Games of Games Of

Home , Ancient Olympic Games, Isthmian Games, Milo of Croton, Nemean Games, Panhellenic Games, Pythian Games

games of

written by george lewis Games of Honor, Games of Glory: The Panhellenic Games Author: George Lewis

ISBN Print: 978-1-63260-402-6 ePub: 978-1-63260-403-3

855.200.SNAP www.snaplearning.net

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. This book contains material protected under International and Federal Copyright Laws and Treaties. Any unauthorized reprint or use of this material is prohibited. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without express written permission from the author / publisher. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction...... 4-5

The Olympic Games...... 6

Milo of Croton...... 7-8

The Zanes of Olympia...... 9-13

References...... 14

Quick Writes...... 15-17

Research Integrate and Synthesize...... 18

Vocabulary...... 19

Oral Reading Fluency Chart...... 20

Book Check...... 21-22 Introduction

TURKEY GREECE SICILY Aegean Sea Delphi TURKEY MEDITERRANEAN SEA Corinth MEDITERRANEAN SEA Athens Nemea

EGYPT THE MEDITERRANEAN Olympia PELOPONNESE Isthmia

Mediterranean Sea © d-maps.com

1 ou say you want to be an Olympic champion. But wait. Think about what is involved…. Y You will have to hand your body over to your coach just as you would to a doctor. You will have to obey every instruction. You will have to give up sweet desserts, and eat only at fixed

times, take exercise, no matter how hot or cold the weather. You will be forbidden to drink chilled

water. Even wine will be limited. Then, in all the contests, you must gouge and be gouged. There

will be times that you will sprain a wrist, twist your ankle, swallow mouthfuls of sand and be

flogged. And even after all that, you will probably lose! Epictetus Greek Philosopher

2 The ancient Olympic Games began in 776 B.C. and oc- only from Greece. Athletes could also venture forth from curred every four years until 394 A.D. when they were the Greek colonies, from Asia Minor to Spain, to compete banned as a pagan ritual by the Roman emperor Theodo- in all four games representing their polis, or city-state. Of sius I. Each Olympics started a four-year cycle called an course, because travel to and from the Games was often Olympiad. However, over the course of an Olympiad, there expensive, the competitors were generally wealthy. were three other games besides the Olympics. Collectively, these four games are known as the Panhellenic Games and The Panhellenic Games were stephanitic, meaning that 4 each one was held to honor a specific god. the victors received only a garland, or crown, for their achievement. Unlike other Games in Greece, such as the 3 Besides the Olympic Games, the other three games that Panatheniac Games, there was no monetary or material took place during an Olympiad were the Pythian Games, award granted. In theory, the competitors competed only the Nemean Games, and the Isthmian Games. The Pan- for honor and glory. hellenic Games were open to Greek males, who generally competed in the nude. However, the participants were not

4 5 The Pythian Games Over time, the Pythian Games included both athletic and artistic competitions in music, theater arts, and painting. The Nemean Games Besides the traditional athletic events, there also was a competition in music. The Isthmian Games In addition to the usual schedule of athletic events found in the Olympic Games, there were also competitions in both music and poetry. At these events women were apparently allowed to compete. The Panhellenic Games

GAMES STARTING LOCATION GOD CROWN OLYMPIAD DATE HONORED YEAR

Olive Olympics 776 B.C. Olympia Zeus 1st Branch

Pythian 582 B.C. Delphi Apollo Laurel 3rd

Wild 2nd Nemean 6th Century Nemea Zeus B.C. Celery and 4th

6th Century Pine 2nd Isthmian Corinth Poseidon B.C. Leaves and 4th

6 What was the significance of these four Games to the While the victors received no financial reward at the 10 Greeks? Games, champions became extremely important figures in their homeland. The glory garnered by the winner often 7 Certainly, all of the Panhellenic Games were of an enor- brought reflected glory to his fellow citizens. mous importance to the Greeks. For example, a sacred trust was proclaimed prior to, during, and following each Therefore, upon their return to the homeland, the winners 11 of the Games. For the safety of the athletes and the specta- were given the status of a hero and received numerous tors traveling to and from the competitions, all warfare was honors. Frequently, victors became influential politicians completely halted. and gained the right to have a statue erected in his honor. In short, though the crown of leaves was but a modest 8 The Games also had a noteworthy religious significance, reward for the contestants’ hard work and ultimate victory, in that each was dedicated to a powerful god. It was com- it symbolized a guarantee to the victor that a life of honor monly understood that a victory in the various Panhellenic and glory would follow. Games was attributed as a gift from the gods.

9 What about the individual athlete? What did a victory mean for him?

5 The Olympic Games

Chariot race. Shoulder of an Attic black-figure hydria, used for carrying water. Photo: Marie-Lan Nruyen Photo:

12 At first, the Olympic Games lasted a single day, but the Other non-running events also were included. Competi- 14 Games eventually were lengthened to five days. Compe- tive bouts in boxing, wrestling, and pankration, a brutal titions were held in two primary venues. Athletic events combination of boxing and wrestling, were an integral part took place in the stadium and equestrian events in the hip- of the Games. In all three, each contest continued until one podrome. The original Olympic event was the stadion or of the contestants raised a finger, signifying his surrender. stade race. This race was a sprint equal to the length of the A pentathlon, or a single event consisting of five different stadium, between 180 and 240 meters. elements, also was very important. The sports comprising the pentathlon were wrestling, a stade race, long jump, 13 Over time, other races were added to the program of javelin throw, and discus throw. events. The double stadium or two-stade race was called the dialous. The dialous was added in 724 B.C. In 720 B.C., The equestrian events were unique in that women were 15 a third race was included, the dolichos. This race was of allowed a place in the competitions. They were not allowed a longer distance, contested over the Olympic grounds, to ride, however, they could be the owner of a horse or and often passing by the statue of Nike, the messenger of chariot. The winners of the equestrian events were the victory, standing by the temple of Zeus. The hiplitodro- owners, not the riders and chariot drivers. The equestrian mos, or race-in-arms, was the final running event incorpo- competitions included a four-horse chariot race, a two- rated into the program in 520 B.C. The race-in-arms was horse chariot race, and a horseback race. a two-stade race in which the runners wore a helmet and carried a shield.

6 Milo of Croton

Bronze copy of a Pankration fight scultpure (3rd Century B.C.) Photo: Matthias Kabel Matthias Photo:

16 One of the most accomplished athletes competing in the So dominant was Milo, that he was bestowed with the title 17 Panhellenic Games was Milo of Croton. During the Olym- of Periodonikēs five times. A Periodonikēs was an athlete pics of 540 B.C., when he was ten years of age, Milo won the who, during the same Olympiad, won competitions at all first of his many titles, this one in boys’ wrestling. He went four of the Panhellenic Games. on to emerge victorious in the wrestling competitions of five subsequent Olympics. Besides his Olympic victories, Milo was finally defeated in 516 B.C. at Olympia by an op- 18 Milo also won seven crowns at the Pythian Games, ten at ponent from his hometown of Croton, a Grecian city in the Isthmian Games, and nine at the Nemean Games. southern Italy. The young man conquered the aging Milo by using the innovative technique of arkrocheirismos, which allowed him to wrestle at arm’s length and avoid the crushing embrace of the older man, causing Milo to fatigue rapidly.

Terracotta pottery attributed to the Theseus Painter depicting two pankratiasts fighting while a trainer

Photo: Marie-Lan Nruyen Photo: and observer watch.

7 Milo of Croton (continued)

As befits the status of a legendary hero, Milo’s death was 21 asserted to be as remarkable as his life. Supposedly, Milo was in a forest and came across a tree that woodcutters unsuccessfully had attempted to split. Their wedges were jammed into the trunk, and they were unable to extract them. Milo inserted his fingers into the gap and parted the tree enough for the wedges to fall out. However, the chasm in the tree closed once again, trapping Milo’s fingers. Unable to extricate his hands, Milo was soon devoured by a roving pack of wolves.

Milo of Croton by Joseph-Benoît Suvée, 1763, oil on canvas.

19 Much of what is known about Milo may or may not be true. Commonly, the ancient Greeks exaggerated the feats of their athletic heroes. As a result, Milo quickly drew comparisons equal to the mighty god, Heracles. Milo was said to have been enormously strong by virtue of a unique training program. As the story is told, during his youth, Milo hefted a young bull calf daily and carried it on his back, a practice he continued until the bull was fully grown.

20 In addition, Milo reportedly had a prodigious appetite. On any given day, Milo would consume 20 pounds of meat, 20 pounds of bread, and 18 pints of wine. He also was known to eat the gizzard stones of roosters, which some contem-

poraries claimed was the source of his invincibility during Art Museum Walters Photo:

wrestling competitions. Milo of Crotona Devoured by a Lion by French sculptor Pierre Paul Puget. The artist substituted a lion for the pack of wolves because it was thought to be a nobler creature. 8 The Zanes of Olympia

1920 Olympics Opening Ceremony at the Antwerp Olympic Stadium © IOC

22 If history has taught us anything, it’s that athletes will do anything, try anything, and risk everything to win. Bengt Saltin Professor of Human Physiology, University of Copenhagen

23 Not every contestant can become a dominant athlete who is clearly, as the modern Olympic motto proclaims: Faster, Higher, Stronger. Nevertheless, most athletes from antiquity to the present day simply train harder in order to achieve their desired goals. However, that is not true of every athlete. Some athletes look for shortcuts, legal or not, risky or not. In short, some athletes have continually cheated throughout time.

24 In the past, cheating usually took on the form of bribing opponents to allow an unearned victory. Today, honest athletes are faced with the specter of performance enhanc- ing drugs. Genetic enhancement appears to be the threat of the future.

1920 Olympics Poster by Walter Van der Ven 9 25 The following is a fictional transcript of a toast delivered by a passionate and idealistic young athlete to his teammates prior to the 1920 Summer Olympic Games in Antwerp, Belgium. The facts in his speech are true. Unfortunately, the young man’s name and nationality have been lost to history. However, his message reverberates with truth, even today.

Victor Boin had the honor of taking the Olympic Oath on behalf of his fellow athletes in the 1920 Olympics. The tradition continues to this day, and has influenced other Games, with Australian swimmer Tracey Cross taking the official Athletes Oath at the Opening Ceremony of the 2000 Sydney Paralympic Games.

Photo: Australian Paralympic Committee

26 omorrow lads and ladies, we will have the glorious The spirit of chivalry! The honor of our country! The glory 30 Topportunity to represent our homeland in the most of sport! lofty of endeavors, the Games of the VII Olympiad. By God’s grace, we will be, as we should be, humble in victory, One would believe that these things would be the standard 31 generous in defeat, chivalrous in manner. for any Olympian throughout history, from the elders who competed mightily for honor and glory in Ancient Greece, 27 And, for the first time, we athletes of the modern Games to us mortals who contend in the modern era with the will be asked to swear our resolve, as had the athletes of same motivation. yore. Yes, our ancient forebearers had to pledge before Zeus and the Hellanodikai, the judges, that they would use Many here would tell you that this is so, that the games 32 no foul play and that they had trained fairly and appropri- of the Olympiad, both ancient and modern, have always ately. There was to be no use of victory charms, miraculous exposed the very essence of our common civility. For the portions, or black magic. most part, this is an undeniable truth.

28 We, all of us, from all nations, will be represented by the Unfortunately, my dearest teammates, a few have violated 33 Belgian Victor Boin. Here is what he will swear and what the sacred bond between the brethren of Olympians. Some we will be expected to hold ourselves to: of this foulness occurred in ancient times and some has taken place in our modern era. 29 We swear. We will take part in the Olympic Games in a spirit of chivalry, for the honour of our country and for the glory of sport.

10 The Zanes of Olympia (continued)

34 So, I present to you this cautionary tale, a story of the These statues were known as Zanes. Instead of banishing 36 Zanes of Olympia. these miscreants from the collective memory, as did the Romans and Egyptians, the Greeks did just the opposite. 35 The first cheating scandal of great magnitude came to light By erecting these statues, the Greeks memorialized their in 388 B.C., at the 98th Games. At those Games, a despi- misdeeds. These Zanes, symbols of corruption and disre- cable boxer from Thessaly named Eubulus, nefariously spect towards the gods of old, often were inscribed with paid three of his opponents to throw their bouts against poems of morality. him, thus ensuring his victory. Rightly so, the Hellano- dikai fined the four men. However, they did not flog the According to that famous traveler and chronicler of ancient 37 transgressors as they had done in the past. The confiscated Greece, Pausanias, honorable athletes competed “to show funds were then used to erect the first six of sixteen bronze that you win at Olympia with the speed of your feet and the statues of mighty Zeus. strength of your body, not with money.”

Bases of Zanes statues that were erected outside the Olympic running track in the 4th -1st century B.C. (The name comes from the plural of Zeus in the local dialect.) Photo: Dennis Jarvis Photo:

11 The Zanes of Olympia (continued) Sharon Mollerus Sharon Photo: Photo:

38 Yet sadly, even with this admonition, cheating at Olympia In 12 B.C., two more Zanes were built from monies levied 41 did not stop with the duplicitous Eubulus. Some fifty against the fathers of two wrestlers from Eils and Smyrna. years later, following the 112th Olympiad in 332 B.C., a Their names live in infamy forever: Polyctor and Sosander. second set of Zanes was constructed. The necessary funds Egyptian boxers, Didas and Sarapammon, paid for the last were levied against an Athenian, named Kallippos. This two Zanes in 125 A.D. contemptible Athenian paid his fellow competitors to allow him to win the pentathlon. And on it went….from Greece to Rome, from empire to 42 empire. 39 Instead of fining Kallippos however, the judges demanded the money from the city of Athens itself. This mandate led Perhaps it is not surprising that athletic corruption only 43 to a short Athenian boycott of the Games. Only the inter- intensified during the time of the Roman Empire. During vention of the Delphic Oracle led to the successful collec- that time, there were huge amounts of prize money at the tion of the fines. less prestigious “prize games” in Greece and Asia Minor up for grabs. Prearranged results between competitors 40 Then in 68 B.C., during the 178th Olympics, Eudelus com- became commonplace. pensated a Rhodian who allowed him to emerge victorious in a preliminary wrestling competition. Upon disclosure of the deed, both men and the city of Rhodes paid a fine. Two more Zanes were erected.

12 The Zanes of Olympia (continued)

44 The nadir of venality was witnessed at the games in the risk of long-term vilification and threats to your lon- Corinth, a significant festival. A pitiful boxer pledged an gevity? Will you become a Fred Lotz or a Spiridon Belo- opponent a sum of three thousand drachmas to throw kasr, both of whom rode in a car during the running of a their fight. Even worse, the pathetic creature then refused modern marathon race? Will you resort to the use of dan- to honor the agreement. gerous substances designed to augment your performance, as did Thomas Hicks, the winner of the 1904 race? 45 With no apparent exhibition of shame, the defeated athlete took the matter to official arbitration, admitting, in doing Or will you honor your sacred oath in the spirit of chivalry, 49 so, that he had thrown the match. Incredibly, he swore for the honor of your country, our country, and the glory before the altar of Poseidon that he had lost on purpose of sport itself? and expected to be paid! The path is clear my friends. May you, and I, have the 50 46 O wicked tricksters! courage and strength of character to follow it.

47 But enough… And so, a toast my fellow warriors… 51

48 So, dear mates, what will you do? What will you become? To the glory of sport! 52 Will you submit to the temptations of short-term glory at Atos International Atos Photo: Photo:

The Olympic motto

13 References

Perrottet, T. (2004).The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Ancient Games. New York, NY:Random House Publishing.

Spivey, N. (2012). The Ancient Olympics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Map of sites of Panhellenic Games. Retrieved on May 31, 2013. http://goeurope.about.com/cs/greece/a/olympic_games_2.htm

Picture of Milo of Croton. Retrieved on June 8, 2013. https://www.google.com/search?as_q=ancient+olympic+wrestling&tbs=sur:fmc&biw=1438&bi=609&sei=Gwe6UdfvAcG7igK114CYDw&tb- m=isch#tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=milo+of+croton&oq=milo+of+croton&gs_l=img.3..0l8j0i5j0i24.55856.60655.0.60971.37.22.0.0.0.4 .253.3000.2j14j4.20.0...0.0...1c.1.17.img.vSNKJe5twrg&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.47883778,d.cGE&fp=34e1f7078178c661&biw=1438&bi- h=609&facrc=0%3Bmilo%20of%20croton%20training&imgrc=_

Images Page 6 Chariot Race by Marie-Lan Nguyen, CC BY 2.5 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chariot_race_Met_L.1999.10.12.jpg

Page7 Pankratiasten in fight copy of greek statue 3 century BC by Matthias Kabel, CC BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pankratiasten_in_fight_copy_of_greek_statue_3_century_bC.jpg

Page 8 Milo of Croton, oil on canvas by Joseph-Benoît Suvée, PD-US http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Suv%C3%A9e,_Joseph-Benoit_-_Milo_of_Croton.jpg

Milo of Crotona Devoured by a Lion courtesy of Walters Art Museum, CC BY 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre_Puget_-_Milo_of_Crotona_Devoured_by_a_Lion_-_Walters_54729.jpg

Page 9 1920 Antwerp Olympic Stadium http://olympics.ballparks.com/1920Antwerp/index.htm

Page 10 Opening Ceremony Athletes Oath swimmer Tracey Cross by Australian Paralympic Committee, CC BY-SA 3.0 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:201000_-_Opening_Ceremony_Athletes_Oath_swimmer_Tracey_Cross_2_-_3b_-_2000_Sydney_opening_cer- emony_photo.jpg

Page 11 Greece-0528 - Bases of Zanes by Dennis Jarvis, CC BY-SA 2.5 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Greece-0528_-_Bases_of_Zanes_(4th_%E2%80%93_1st_century_BC).jpg

Page 12 Bronze Statue of Zeus or Poseidon by Sharon Mollerus, CC BY 2.0 http://www.flickr.com/photos/clairity/3423215449/

Page 13 The Olympic Logo by Atos International, CC BY-SA 2.0 http://www.flickr.com/photos/atosorigin/8116037570/in/set-72157631302755262

14 Quick Writes

15 Quick Writes

16 Quick Writes

17 Research Integrate 6-8 and Synthesize B DIRECTIONS

Integrate or synthesize information from two sources on the same topic. Use this book as one of the sources. Enter the titles or websites of the two sources in the space provided. Enter 4-5 facts from each source. Using the facts from both sources, write a short research paper of one or two paragraphs.

1 Source 2 Source

Writing Space

18 Research Integrate 6-8 Vocabulary 6-8 and Synthesize B B DIRECTIONS DIRECTIONS

Integrate or synthesize information from two sources on the same topic. Use this book as one of List unknown vocabulary words on the chart provided. Give a brief deﬁnition from a print or the sources. Enter the titles or websites of the two sources in the space provided. Enter 4-5 facts digital source. Create your own link (image, symbol, word association). Brieﬂy explain the impact from each source. Using the facts from both sources, write a short research paper of one or two of the word choice on the tone or meaning of the text. paragraphs.

TEXT PAGE(S) 1 Source 2 Source

Word or Phrase Brief Definition My Link Tone Or Meaning Paragraph # Paragraph

Writing Space

19 Oral Reading Fluency Chart Words Correct Per Minute Per Correct Words

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Pages Book Check Rubric Weigh score by 1

No Attempt Below Basic Basic Proﬁ cient Advanced

Student makes no Student makes Student completes Student completes Student completes attempt to complete an attempt to most of the all elements of all elements of the task. complete the task. elements of the task. the task. the task. but demonstrates little or no understanding of the task.

Student Student Student Student demonstrates demonstrates a demonstrates an demonstrates a little or no limited understanding of deep understanding understanding of understanding the text. of the text. the task. of the text.

Student provides Student supports Student completely limited or no the answer with supports the answer evidence to support evidence from with solid evidence their answer. the text. from the text. Evidence Understanding Task

20 Total: Book Check : Name: Games of Honor, Games of Glory: Date: The Panhellenic Games 36

Reread paragraphs 48-49. What can you infer about the speaker’s feelings about cheating? 4

Paragraph

Explain the author’s choice of the title, Games of Honor, Games of Glory, and how this theme Th is developed and carried through each writing form: expository and toast/speech. Support THEME 4 the theme choice with at least two key ideas from the book.

Select two key ideas, events, or characters from the book. Explain the relationship between the two key ideas, events, or characters. How do they contribute to your understanding of 4 the central theme of the book?

Select 2 words or phrases from the book that are important to you as a reader. Explain why you selected these words or phrases. Describe how you would use them in the future. 4

21 Explain how the author organized the book. Identify the primary text structure of each writing form: expository and toast/speech. Explain how each writing form contributes to the 4 overall understanding of the theme.

Identify the primary purpose and point of view of each writing form: expository and toast/ speech. Explain how each point of view contributes to the overall understanding of the theme. 4

Select at least two photographs, maps, charts, diagrams, or tables and explain how each contributes to the overall understanding of the theme. 4

Identify the claim the author makes in paragraph 10. Quote statements from the text that provide evidence or reasons to support that argument or claim. 4

9 Compare and contrast the topic presentation of the writing forms. Identify the topic addressed by the texts. What is common to both texts? Explain how they differ in 4 information presentation.

EAN