Microbial Photodegradation of Dissolved Organic
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BIOAVAILABILITY OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON AND DYNAMICS OF ACTINOBACTERIA IN THE CALIFORNIA STATE WATER PROJECT by ELISABETH RENEE DUNSMUIR WANDZELL (Under the Direction of JAMES T. HOLLIBAUGH) ABSTRACT This thesis examines bioavailability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the dynamics of Actinobacteria in the California State Water Project (SWP). DOC bioavailability was low throughout the SWP. Exposure to the equivalent of a one day of solar irradiation did not change aqueduct DOC bioavailability, but caused a slight increase in reservoir DOC bioavailability. Actinobacteria relative abundance was measured using real-time PCR; changes in assemblage composition were assessed by PCR/DGGE, and phylogenetic affinities of Actinobacteria populations were determined by sequencing cloned 16S rRNA genes. Actinobacteria relative abundance was 22% (range, 9-34%). Actinobacteria in water samples were not closely related to those in soil samples but were closely related to Actinobacteria found in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. Reservoir and aqueduct assemblages differed. Aqueduct Actinobacteria assemblages varied seasonally. Changes in October assemblages correlated with conductivity and optical and chemical properties of DOC, while February assemblages varied with pH, temperature and conductivity. INDEX WORDS: Dissolved organic carbon, Bioavailability, Photodegradation, Drinking water, Actinobacteria, 16S rRNA, California State Water Project, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta. BIOAVAILABILITY OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON AND DYNAMICS OF ACTINOBACTERIA IN THE CALIFORNIA STATE WATER PROJECT by ELISABETH RENEE DUNSMUIR WANDZELL B.A., California State University Stanislaus, 1989 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE ATHENS, GEORGIA 2006 © 2006 Elisabeth Renee Dunsmuir Wandzell All Rights Reserved BIOAVAILABILITY OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON AND DYNAMICS OF ACTINOBACTERIA IN THE CALIFORNIA STATE WATER PROJECT by ELISABETH RENEE DUNSMUIR WANDZELL Major Professor: James T. Hollibaugh Committee: Erin K. Lipp William L. Miller Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2006 iv DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my amazing family, friends, everyone in the Marine Science department and my doctors and nurses at Athens Regional Medical Center. Without your incredible support and skill, I would have literally not lived to finish this research. I owe you my life and love and will never forget the impact you have all made on my life. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my advisor Tim Hollibaugh for not only being a mentor, but also supporting me and my family through the most difficult time of my life. Also, thank you to my committee members Erin Lipp and Bill Miller for all their help and edits. A very special thanks to Nasreen Bano for selflessly passing on her wisdom and experience. I will be eternally grateful to Sylvia Schaefer, Erin Biers, Susan White and many others in the department who not only gave me and my family moral support, but also carried out my experiments until I could return to work. To all my labmates I am grateful to you for providing a great work atmosphere and individual help, including Matt First for answering numerous computer questions, Karen Kalanetra for qPCR protocol and Angel Smith for showing me the basics of molecular lab techniques. Thank you to the Moran Lab and to Wendy Ye for help with titrations, Justine Lyons for help with sequencing and Jennifer Edmunds for statistical help. Thank you to Ramunas Stepanauskas for assisting me with protocol and methods. A big thank you to many of my understanding professors including Aaron Fisk, Rhett Jackson, Judy Meyer and J. Bruce Wallace. Finally, thank you for all the help I received from the USGS in Sacramento, especially Tamara Kraus for her kindness, support and edits, Bryan Downing, Connie Clapton, Travis von Dessonneck and to Rich Losee and others at the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES..................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................1 1.1 History of the State Water Project...........................................................1 1.2 State Water Project Source Water: The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta ........................................................................................................2 1.3 The California Aqueduct and Delta Mendota Canal ...............................3 1.4 The Reservoirs.........................................................................................5 1.5 Jones Tract...............................................................................................6 1.6 Drinking Water Treatment Concerns ......................................................7 1.7 SWP Biological and Chemical Processes ...............................................9 1.8 Study Goals...........................................................................................11 1.9 References .............................................................................................12 2 DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON IN THE STATE WATER PROJECT: SOURCES AND TRANSFORMATION ......................................................21 2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................21 vii 2.2 Sampling Strategy.................................................................................24 2.3 Analytical Methods...............................................................................28 2.4 Results and Discussion .........................................................................31 2.5 Conclusion.............................................................................................38 2.6 References .............................................................................................41 3 DYNAMICS OF ACTINOBACTERIA IN THE CALIFORNIA STATE WATER PROJECT........................................................................................66 3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................66 3.2 Materials and Methods ..........................................................................68 3.3 Results ...................................................................................................81 3.4 Discussion .............................................................................................88 3.5 Conclusion.............................................................................................98 3.6 Management Implications .....................................................................99 3.6 References ...........................................................................................100 4 SUMMARY......................................................................................................131 4.1 Summary .............................................................................................131 4.2 References ...........................................................................................136 viii LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Map of the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta ...................................................................16 1.2 Map of the California State Water Project indicating sites sampled along the main stem of the California Aqueduct, San Luis Reservoir and Castaic Lake ......................17 1.3 Map of San Luis Reservoir indicating location of sampling stations............................18 1.4 Map of Castaic Lake indicating location sampling stations..........................................19 1.5 Map of Upper and Lower Jones Tract site locations.....................................................20 2.1 Inflow to O’Neill Forebay May 2004............................................................................45 2.2 Inflow to O’Neill Forebay October 2004 ......................................................................46 2.3 Results from the ‘California Aqueduct Water Quality Model’.....................................47 2.4 Inflow to O’Neill Forebay February 2005 ....................................................................48 2.5 DOC concentrations along the California Aqueduct, UGA vs. USGS measurements .49 2.6 DOC concentrations and temperature in Upper and Lower Jones Tract.......................50 2.7 DOC bioavailability and concentrations in water samples from San Luis Reservoir, Castaic Lake and Elderberry Forebay ...........................................................................51 2.8 DOC bioavailability and concentrations in water samples collected along the California Aqueduct ......................................................................................................52 2.9 DOC bioavailability and concentrations in water samples from Upper and Lower Jones Tracts ...................................................................................................................53 ix 2.10 Irradiation effect vs. bioavailability