.Agrawal, safe, resilient and sustainable. Executive Director, BMTPC, Mr. Arild Oksnevad, Coun- sellor, Royal Norwegian Embassy to India, New Delhi, Dr. Dominik Lang, Senior Advisor & Project Manager, NORSAR, Norway and Dr. Yogendra Singh, Professor, Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee. The course was specifically targeted to Structural and Geotechnical Engineers, Practitioners, Designers in public and private sectors. The programme was attended by 70 participants from various parts of the country. It was fourth programme of the series organised in a span of two years.

50 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Ferro-Cement as a Cost Effective Alternate Building Material – A Participatory

Approach Dr. Sumana Gupta*

Introduction reported by American Concrete posite material can take any profile Institute Committee 549, 1988 because it is thin unlike heavy he use of ferro-cement is ob- is “Ferro-cement is a form of re- concrete sections. The advantages served in modern buildings inforced concrete using closely of this material are: it is cost effec- as a flexible building mate- T spaced multiple layers of mesh tive; light in weight, hence can be rial to achieve different shapes or and/or small diameter rods com- used for low cost housing. When forms. Ferro-cement finds wide pletely infiltrated with, or en- building units are prototyped then application as a cost-effective capsulated in, mortar. The most the construction time is also saved building material in different states common type of reinforcement is and modular construction can be of India. Although, ferro -cement is steel mesh. Other materials such carried out. not a new technology it is sparsely as selected organic, natural or used as a building material in the The Midnapore district of West synthetic fibers may be combined state of West Bengal. Auroville Bengal receives heavy rainfall and with metallic mesh.” Moreover, in Building Research Centre at Pondi- cyclonic weather because of its ferro-cement there is partial elimi- cherry has carried out extensive geographic location. The village nation of formwork material due to research on ferro-cement and has houses are severely affected by self shaping. When a ferro-cement demonstrated it through different rainfall which damages the tem- sheet is mechanically overloaded, structures within their campus porary roofs, walls and floors. it tends to folding instead of crack- and surrounding. Wide applica- Presently, the Kuccha housings are ing or rupturing. The wire frame- tions of ferro-cement as a low being converted to pucca houses work holds the pieces together. A cost building material is observed through financial support from ferro-cement construction has only in this decade in the states of Indira Awas Yojna. Objective of 10 to 25 percent of the weight of Kerela, Gujarat, Bihar and north this paper is to introduce ferro- a comparable construction made eastern states of India. The West cement as an alternative low cost of bricks resulting in considerable Tripura Rural Development center building material to the villages of cost reduction. It is 10 to 30 mm is also carrying out ferro-cement Midnapore through a participa- in thickness. Ferro-cement is used construction extensively. In Nadia tory process where the mason is as an alternative low cost building district of West Bengal, ‘Sankalpa’ adequately trained regarding the material and it is beneficial for is the only organization that has construction technology and he construction in cyclone prone and initiated production and use of himself makes the unit. A mason earthquake prone areas because ferro-cement doors and windows, was selected who agreed to con- of its thin section that allows sway tanks for aqua culture. tribute his land to build the unit and remains integrated with the with this alternate building materi- Definition of ferro-cement as reinforcing mesh. Hence this com- al on his own and learn the process

* Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Regional Planning, IIT Kharagpur

Nirman Sarika 51 pillars were constructed at the corners to hold the structure. Intermediate concrete supports of 50mmx125mm were also grouted into the foundation as seen in Figure 5a. Horizontal ties of of manufacturing the units and process of assembling. In return he owns the unit and it is left for demonstration for the village and neighbouring villages. The government fund which is distributed to the rural community to build up their housing units can be alternatively made of this material which is cost effective and safe under the prevalent cyclonic weather conditions of coastal West Bengal. Literatures published by the Auroville Earth Institute (Baetens, 2004 ) and several video demon- Figure 1 Showing plan and sectional details of the unit strations prepared by the West Tripura Rural Development Centre then cast and shuttering was re- cement shell was constructed with and Auroville Earth Centre were 50mmx125mmmoved after ran all through24 hours like a bandand lintel then after placingtwo each layers layer of of chickenwall panel (wireFigure mesh.5b). Door A shown to the mason.Various litera- andcured window keeping opening it was in leftthe open same and place the horizontal layer ties was running initially above thelaid openings along w erewith tures (Sakthivel and Jagannathan, strengthenedfor seven with days additional (Figure3). tensile members Panels (Figure 6the). The reinforcementtop layer was continuous and and tied the panel with 2012; Girija et. al., 2014; Daniel heightdimensions was less compared were to theappropriate lower two layers. Panelswires were at cast intermittent accordingly to fit points. the required The et. Al., 2010; Clarke, 2010) were dimensions.to fit into the brick foundation wires were left long and vertical also studied which carried out the Figure(Figure 1 Showing 4). plan Four and sectionalpillars detailswere of conthe unit- and a thin layer of concrete mix different structural tests with ferro- Thestructed process of lataying the the corners roof to hold the was cast.The second layer of mesh cement. A mix of 1:2:2 by weight Thestructure. roof of the unit Intermediate was cast in its place concrete with centering wasand was immediately cured for 28 days spread. It was found and to tied be of cement, fine sand and zero laborsupports intensive comparedof 50mmx125mm to the sole unit towere be cast . However,to the in main case of reinforcementmass production, separate fol - chips was adopted similar to ferro- castingalso is recommended.grouted into A ferro the-cement foundation shell was constructed lowed with by two second layers of layer chicken of wire concrete mesh. A cement wall panel units prepared layeras was seen initially in Figure laid along 5a. with Horizontal the reinforcement ties and tiedmix. with Neat wires cement at intermittent finish points. with The wiresdamp in Tripura. Seven day and 28 day of 50mmx125mm ran all through proofing chemical was laid as the cube test for compressive strength like a band lintel after placing finish layer. Figures 7 (a,b), 8(a,b), test was also performed and was each layer of wall panel (Figure 9(a,b) illustrate the stages. 5b). Door and window opening found satisfactory. The wall panels External plastering and internal was left open and the horizontal are designed in such a fashion that ceiling plastering of the entire unit ties running above the openings it had the provision to receive in- was later carried out along with were strengthened with additional sulation within the cavity. flooring. Door and window of PVC tensile members (Figure 6). The The process of making the wall were fixed in position as seen in top layer was continuous and the Figure 11a and 11b.The building panel and laying the units panel height was less compared to was finished with appropriate Initially a plan with details the lower two layers. Panels were painting as seen in Figure 13(a,b). (Figure1) was prepared and a fer- cast accordingly to fit the required rocement panel dimension was dimensions. Thermal treatment appropriately chosen to make the The process of laying the roof The drawback of ferro-cement reusable mould. Refer Figure 2a to while using as a building mate- The roof of the unit was cast in 2c which shows how the reinforce- rial is the thin section which do its place with centering and was ments were placed, bound and not act as sufficient buffer to the cured for 28 days. It was found to the chicken wire mesh was placed day time solar radiation. The day be labor intensive compared to the in two layers. The framework was time temperature during summer sole unit to be cast. However, in then placed in the wooden mould months varries between 37-42oC. case of mass production, separate made for the purpose following Considering the higher thermal the plan. The concrete mix was casting is recommended. A ferro-

52 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ

Figure2(a,b,c) Making of the framework by the mason Figure2(a,b,c) Making of the framework by the mason

Figure2(a,b,c) Making of the framework by the mason

Figure 3. Casting of the wall panel Figure 4. Placing the panel at corner Figure 3. Casting of the wall panel Figure 4. Placing the panel at corner Figure 3. Casting of the wall panel Figure 4. Placing the panel at corner

Figure 3. Casting of the wall panel Figure 4. Placing the panel at corner

Figure 5(a,b)Reinforcement for Vertical and Horizontal band between each layer Figure 5(a,b)Reinforcement for Vertical and Horizontal band between each layer Figure 5(a,b)Reinforcement for Vertical and Horizontal band between each layer

Figure 5(a,b)Reinforcement for Vertical and Horizontal band between each layer

Figure6(a,b) Door and window opening and its spanning by integrated lintelwith horizontal band Figure6(a,b) Door and window opening and its spanning by integrated lintelwith horizontal band

Nirman Sarika 53

Figure 7(a,b) The continuous top layer and roof shuttering

Figure 8(a,b) Rod binding and casting the roof

Figure6(a,b) Door and window opening and its spanning by integrated lintelwith horizontal band

Figure 7(a,b) The continuous top layer and roof shuttering

Figure 7(a,b) The continuous top layer and roof shuttering Figure 7(a,b) The continuous top layer and roof shuttering

Figure 8(a,b) Rod binding and casting the roof Figure 8(a,b) Rod binding and casting the roof

Figure 8(a,b) Rod binding and casting the roof

Figure9(a,b) Laying the second layer of wire mesh

Figure 10(a,b) Casting the top layer

Figure 10(a,b) Casting the top layer 54 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ

Figure 10(a,b) Casting the top layer

Figure 11(a, b) View of door and window as fixed to the unit

Figure9(a,b) Laying the second layer of wire mesh

Figure 10(a,b) Casting the top layer

Figure 11(a, b) View of door and window as fixed to the unit Figure 11(a, b) View of door and window as fixed to the unit

Figure 12(a,b) Plywood covering over thermocol set within the panels and false ceiling on roof

Figure 12(a,b) Plywood covering over thermocol set within the panels and false ceiling on roof Figure 12(a,b) Plywood covering over thermocol set within the panels and false ceiling on roof

Figure 13 (a, b) showing the finished unit both external and internal

conductivityFigure 13 (a, (0.8)b) showing of concrete the finishedand experiment unit both with external locally and available internal pared with the readings obtained very low thickness of the ferro- low cost thermal insulation mate- in the mud houses with thatched cementFigure 1 wall3 (a, panels b) showing and the the roof finished rials unit like both grass external board and and hay internal was roof, asbestos roof and tin roof. cover,References: the internal comfort condi- carried out by changing the insula- The ferro-cement wall panels were tion was additionally taken care To tion opening the plyboard cover finally covered with ply boards and 1. Baetens T., (2004), Manufacturing and Specifications of Prefabricated Ferrocement Roof Channels, achieveReferences: a desirable comfort level on top. The values were also com- expanded polystyrene (commer- Auroville Building Centre – Ferrocement roof channels. 1. Baetens T., (2004), Manufacturing and Specifications of Prefabricated Ferrocement Roof Channels, 2. Baetens T., (2004), Manufacturing and Specifications of Prefabricated Ferrocement Doors, Auroville Auroville Building Centre – Ferrocement roof channels. Nirman Sarika 55 Building Centre – Ferrocement Roof channels. 2. Baetens T., (2004), Manufacturing and Specifications of Prefabricated Ferrocement Doors, Auroville 3. Bhatti K.Q., Shaikh M.S., Light weight insulating material prepared from rice husk, Journal of Building Centre – Ferrocement Roof channels. Environmental Sciene and Engineering, Vol 5, 2011, 882-885. 3. Bhatti K.Q., Shaikh M.S., Light weight insulating material prepared from rice husk, Journal of 4. Clarke R. P., (2010), Study of full-scale elements of a ferrocement roof system for Caribbean Environmental Sciene and Engineering, Vol 5, 2011, 882-885. application, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, 221–229. 4. Clarke R. P., (2010), Study of full-scale elements of a ferrocement roof system for Caribbean application, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, 221–229. cially available as thermocol) as The time required for the con- Roof Channels, Auroville Build- infill to provide thermal insulation struction was 3 months by one ing Centre – Ferrocement roof as shown in Figure 12a and 12b. single labourer and one helper. channels. Gypsum board false ceiling was Use of multiple moulds can make 2. Baetens T., (2004), Manufactur- used, however, grass board could the manufacturing process even ing and Specifications of Pre- be used to reduce further cost. A faster. fabricated Ferrocement Doors, study on rice husk boards (Bhatti Conclusion Auroville Building Centre – Fer- and Shaikh, 2011) explores the rocement Roof channels. thermal conductivity of rice husk The specific objectives of the as 0.035 and suggests its use as paper to transfer the knowledge of 3. Bhatti K.Q., Shaikh M.S., Light an alternative low cost insulating use of alternative building material weight insulating material pre- material. Locally available low cost and its construction technology pared from rice husk, Journal material like rice husk boards could were achieved through execution of Environmental Sciene and have been alternatively used. The of the unit. Training the mason to Engineering, Vol 5, 2011, 882- other advantage of such board is it prepare the individual panels using 885. takes care of the waste of the rice proper reinforcing grid, winding it 4. Clarke R. P., (2010), Study of industry. Architectural detailing of with the chicken wire mesh; using full-scale elements of a ferro- the wall panel unit to accept ther- the right concrete mix and further cement roof system for Carib- mal cushions was also considered. setting up the livable unit as a life bean application, Construction However, rice husk boards could demonstration to other village and Building Materials, Vol. 24, not be used as an experimental households were successfully car- 221–229. material because it is not manu- ried out. Insulating the unit using factured locally, raw material for different material was also carried 5. Daniel B. R., Jorge E. Hurtado it is abundantly available and with out along with electrical points. and Lluis P., (2010), Experimen- the promotion of ferro-cement, Transfer of technology and skill tal and analytical research on rice husk boards can also be locally development through the training seismic vulnerability of low-cost manufactured. was achieved so that they can build ferro-cement dwelling houses, their new houses or extensions us- Structure and Infrastructure Summary of Cost ing the same technology. Engineering, Vol. 6, Nos. 1–2, The target cost of the entire 55–62. Response of the local people construction was one lakh INR. was also notable. The mason is 6. Girija S., Shivkumar P., Lakshmi- Considering it to be the sole unit also made aware of its construc- kandhan K.N., Ravichandran R., the estimate had a little deviation, tion procedure, cost effectiveness Karthikeyan B.,Novel, (2014), however once this can be pro- and advantages to promote ferro- Ferro-cement Lightweight Pan- moted to a mass scale production cement construction under differ- els, International Journal of the cost is expected to go down ent schemes. If ferro-cement wall Applied Engineering Research, considerably. unit and roof units are produced Vol. 9, 18, 4645-4657. Table 1: Expenditure under each in a mass scale, the cost and time 7. Sakthivel P.B, and Jagannathan Head of construction will reduce. Lo- A, “Fiber Reinforced Ferroce- cally available materials can be Heads Cost in INR ment - A Review Study”, Proc. Expenditure towards 71,892 appropriately used for insulation 2nd Int. Conf. on Advances in materials purposes. Local awareness, under- Mechanical, Manufacturing Expenditure towards 26,930 standing and the practise of using and Building Sciences (ICAMB- labour ferro-cement will make it more 2012), SMBS, VIT University, Expenditure towards 5,570 popular. Vellore, India, 09 January 2012 travel by the author for References: (a), pp.1172-1177. regular instruction Total 1,04,392 1. Baetens T., (2004), Manufac- ***** turing and Specifications of Prefabricated Ferrocement

56 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Earthquake Safety of Housing in India

Prof. C.V.R.Murty*

Introduction the relatively smaller size 1993 expected in different regions. The M6.4 Killari (Maharashtra, India) seismic zone maps are revised n India, most house construc- earthquake alone caused about from time to time (Figure 1.1) as tion is done by individual ho- 8,000 deaths; this colossal loss of more understanding is gained on meowners themselves, and in I life is attributed directly to collapse the geology, the seismotecton- many cases by masons acting as of houses built with random rubble ics and the seismic activity in the “self-styled” contractors; often, all stone masonry walls in mud mor- country (Murty, 2005). The In- this is without the involvement of tar topped with heavy wood plant dian Standards provided the first an engineer or architect. Conse- and joist roof overlaid with about seismic zone map in 1962, which quently, the expected knowledge 600mm of mud that collapsed on was later revised in 1966. The first base for planning and design the occupants causing death and seismic zone map [IS:1893, 1962] is not available to make these injuries. of Independent India had seven houses earthquake resistant, and seismic zones, namely O, I, II, III, therefore the level of risk associ- Seismic Hazard in India IV, V, and VI; O was considered ated with such construction is not The varying geology and seis- non-seismic zone (Figure 1.1a). The known. In the last two decades, motectonics at different locations second map [IS:1893, 1966] only a number of earthquakes in the in the country implies that the like- shifted the margins between these country have caused significant lihood of damaging earthquakes zones while maintaining the broad loss to life and property. A large at different locations is quite dif- features (Figure 1.1b). part of this loss is attributed to the ferent. Thus, a seismic zone map Based on levels of intensi- type of housing typologies in prac- is required to provide a guideline ties sustained during damaging tice in the country. For example, to the level of earthquake shaking

* Director, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur

Nirman Sarika 57 earthquakes in the interim period 1.1d); the current map has only ings than in collapse of buildings or in regions considered to be low four seismic zones – II, III, IV and V loss of life. For instance, in Austra- seismic areas (e.g., 1967 Koyna and [IS:1893, 2002]. The areas falling in lia [UWA, 2007], even small events 1969 Bhadrachalam Earthquakes), seismic zone I in the 1970 version caused major economic set back, the 1984 version of the zone map of the map are merged with those e.g., the M5.6 Newcastle (NSW) [IS:1893, 1984] subdivided India of seismic zone II. Also, the seismic earthquake of 28 December 1989 into five zones – I, II, III, IV and zone map in the peninsular region killed 13, but affected Aus$1.5 V (Figure 1.1c), by merging areas has been modified. Chennai (for- billion economic setback, and the under erstwhile zone O with that merly Madras) is now included in M5.4 Ellalong (NSW) earthquake of of zone I, and of zone VI to that of seismic zone III as against in zone II 8 August 1994 resulted in Aus$40 zone V (Table 1.1). Also, significant in the 1970 version of the map. This million setback. With increasing changes were made in the penin- 2002 seismic zone map is likely to urbanization and lifestyle changes, sular region along the western and be modified as more information the finishes (non-structural ele- eastern coastal margins, where emerges on seismic hazard of the ments) are becoming increasingly these 1967 and 1969 earthquakes regions. expensive. But such countries (with occurred. The maximum Modified Fatalities Versus Economic appropriate systems in place) are Mercalli (MM) intensity of seismic very few across the world. Major- Setback shaking expected in the resulting ity of countries, including India, fall five zones were V or less, VI, VII, In countries (like India), where into the former category. seismic design is not practiced VIII, and IX and higher, respectively. Housing in India Parts of Himalayan boundary in in general, each earthquake is the north and northeast, and the expected to cause both large India became independent in Kachchh area in the west were fatalities and huge economic set- 1947 and is home today to about classified as zone V. backs. For instance, the M7.7 1.2 billon people. India is a seis- Bhuj earthquake in 2001 resulted mically active country. But, even Table 1.1: Seismic zones in each in 13,805 deaths, over 167,000 though construction standards revision of Indian Code – increased exist in India, mechanisms are perception of seismic threat injured, 215,255 houses collapsed and 928,369 houses damaged not in place even today to ensure Year of Release of Zone Maps [Murty et al, 2005]. The economic their compliance. Even worse is the 1962 1966 1984 2002 setback is slated at US$5 billion fact that earthquake safety issues 0 0 I [Jain et al, 2002]. Urbanization in are not taught in undergraduate II II India is rising at an alarming rate, civil engineering or architecture II II II courses until 2003; even after III III III III but the safety of the built environ- IV IV VI IV ment is not commensurate with 2003, only the few government col- VV the prevalent seismic hazard. And, leges in one of the states (namely VV VI VI with time, the disasters will only Gujarat that experienced a major get bigger because effectively very earthquake in 2001) mandated the Public uproar following the few earthquake-resistant construc- inclusion of earthquake resistant 1993 Killari (Maharashtra, Central tions are being built across the design and construction in the India) earthquake that occurred in country even today. Moreover, curriculum. the erstwhile seismic zone I, with with accelerated urbanization, about 8,000 fatalities, again raised Added to this is the fact that more and more vulnerable and questions on the validity of the the urban areas in India are grow- disaster prone areas are witnessing seismic zone map in peninsular ing at an alarming pace. The cities widespread building activities, thus India. The 2001 Bhuj earthquake in and towns are magnets for millions increasing the targets for future the most severe seismic zone V of of citizens from rural India, and natural disasters. On the other the country caused about 13,805 becoming attracting reservoirs of hand, in countries where structural fatalities. These two events in par- skills and engines for the produc- design has matured with formal ticular compelled the Bureau of tivity & economic growth of the processes in place, the losses are Indian Standards to revise the seis- country. By 2020, the urban areas more in terms of contents of build- mic zone map again in 2002 (Figure are expected to account for 40%

58 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ of the population and to contrib- These strategies result in different architectural considerations. ute 70% of the GDP of the nation. levels of safety built into build- Seismic Risk of Indian Housing Further, the already acute short- ings. The local governments have Stock age of housing, with more than 25 insufficient checks on technical million units to be built, is further quality, because municipal offices The existence of seismic faults enhanced by the housing losses not equipped to monitor technical in peninsular India (Figure 1.2) and caused by the natural calamities. quality; many of them do not have the consequent seismic threat has With water supply, sanitation and civil engineers to scrutinize the been articulated in the Indian Seis- other urban infrastructure becom- building designs. With no system mic Code IS:1893 since the early ing scarce, legal and institutional in place for ensuring conformation, 1960s. The 1.2 billion population reforms have not kept pace with there is an indiscriminate issue of of India lives (Figure 1.3) in over the population explosion. Regula- permits to construct based only on 25,000,000 houses built on soil tions to control land use, occupancy and ownership are in place in some cities, but there is no political will to implement them. They do not exist at all in many non-urban or semi-urban areas. With this as the backdrop, the real estate boom underway in the nation happens at a time where there are insufficient checks on quality of built environment coming up. About 96.5% of India’s construction is of non-engineered type with little or no engineering input, and the rest is made largely of reinforced concrete frame systems. Even this ~3.5% of so called engineered structures showed high vulnerability to earthquake shak- Figure 1.2: Seismic faults in India (Source: GSI, 2003) ing during the past two decades in the country. Unfortunately, the number of practicing professionals formally trained in earthquake safety related subjects is small, and a number of projects are being implemented without sufficient expertise in earthquake-resistant design and construction. Standards exist for earthquake-resistant design of structures, but are not used in most building projects, because of lack of understanding amongst designers on the one hand and of lack of perception of risk on the other. Even the available standards have a number of loopholes that designers exploit Figure 1.3: District-wise population density (Number of persons/km2) to reduce cost of construction. (Source: CoI, 2011)

Nirman Sarika 59 cover that varies across the country (Figure 1.4). As mentioned earlier, about 60% of land area is under the threat of moderate to severe seismic shaking as per the Seismic Zone Map of India (Figure 1.5). The seismic hazard and prevalence of large housing stock in seismic areas (Figure 1.6) makes a significant part of housing in India at risk to earthquake damage and loss (Fig- ure 1.7). Of these determinants of risk of the Indian population to seismic shaking across the country, the vulnerability of Indian house construction strategies should be kept low to reduce the risk of such damage and loss. Another pointer that gives deep insights into the safety of housing in India is the choice of material used in the construction of houses across the country. Table 1.2 shows the summary statistics of Figure 1.4: Soil cover (Source: GSI, 2003) the material for wall construction in rural areas, urban areas and entire country [CoI, 1991; 2001; 2011]. The cumulative dominant materials of choice by 2011 are: (1) mud and un-burnt brick (about 22%), (2) burnt brick (about 48%); and (3) Stone (about 14%). These three materials together account for 84% of houses in the country. This is in great contrast with the emphasis of the civil engineering and architectural education imparted across India. On the one hand, the housing construction materials listed above are reflected in only 3% of the courses taught to the undergraduate students. In particular, the course on masonry is almost extinct in the curriculum across the engineering colleges in the country. On the other hand, 97% of the curriculum is address- ing the small minority of 3.6% of Figure 1.5: Seismic zone map (Source: IS1893(1)-2004) reinforced concrete houses in the country.

60 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Recognizing the above skewed situation, there is need to develop Figure 1.6: District-wise housing density (Number of Houses/km2) (Source: CoI, 2011) clear understanding of this vulnerability of the building stock in the country, towards (1) identifying measures that can retrofit the existing building stock to earthquake-resistant standard, (2) ensuring that new houses constructed are not vulnerable, and (3) making systemic changes (as part of capacity building and preparedness initiatives of disaster management) towards mitigating impending earthquake disasters. Hence, a systematic methodology is required for (a) Documenting Housing Typolo- gies in the Moderate-Severe Seismic Zones of India, with a view to (i) understanding the extent of loss that is expected in each existing housing type, and (ii) developing guidelines for all new constructions; and (b) Retrofitting the vulnerable Figure 1.7: District-wise seismic risk factor (Seismic Zone Factor Z of the seismic zone housing stock in the Moderate- multiplied by Number of Houses/km2 for each District of India) Severe Seismic Zones of India.

Nirman Sarika 61 Table 1.2: 1991-2001-2011 India summary of choice of wall material in house construction Source( : CoI, 1991, 2001, 2011)

S.No. Wall Material Number of Houses (Census 1991) India Rural % Urban % 1 MUD, UNBURNT BRICKS 74,810,594 41.3 67,218,236 47.0 5,422,316 10.9 2 BURNT BRICK 68,897,374 33.6 36,646,602 25.6 32,250,772 64.5 3 STONE 21,703,991 10.6 17,284,400 12.1 4,419,591 8.8 4 Grass, Thatch, Bamboo, ... 19,588,428 9.6 17,056,489 11.9 2,531,939 5.1 5 CONCRETE 3,956,540 1.9 1,155,760 0.8 2,800,780 5.6 6 Wood 2,866,393 1.4 1,795,840 1.3 1,070,553 2.1 7 GI, Metal, Asbestos sheets 1,016,866 0.5 251,910 0.2 764,956 1.5 8 Ekra 254,908 0.1 201,039 0.1 53,869 0.1 9 Others 2,042,549 1.0 1,376,176 1.0 666,373 1.3 GRAND TOTAL 195,137,643 100 142,986,452 73.3 49,981,149 26.7

S.No. Wall Material Number of Houses (Census 2001) India % Rural % Urban % 1 MUD, UNBURNT BRICK 73,799,162 29.6 65,807,212 37.1 7,991,950 11.2 2 BURNT BRICK 111,891,629 44.9 62,515,919 35.3 49,175,710 68.7 3 STONE 25,481,817 10.2 20,347,899 11.5 5,133,918 7.2 4 Grass, Thatch, Bamboo, ... 24,737,121 9.9 22,162,932 12.5 2,574,189 3.6 5 CONCRETE 6,540,338 2.6 2,253,979 1.3 4,286,359 6.0 6 Wood 3,196,992 1.3 2,363,200 1.3 833,792 1.2 7 GI, Metal, Asbestos sheets 1,998,678 0.8 776,677 0.4 1,122,001 1.6 8 Plastic, Polythene 721,776 0.3 477,498 0.3 244,278 0.3 9 Others 728,356 0.3 532,197 0.3 196,159 0.3 GRAND TOTAL 249,095,869 100 177,237,513 71.3 71,558,356 28.7

S.No. Wall Material Number of Houses (Census 2011) India % Rural % Urban % 1 MUD, UNBURNT BRICK 66,449,827 21.8 58,330,614 28.2 8,119,213 8.3 2 BURNT BRICK 146,545,805 48.1 83,618,436 40.5 62,927,369 64.0 3 STONE 43,482,932 14.3 28685790 13.9 14797142 15.1 4 Grass, Thatch, Bamboo, … 28,947,594 9.5 26,417,331 12.8 2,530,263 2.6 5 CONCRETE 10,983,679 3.6 3,699,096 1.8 7,284,583 7.4 6 Wood 2,781,271 0.9 2,132,342 1.0 648,929 0.7 7 GI, Metal, Asbestos sheets 2,331,869 0.8 1,269,359 0.6 1,062,510 1.1 8 Plastic, Polythene 1,097,831 0.4 762,256 0.4 335,575 0.3 9 Others 2,261,640 0.7 1,648,466 0.8 613,174 0.6 GRAND TOTAL 304,882,448 100 206,563,690 67.8 98,318,758 32.2

62 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Cyclone Shelter – Urban Sustainable Development

Gajjala Ramesh Babu* M. Keerthana**

Introduction cyclones. This is evident from the are brought under control through extensive damage suffered in Vi- advanced early warning systems by eninsular India has a long sakhapatnam, of the infrastructure the meteorological department, coastline, which provides like roof cladding of airport, glazing though the damage to property is plethora of advantages to P of commercial buildings, industrial unavoidable. The number of hous- the country in the form of provid- structures, transmission line/comes/buildings/other infrastructures ing livelihood to people, being a munication towers etc., during damaged is still significant and is viable source of renewable energy recent ‘HUDHUD’ cyclone. Such observed to be directly related to and acting as a hub for trading, to urbanisation is one of the major the intensity of the cyclone. The name a few among many. There is reasons for sustained global warm- losses during the event of cyclone a natural tendency for urbanisation ing. There is a need to view urbani- has been observed to account for to take place around such geo- sation and its impact on the envi- 2% of the country’s Gross Domestic graphical locations which nurture ronment in an interactive mode. Product (GDP) and about 12% of development. However, one of the This has resulted in increased sea Central government revenue [1]. major disadvantages of having such surface temperatures, which will a long coastline is its increased vul- Urban planning practices have have implications in the form of nerability to tropical cyclones, so far been by and large limited to higher probability of occurrence which cause extensive damage to cities, with lesser focus on the rural of extreme wind events/natural life and property. India, located in areas. A developing country like disasters. It has become necessary Asia-Pacific region, is battered by India can prosper only by means of to design the human settlements frequent tropical cyclones. Even a sustainable urbanisation that ca- against natural disasters like cy- recently, two very severe cyclonic ters to the needs of both rural and clones, which is one of the key storms (‘PHAILIN’ with a gust wind urban areas. This precisely is the aspects of the urban sustainable speed of 220 kmph in 2013 and theme “Housing at the Centre” of development. Government of India ‘HUDHUD’ with a gust wind speed the World Habitat Day this year. is also emphasizing the necessity to of 204 kmph in 2014) crossed the adopt disaster resistant technolo- Improvements to Low-Rise east coast of India. gies and designs for housing under Dwellings against Cyclone Some of the proposed smart the National Mission for Urban The eastern coast of India has cities announced by Government Housing / Smart Cities. high vulnerability to cyclones. It of India under National Mission Thanks to the technological houses thousands of human settle- of Smart Cities are located on intervention and modelling capa- ments/communities involved in the coast and are vulnerable to bilities, due to which loss of lives (and not limited to) fishing, pearl

* Principal Scientist, CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai; E-mail: [email protected] ** Scientist, CSIR-Structural Engineering Research Centre, Chennai; E-mail: [email protected]

Nirman Sarika 63 sustainable built environment. In continuation to the contribution towards cyclone shelter, CSIR-SERC is continuously engaged in cyclone wind monitoring along the Indian coast to evaluate the cyclone wind characteristics for the structural damage mitigation. Such studies on the characteristics of cyclonic winds which are associated with high wind speeds and increased turbulence intensities will aid in the design of buildings/structures against extreme winds, to make them disaster resilient or build the housing infrastructure better. Research at CSIR-SERC is in progress towards scientific and rational methods of vulnerability assessment of cyclone farming, salt production,prone coastal etc. regionsIn ing dueusing importance cloud computing. to the lives surges and earlier times, the dwellingsustainable units of built people environment. in densely In populated continuation to the contribution towards cyclone shelter, (iii) Selection of appropriate de- were mostly non-engineeredCSIR and-SERC coastal is continuously regions and engaged the safety in cyclone of wind monitoring along the Indian coast to sign wind speed based on risk semi-engineered, subjected to those living in non-engineered and evaluate the cyclone wind characteristics for the structuralanalysis damage of cyclonic mitigation. wind speeds Such studies on extensive damage in the event of semi-engineered dwellings (not the characteristics of cyclonic winds which are associatedcarried with out high at CSIR-SERC. wind speeds and increased cyclone. Low-rise buildingsturbulence in ur- satisfyingintensities thewill codalaid in provisions),the design of buildings/structures against extreme winds, to There are about 203 cyclone ban environmentREFERENCES on the coastmake or them they disaster need resilient to be orevacuated build the housingfrom infrastructure better. Research at CSIR-SERC in a complex topography oris in in low- progresstheir towards existing sci dwellingsentific and and rational accom- methodsshelters of vulnerabilityin the state assessmentof Odisha, of cyclone including 65 constructed by Indian lying areas are also1. susceptible http://ncrmp.gov.in/prone tocoastal modated regions in using “cyclone cloud shelter” computing. (Fig. the fury of cyclone. CSIR-Structural 1; Fig. 2). Cyclone shelter is a spe- Red Cross Society [5], about 50 in 2. http://www.ndma.gov.in/images/cyclones/Recommended_Practices_CSIRSERC_NDMA.pdf Engineering Research Centre (CSIR- cialised multi-purpose community the state of West Bengal [1], about 3. IS 15498: 2004, “Guidelines for improving460 inthe the cyclonic state of Andhra resistance Pradesh of low rise houses SERC) has contributed towards structure designed to combat the improving the performanceand other of buildings/structures”increased loading due cyclones, New and Delhi, [7]. AtIndia. the stage of planning and design, the number of cyclone shel- such dwellings against4. the “Management cycloneREFERENCES the associated of Cyclones” storm surge. (2008), CSIR- National Disaster Management Guidelines, by providing simpler guidelines SERC designed cyclone shelters for ters to be constructed is governed 1. http://ncrmp.gov.in/ [2] to: NDMA. German Red cross society with spe- by the density of population living 2. http://www.ndma.gov.in/images/cyclones/Recommended_Practices_CSIRSERC_NDMA.pdf cial provisions. The innovativeness in dwellings mentioned earlier that (i) Enhance the strength5. http://www.osdma.org of existing3. IS 15498: 2004, “Guidelines for improving the cyclonic resistance of low rise houses of structural design includes: could probably be subjected to dwellings and their6. http://www.ndma.gov.in/en/structural and other buildings/structures”, New Delhi,damage India. and the local topography. connections through simple (i) Selection of suitable aerody- 7. https://www.pmnrf.gov.in/4. “Management of Cyclones” (2008), NationalIn certain Disastersituations, Management people living Guidelines, techniques and finer detailing, namic shape to resist cyclonic NDMA. in engineered construction (that wind forces more effectively, (ii) Construct new dwellings with5. http://www.osdma.org may not be subjected to structural the conventional and locally6. http://www.ndma.gov.in/en/(ii) Provision of stilt, and sloping damage during cyclones) also seek available materials through7. https://www.pmnrf.gov.in/ground to satisfy the functional shelter in these structures, as such simplified construction/design requirements against storm structures are subjected to damage practices. The aforementioned guidelines have been prepared in the form of posters with illustrations in English and the vernacular languages of the east coast regions and circu- lated among the local people for adoption in their housingFig. schemes. 1 Side view of Cyclone Shelter Designed by CSIR-SERC in Odisha (Photo: 2012) Fig. 1 Side view of Cyclone Shelter Designed by CSIR-SERC in Odisha (Photo: 2012) The same has been made avail-Fig. 1 Side view of Cyclone Shelterhttp://www.osdma.orghttp://www.osdma.org Designed by CSIR-SERC in Odisha (Photo: 2012) able in the form of IS code 15498- http://www.osdma.org 2004, “Guidelines for improving the cyclonic resistance of low rise houses and other buildings/structures” [3]. Cyclone Shelter – Need and Design Aspects The guidelines provided by CSIR-SERC for low-rise dwellings have helped in a big way to reduce the damage caused to such structures. The average coastal population density is 432 persons per sq. km as against 256 persons Fig. 2 Front view of Cyclone Shelter Designed by CSIR-SERC in Odisha for the entire country [4]. Giv- http://www.indianredcross.org/rts/cyclone-shelters-provide-safety-to-hundreds.pdf

64 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ due to storm surge. The problems Even recently, Prime Minister has Summary of contaminated water, damage to accorded approval for construction The role of cyclone shelters in drainage lines, non-availability of of six cyclone shelters at an esti- urban sustainable development in food supplies, etc, are also faced by mated cost of Rs. 8.23 crore - two coastal areas has been discussed. people living in engineered struc- in Kozhikode, one in Kannur district It can be seen that cyclone shelter tures. In such scenarios, cyclone of Kerala and three in Lakshadweep is one of the important infrastruc- shelters provide safety to the oc- through the National Disaster Man- ture in cyclone prone regions, cupants during times of havoc. agement Authority (NDMA) [8]. and a component of the theme Cyclone shelters are one of the CSIR-SERC, based on its R&D “Housing at Centre” for urban de- nodal points where relief materials expertise has conducted wind velopment. Proper planning and will be made available by Govern- tunnel experiments towards evalu- design of cyclone shelters is a vital ment will be made available, till the ation of design wind pressure coef- disaster risk reduction measure for normal life is restored. Hence, the ficients and improving the design a sustainable built environment. In approach roads to cyclone shelters of cyclone shelter (Fig. 3). Though continuation to the contribution needs to be given due importance the stilted configuration offers towards cyclone shelter, CSIR-SERC in the sustainable urban planning. protection against storm surge, it is continuously engaged in cyclone The access roads to cyclone shelter is perilous in attracting high loads wind monitoring along the Indian must be functional for transport- in the bottom and top slabs. The ef- coast to evaluate the cyclone wind ing people and relief and rescue fect of stilted configuration on the characteristics for the structural materials during cyclones. Specific wind load has been systematically damage mitigation. Such studies designs of cyclone shelters with studied in the wind tunnel by simu- on the characteristics of cyclonic cattle mounding to accommodate lating cyclonic wind characteristics winds which are associated with cattle have also been designed and (Fig. 4). Efforts are underway to high wind speeds and increased Fig. 2 Front view of Cyclone Shelter Designed by CSIR-SERC in Odisha constructed. bring out a code of practice for the turbulence intensities will aid in http://www.indianredcross.org/rts/cyclone-shelters-provide-safety- to-hundreds.pdf design of cyclone shelters against The cyclone shelters must beFig. 2 Front view of Cyclone Shelter Designed by CSIR-SERC in Odishathe design of buildings/structures http://www.indianredcross.org/rts/cyclone-shelters-provide-safety-cyclonic winds. to-hundreds.pdfagainst extreme winds, to make designed with materials and methods such that the maintenance them disaster resilient or build costs involved are less. In regions the housing infrastructure better. which are prone to multi-hazard Research at CSIR-SERC is in prog- such as cyclone and earthquake, ress towards scientific and rational the cyclone shelter should be methods of vulnerability assess- designed to resist the earthquake ment of cyclone prone coastal forces. During normal times, cy- regions using cloud computing. clone shelters are used as commu- References nity shelters for housing schools, 1. http://ncrmp.gov.in/ health camps, election booths, etc. 2. http://www.ndma.gov.in/images/

However, they have been identified Fig.Fig. 3 View 3 View of cyclone of cyclone shelter model shelter in the model wind tunnel in cyclones/Recommended_Practices_ to be more suitable for schools,Fig. 3 View of cyclonethe shelter wind model tunnel in the wind tunnel CSIRSERC_NDMA.pdf thereby providing better schooling 3. IS 15498: 2004, “Guidelines for infrastructure. Hence, the appro- improving the cyclonic resistance of priate development authorities can low rise houses and other buildings/ plan new schools in form of cyclone structures”, New Delhi, India. shelters, in a two-fold beneficial 4. “Management of Cyclones” (2008), mode. Realizing the need and National Disaster Management importance of cyclone shelters, Guidelines, NDMA. Government of India in associationFig. 4 Cyclone shelter subjected to simulated cyclone wind in wind tunnel5. http://www.osdma.org with State Governments, has initi- 6. http://www.ndma.gov.in/en/ ated construction of many cyclone 7. https://www.pmnrf.gov.in/ Fig. 4 Cyclone shelterFig. 4 subjectedCyclone shelterto simulated subjected cyclone to wind simu- in wind tunnel shelters along the coastal regions. lated cyclone wind in wind tunnel ******

Nirman Sarika 65 ‘Housing for All’: Planning and Design Interface

Dr. Uttam K Roy*

Introduction cally weaker section (EWS) with or of cities to make specific plan and without govt support. Government strategies to estimate the future fter few decades from now of India under the leadership of housing demand and map the pos- will our urban historians Honourable Prime Minister Shri sible resources (including PMAY) mark the present decade A Narendra Modi has adopted an and implementation. Moreover (2011-20) as decade of housing ambitious vision and mission to a robust framework for design for all? Or as decade of Smart city eliminate all existing housing short- interface will be essential for the or Swachh Bharat? Or as digital ages and achieve housing for all by systemic change in the technology India or start up India? Only future the year 2022. The Pradhan Mantry as envisaged in TSM. Here a discus- can answer this question. But we Awas Yojona (PMAY) along with a sion on such planning and design are entering in a new paradigm of Technology Sub-mission (TSM) has interfaces is considered as very im- global mandate through Habitat- targeted the housing shortage in a portant and essential prerequisite III, with the slogan ‘Housing at new approach which was hitherto for a housing mission and therefore the centre’ (UN Habitat, 2016) non-existing. To realize this goal we presented. For doing this, a short and with maximum and renewed need continuous refinement and review of the present context will hope in India to win a mammoth synchronisation of our action at all be required and is provided in the challenge of housing shortage, a levels. Housing and land is a state next section. known and old problem. To trans- subject as per the constitution of form from a state of enthusiasm Revisiting the context for HFA India. There is enormous scope to a time bound performance we mission for each state to reciprocate with must try to strengthen our effort. initiative of government of India by Urban population of India is al- It is a great opportunity to sharpen creating larger canvas of plan and ready increased from 285.3 million our tools before we plunge into strategic actions for our cities and in 2001 to 377 million in 2011, and post Habitat-III era to take up our regions even beyond the scope of expected to reach 410 million in remaining works for the mission. central schemes. Fortunately there 2015, 468 million in 2020 and 533 For last thirty years there have are couples of state governments million in 2025 as per the projec- been phenomenal changes in who have come up with excellent tion based on the historical growth policies related to land, finance set of state level housing policies pattern of our population (1901- and housing operations. Due to so far following the National Urban 2001). The housing gap in India those reforms we now have a Housing and Habitat Policy 2007. A during 2001 was at 24.48 million housing market with higher readi- model state housing policy frame- (NUHHP). The gap in urban areas ness to respond to the need of all work has been floated to enable was found to be higher by almost economic groups including lower others to adopt. The next level 5% than the rural areas. Technical income groups (LIG) and economi- action will be required at the level Group-12 on estimation of housing * Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, [email protected]

66 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ mismatch of supply and demand for respective income groups. EWS and LIG constitutes 96% (56+40) of total Housing Need where as market supply caters only around 15% (calculated in-house) for these groups in total.

The first concrete step taken by the government to govern the housing sector was the formulation of National Housing Policy (NHP) and National Housing Bank (NHB) in 1988. Through this initiative, the government attempted to tackle two of the stated issues – regulatory framework and financing, respectively. The NHP laid the foundation of housing policy in India and was modified or upgraded in future as a response to more identified issues. This resulted in the amendment of NHP in 1994 and formulation of National Habitat and Housing Policy (NHHP) in 1998. While evolving as a ‘facilitator’ of housing development, the approach towards the constituent policy parameters also underwent transformation.

The postshortage liberalization commissioned policies by Minis- and reforms intry housingof Housing and and Urban land marketsPoverty Box-1: Various enabling approaches in affordable housing enabled privateAlleviation players (MOHUPA) in delivery estimated of 1. Joint Venture: Cross subsidy based approach encourages housing tourban all includinghousing shortage LIG and as 18.78 EWS. joint venture companies with private developers Meanwhilemillion joint in ventures 2012. Around (with 56% private of the shortage was observed among the 2. Land Reform: Legal and policy reforms like Repeal of and public) gained popularity in creating EWS households (household aver- Urban Land Ceiling and Regulation Act, Amendment of such housing stock by adopting cross age annual income up to Rs. 1 lakh) Land Acquisition Act etc towards making land available. subsidies and in approximately large or medium 40% among sized 3. Reservation: Reservation of dwelling units and land for projects. the Several LIG households developers (household started EWS and LIG in the privately developed housing projects. delivering average market annual driven income affordable of Rs. 1 4. Preventive: Preventive actions like streamlining rental housing unitslakh forto Rs. low 2 lakhs). income Further, families. Indian In housing by enabling private developers, and amending spite of all,Housing the housingmarket is supply characterised to low Rent Control Act income peoplefor its severe has been mismatch inadequate of supply in 5. Demand Side intervention: Demand side intervention comparisonand to demand the huge for respectivedemand. incomeTill the enabling people through interest subsidy. year 2000 groups.the delivery EWS andof low LIG income constitutes housing housing revolved stock around by adopting the subsidy cross orland cross and subsidy more housing based supply. policy It undertaken96% by (56+40) the central, of total stateHousing governments Need subsidies of para-statal in large orbodies medium and alsois expected in very fewthat thecases demand public for private partnershipwhere as market (PPP) supplycompanies. caters only sized projects. Several developers affordable housing is likely to rise around 15% (calculated in-house) started delivering market driven from 25 mn households to more After the yearfor these 2000 groups when in total. several private affordable players came housing up tounits cater for forlow thethan housing 38 mn forhouseholds low and by mid 2030. income categoryThe firstwithout concrete any subsidystep taken on marketincome price, families. this In whole spite situationof all, This started will be changing. on the back This of was an in- due to variousby the urban government reforms to govern took placethe alongthe housing with supply JnNURM to low (2004-12) income andcrease Rajiv in urban Awas population Yojona (RAY to 590 ,2010-14). housing Various sector enabling was the approachesformulation werepeople tried has been to revive inadequate the housing in mn market by 2030 with for more whole than some 91 mn coverage (Box-1).of National Policy Housing changes Policy in streamlining(NHP) comparison availability to the of huge housing demand. land andbeing housing from the finance middle made class segit - possible forand international National Housing investment Bank (NHB) in largeTill the chunks year of2000 urban the delivery land and morement (MGI). housing supply. It is of low income housing revolved expected thatin 1988. the Through demand this for initiative, affordable the housing is likely to rise from 25 mn householdsThe trend of developing to more than market around the subsidy or cross sub- 38 mn householdsgovernment by attempted2030. This towill tackle be on the back of an increase in urbandriven population housing tounit 590 for mnthe bymass sidy based policy undertaken by two of the stated issues – regula- is a mentionable improvement 2030 with more than 91 mn being from the themiddle central, class state segment governments (MGI). of tory framework and financing, in India in recent times though para-statal bodies and also in very The trend ofrespectively. developing The market NHP drivenlaid the housing unit for the mass is a mentionablethe quantity improvement is not sufficient in India yet few cases public private partner- in recent timesfoundation though of thehousing quantity policy isin notIn- sufficient yet in comparison to need.in comparison Further, recent to need. legal Further, and ship (PPP) companies. financial reformsdia and bywas the modified government or upgraded of India like interest subsidy scheme, reservationrecent legal for and Lower financial Inco reformsme Group (LIG)in andfuture Economically as a response Weaker to more Section After (EWS) the in year private 2000 housing,when sev- taxby exemption the government for affordable of India like housing, hasidentified laid opportunity issues. This toresulted various in privateeral private players. players They came include up to investors,interest subsidy developers, scheme, micro- reserva- finance companies,the amendment suppliers of NHP of in building 1994 materialscater for the etc housing. Concurrently for low and PMAY tion incorporated for Lower Income the Group magic (LIG) power of privateand formulation partnership of Nationalalong with Habi- a combinationmid income category of demand without side any and supplyand Economically side interventions. Weaker Section tat and Housing Policy (NHHP) in subsidy on market price, this whole (EWS) in private housing, tax ex- However, till1998. now, While the evolving investments as a ‘facilita- are limitedsituation to site-specific started changing. housing This projects emption involving for affordable mainly onsitehousing, and traditionaltor’ of construction housing development, methods theresulting was slowerdue to various and insufficient urban reforms housing has supply laid opportunity general. With to various this enabling landapproach and towards financial the market constituent which took is suitableplace along to privatewith JnNURM developers, private many players. such They developers include in - started exploringpolicy parameters new technology also underwent options to(2004-12) deliver massand Rajiv housing Awas in Yojona less time vestors, to capture developers, the time micro-finance value. TSM as a transformation. sub set of PMAY is timely envisaged(RAY ,2010-14). to cater Various to this enabling need of thecompanies, market suppliers in an organised of building manner. At thisThe pointpost liberalization we will discuss policies the approaches planning and were design tried interfacesto revive requiredmaterials etc. for Concurrently the PMAY andPMAY TSM. and reforms in housing and land the housing market for whole some incorporated the magic power of markets enabled private players coverage (Box-1). Policy changes in private partnership along with a in delivery of housing to all includ- streamlining availability of housing combination of demand side and ing LIG and EWS. Meanwhile joint land and housing finance made it supply side interventions. possible for international invest- ventures (with private and public) However, till now, the investment in large chunks of urban gained popularity in creating such ments are limited to site-specific

Nirman Sarika 67 City Planning interface of HFA mission Box-2: Spectrum of housing Types in a City Origin Housing Typology After about two and a half decades of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act, Indian cities have inherited first Old city/walled city housing Urban village generation of city planning exercise as city development Organic Plan (CDP) during 2004-12 in Jawaharlal Nehru National Traditional Housing Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) period. With the right Private plotted houses mixing of reforms and policy at the central and state we Private developers housing are now in a position to scale up such planning action at Cooperative housing the next level. CDP being a first generation planning Employees housing discourse in Indian cities, it mostly covered the comprehensive linkage of funding schemes with the city Formal Public developers housing infrastructure requirements.housing In term projects of involving creation mainly of futureRenewal Mis- Planned Private plotted housing land and a direction,City Planning based interfaceonsite on andthe of HFA traditionalprojection mission construc and- growthsion (JnNURM) Box-2:Rental Spectrum housing of housing Types in a City tion methods resulting slower period. With trend, could not be covered. For a futuristic plan for Origin Joint Housing ventures Typology companies housing After about twoand and insufficient a half decades housing of supply 74th Constitutionalthe right mix- provision of Amendment housing for Act, allgeneral. in Indian a With city, this cities such enabling an have exerciseland inherited ing of to reforms first IllegalOld /unauthorized city/walled city houseshousing develop a comprehensive and housing financial strategymarket which for is suit- projectedand policy at Urban village generation of city planning exercise as city development Organicslum and squatter population willPlan be (CDP required.) duringable 2004 Into private absence-12 indevelopers, Jawaharlal of such many Nehru strategy the central National andInformal Traditional Housing such developers started exploring state we are Temporary stay of pavement documents, Urban city authorities Renewal Mission are unable (JnNURM) to come period. out With of the a right Private plotted houses new technology options to deliver now in a po- dwellers ‘scheme driven’mixing action of reforms tomass a and housing ‘holistic policy in less ataction’ thetime central to whichcap- andsition will state to scale we Private developers housing satisfy all possibleare now typologies in a positionture of the housing,to time scale value. upnot TSM such only as planninga subthe slums.up actionsuch Unlessplan at- we createCooperative developed housing urban land for the next level. set CDP of PMAY being is timely a first envisaged generation to ning planning action at future housing of various categories we will fail to prevent future slum formation.Employees Following housing several land discourse in Indiancater to this cities, need of it the mostlymarket in coveredthe next level. the related reforms creation of land bank for future housing is possible with minimal effort. Every city is comprehensive an linkage organised of manner. funding At schemes this point withCDP the being city a Formal Public developers housing different andinfrastructure so is the predominant requirements.we will discuss housing Inthe term planning supplyof creationand infirst each of generafuture city - even if thosePlanned are in Private same plotted geographical housing design interfaces required for the tion planning location. Areland our and city a direction, authorities based aware on the about projection the future and growth demand of differentRental categorieshousing of housing PMAY and TSM. discourse in typologies? Hastrend, anybody could notestimated be covered. or projected For a futuristic such demand? plan for Are our city authoritiesJoint ventures aware companies about housing the City Planning interface of HFA Indian cities, it available landprovision and technology of housing options for all infor a each city, suchcategory an mostly exercise of coveredhousing? to Therefore the strategic exercise for mission Illegal /unauthorized houses provisioning developfuture landa comprehensive and housing housing is very strategycrucial to forthe avail projected compre the - maximum benefit of present schemes, After about two and a half slum and squatter reforms and populationhousing markets. will be required. In absence of suchhensive strategy link- Informal documents, city decades authorities of 74th are Constitutional unable to come age outof funding of a Temporary stay of pavement Amendment Act, Indian cities have dwellers ‘scheme driven’ action to a ‘holistic action’ schemes which with will A typical city housing strategyinherited formulation first generation has of severalcity stages. First it takes the account of existing the city infra- and growth trend, could not be satisfy all possibleplanning typologies exercise of as housing, city develop- not only the slums. Unless we create developed urban land for situation of all housing typologies (Box-2), stocks, condition,structure shortage requirements. and In issues. term covered.In this secondFor a futuristic stage, plan it for future housing ofment var ioPlanus (CDP)categories during 2004-12 we will in fail to prevent future slum formation. Following several land of creation of future land and a provision of housing for all in a projects therelated future reforms demand Jawaharlalcreation of each Nehruof land housing National bank forUrban typology future housing based is on possible the trend with minimalin housing effort. growth Every city and is direction, based on the projection city, such an exercise to develop a population different projection and so. is the predominant housing supply in each city even if those are in same geographical Third, it estimateslocation. Are the our cityBox authorities 3: An example aware of about mapping the futureof housing demand typologies of different at the categories sub-regional of housing level: land and financetypologies? required Has anybody estimated or projected suchCase demand? of Roorkee Are our city authorities aware about the for each typologyavailable land for and technology options for each category of housing? Therefore the strategic exercise for future and identifiesprovisioning such future land and housing is very crucial to avail the maximum benefit of present schemes, pockets of reforms development and housing markets. in the overallA typical framework city housing strategy formulation has several stages. First it takes the account of existing of CDP or situation master of plan all .housing typologies (Box-2), stocks, condition, shortage and issues. In this second stage, it After severalprojects iterations the futureit demand of each housing typology based on the trend in housing growth and decides population the final proj ection. allocation andThird, location it estimates of the Box 3: An example of mapping of housing typologies at the sub-regional level: land and finance required Case of Roorkee future housing, land and for each typology for finance. future It and alsoidentifies such incentivises pockets the of new development technology underin the TSM overall to framework get a quickerof delivery. CDP or Set master plan. of strategiesAfter and several plan of iterations it decides the final action need to be allocation and location of integrated with the future housing, land and current schemesfinance. and programmes It 68 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ also (likeºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ PMAY etc). It may be noted that a housing strategy must address physical,incentivises financial the and control new mechanism of all housing types as applicable and shown in Box-2. technology under TSM to get a quicker delivery. Set of strategies and plan of action need to be integrated with the current schemes and programmes (like PMAY etc). It may be noted that a housing strategy must address physical, financial and control mechanism of all housing types as applicable and shown in Box-2. Another very crucial aspect of city housing strategy is the planning area delineation. It has been seen that housing development has been greatly influenced by connectivity, land use and land value. Again higher land value zone extends beyond the city boundary to the sub regional level. Intelligent developers and investors build housing complexes on those lands for quick profit. Such housing development ends up with urban sprawls with no or minimal offsite infrastructures. To address such problems, the only solution to prevent the sprawl is to extend the planning boundary for making future housing strategy on the basis of land value and land use patterns at the sub regional level. The exercise needs integration of several thematic mapping in different layer to identify suitable hot spots for investments. Thus land value capture is essential task in a housing planning exercise. The Box-3 shows typical housing typology maps of city of Roorkee where a similar academic exercise had been undertaken. comprehensive housing strategy also incentivises for projected population will be the new technol- Design Interface ofrequired. HFA Mission In absence of such strat- ogy under TSM 1.Standardization egy documents, city authorities are to get a quicker HFA mission will deliverunable tohouses come outin twoof a ‘schemechannels delivery. in terms Set of of construction systems.driven’ One, action the tohouses a ‘holistic built action’ through strategies tradition and 2. Dimensional and Modular Coordination construction methods.which Second, will satisfy houses all possible delivered ty- plan through of action an pologies of housing, not only the need to be inte- industrialised mode using innovative and new technologies slums. Unless we create developed grated with the 3. Prefabrication for which a TSM haurbans been land envisaged for future housingfor the of first current time schemesin the independent India.various For thecategories former we case,will fail design to and of programmes housing will be largely dealtprevent future with slum the formation. implementing Fol- (like agenciesPMAY etc). 4. Mechanisation (municipal corporation,lowing several development land related reforms authorities) It may be where noted ministry (MOHUPA)creation provides of landbroad bank guidelines for future andthat boundary a housing housing is possible with minimal ef- strategy must conditions of unit areas, cost etc. Here the consultant 5. Industrialisation fort. Every city is different and so is address physi- designer will developthe predominant units orhousing layouts supply in based cal, financial on the and requirements and each geo city climatic even if those context. are in Howeversame control since mecha this - Box 4: Stages of IBS process is much timegeographical taking as location. second Are method our city wherenism of allfaster hous - authorities aware about the future ing types as ap- a similar academic exercise had delivery is being envisaged through mass housing construction using factory been made undertaken. components with innovative and greendemand technology of different in TSMcategories under of PMAYplicable. TSM and shown will also in Box-2. facilitate preparation and adoption housing typologies? Has anybody Another very crucial aspect of Design Interface of HFA estimated or projected such de- of layout designs and building plans city housing strategy is the plan- Mission Box-5: Illustrationmand? of Space Are our standards city authorities for LIG housing unit suitable for various geo-climatic ning area delineation. It has been HFA mission will deliver houses (takenaware fromabout Roy the & available Roy, 2016) land zones & will assist States/ Cities in seen that housing development in two channels in terms of con- 1HKand technology options1 BHK for each 1+ BHK has been greatly influenceddeploying by disasterstruction systems. resistant One, the and houses Activity category of housing? Therefore the spaces STARTER UNIT COMFORT UNIT connectivity,ASPIRANT UNIT land useenvironment and land built friendly through tradition technologies construc - strategic exercise for provisioning (21 sqm/225 sft) (28sqm/300 sft) value.(35sqm/375 Again higher sft) land(MOHUPA, value zone 2015).tion methods. The Sub-missionSecond, houses future land and housing is very cru- Hall YES YES extendsYES beyond the city boundary delivered through an industrialised cial to avail the maximum benefit will coordinate with various to the sub regional level. Intel- mode using innovative and new Bed Room 1 Attachableof present schemes, reformsYES and YES regulatory and administrative bodies ligent developers and investors technologies for which a TSM has Bed Room 2 housing--- markets. Attachable YES for mainstreaming and up scaling the build housing complexes on those been envisaged for the first time Kitchen PARTLYA typical city housingYES strategy lands forYES quick profit.deployment Such hous- in of the modern independent construction India. For Toilet/WC 1 formulationYES has severalYES stages. ing developmentYES endstechnologies up with the and former material case, indesign place of ofhous - Toilet/WC 2 First--- it takes the account--- of existing urbanAttachable sprawls with noconventional or minimal ing construction. will be largely dealt with the Verandah Attachablesituation of all housingAttachable typologies offsite infrastructures.YES To address implementing agencies (municipal (Box-2), stocks, condition, shortage such problems, the onlyTherefore solution acorporation, systemic development change authori in - (28sqm/300 sft) (35sqm/375 sft) (21 sqm/225and issues. sft) In this second stage, to prevent the sprawl technologyis to extend andties) where delivery ministry of housing (MOHUPA) it projects the future demand of the planning boundary for making provides broad guidelines and Basic unit from an onsite mode to each housing typology based on future housing strategy on the boundary conditions of unit areas, configuratin the trend in housing growth and basis of land value andindustrialised land use cost mode etc. Here is expectedthe consultant to de- population projection. Third, it patterns at the sub regionalachieve level. speed. In order to achieve signer will develop units or layouts estimates the land and finance The exercise needs integrationfour distinct of based objecti on vethes requirements in the TSM, and required for each typology for several thematic mappingi.e. in contextual dif- geo climaticdesign, context. speedier However future and identifies such pockets ferent layer to identifytechnology, suitable hot since environment this process is friendly much time of development in the overall spots for investments. Thus land Expansion and resiliency,taking it is as required second method to follow where possibility framework of CDP or master plan. value capture is essential task in faster delivery is being envisaged After several iterations it decides a housing planning exercise.a technology The through development mass housing construction path,

the final allocation and location of Box-3 shows typical housingcalled typol- Industrialisedusing factory Building made Scomponentsystems 30sqm/320 sft 37.4sqm/400 sft future housing, land and finance. It ogy 40sqm/430 maps of city sft of Roorkee(IBS) wherewhich other countries followed earlier. An illustration explaining simplified stages of IBS is shown in Box-4 (adopted from Sarja, 1998 & Nirman Sarika 69 Another very crucial aspect of city housing strategy is the planning area delineation. It has been seen that housing development has been greatly influenced by connectivity, land use and land value. Again higher land value zone extends beyond the city boundary to the sub regional level. Intelligent developers and investors build housing complexes on those lands for quick profit. Such housing development ends up with urban sprawls with no or minimal offsite infrastructures. To address such problems, the only solution to prevent the sprawl is to extend the planning boundary for making future housing strategy on the basis of land value and land use patterns at the sub regional level. The exercise needs integration of several thematic mapping in different layer to identify suitable hot spots for investments. Thus land value capture is essential task in a housing planning exercise. The Box-3 shows typical housing typology maps of city of Roorkee where a similar academic exercise had been undertaken.

Design Interface of HFA Mission 1.Standardization HFA mission will deliver houses in two channels in terms of construction systems. One, the houses built through tradition 2. Dimensional and Modular Coordination construction methods. Second, houses delivered through an industrialised mode using innovative and new technologies for which a TSM has been envisaged for the first time in the 3. Prefabrication independent India. For the former case, design of housing will be largely dealt with the implementing agencies 4. Mechanisation (municipal corporation, development authorities) where ministry (MOHUPA) provides broad guidelines and boundary conditions of unit areas, cost etc. Here the consultant 5. Industrialisation

designer will develop units or layouts based on the requirements and geo climatic context. However since this Box 4: Stages of IBS process is much time taking as second method where faster delivery is being envisaged through mass housing construction using factory made components with innovative and green technology in TSM under PMAY. TSM will also facilitate preparation and adoption of layout& Puri designs(2008), Roy and et building al (2008) plans & Box-5: Illustration of Space standards for LIG housing unit suitableRoy & forRoy (2009, various 2016) geo-climatic that for (taken from Roy & Roy, 2016) zonesIndia, & masswill assist production States/ of Citieshousing in 1HK 1 BHK 1+ BHK deploying disaster resistant and Activity by component based partial pre- spaces STARTER UNIT COMFORT UNIT ASPIRANT UNIT environmentfabricated/industrialised friendly technologies building (21 sqm/225 sft) (28sqm/300 sft) (35sqm/375 sft) (MOHUPA,system (IBS) 2015). will The be suitable Sub-mission to Hall YES YES YES willcombat coordinate with incremental with housing various Bed Room 1 Attachable YES YES regulatoryshortage. and India administrative is a vast country bodies Bed Room 2 --- Attachable YES for withmainstreaming wide variation and inup its scaling topogra- the Kitchen PARTLY YES YES deploymentphy, living ofpatterns modern and construction socio eco- Toilet/WC 1 YES YES YES technologiesnomic conditions. and material The inconcept place ofof Toilet/WC 2 ------Attachable conventionalindustrialization construction. of housing in India Verandah Attachable Attachable YES Thereforeshould be a decentralized systemic change and not in (28sqm/300 sft) (35sqm/375 sft) (21 sqm/225 sft) technologythe western and model delivery of oforganized housing

Basic unit fromcentralization. an onsite With its mode diversity to configuratin industrialisedIndia should mode adopt isprefabrication expected to achieveby the speed. masses In rather order than to massive achieve

fourprefabrication distinct objecti (Jainves 2007). in the There- TSM, i.e. forecontextual for India a setdesign, of design speedier pack- technology,age and system environment with the capacity friendly of Expansion andmixing resiliency, onsite it andis required offsite toactivities follow possibility a will technology be suitable. development path, called Industrialised Building Systems 30sqm/320 sft 37.4sqm/400 sft A standardisation of design 40sqm/430 sft (IBS) which other countries followed follows systematic stages involv- earlier. An illustration explaining simplified stages of IBS is shown in Box-4 (adopted from Sarja, 1998 & with innovative and green tech- a technology development path, ing the market trend, geo climatic nology in TSM under PMAY. TSM called Industrialised Building Sys- pretext, prevailing codes, struc- will also facilitate preparation and tems (IBS) which other countries tural requirement specific to the adoption of layout designs and followed earlier. An illustration technology selected etc. consider- building plans suitable for various explaining simplified stages of IBS ing the diversity of the country, a geo-climatic zones & will assist is shown in Box-4 (adopted from single standard of design will not States/ Cities in deploying disaster Sarja, 1998 & Warjawski 1999). work as seen in earlier experiences. resistant and environment friendly It shows that the standardization Therefore a systematic investment technologies (MOHUPA, 2015). The is the essential and unavoidable in knowledge and time is required Sub-mission will coordinate with stage followed by dimensional and specially by the research and devel- various regulatory and administra- modular coordination to achieve opment institutes with support by tive bodies for mainstreaming and the systemic change in the technol- the ministry. Even within the same up scaling the deployment of mod- ogy. The first two stages (1 & 2) es- geo-climatic zone, the standardisa- ern construction technologies and sentially deal with the architectural tion will have plenty of options for material in place of conventional language where as the next stages people based on differential afford- construction. (3 & 4) deal with the delivery of ability. There should be adequate that design through faster mode Therefore a systemic change in scope for upward improvement of of construction (Box-4). technology and delivery of housing housing units from a basic starter from an onsite mode to industria- However design interface for unit to aspirant units in terms of ac- lised mode is expected to achieve India will not be similar with the tivity area and specification. Such speed. In order to achieve four same in other western countries flexibility to integrate economic distinct objectives in the TSM, i.e. as the technology development progress of people is essential in contextual design, speedier tech- path is different. It is mentioned any sort of standardisation prac- nology, environment friendly and by various authors like Jain (2007), tice. An example of such space resiliency, it is required to follow Chattopadhyay (2008), Adalakha standards for low income group people in the hot humid geo-

70 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Warjawski 1999). It shows that the standardization is the essential and unavoidable stage followed by dimensional and modular coordination to achieve the systemic change in the technology. The first two stages (1 & 2) essentially deal with the architectural language where as the next stages (3 & 4) deal with the delivery of that design through faster mode of construction (Box-4).

However design interface for India will not be similar with the same in other western countries as the technology development path is different. It is mentioned by various authors like Jain (2007), Chattopadhyay (2008), Adalakha & Puri (2008), Roy et al (2008) & Roy & Roy (2009, 2016) that for India, mass production of housing by component based partial prefabricated/industrialised building system (IBS) will be suitable to combat with incremental housing shortage. India is a vast country with wide variation in its topography, living patterns and socio economic conditions. The concept of industrialization of housing in India should be decentralized and not the western model of organized centralization. With its diversity India should adopt prefabrication by the masses rather than massive prefabrication (Jain 2007). Therefore for India a set of design package and system with the capacity of mixing onsite and offsite activities will be suitable.

A standardisation of design follows systematic stages involving the market trend, geo climatic pretext, prevailing codes, structural requirement specific to the technology selected etc. considering the diversity of the country, a single standard of design will not work as seen in earlier experiences. Therefore a systematic investment in knowledge and time is required specially by the research and development institutes with support by the ministry. Even within the same geo-climatic zone, the standardisation will have plenty of options for people based on differential affordability. There should be adequate scope for upward improvement of housing units from a basic starter unit to aspirant units in terms of activity area and specification. Such flexibility to integrate economic progress of people is essential in any sort of standardisation practice. An example of such space standards for low income group people in the hot humid geo-climatic region has been developed at the IIT Roorkee and illustrated for reference (Roy & Roy, 2016) in Box 5. The standard designs are usually calibrated through various parameters and must have possibility of expansion to accommodate the incrementality nature of house building in India.

Conclusion: Agenda for action

The task required for achieving housing for all by 2022 is gigantic. Very special role and action is expected to play and deliver for the government, industry and research institutes. MOUHPA has already started collaboration with IITs and NITs for new technology development with designs and prototyping which seems appropriate. A Box 6: Actions by major stakeholders in TSM A C T I O N S B Y further Stages strengthening of Government R&D Institutes Industry  Continue reforms research PROCESS-I:  Policy inputs  Purchase land  Facilitate land sharing documentation, Policy & Legal  Set up research/design labs  Reach foreign funds  Continue 100 % FDI standardisation and Readiness  Industry collaboration  Encourage innovation  Empowerment prototyping of  Technology mapping modules will be  Identify institutes  Technology Development  Facilitating/Validation required with a  Planning & Design PROCESS-II:  Set up regional HUBs rigorous testing modules/components  Market feedback Knowledge  Multi-criteria  Simulation and users test  Collaborative research before starting Development assessment  Prototyping & testing production of  Facilitate planning and  Develop codes and protocol building design  Manual and Guidelines components. Three levels of actions are  Quality roads  Knowledge support  Setup factory PROCESS-III: development  Capacity building  Construct and delivery required for a Implementatio  Connect the prospective  Advisory and consultancy  Quality checks/ systemic change of n and Transfer investors  Codes and standards Feedback the housing delivery.  Set up factory in PPP   Comply regulations 1) Policy & legal, 2 ) climatic region has been developed actions are required for a systemic first phase. Land can be mobilised at the IIT Roorkee and illustrated change of the housing delivery. accordingly. It appears that not for reference (Roy & Roy, 2016) in 1) Policy & legal, 2 ) knowledge more than 3-4 new technologies Box 5. The standard designs are development, 3) Implementation will be appropriate to start with in usually calibrated through various and transfer. Indicative actions for a phased manner. Further, work- parameters and must have pos- each stake holders are shown in ing group report may be prepared sibility of expansion to accommo- Box 6. Apart from the broad roles concurrently in possible interface date the incrementality nature of and actions spelt out above we of labour and HR, work schedules. house building in India. need to summarise the major and Linking state specific requirement Conclusion: Agenda for action immediate action required for the with the ongoing research at the in- HFA mission before we conclude. stitutes is required. A model frame- The task required for achieving Technology specific design work for formulating city housing housing for all by 2022 is gigantic. package specific to geo-climatic strategy as discussed in this article Very special role and action is ex- region followed by investment plan must be prepared and floated by pected to play and deliver for the is to be developed. A comprehen- ministry. Incentives to the states government, industry and research sive strategy for industry inclusion and cities to cater different need institutes. MOUHPA has already is the need for the day for HFA for housing including rental hous- started collaboration with IITs and mission. International and national ing, old age housing, working per- NITs for new technology develop- collaboration for manufacturing of son’s hostel and innovative night ment with designs and prototyp- new building components may be shelters may be given. ing which seems appropriate. A required. Digital India and make in further strengthening of research A brief account of indicative India scheme should be integrated documentation, standardisation planning and design interface suitably. Government can act as and prototyping of modules will and actions thereby of PMAY & facilitator to select few such in- be required with a rigorous testing TSM is presented here. I am quite dustries with time tested relevant before starting production of build- hopeful that the current decade credentials and expertise for the ing components. Three levels of can be made a decade of hous-

Nirman Sarika 71 ing for India provided we put our New Urban Agenda, Habitat-III, XXXVI IAHS World Congress on concerted effort. It is the time to 2016 Housing, Kolkata, India, 2008 research, reflect and innovate. It is 4. Sarja A, Open and industrialised 9. Jain, A. K: Building Systems the opportunity to take our country building, International Council for Housing: Journal of Indian people out of homeless situation for Building Research, E FN Institute of Architects, vol-72, within 2022. It is possible. Spoon, London, 1998 issue-11, Nov-2007 Acknowledgement 5. Warszawski. A. Industrialized 10. Chattopadhyay S (p-151): New Author is thankful to BMTPC for and automated building sys- Essays on Inclusive Housing: facilitating the research work in IIT tem. E & FN Spon: Technion- Macmillan India Ltd, 2008 Roorkee and all co-researcher at Israel Institute of Technology, 11. Adalakha, P K, Puri, H C, Prefab- the Housing Research Centre at IIT 1999. rication Building Methodologies Roorkee, set up under the mission 6. Womack, J., Jones, D., & Roos, for Low Cost Housing, IE (I) for their cooperation. D. (1990). “The machine that Journal, 2003 References changed the world– The story 12. Roy U K, Roy, M; Saha, S: Space of Lean Production”. Harper 1. MOHUPA, Government of India, Standardisation for Dimensional Perennial, New York, USA. Ministry of Housing and Urban Coordination of a MIG Housing Poverty Alleviation, National 7. Gibb, A. G. F. (2001). “Standard- Unit Based on Market Trend Urban Housing and Habitat ization and pre-assembly – dis- in India: Journal of Institution Policy, 2007, National Housing tinguishing myth from reality of Engineers (now Springer), and Habitat Policy 1998 using case study research” Con- 2009 struction Management and Eco- 2. MOHUPA, Government of In- 13. Roy U K, Roy, M: Space Stan- nomics (2001) 19, 307–315. dia, Ministry of Housing and dardisation for Low Income Urban Poverty Alleviation, India 8. Roy U K, Roy M, Saha S: Mass-In- Housing units in India: inter- National Report for Habitat III, dustrialized Housing to Combat national Journal of Housing 2016 Consistent Housing Shortage in Market and Analysis (Emerald), 3. UN Habitat, Zero draft for Developing Countries: Towards 2016 an Appropriate System for India; **** Bamboo Toilet Constructed during Training Programmes in NE Region

72 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Methodology for estimating Embodied Energy in Construction

Industry Dr. P.S. Chani* Dr. E. Rajasekar** Anil Kumar K***

Abstract tion, makes it a major consumer the Central Building Research In- of energy. The current energy stitute (C.B.R.I.), Roorkee, in 1995, stimation of embodied en- consumption for manufacturing indicated that the ratio of EEC: OEC ergy of a building is an elabo- building materials, i.e., their em- was 1:84, i.e. the apartment would rate and complex process. E bodied energy1, is 2500 x 109 MJ have to be operated for nearly 84 Industry needs a quick way to es- annually. This figure is expected years to match up to the energy timate embodied energy for taking to rise to 5000 x 109 MJ by 2020 embodied in them during construc- better decisions. This paper dem- AD. Furthermore, the construction tion4. This shows the importance onstrates a methodology devel- sector is responsible for 21% CO 2 to be given to reduce Embodied oped by the authors at IIT Roorkee 2 emissions per annum. Energy. The pilot study mentioned to calculate embodied energy in a above highlights that embodied simpler and quicker way. Existing In this situation, there is a neces- energy of building materials forms databases give embodied energy sity of reducing energy consump- a sizeable component of the over- of various materials. In this method tion in the construction industry. all energy consumption during a calculations can be done on the This necessity leads to a question building’s life cycle. basis of Bill of Quantities (BOQ). of what are the major consumers The advantage of this method is in of energy in the construction indus- M e t h o d o l o g y F o r E E C its ability to use the same quantity try. Energy consumed by buildings Estimation measuring technique followed in can be split into two stages. One Embodied energy of a proposed cost estimation and tendering is energy consumed till materials building can be estimated by process. This methodology is made arrive to site (i.e. embodied energy computing the material require- possible by a database of ‘Schedule cost EEC) and the other is opera- ments of the project, multiplying of Energy Rates’ developed by the tional energy cost (OEC). each material content with its authors. Importance Of Considering corresponding embodied energy Introduction Embodied Energy value and by summation, obtain- ing the total EEC. The drawback Construction sector in India The Embodied Energy forms a with this method is that the mate- makes a vital contribution to its sizable component of total emis- rial requirements are not directly socio-economic development by sions. Various sources have pub- available, but have to be obtained providing housing and infrastruc- lished certain percentages. This from the Bill of Quantities (BOQ) ture. It is growing rapidly with a is shown in Fig 13. This is also of the project. A more efficient projected annual economic growth reinforced by a pilot study done methodology would be to use the rate of about 8%, which by implica- for the ‘Scientist Apartments’ of

* Associate Professor, ** Assistant Professor, *** Doctoral Research Scholar Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee

Nirman Sarika 73 applied to estimate the embodied energy of 15 single and double sto- ried dwellings, a residential model typical to semi-urban towns like Roorkee. Table 1A shows the EEV values of materials used in the sample study. Table 1B presents the calculation of EER from EEV. Table 2 presents a sample sheet, showing the application of EER to estimate

EECT of Project1. Analysis of EEC Energy shares of the sub-works have been analysed through the

breakups of the EECT, presented in Table 2, shows the percentage shares including 2.5% of transportation energy values of each (also refer Figure 1). The breakups clearly show that masonry work is the single largest

contributor to the EECT. Similarly, RCC work is the second largest con- Figure 1: Embodied energy vs operational energy emissions tributor followed by concrete work, BOQ directly for estimating the each of the component materials finishing and flooring in that order. embodied energy. are in particular quantity. Multiply- The combined share of masonry ing the components quantity with This paper highlights such a and RCC work is about 78-82% in its EEV value and summing them the EEC . Similarly, the presence of methodology in which the em- T up gives EER value of that item of bodied energy of a building can be steel increases the energy cost of work. directly computed from its BOQ, RCC work substantially. It is seen that steel makes a contribution of by prescribing energy values for EER = (q1 x EEV1) + (q2 x EEV2) + (q3 x EEV3) about 8.5-15.5% to the EECT and the individual items of work. These + ______+ (qn x EEVn) ------2 values are termed as Embodied is the major energy component in (q – Quantity of material within unit item Energy Rates (EER). At IIT Roorkee, RCC work, contributing about 48- of work) 57% to its embodied energy (EEC ). the authors have developed a 3 (EEV – Embodied Energy Value of unit ‘Schedule of Energy Rates’ which Thus, bricks and steel alone have Quantity of Material) runs parallel to the ‘Schedule of an average share of about 60% in the EEC . Rates’. The column for rates in the Sample Demonstration T BOQ is substituted with the EER of This methodology has been the respective items of work. Table 1A: Embodied Energy Values (EEV) of materials used in Sample EEC = Quantity x EER ------1 BOQ S. Size EEV Building Material Unit No. (Dim. in cm) (MJ/Unit) (EEC – Embodied Energy Cost) 1 1. Traditional brick 22.9x11.4x7.6 nos 4.50 (Quantity – Quantity as per BOQ) 2 BOQ 2. Cement - kg 4.20 (EER – Embodied Energy Rates) 3 3. Coarse/fine sand - cum 0.00 Stone (coarse) 4 Each Item of work has say n ma- 4. - cum 538.00 terials in it. Per unit item of work aggregate

74 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Table 1B: Sample Derivations of Embodied Energy Rates (EER)

Item Description of Item of Work Materials Unit Quantity Energy Energy EER (MJ/ Code Value (MJ/ Value Unit) No. * Unit) (MJ) Mortar Work 2 1.22. Cement mortar 1:6 (1 cement: Cement kg 250.00 4.20 1050.00 5 6 coarse sand) 1050.00 3 (Details for 1 cum)# Fine sand cum 1.07 0.00 0.00 MJ/cum

1 Masonry Work 1st class nos 494 4.50 2223.00 2.2.15. 1st class brick work in bricks 2485.50 foundations & plinth in cement MJ/cum 5 mortar 1:6 (1 cement : 6 coarse Cement cum 0.25 1050.00 262.50 sand) mortar 1:6 (Details for 1 cum) 3.18. Concrete Work Cement kg 320.00 4.2 1344.00 Providing & laying cement Coarse concrete 1:2:4 (1 cement: 2 sand cum 0.445 0.00 0.00 coarse sand : 4 graded stone 1853.08 agg. 20 mm nom. size) – Stone agg. MJ/cum foundation and plinth (Details (10 mm ) cum 0.22 572.00 125.84 for 1cum) Stone agg. cum 0.89 572.00 383.24 (20mm nom.size)

* As listed in Chani, P.S., Ph.D. Thesis, ‘Schedule of Energy Rates’; # Obtained from the ‘Analysis of Rates’, CPWD Publication, GoI.

Table 2: Sample Sheet Showing Application of EER to Estimate EECT for Project No. 1 (Floor Area = 23.6 sqm)

S. No. Item of work Unit Quantity EER in MJ/ EEC in MJ Schedule of EER Unit Item Code No.

MASONRY WORK 1 1st class brick work in foundation and cum 7.05 2422.50 17078.63 2.2.11 plinth in cement mortar 1:6 (1 cement : course sand) 2 1st class brick work in superstructure cum 16.07 2422.50 38929.58 2.2.11+2.2.17 above plinth in cement mortar 1:6 (1 cement : course sand)

EEC for Masonry work (EEC1) 56008.20 FINISHING 10 12 mm plastering with cement sqm 151.54 11.49 1741.19 6.1.9 mortar1: 6 (1 cement 6 : fine sand ) 11 20mm plastering in steps with cement sqm 2.37 53.26 126.23 6.1.26 mortar 1 : 3 (1 cement : 3 fine sand ), finished with a floating coat of neat cement

12 white washing 3 coats- inside sqm 93.47 1.69 157.96 6.3.1 13 colour washing (2 coats) over one sqm 77.09 1.69 130.28 6.3.3 coat of white washing - outside

EEC for Finishing work (EEC5) 2155.67

EECT = EEC1 + EEC2 + EEC3+ EEC4 +EEC5 89176.79

Nirman Sarika 75 Figure 2: Ratios of EEC values of different materials across 15 case studies

Advantages References: tional vs. embodied emissions in buildings—A review of cur- This methodology allows Indus- 1. The energy required to quarry, rent trends; Energy and Build- try people to quickly access the em- manufacture and transport ings; Elsevier; UK; 2013 bodied energy of building without the material to the distribution separate calculation of materials. outlet 4. Sahu,S., Kaushik, S.K. and Chani, P.S., Energy Cost Relationship The advantage of this method is in 2. Reddy, B.V.V., Embodied Energy for Housing Projects in India, its ability to use the same quantity in Buildings, Dept. of Civil Engg. Intl. Seminar on Civil Engg. measuring technique followed in Bangalore cost estimation and tendering pro- Practices in the Twenty First cess. This method of estimation is 3. T. I b n - M o h a m m e d , R . Century, Roorkee, India, 1996 Greenough, S. Taylor, L. Ozawa- always backed with a database of *** Schedule of Energy Rates. Meida and A. Acquaye; Opera-

Demonstration Housing Project by BMTPC : Status

The work for construction of 32 demonstration houses (G+3) at Bhubaneswer, Odhisha using EPS Panel System has reached upto plinth level. The work for construction of 36 houses in G+2 using stay-in-place formwork system have been awarded and work is likely to start very shortly in Biharshariff, Bihar. After Plan- ning and designing of construction of 32 demonstration housing (G+3) project at Building Centre, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Telangana using various emerging technologies, tenders have been invited. Plan- ning & designing for construction of 40 demonstration housing projects at District Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu and Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh is in progress.

76 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Housing with Honeycomb

Radhika Gupta*

The Need of The Hour specific geographical conditions. vide a decent standard of living. Consider emergency shelters for High urbanization rate, coupled demographic trend suggests medical camps or refuge purposes, with high rate of migration from that India is on the verge of or hygienic public convenience rural areas is stressing the limited large scale urbanisation A facilities in rural and sub-urban urban infrastructure. over the next few decades. With areas, or sustainable communities more than one crore population The Revolutionary Innovation to house the mass. Each of these getting added annually to urban – HonCorZ situations calls for analysis of the areas, India’s urban population is culture, geography and efficient In 2012, Anjani Technoplast Ltd. expected to reach about 81 crore use of resources (people, land, developed the manufacturing of by 2050. electricity, water, etc.). plastic honeycomb panels (branded Housing, a basic need for hu- “HonCorZ”) (Fig.1). HonCorZ hon- On the other hand, there are us- mans, plays an important role in ac- eycomb panels are made of food- ers and inhabitants – people - that commodating high urban growth in grade polypropylene that offers urgently need shelter that promise India. However, several structural benefits such as chemical inertness minimal recurring costs but pro- issues such as high gestation period and strong strength to weight ratio. of housing projects, limited and expensive capital, spiralling land and construction cost, high fees and taxes, unfavourable development norms and low affordability by Economically Weaker Section (EWS) and Lower Income Group (LIG) households are bottlenecks restricting desired growth in housing supply in India with respect to housing demand. On one hand, builders and facility providers are facing challenges in installation and fabrication with materials that are not only time consuming and labour intensive but may also sometimes fail to suit the Fig. 1 – Anjani’s HonCorZ – Plastic Honeycomb Panels in various thicknesses & colours

* Anjani Technoplast Ltd., Greater Noida, E-mail: [email protected]

Nirman Sarika 77 The hexagons of honeycomb provide the strength whereas plastic makes it lightweight. Honeycomb panels have been used for some time in aircraft and are rapidly Fig. 2 – Examples of different finishes with HonCorZ – Honeycomb Panels gaining favour in truck bodies as well as a sandwich panel for door etc. Why institutions such as DUSIB of this modular structure is that, fillers and furniture. and DUAC have already procured unlike bricks or other conventional The first market opportuni- Anjani’s modular pre-fabricated material, it offers quick installation ties for plastic honeycomb, on an building applications is that they and ensures faster provision of industrial as well as commercial are termite proof, moisture proof houses to the masses. With just basis, began with the require- and eco-friendly, suitable for any four standard panels, each of 8 feet ment of a lightweight structural extreme weather conditions that by 4 feet, one can erect a toilet or material of high strength. In 2014 any Indian region might face. In a cabin within 24 hours with only Anjani entered the market with an addition, minimal utility and repair basic tools and a levelled ground exponentially growing range of ap- tariff ensure economic benefits to at disposal. Not only are the hon- plications for planned urbanization tenants. eycomb panels easy to fabricate, but they are easy to transport in such as affordable homes, cabins, HonCorZ panels are manufac- vehicles. Without any effort, one toilets, bathrooms, mass commu- tured as load bearing walls, floors can pick a panel, load it on to the nity complex. and roofs. Any finish can be applied truck in a pile that allows space ef- on the honeycomb core – marble, When income is limited, people ficiency, unload them on construc- aluminium checkerboard, vinyl, cannot fathom what a home looks tion site or store them without steel, pain, PP fabric sheet or only like. Anjani has taken the initiative worrying about any damage due fleece (see Fig. 2). The finishes can to put the honeycomb technology to water or bacteria. in use for the ambitious ‘housing be suited according to the local de- for all’ campaign. Anjani’s honey- mands or regional specificities. To ensure that ‘Mera Ghar’, ‘Sa- comb can be used to take care of M a s s H o u s i n g M a d e haj Toilet’ and ‘CabinZ’ prioritizes the long-term needs of low-income any shelter need, temporary as well Convenient as permanent, be it a porta-cabin, renters and disadvantaged commu- refuge structure or even a housing The beauty (and convenience) nities, Anjani’s efforts gave special community to accommodate large masses. Subsequently, Anjani’s ‘Mera Ghar’, a housing structure that is affordable and built-to-last, can align itself with different pro- gram incentives that require facilities such as solar panel installation, bio-digester waste management,

Fig. 3 - Sahaj Toilet installed for Delhi Urban Art Commission (DUAC) in Shahadra, New Delhi

78 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Interiors of ‘Mera Ghar’ – bedroom, living room & toilet; structure and furniture made with HonCorZ – Honeycomb Panels attention to matters of providing Recent Projects With HonCorZ With the HonCorZ applications economic benefits to low-income for planned urbanization, Anjani Now let us take a journey which inhabitants. ‘Mera Ghar’ addresses has developed solutions to shift starts in the present and ends with the needs of disadvantaged com- the attention from simply build- visions of the future. With the ap- munities by integrating energy ef- ing houses to a holistic system for proval of BMTPC, procurement by ficiency into the modular building housing development with mate- multiple state authorities and in- structure, assessing the eligibility rial of the future while placing stallations for private corporations of energy storage and its role in convenience for the people at the such as Sharda University among preserving and enhancing benefits forefront. others, Honeycomb has found its for this market, and developing a way into the head and heart of We invite you to experience structure to ensure that the proj- major housing and facility provid- how the combination of plastics ects are financially feasible and ers. Where DUAC, NBCC and DUSIB and honeycomb is not only capable can be supported by the affordable have procured the Sahaj Toilet and of making a difference, but also housing property owners. Bathroom (sanitary solve the challenges that the in- solutions) (see fig. dustry is facing. For further details 3), others have found or to understand how we can cus- value in using the tomize the solution to your specific pre-fabricated mod- needs, please write to us at info@ ular porta-cabins. anjani.com or visit our website ‘Mera Ghar’ installed www.anjani.com or call us on +91 at the Hindustan Pre- 99109 98000. fab Limited (HPL), ***** New Delhi stands as testament of durability and strength.

Nirman Sarika 79 Housing for Aspirant Future India

Dr. Mahua Mukherjee*

ousing is mixing pot for A good housing invariably pro- rials and construction technology, socio-economic and en- vide shelter to the physical needs continuously evolving components Hvironmental wellbeing of of its users and nurture their for infrastructure systems, chang- people. Dwelling units in a hous- socio-economical aspirations for ing life patterns and aspirations of ing are of prime importance to inter-generational changing con- families influencing housing pro- residents as life evolves centering text. We continuously learn from cess immensely. Expectation from these units. Housing, historically, approaches and initiatives of past housings are spiraling as discussed enabled families and individuals about good housing which is safe, below: functional and inspirational. Indian to expand capability of good life. (a) Site level: Every upcoming housings are under-prepared to If 70 - 80 % of the India of 2030 housing project exerts on sur- address the human comfort, safety, is yet to be built (The 2010 McK- rounding natural environment environmental concerns ranging insey Report) and more than 50% and local residents. They result from waste to energy and produc- population below the age of 25 in reducing green cover and tivity. Environmental, technological (Basu, 2007), then housing will be water resource, interrupting or social functioning of housing in the center stage activity for future access to daylight and airflow, India has enormous opportunity India. releasing fumes, generating to improve to address varied local To be at the centre, Housing solid waste and waste water. climate and geo-spatial charac- shall take the role comparable with Timely consideration of ground teristics, by using locally sourced the mother for a family. It shall realities during design and con- resources or suitable emerging enrich quality of living for the resi- struction phase may control technology for speedier construc- dents and their neighbours through these losses and help in achiev- tion. recognizing opportunities, drawing ing climate-responsive, disaster robust designs and realizing the Context has changed dramati- resilient and sustainable built same on ground with appropriate cally in urban India. Next-gen hous- environment. ing has three basic premises of material and technology manage- At site level, interrelation be- site, building and infrastructure to ment. Now the pertinent question tween blocks will depend much deal with unlike previous decades. is what robust design is? How shall on siting them thoughtfully. In These are now intertwined with we construct to meet our need and hilly areas choices among ter- more complex delivery process; not our demand? What shall be our race, stepped and deck types computational and information next-gen housing solutions? Again depend on contour, drainage, technology, simulated scenario image of better living is changing slope gradient and orientation generation, evolved and matured with the young aspirant India. of the hill section. building bye-laws, emerging mate-

* Associate Professor, Department of Architecture and Planning, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee

80 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ (b) Building Level: Housing has for any infrastructure. Physical impervious materials, use of solar inherent issues with loss of infrastructure for circulation, panels for electricity generation identity; the added problem to water and waste management, as well as for shading devices are that is dwindling social interac- electricity etc., and social infra- few useful performance-oriented tion, disconnect with nature structure like primary health innovative initiatives. and affordability. Interaction and education centre, cretche Ecology-based economy can of individual unit with its im- for children of working parents, be intricately weaved with the mediate spaces and other units interaction places, open ground housing programme, be it urban outlines quality living and needs for physical activities and rec- agriculture, pisciculture or other careful consideration. Social reation, senior people-specific livelihood options. Community interaction, sharing moments spaces/ facilities, livelihood- spaces can act doubly as source without pervading privacy shall opportunity based commercial for revenue without compromising be facilitated through design activity, banking etc. makes residents’ privacy, safety and se- of access and units. Greening housing functional across time, curity. It is essential to link income the corridors, getting ample space and inter-generation. generation (jobs, productivity) daylight and natural ventilation Qualitative and quantitative to housing policies for ensuring shall be a requisite. Selection of presence of soft infrastructure long-term employment creation, materials and techniques help like continued adult literacy (fi- and this is especially important in achieving economy – both im- nancial, digital, computer etc.), the context of developing countries mediate and long term (mainte- library, meditation and prayer, like India which has large growing nance). So privacy, daylighting, museum, cultural centre, ease population base. Even the owner- ventilation, thermal comfort, of access from housing complex ship of dwellings can be utilized maximum use of indoor spaces to various amenities are some for appropriate loan for economic through circulation optimiza- pertinent factors which need activities through mortgage or tion, wet-space clustering, stor- to attended in integrated fash- other banking systems like micro- age and openings, structural ion. finance. Today’s concept of smart safety of units etc. shall get due Site level infrastructure system city is revolving around economic attention. management starts with sustain- opportunity generation (MoUD, Barrier free environment shall able fresh and waste water, and sol- 2014) in addition to basic standard be integrated through design id waste; service level benchmarks of living. Jobs can be created in the and detailing. Adherence to and target for net-zero towards sectors of new construction or ret- building bye-laws will provide water, waste and electricity are rofitting, maintenance, production the much-needed safety guard getting wider application. Healthy of energy efficient or recycled ma- from any abrupt failure of func- residents are always an asset to terials, renewable energy systems, tion or structure. If prefabrica- any such housing. So, jogging track, solid-waste and water treatment tion is the choice for construc- playfield, gymnasium for workout related technologies etc. tion, integration of this decision etc. shall be integral part of design. Housing for All by 2022 (PMAY- is a necessity from the design Senior people-centric design of MoHUPA, 2015) is an opportunity stage so that seamless solution open space facility will support to bring large section of urban poor can be arrived at. different sets of activity among the out of poverty and house them senior residents and will keep them (c) Infrastructure (Physical, Social into improved living quality. The interactive, socially responsive and and Soft): Infrastructure sin- mission can be managed as skill healthy. Social safety for children, gularly is responsible to bring development, showcase for best women and aged people and physi- community quality living in practices and capability expansion cal safety of building occupants any housing. Advanced/ inno- mission involving people who are against fire, heat and water stress vative system integration and in dire need to come out of vulner- and earthquake improves resilien- resource optimization during able environment. It is important cy. Combining senior people and installation and operation and to link housing process to create children activities, Limited use of maintenance stages are critical local employments. Workshops

Nirman Sarika 81 and training sessions during the ties as well as other stakeholders aspiration of urban population is planning and implementation of including professionals to support responsibility some of these mis- housing construction projects can long-term socio-economic sustain- sions can shoulder. instill capacity of local communi- ability of Urban India. Meeting the *****

Performance Appraisal Certification Scheme (PACS)

The various activities under Performance Appraisal Cer- tification Scheme (PACS) being implemented by BMTPC are highlighted below: I. Approval of PACs Technical Assessment Committee (TAC) in its meeting held on March 10, 2016 has approved issue of Performance Appraisal Certificates (PACs) for the following new products/systems: i) Sismo Building Technology manufactured by M/s M K S Infosolutions Pvt. Ltd., Manesar ii) Rapid Panels manufactured by M/s Worldhaus Con- struction Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore Inspection visit to Glass fibre Reinforced Gypsum Panel manufactured by M/s RCF Ltd., Mumbai iii) Precast Large Concrete Panel System manufactured for certification under PACS by M/s Larsen & Toubro, Bangalore iv) Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure with Infill Con- crete Panels manufactured by M/s Society for Devel- opment of Composites, Bangalore II. Inspection of Works Inspection of Works of the following new systems has been carried out with the TAC members: i) Stay-in-Place Formwork System of M/s Coffor Con- struction Technology India, Vadodra ii) Insulated Concrete Forms of M/s Reliable Insupacks TAC Members alongwith BMTPC officials visited Stay- Pvt. Ltd., Greater Noida in-Place Formwork System of M/s Coffor Construction III. Surveillance Inspection of Works Technology India at Vadodra (Gujarat) Surveillance Inspection of Works of the following prod- IV. Applications in the pipe line for issue of ucts/systems for renewal of the PACs has been carried out: PACs i) Glass fibre Reinforced Gypsum Panel manufactured Applications received for issue of PACs are in the pipe by M/s RCF LTd., Mumbai line as per the details given below: i) Stay- in-Place Formwork System of M/s Coffor Con- ii) Polyethylene Underground Septic Tank manufactured struction Technology India, Vadodra (Gujarat) by M/s Sintex Industries Ltd., Kalol (Gujarat) ii) Insulated Concrete Forms of M/s Reliable Insupacks iii) Continuous Sandwich Panel manufactured by M/s Pvt. Ltd., Greater Noida (UP) Sintex Industries Ltd., Kalol (Gujarat) iii) Prefabricated Fibre Reinforced Sandwich Panels of iv) Marshal Door manufactured by M/s Sintex Industries M/s HIL Ltd., Hyderabad (AP) Ltd., Kalol (Gujarat) iv) Easywalls Hollowcore Concrete Wall Panels of M/s v) FRP Manhole manufactured by M/s Sintex Industries Mahesh Prefab Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon (Haryana) Ltd., Kalol (Gujarat) v) Concrewall Panels of M/s Schnell Wire System, Italy vi) Bamboowood Flooring manufactured by M/s Mutha vi) Structurally Insulated Panels of M/s Pioneer Fabrica- Industries Ltd., Agartala (Tripura) tors Pvt. Ltd., Meerut (UP) vii) QuikBuild 3D Panels manufactured by M/s Beardsell vii) Dry Wall Insulated Panels Of M/s E-Pack Polymers Ltd., Chennai Pvt. Ltd., Greater Noida (UP)

82 ÉÊxÉàÉÉÇhÉ ºÉÉÉÊ®BÉEÉ Priced Publications of BMTPC Promotional Publications of BMTPC 1. Corporate Brochure - in English and Hindi DlRECTORY OF INDIAN BUILDING Vulnerability Atlas of India 2. BMTPC Newsletters MATERIALS & PRODUCTS (with (First Revision – 2006) - Earthquake, Windstorm and Flood Hazard Maps 3. Machines developed by BMTPC information on Nepal, Bhutan 4. Performance Appraisal Certification Scheme & Pakistan) 2009 and Damage Risk to Housing - 900 550 pages, Rs. 1000 + 200 postage pages, Rs. 5000 + 200 postage 5. Green Houses for ITBP at Leh 6. Bamboo - A Material for cost-effective and disaster resistant housing 7. Retrofitting of Hospital in Kupwara, Kashmir, J&K for Safety Against Earthquakes BUILDING MATERIALS IN INDIA : 50 LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION 8. Simple Ways to Earthquake Safety for Jammu YEARS - 560 pages, Rs.1500 + 200 ATLAS of India - Landslide & Kashmir - in English and Urdu postage Hazard Maps and Cases Studies - 125 pages, Rs.2500 + 200 postage 9. Bamboo in Housing & Building Construction - Initiatives of BMTPC 10. Aam Aadmi Series - House Building Digest (Series 1 to 12) 11. Seismic Retrofitting of MCD School Buildings HOUSING AND KEY BUILDING MATERIALS IN INDIA - A LONG in New Delhi TERM PERSPECTIVE - 98 pages, Rs. Building a Hazard- Resistant 12. Guidelines for Multi-Hazard Resistant 700 + 75 postage House: Construction for EWS Housing Projects A Common Man’s Guide- 88pages, Rs. 350+75 13. Guidelines on “Aapda Pratirodhi Bhawan Nirman postage : Sampurn Bharat ke liye Margdarshika 14. Design & Construction of Earthquake Resistant Structures : A Practical Treatise for Engineers MANUAL ON WATERPROOFING OF & Architects GFRG BUILDINGS 70 pages, Rs. 200 + 50 postage 15. Design Packages using Alternate Building Manual for Restoration and Retrofitting of Buildings Materials & Technologies for Western and in Uttrakhand and Himachal Souther Regions. Pradesh - 16. Major Activities in Pursuit 134 pages, Rs.250+ 75 postage 17. Criteria for Production Control of Ready Mix Concrete for RMC Capability Certification SCHEDULE OF ITEMS & 18. Explanatory Handbook on Performance RATE ANALYSIS FOR GFRG CONSTRUTION Appraisal Certification Scheme (PACS) 50 pages, Rs. 200 + 50 postage 19. Prospective Construction Systems for Mass GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING Housing - Technology Profiles EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE OF 20. Building Artisan Certification System HOUSING - 21. Guidelines on “Rapid Visual Screening of 84 pages, Rs. 350 + 75 postage Standards and specifications Buildings of Masonry and Reinforced Concrete for Cost effective Innovative as Prevalent in India”. Building Materials and 22. Methodology for Documenting Seismic Safety Techniques INCLUDING RATE ANALYSIS (Second Edition) of Housing Typologies in India 200 pages, Rs. 250 + 75 postage 23. Compendium of Prospective Emerging Technologies for Mass Housing GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING FLOOD RESISTANCE OF 24. Schedule of Items & Rate Analysis for HOUSING - Glass Fibre Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) User’s Manual on Production 36 pages, Rs. 200 + 50 postage of Cost-Effective, Environment- Construction Friendly and Energy-Efficient 25. Manual of Waterproofing of Glass Fibre Building Components - 116 Pages, Rs. 250 + 50 postage Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG) Buildings 26. Demonstrating Cost Effective Technologies – A Case Study of Bawana Industrial Workers Housing GUIDELINES FOR IMPROVING WIND/CYCLONE RESISTANCE OF HOUSING - 50 pages, Rs. 350 + manual on Basics of Ductile 75 postage Detailing - 27 pages, Rs. 100+50 postage

Published by: BMTPC, New Delhi guidebook on earthquake EARTHQUAKE TIPS – LEARNING For Further Details write or contact: resistant design and EARTHQUAKE DESIGN & The Executive Director construction - CONSTRUCTION (Third Edition) 366 pages, Rs. 1000+200 Building Materials & Technology 76 pages, Rs.200 + 50 postage postage Promotion Council Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation Core-5A, First Floor, India Habitat Centre, Publications may be obtained by sending Demand Draft, drawn in favour of Lodhi Road, New Delhi - 110 003 BMTPC payable at New Delhi Tel.: 91-11-2463 8096, Fax: 91-11-2464 2849 E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.bmtpc.org Disclaimer: The views expressed in various articles are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent those of the BMTPC. Nirman Sarika 83 Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC) under the Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation strives to bridge the gap between laboratory research and field level application in the area of building materials and construction technologies including disaster resistant construction practices.

Vision “BMTPC to be world class knowledge and demonstration hub for providing solutions to all with special focus on common man in the area of sustainable building materials, appropriate construction technologies & systems including disaster resistant construction.”

Mission “To work towards a comprehensive and integrated approach for promotion and transfer of potential, cost- effective, environment-friendly, disaster resistant building materials and technologies including locally available materials from lab to land for sustainable development of housing.”