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Although refugee camps are defined as temporary settlements built to accommodate displaced people, the United Nations has had a refugee agency called the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) for 66 years. The purpose of this organization is to protect the rights of refugees. It was created in 1950 to help millions of European refugees. Since then, the organization has tried to set standards for planned settlements or refugee camps. The UNHCR has set standards to determine the adequacy of refugee camps.

One of the standards is indicated by the average camp area per person in square meters. A range of 45 to 35 square meters is acceptable, 34 to 30 square meters is unacceptable, and 29 square meters or less is critical. In the following activity, you will investigate the Zaatari refugee camp in Jordan, which was first opened in July 2012. It is a holding place for Syrian refugees and has had an up-and-down population from 2012 to today. Below is a table recording the number of yearly inhabitants in the Zaatari camp since 2012.

These figures were taken from Syria Regional Refugee Response Inter-agency Information Sharing Portal.

1. Locate Zaatari refugee camp

1. Go to ArcGIS.com 2. On the upper ribbon, click Map. 3. In the upper-right corner, click Modify Map. 4. Under Details, click Show Contents of Map. 5. On the top ribbon click Basemap and select Imagery with Labels.

6. In the upper-right search box, search for Jordan.

7. Once again in the search box, search for Mafraq. Mafraq is the capitol city of the Mafraq Govermorate in Jordan.

In this image you can see an airstrip and the city of Mafraq. You can also see the Zaatari refugee camp.

2. Measure area of Zaatari refugee camp

You are now ready to tackle the initial problem of deciding if the refugee camp meets the standards of occupation set by the UNHCR. As a reminder below are the standards set for occupation: • 45-35 square meters is acceptable • 34-30 square meters is unacceptable • 29 or less square meters is critical 1. Zoom in so the refugee camp is visible. 2. Click Measure to display the Measure toolbar and select Sq. Meters and the polygon tool.

3. To measure the camp, click Area and click the map once for every vertex of the area you want to measure. Double click to complete the area. 4. Record the area in square meters in the table below.

You are now ready to compile your information. To calculate the number of refugees per square meters use the following formula: Square meters/Refugees = Square meters per Refugee

Referring to the UNHCR guidelines above rate the condition of the camp in the table below.

3. Use Landsat 8 Imagery

Another source or imagery that can be used is the Landsat 8 satellite images. The Landsat 8 satellite images the entire Earth every 16 days. For more information on Landsat 8 visit the website below.

Landsat 8

1. On the top ribbon click Add and Search for layers. 2. Search for Landsat 8. 3. Add Landsat 8 Views to the map. 4. Click DONE ADDING LAYERS.

You can change the image display by using a predefined template or setting the band combination and stretch parameters. The band combination allows you to specify which band are displayed using the red, green, and blue color composite scheme. The different color combinations display your imagery with various color effects. You can display your data in natural color which displays the layer as you would normally see it, or you can use color combinations that highlight vegetation, urban areas, water, and other features.

5. Click on Landsat 8 Views and go to Image Display. 6. Under the Rendered Tab select the various displays to view. 7. Click APPLY after each selection. 8. Click on the Landsat image to see the Date of Acquisition.

4. Use OpenStreetMap basemap

There are other basemaps that can be used to help you visualize. The OpenStreetMap is a free, editable map produced by an open collaborative project. Volunteers gather location data using GPS, local knowledge, and other free sources of information and upload it. For more information visit OpenStreetMap.

1. Click Basemap on the top ribbon and choose the OpenStreetMap. 2. Click Add and search for Zaatari in ArcGIS online. 3. Add the following: • Zaatari Shops Facilities – facilities • Zaatari Shops Facilities – businesses • Zaatari Shops • Zaatari Hospitals and Clinics • Zaatari Community Spaces

In this lesson you have used imagery to obtain quantitative data for analysis to support decisions. 6

Learn more

Saving the Map

If you are a member of an ArcGIS organizational account and want to save your map, follow the steps below:

1. On the top ribbon click Save As. 2. Add the following metadata: 3. Title: Zaatari Refugee Camp_yourinitials. 4. Tags: measure, refugee 5. Summary: Calculating the area and standards of occupation of the Zaatari Refugee Camp.

On Your Own

Use the skills you have learned in this lesson to obtain information from imagery about something in your local community; such as, school campus, agricultural field, park, lake, or private home lot.

More Practice How to Measure in ArcGIS Online