• There is evidence that ice sheets (glaciation) once German Scientist Says Continents Drifting covered southern Africa, India, Australia, and South America (paleoglaciation). Wegener believed this was proof that these continents were once located GODHAVEN, GREENLAND—Scientist Alfred Wegener close to Antarctica. yesterday announced his revolutionary theory of conti- Wegener did not hypothesize that the earth's crust nental drift as he boarded ship to return to Germany. consists of moving plates. This theory, sparked by He hypothesizes that about 300 million years ago, the Canadian J. Tuzo Wilson and known as Plate earth's continents were one supercontinent, which Dr. Tectonics, was not developed until 1968. Wegener calls Pangaea. He believes that about 200 million c) Why did most scientists of his day disagree with years ago, the supercontinent of Pangaea started to break up, his theory? ANSWER: (p. 90) Wegener could not explain what and the pieces, or continents, drifted in different directions mechanism was powerful enough to move huge to their present positions. Wegener declared that his con- continents. tinental drift theory accounts for the similarity of fossils found on different continents. His new hypothesis, how- Student Book Questions, p. 93 3. Explain the theory of plate tectonics. ANSWER: (p. 90) The crust of the earth consists of about ever, explains why the shapes of the continents on both 20 (lithospheric) plates. Most plates comprise an ocean sides of the Atlantic Ocean appear to fit together like and a continental land mass. The plates are moving over a CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING weak layer of hot rock several hundred kilometres below pieces in a jigsaw puzzle. the earth's surface (the asthenosphere). No one fully under- Wegener said, "I feel confident that the correspon- 1. What was probably the first evidence that led people stands the forces that cause the plates to move over the dence in the coastlines of the continents on both sides of to think that the continents were once connected? layer of hot rock. It is possible that the unequal distribution the Atlantic is proof that all the continents were once ANSWER: (p. 90) The apparent jigsaw fit of the continents of heat within the earth creates convection currents in the joined together as one large land mass. The existence of was likely the starting point for the theory of continental upper mantle that cause the plates to move. This may be " fossils and mountain ranges of the same age and structure drift. For example, the shapes of South America and Africa the "mechanism that eluded Wegener, and that makes the theory of plate tectonics plausible. seem to fit together. on opposite land masses is further proof. We know that ice sheets once covered southern Africa, India,Australia, and 2. a) What did Alfred Wegener mean by "continental ANALYZE AND APPLY South America. How could this ice develop in places that drift"? are so warm today? I am sure that at one time these land ANSWER: (p. 90) Wegener suggested that all the 4. Why are most earthquakes and volcanoes located masses were located very close to the South Pole. This earth's land masses, which were in constant motion, near plate boundaries? collided about 300 million years ago to form one super- ANSWER. (p. 88) Earthquakes and volcanoes occur near evidence will convince my colleagues of the truth of my plate boundaries because it is here that the plates move continental drift theory." continent which he called Pangaea. About 200 million in relation to each other. years ago, Pangaea started to break up. The pieces The plates that make up the earth's crust are moving —August 12, 1913. drifted in different directions to their present positions. at different speeds and in different directions. For exam- b) Write an editorial that either supports or rejects ple, the North American plate and the Pacific plate are b) What proof did he have to support this theory? his theory. Fully explain your reasons. sliding past each other along the San Andreas Fault in ANSWER: Students may write editorials that either ANSWER: (p. 91) Wegener believed he could prove California. This causes many earthquakes in the area. The support or reject Wegener's theory. Here is an example his theory for the following reasons: South American plate and the Nazca plate are colliding; of one rejecting his theory. · He saw the jigsaw fit between South America and the Nazca plate is subducting below the South American Africa (coastline fit). plate. This creates volcanoes and earthquakes in the Revolutionary Thinker or Raving Lunatic? · He found fossils of the same plants and animals on Andes Mountains. The volcanoes that surround the Pacific Ocean (Pacific Rim of Fire) are a result of the both continents (fossil correlation). collision of the Pacific Plate with several other plates The theory that the continents were once pieces of one · The Appalachian Mountains in North America are large land mass that "drifted" apart was presented yesterday 5. "The movement of the earth's plates has been impor- of similar age and structure as mountains in by German scientist Alfred Wegener. Wegener says that Scotland and Scandanavia (geologic similarities). tant to Canada." Explain. ANSWER: (p. 92) The movement of the earth's plates has proof of this theory is that the coastlines on both sides of shaped Canada in many ways. It has contributed to the the Atlantic Ocean look as if they once fitted together like formation of a number of Canada's geological features. For pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. He also stated that similar fossils Chapter 10: Geologic History Answers/Resource List 123 example, the Appalachian Mountains in the east and the Western Cordillera in the west were formed by plates and mountain ranges found on both sides of the Atlantic bumping together. Plate movement also contributed to the are also proof of his "continental drift" theory. Wegener development of fossil fuels. Oil, gas, and coal deposits were believes that the signs of glaciation in South America, formed as a result of events that took place when Africa, India, and Australia are further evidence that these Canada's land mass was located in a tropical climate. land masses were once close to Antarctica. THINK AND COMMUNICATE We do not believe that Dr.Wegener's evidence is over- whelmingly convincing. His "jigsaw fit" of the continents 6. a) Write a newspaper article describing continental is far-fetched. Granted, there is a possible fit between South drift that could have appeared when Wegener first America and Africa, but where else on the globe is this fit published his theory. ANSWER:Your students should be able to provide obvious? A few similar rock samples from mountains on several different approaches to this question. Here is both sides of the Atlantic and a selection of similar fossils 124 a sample of what you might expect: cannot support his theory that the earth's continents were
124 Chapter 10: Geologic History Answers/Resource List once one supercontinent. We suggest that it is entirely Student Book Questions, p.100 Warm, shallow, tropical seas were also responsible formed and then melted away, they dumped large possible that two separate mountain ranges were formed of for the formation of the coral reefs located thousands of amounts of clay, silt, sand, and gravel on the lowlands the same rock at the same time on two different continents. metres below the surface of the land in Alberta and surrounding the Shield. The glaciers set the current pat- We also suggest that it is scientifically possible that the exact CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING Saskatchewan. They contain deposits of oil and gas (see tern of Canada's lakes, rivers, hills, and plains. same animals and plants lived on each side of the Atlantic at p.106). Glaciers that moved across the face of North 1. "The earth's physical landscape is the result of conflict America created examples of erosion and deposition: the same time.Wegener's theory of ice sheets in South between forces .... " Explain what this means. 6. Based on the fossil evidence, what life forms existed Peggy's Cove in Nova Scotia has amazing erratics; America, Africa. India. and Australia is nonsense! Glaciers ANSWER: (pp. 93, 95) The earth's physical landscape is during the Paleozoic era? Labrador's coastline is characterized by deep fiords; could simply have formed over these land masses during the partly the result of conflict between the forces that build ANSWER: (p. 98) Living organisms (plants and animals) in the land higher, and those that wear it down. Volcanoes, drumlin fields surround the cities of Peterborough and last Ice Age. Lastly, but most importantly, can Dr. Wegener the seas, sea organisms with shells, simple plants, trees, folding, and faulting are the major forces that push the Guelph; the Great Lakes and the lakes of the Canadian fish, insects, and amphibians existed during the Paleozoic tell us exactly how and why the continents drifted away from land up to form mountains. Mountains, in turn, are slowly Shield have been gouged out by glaciers; southern era. Fossils of crinoids, molluscs, and trilobites are found one another over such huge distances% Can he explain the and continuously worn down by wind, rain, running water, Ontario's glacial till deposits are excellent for in rock sam ples from this era. mechanism that caused such an incredible journey%We think ice, temperature changes, and chemical reactions. This agriculture; the Rockies are renowned for their alpine not.We urge Dr.Wegener to stick to the much more plausible wearing down is called erosion. At different times and in different places, one force has been stronger than the 7. What event marks the division between the Paleozoic valleys and finger lakes; Kluane, the largest non-polar land-bridge theory put forward by his respected scientific other. Over millions of years, mountain ranges, plains, and and Mesozoic eras? icefield in the world, is filled with alpine glaciers and colleagues. oceans developed and disappeared many times. This ANSWER: (p. 98) The division between the Paleozoic and cirques; and Ellesmere, Axel Heiberg, Baffin and Devon The Editors. conflict forms the story of the earth's geologic history. Mesozoic eras is marked by the extinction of many plant Islands in Nunavut are covered by the remnants of ice- age glaciers. 2. a) What part of Canada was created during the and animal species. Half the fossil group of organisms Precambrian era? found in the rocks of the late Paleozoic era are missing in ANALYZE AND APPLY Student Book Question, p. 93 ANSWER: (p. 95) The Canadian Shield was created the rocks of the early Mesozoic era. during the Precambrian era. How many times would the length of your life (a fifteen- 8. During the Mesozoic era, the North American Plate 11. Most geologic events happen very slowly. What are year-old) fit into the earth's lifespan of 4 600 000 000 b) What types of rock make up this landform? collided with the Pacific Plate. What resulted from two geologic events that happen fast enough for years? ANSWER: (p. 95) The Canadian Shield is made of this collision? people to see? ANSWER: 4 600 000 000 divided by 15 = 306 666 666.67 igneous, metamorphic, and some sedimentary rock. ANSWER: (p. 98) The Coast Range and Rocky Mountains ANSWER: Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions happen times c) How did it differ in appearance from today? resulted from this collision in the following manner: the quickly and suddenly enough for people to see. ANSWER: (p. 95) The Canadian Shield was an enor- collision caused huge amounts of magma to rise within a mous mountain range taller than any that exists today. few kilometres of the surface of the North American Plate. 12. What were the main geologic events that occurred in Student Book Activity, p. 94 At times, the peaks were as high as 12 000 m above It cooled and solidified into a large mass of granite. This the area of Canada where you live? In which era did sea level. Now, most parts of the Canadian Shield are they occur? What evidence of these events can you 1. Using the information from Fig. 10-6, answer the grani te structure was later uplifted and formed the Coast less than 500 m high and form a peneplain. Range Mountains. Towards the end of the Mesozoic era, see? questions below. ANSWER: Answers will vary according to where students a) How old is the earth? 3. Where was the eroded material from the Shield tremendous tectonic forces folded the earth's surface to ANSWER: (p. 96) The earth is 4 600 000 000 years old, deposited and what did this material become? begin the formation of the Rocky Mountains. Large live. If students are not familiar with the features in their or four billion, 600 million years old (46 billion years old). ANSWER: (p. 97) The eroded material or "sediments" from amounts of volcanic material and the formation of moun- immediate area, it may be appropriate to complete this the Shield (see Fig. 10-8) was moved by rivers and tains between the Coast Range and the Rockies add to question after studying the next chapter on landform b) What percentage of the earth's age does each deposited in shallow seas surrounding the Shield. Over the complex geology of the Western Cordillera. regions. era represent? millions of years, these sediments were compressed into ANSWER: (Fig. 10-6, p. 94) layers of sedimentary rock to form the bedrock that today 9. How were (i) coal and (ii) oil and gas deposits formed Cenozoic ((66 - 0)/4600) x 100 = 1.4% underlies part of every province. Mesozoic (1245 -66)/4600) x 100 = 3.9% in western Canada during the Mesozoic era? Extension Activity 1: Folding and Faulting, Paleozoic ((570 - 245)/4600) x 100 = 71% 4. What was the most important geological event of the ANSWER: (p. 98-99) The climate of the land mass that is TSP blackline master pp. 130-131 Precambrian (14600 - 570)/4600) x 100 = 876% Paleozoic era? now Canada was still warm during much of the Mesozoic ANSWER: (p. 97) The most important geologic event of the era. c) What is the name of the era in which we live? Paleozoic era was the creation of vast layers of sedimentary STAGE 1 ANSWER: (p. 94) We live in the Cenozoic era. York (i) When the vegetation growing in swamps died, it fell rock that contained deposits of oil, gas, and coal. These into the water and was covered by sand and silt University Professor Skid Crease says that we should layers of sedimentary rock were made of sediments laid 1. In which direction is pressure being exerted? Where be entering a new era of caring for the envi- down under shallow seas. (sediments). Over millions of years, layers of sediments does the pressure come from? ronmental health of the planet He calls this era the (p. 98) Students may also answer the question by compressed the layers of vegetation to form coal deposits. ANSWER: The stress is being exerted towards the middle "Ecozoic". stating that the most important event was the formation of (ii) In the shallow seas that periodically covered the of the land area. The stress comes from slow -moving con- 2. a) Draw a line 25 cm long on a piece of paper. Divide it Pangaea 300 million years ago and the formation of the Interior Plains, the remains of tiny sea creatures and vection currents in the hot mantle beneath the earth's crust into eras based on the percentages calculated in Appalachian Mountains. plants fell to the sea floor and were covered by question lb. 5. Geologists believe that Canada was located closer to the sediments. As the sediments piled up, they were STAGE 2 ANSWER: The completed time line should have equator during the early part of the Paleozoic era. Why compressed into sedimentary rock. Bacteria, heat, and divisions at these intervals (from left to right): 0 cm to has this tropical location been important to Canada? pressure from the weight of the rock changed the plant 2. What happens to the earth's crust as a result of this 21.9 cm (Precambrian); 21.9 cm to 23.7 cm (Paleozoic); ANSWER: (p. 97) Organisms (marine plants and animals) and animal remains into oil and gas (refer to p. 323 for pressure? 23.7 cm to 24.7 cm (Mesozoic); 24.7 cm to 25 cm that eventually produced the great oil and gas deposits of further explanation of these processes). ANSWER: The earth's crust folds into a series of ridges. (Cenozoic). western Canada lived in the warm shallow seas surround- 10. a) How many glacial periods have there been during The Rocky Mountains of the Western Cordillera and the b) Using the chart from Fig. 10-6, label the main ing the ancient Canadian Shield. Huge swamps grew in Appalachian Mountains are fold mountains. geological events which occurred in each era the warm climate of this tropical location. The vegetation the last two million years? along the line. of these swamps eventually produced the coal-bearing ANSWER: (p. 99) There have been at least four peri- 3. How are faults formed? ANSWER: (p. 94) Refer your students to Fig. 10-6 for rock of Nova Scotia. ods of large-scale glacial activity during the last two ANSWER: Faults are formed when stress causes rock to major geological events corresponding to each era. million years. move quickly. If the rock is brittle (like most of the rock on b) Describe the effects that glaciers have had on the the earth's surface) or the movement is too fast for the rock Canadian landscape. to bend, a fracture (crack) will develop and move ment will ANSWER: (p. 99) The ac tions of glaciers were like giant occur along it, producing a fault. earth-moving machines. They scraped and gouged the 4. Examine Stages 1 and 2. What has happened? land they covered. The Appalachian Mountains and the ANSWER: In Stage 1, stresses within the earth have caused Canadian Shield were rounded by moving ice often a fracture to occur in the rock layers (sedimentary rock is more than a kilometre in thickness. As the glaciers used to demonstrate faulting because the layers make displacement easy to see) One block is displaced surface, the cooling process is faster and the crystals are contain any crystals because the cooling process is so 4. extinctions (n.); 5. volcanic (adj.); 6. sedimentary (add.); vertically in relation to the other bl ock. smaller. The larger the crystals, the more coarse the fast. Any crystals that do form are very small. The resulting 7 metamorphic (adj.); 8. collision In.); 9. solidified (v); 10. texture of the rock. rock has a fine texture. glaciation (n); glacial (adj.) 5. Imagine that you are a geologist examining the rocks Granite is an example of an intrusive igneous rock. Basalt is an extrusive igneous rock. in the diagram. How could you prove that faulting has B. 1 continental; 2. erode; 3. deposit; 4. extinct; occurred? 3. Explain how extrusive igneous rocks are formed, de- 4. Where in Canada are igneous rocks commonly 5. Volcanic; 6. sediment; 7 Metamorphic; 8. collision; ANSWER: A geologist could prove that faulting has scribe their characteristics, and give an example. found? ANSWER: The Canadian Shield and the Coast 9. solidify; 10. glacial occurred by examining the rock. The sedimentary rock ANSWER: Lava that cools very quickly on the earth's Mountains in British Columbia contain large amounts of layers on either side of the fault-line have been displaced surface forms extrusive igneous rock. The rock may not igneous rock. Student Book Activity, p. 102 vertically with respect to one another. Fig. 11-1 shows Canada's landform regions on a map. 5. Describe the process that forms sedimentary rock. 1. What is a landform region? Use your own words. 6. Using your own words, explain how a rift valley is ANSWER: Sediments are carried into oceans where they ANSWER: Answers will vary. The following are examples. formed. are deposited in horizontal layers. Over millions of years · A landform region is an area of land whose surface is ANSWER: Tensional stress may cause two faults to the weight of the overlying layers compresses the sedi - shaped differently from another area of land. develop in the earth's crust. Under continued stress the ments into sedimentary rock. · A landform region has a different topography from the middle portion may drop downward in relation to the land 6. What parts of Canada largely contain sedimentary land that surrounds it. For example, two areas located on either side of the two faults producing a rift valley. rocks and what minerals are found in them? beside each other may have different heights, or they
ANSWER: The Interior Plains, the Great Lakes - may have different types of soil or vegetation.
St. Lawrence Lowlands, the Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands, · A landform region is a region with a geographical Extension Activity 2: The Rock Cycle, TSP and the Rocky Mountains are composed primarily of feature that makes it stand out. For example, a blackline master pp. 132-134 sedimentary rocks. These rocks also form portions of the mountain landform region will stand out when you Apalachians and Innuitian Mountains. Sedimentary rocks are examining a country's geography. may contain coal, oil, natural gas, salt and potash. 2. How m any landform regions are there in Canada? ANSWER: (p. 101) There are seven landform regions in 7. Describe how metamorphic rocks are formed. Canada. ANSWER: Metamorphic rocks are formed when igneous or sedimentary rocks are subjected to heat, pressure, and 3. Which landform region is the largest? Which one is the certain fluids. smallest? · Heat allows the chemical components of the rock to ANSWER: (p. 101) The Canadian Shield is the largest land- recombine more easily. form region, and the Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowland is · Pressure, created at great depths (such as 10 or more the smallest region. kilometres) also allows the chemical components to 4. a) In which landform region do you live? recombine easily. ANSWER: Answers will vary. · Fluids containing hot gases and chemical solutions promote the recrystallization of rocks. b) Describe the landforms in the region in which you live. 0. In your notebook, complete the following chart. ANSWER: Answers will vary.
Igneous/Sedimentary Rock Metamorphic Rock
Limestone becomes Marble Student Book Questions, p. 105
Shale becomes Slate CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING Quartz sandstone becomes Quartzite 1. Why is the geologist's knowledge of rocks important 1. a) What types of rock make up the platform on to some companies? Granite becomes Gneiss which the rest of Canada is built? ANSWER: Mining companies and oil companies seek the ANSWER: (p. 103) Two types of rock, igneous and advice of geologists so they know where to search for the metamorphic, form most of the Shield. There are also mineral resources they require. Only certain types of some sedimentary rocks. rocks may contain the minerals they are looking for and 1. Without looking back at your notes, draw the rock the geologist can identify these types of rocks and the cycle. Begin with five boxes. Label each box. Draw b) What is the topography of the Shield like? ANSWER: rock structures that may contain the minerals. Without and label arrows between boxes to represent the (pp. 102, 104) Most of the Shield is relatively flat with this guidance, companies could waste time and money processes involved in the rock cycle. rounded hills of rock that are the roots of ancient searching for minerals in the wrong place. mountains. It has rocky outcrops and the soil is very thin. The centre of the Shield is much lower than its outer 2. Explain how intrusive igneous rocks are formed, English as a Second Language Activity, TSP portion. This gives the Shield the appearance of a saucer describe their characteristics, and give an example. with Hudson Bay occupying the low-lying centre. ANSWER: When magma slowly cools deep within the blackline master p. 135 earth, large crystals develop. If it cools closer to the A. 1. continental (adj.), 2. erosion (n.); 3. deposition (n.); c) What geological processes created this Canada and the World, pp. 65-66, and in the Oxford ANALYZE AND APPLY atlas, pp. 26. A completed map for this and subsequent 5. The natural beauty, the minerals, the rivers, and the activities can be found on TSP blackline master p. 153. forests are the economic backbone of the Shield. How have these resources aided in the economic develop- c) How many major cities are there? ment of this region? ANSWER: There are three major cities: Chicoutimi- Jonquiere, Sudbury, and Thunder Bay. Their locations can ANSWER: Answers will vary, but the basic points are as follows: be found on the map on TSP blackline master p. 153. · Tourists find the Shield's scenic rivers, waterfalls, lakes, d) Discuss the following questions in a small group: and forests ideal for recreational activities. They are i. Why are vast areas of the Shield sparsely attracted to the Shield for camping, sight-seeing, fishing, populated? and hiking activities, and spend money on such items as ANSWER:To follow are examples of answers food, gas, boat rental, and accommodation. These students may come up with while in discussion expenditures help the local economy. groups. topography? ANSWER: (p. 95, Fig. 10-7 in previous · Mining companies also spend money in the Shield as · not enough soil on the Shield to produce food erosion due to wind, rain, running water, glaciers, tem- they set up their facilities. Many towns on the Shield, and dairy products that would support a large chapter) The geological processes that created the perature changes, and chemical reactions. topography of the Shield were volcanism, folding, and such as Sudbury, Thompson, and Yellowknife, owe their population Refer to the Connecting Study: Glaciation of Canada existence to the presence of minerals. The companies · distances are too great for shipping of food-stuffs faulting, followed by on Student Book pp. 118—126 for further information. provide jobs for many people in the region, and when and goods necessary for everyday life 2. Why is the Canadian Shield also referred to as the people are employed, they spend money. This drives the · cost of shipping goods to people would be too Precambrian Shield? economy. expensive ANSWER: (p. 103, Marginal Note) The Canadian Shield is · The extensive forests of the Shield are used to produce · railway and road systems are not highly also called the Precambrian Shield because its rock was pulp and paper, and lumber. The cutting of trees and the developed because of thousands of lakes and formed in the Precambrian era. production of wood and paper products create thousands the rocky, forested terrain of jobs on and off the Shield. · the landscape is not conducive to the building 3. a) Why is the Shield called Canada's storehouse of · The rivers of the Shield are the source of water- of large-scale cities metallic minerals? generated energy. Hydro-electric generating stations · climate is harsh in winter ANSWER: (p. 103) The Shield is called Canada's store- located on these rivers provide jobs. People live near · the only w ay to reach some areas of the Shield house of metallic minerals because it has vast deposits their jobs, and wherever they live, they need services. of lead, gold, nickel, copper, zinc, and other important is by air—an expensive way to travel For example, banks, schools, doctors offices, movie metals. Also, diamonds have recently been discovered · although mineral deposits and water-based theatres, and grocery stores are established to meet the where ancient volcanoes once existed. energy sources (rivers) are found in many places needs of the inhabitants. All these activities con-tribute on the Shield, the logistics and costs involved in b) Using your own words, describe how mineral to the economic development of the Shield. developing some of them do not make them deposits form. 6. Many products that you use are made from different economically viable ANSWER: (p. 103) Minerals were present in magma kinds of raw material that are found in the Canadian ii. Could this change in the future? Explain. beneath the earth's crust. As magma rose to the surface, Shield. List at least five products and the raw material ANSWER: It is unlikely that this could change in it forced its way into cracks and cavi ties in the rock. As from which they are made. For example, this the future because the obstacles to development magma cooled, some minerals were deposited in the book is made of paper that may come from the presented by the harsh climate, the great distances, magma itself. Other deposits were formed when trees of the Shield. and the incredibly rough landscape are too great to minerals, dissolved in very hot water, were forced deep ANSWER: Answers will vary. The following are examples overcome. Government incentives to industry and into cracks in the surround rock creating veins of of numerous possible answers. people, however, could encourage greater concentrated minerals. · furniture made from lumber from the trees in the Shield development. c) Why are nickel and copper often found together? · steel girders used in the construction of my school are ANSWER: (p. 103) Nickel and copper are often found made from nickel mined in the Shield together because they have similar densities. As minerals · jewelry made from gold mined in the Shield Student Book Questions, p.110 cooled in the earth, those that had similar densities · maple syrup from the maples trees in the Shield floated to the same level. · pennies made from copper mined in the Shield CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING 4. Describe the effects of glaciers on: Some exceptions would include aluminum products 1. How was the bedrock of the lowlands formed? (bauxite is mined outside of Canada although it is ANSWER: (p. 105) Sediments that eroded from the Shield a) the land's surface material, such as soil, rocks, and processed in Canada and its products may be manufactured were laid down in shallow seas that existed at various gravel here), plywood, and some lumber (from British Columbia). times million of year ago. As the rock particles collected, ANSWER: (pp. 99, 104) Today, most of the Shield is cov- the weight of the upper layers compressed the lower layers ered by a thin layer of soil, and the bedrock is visible in into sedimentary rock. many places. The glaciers removed enormous amounts THINK AND COMMUNICATE 2. a) How thick is the bedrock in the Interior Plains and of soil, clay, rock, and gravel from the Shield, and de- 7 a) On an outline map of Canada supplied by your posited them on the lowlands surrounding the Shield. why is it so thick? teacher, draw the borders of the Canadian Shield. ANSWER: (p. 106) The bedrock in the Interior Plains is Students may refer to the Connecting Study: ANSWER: A base map can be found on TSP blackline Glaciation of Canada on Student Book pp. 118—125. several thousand metres thick because there were master p. D1 for distribution to students. millions of years of deposition under the water. b) the drainage of the Shield b) On your map, locate and label the major cities b) Why are the ancient coral reefs of the Interior ANSWER: (p. 104) The scraping and gouging action of (population over 100 000) on the Shield. Consult Plains important today? the glaciers created depressions in the bedrock that your atlas for this information. Save this map for filled with water to form hundreds of thousands of lakes. ANSWER: (p. 106) The reefs contain much of the oil another activity later in this chapter. and gas found in Alberta and Saskatchewan. The glaciers also deposited sand, gravel, and clay that ANSWER: Maps of the Shield may be found in Canada dammed rivers, or forced them to flow in different and the World: An Atlas Resource, 2nd ed.,p. 18, p. 21 3. a) Describe the topography of the Interior Plains as you directions. The result is a disorganized drainage system of and The Canadian Oxford School Atlas, 7th ed., p. 11. A would see it if you were driving across the region lakes, swamps and winding rivers. map of the major cities in the region may be found in from west to east on theTrans-Canada Highway.
Chapter 11: Landform Connections Answers/Resource List 143 144 Chapter 11: Landform Connections Answers/Resource List ANSWER: (p. 107) If you were driving, you would Plains, these lowlands are underlain by sedimentary rock. of the Great Lakes -St. Lawrence Lowlands means that jagged because erosion has not had time to reduce notice that you are gradually moving downhill. Once in The St. Lawrence Lowlands were created when land the industrial heartland of the U.S. is closer. This them to rounded hills. They are barren because trees a while you would notice a sharp drop as you descend between two faults collapsed creating a rift valley. The proximity has affected the location of Canada's industry cannot grow in the extremely cold temperatures of the an escarpment. The landscape of the interior plains is landscape of the Great Lakes Lowlands is largely the result and therefore its major cities. Arctic. Vast areas are covered by ice and permanent not truly flat but composed for the most part of rolling of glaciation. The Great Lakes were carved out by snow. hills, and deep, wide, river valleys. You would see some glaciers. The Niagara Escarpment is the biggest single 9. Examine the photographs of each of the lowland lakes, and many flat fields of grain. feature of the lowlands. regions (Fig. 11-5, 11-6, and 11-9). Describe the differ- b) Why has this region not been developed as much ences you see. as other regions? b) Explain the major processes responsible for what 7. a) Describe the characteristics of the Hudson Bay ANSWER: The Interior Plains are relatively flat and ANSWER: (p. 112) The region's remote location makes you see. and Arctic lowlands. unforested. The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands have a development of its resources too difficult and costly at ANSWER: (p. 107) Forces of erosion have worn away ANSWER: (p. 109) The Hudson Bay Lowlands are a rolling, forested landscape. Both these lowland regions this time. the sedimentary rock layers of the Interior Plains at very flat, low area covered by swampy forest. This show evidence of human habitation. The Hudson Bay 4. a) How were the fiords of British Columbia created? different rates because some rock is harder than region is underlain by sedimentary rocks which rests Lowlands look swampy and forested, there is no evidence ANSWER: (p. 115) During the last Ice Age, glaciers others. Different rates of erosion have caused three on top of the ancient rock of the Shield. of humans or agriculture. different levels of elevation that slope downward from The Arctic Lowlands are a series of islands which occupied many valleys on the coast of British west to east. Each level is separated by a sharp rise have a gently rolling landscape. The climate is harsh and 10. a) Name the four lakes in Manitoba and the Great Columbia. The glaciers eroded the valleys below sea called an escarpment that juts out in the landscape. the ground remains frozen most of the year. Paleozoic Lakes which are remnants of glacial lakes. level. When the ice melted, these U -shaped valleys (The Alberta Plain is separated from the Saskatchewan sedimentary rock is the bedrock of this region. ANSWER: Manitoba: Lakes Winnipeg, Manitoba, were flooded by the sea. They became long narrow Plain by an escarpment and the Saskatchewan Plain is Winnipegosis, and Cedar. inlets with steep towering mountains on both sides. b) What minerals are important in the Arctic separated from the Manitoba Lowland by another Great Lakes: Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Lowlands? How did they get there? b) What effect do the fiords have on land transportation escarpment. Each escarpment is found where the Ontario. There are also hundreds of smaller lakes in ANSWER: (p. 109) A form of coal called lignite, oil, and along the coast? hardness of the bedrock changes. The Manitoba addition to these major lakes. natural gas are found in the Arctic Lowlands. They ANSWER: (p. 115) The fiords restrict travel on land Lowland, which has the softest bedrock, is at the formed in the sedimentary rock which was laid down in b) Why are these lakes smaller than they were in the along the coast. It is not practical to build roads on very lowest elevation of the three prairie levels.) the swamps and ancient seas in the Paleozoic era. glacial period? Why did the lakes not disappear steep mountainsides over long distances around the The glaciers left deposits of gravel, sand, and till completely? fiords. that produced the rounded, gently rolling landscape. ANSWER: These lakes are smaller than they were in ANALYZE AND APPLY 5. Explain why the West Coast of Canada has so many When the glaciers melted, the meltwater formed a the glacial period because the enormous volume of earthquakes. large lake over southern Manitoba and Saskatchewan. water from the melting glaciers has drained into the 8. a) Mark the three different lowland regions on the ANSWER: (p. 115)The heavier Pacific plate is sinking When the land rose, most of the meltwater drained into ocean. The lakes did not disappear completely because outline map of Canada on which you drew the below (subducting under) the lighter North American plate. the ocean, but a number of lakes remain today. The groundwater and precipitation continue to replenish the Shield. The plates are moving relative to each other at speeds of floor of this post-glacial lake was covered by sediments deep basins that were gouged out by the glaciers. ANSWER: Students should refer to Fig. 11-1. 2 cm to 10 cm per year. The continuing movement of the which made it very flat. Deep, fertile soil developed on two plates causes earthquakes. these sediments. Grain fields are now grown on the b) Label the lowland regions on your map. former lake bottom which is now southern Manitoba ANSWER: The different lowland regions are the and Saskatchewan. Interior Plains, the Great Lakes -St. Lawrence ANALYZE AND APPLY Lowlands, the Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands. Student Book Questions, pp. 116-117 4. Parts of the southern portion of the Interior Plains are 6. a) Mark the highland regions on the outline map of c) On your map, label the major cities (populations often called Canada's "breadbasket." Why? CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING Canada that you used for the Shield and lowlands. ANSWER: (p. 107) Grain is grown on the deep fertile soil of 100 000 and over) in each region. Save your ANSWER: Students should refer to Fig. 11-1. of the southern Interior Plains. This area is often called map for another activity later in this chapter. 1. Use your own words to describe how the Appalachian Canada's "breadbasket" because so much wheat is grown ANSWER: The names and locations of these cities Mountains were formed. b) Name each region. there. (Wheat is made into flour which is the main can be found on the map on TSP p. 153. ANSWER: (p. 111) When the North American plate ANSWER: The highland regions are the Appalachian ingredient in bread.) The major cities in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence collided with the Eurasian and African plates during the Mountains, the Innuitian Mountains, and the Western Lowlands are: Quebec City,Trois-Rivieres, Montreal, formation of Pangaea 300 million years ago (during the Cordillera. 5. What separates the Great Lakes Lowlands from the Sherbrooke, Ottawa-Hull, Oshawa, Toronto, Hamilton, Paleozoic era), layers of sedimentary rock were crumpled, St. Lawrence Lowlands? Where does this occur and c) Locate the major cities (population 100 000 and St. Catharines-Niagara, Kitchener, London, and Windsor. folded, and forced upward along the plate boundaries. over) in each highland region. what is the appearance of this area? The major cities in the Interior Plains are: Winnipeg, Volcanoes created igneous and metamorphic rock in ANSWER: (p. 107) A thin wedge of the Canadian Shield, ANSWER: Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary, and Edmonton. certain areas of the mountain range. called the Frontenac is, separates the two lowlands. This · Appalachians: St. John's, Halifax, and Saint John; There are no major cities in the Hudson Bay-Arctic The Appalachians were once jagged peaks, but mil- · Western Cordillera: Vancouver and Victoria; wedge of ancient igneous and metamorphic rock crosses lions of years of erosion by wind and water have reduced Lowlands. · Innuitians: no major cities the St. Lawrence River near Kingston, Ontario, and extends them to rolling mountains and hills. Glaciers also played a d) How many of Canada's major cities are found in into the United States. This area has the appearance of the big part in the recent erosion of the Appalachians. They d) Compare the number of major cities in these high- Shield–outcrops of pink granite and metamorphic rock such the lowlands? ground down the peaks, and gouged out wide valleys land regions with the number in the lowlands and as gneiss. This is in contrast to the surrounding sedimentary ANSWER:There are 17 major cities in the lowland between the hills and mountains. the Shield. Why does this pattern exist? rock (white limestone) of the lowlands. regions. ANSWER: There are five major cities (CMAs) in the Some students who are familiar with the area will also 2. Why does the Appalachian region have many excel- e) Compare the number of major cities in the low- highland regions. However, these cities are located in lent harbours? know that the Thousand Islands are located here. The river valleys or coastal lowlands within the highland lands with the number found in the Canadian ANSWER: (p. 112) During the last Ice Age, the weight of Canadian Shield is submerged below the St. Lawrence regions. This number compares with three large cities in Shield earlier in this chapter. Which region has the glaciers pressed the Appalachians down. As the land River and these islands are the tops of hills that form the the Shield and 17 large cities in the Lowlands. more? Why? sank, and the ice melted, the small inlets along the east Shield in this area. ANSWER: Number of major cities in the lowland The highlands have few major cities because there is coast were flooded by the sea to create long deep bays. very little land available for large urban centres. The lack 6. Copy the paragraph below into your notebook. regions: 17; Number of major cities in the Shield: 3. Today, many of these bays provide excellent harbours. Wherever there is an asterisk (*) insert the correct There are more major cities in the lowlands than in the of flat land for settlement means that the population is word from this list: Shield because in the lowland regions (except for 3. a) Describe the composition and appearance of the comparatively small. Most settlement occurs in small sedimentary, Escarpment, rift, soft, south, faults, Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands), the deep soil is better for Innuitian Mountains. centres scattered throughout the valleys of the region. erosion, glaciation, Great Lakes agriculture, the climate is warmer, and the flat land is ANSWER: (p. 112) The Innuitian Mountains are formed The agricultural land needed to provide raw materials ANSWER: To the south of the Canadian Shield are the ideal for transportation routes and the development of of layers of sedimentary rock, some igneous, and some and food for cities is also limited in such areas. Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands. Like the Interior large cities. The southern location metamorphic rock. They contain both metallic and non- metallic minerals. They are high and
146 Chapter 11 Landform Connections Answers/Resource List 7. Examine the photo of the Appalachians (Fig. 11-10) ANSWER: (oo. 114-115) 9. a) Construct an organizer in your notebook similar to and the photo of the Western Cordillera (Fig. 11-12). Fig. 11-17. Complete the information with the help Connecting Study Questions, p. 126 Columbia folding and faulting sedimentary rock • three mountain of an atlas. Which mountains are older? How can you tell? Mountains with many ranges separated ANSWER: The Appalachians Mountains are older. You can metamorphic by trenches CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING tell because they are lower in height than the mountains of inclusions. • not as high as Mountain Name of Highest Height of Highest 1. a) How does glacial ice differ from regular ice? the Western Cordillera, and they have rounded, rolling hills containing a Rockies, but older Range Mountain Mountain unlike the jagged peaks of the Western Cordillera. The wide variety • 3000 m above ANSWER: (p. 119) Glacial ice is more dense than reg- of metallic sea level ular ice because it is created under great pressure (it Appalachians are older than the Western Cordillera Rocky Mountains Mount Robson 3954 in because there has been more time for the forces of minerals also moves). Most glacial ice is free from human pol - erosion to wear them down. Coast Mountains Mount Waddington 4016 m lution because it was formed before industrial pollution and acid rain. 8. Draw a profile of the Western Cordillera according to INTERIOR volcanic activity metamorphic and • series of rugged St Elias Mountains Mount Logan 5959 m the following instructions. PLATEAUS igneous rock plateaus situated b) How does a period of glacial activity begin? (lava) containing among high hills ANSWER: (p. 119) A period of glacial activity begins a) On a piece of graph paper draw a horizontal line Appalachians (Quebec) Mont Jacques-Cartier 1268 m 15 cm long. Label the left end of the line many valuable and low mountains when the earth's climate cools, and the snow that falls in metallic minerals • plateaus deeply the winter does not completely melt in the summer. No Vancouver and the right end Calgary. cut by major rivers b) Draw a vertical scale on the left showing eleva - one is quite sure why the earth's climate cools, but some to create deep b) Of these mountains, which one is the highest in tions from 0 to 3500 m.The vertical scale should valleys theories suggest that it has to do with changes in the be 1 cm = 700 m. • 1300 to 2000 m Canada? earth's orbit around the sun, as well as changes in the c) Put dots at the elevations and distances provided high ANSWER: Mount Logan is the highest mountain in tilt of the earth's axis It could also be due to changes in in Fig. 11-15. Once all the dots have been placed, • farming in many Canada. the heat output from the sun of the valleys join the dots. c) Relate the height of the highest and lowest of c) What causes snow to turn to glacial ice? d) Label the following features on your profile: Rocky these mountains to their age. ANSWER: (p. 119) Over thousands of years, snow Mountains, Rocky Mountain Trench, Columbia ANSWER: Mount Logan is the youngest, and Mont becomes deeper, and the tremendous weight of the Mountains. Interior Plateaus. Coast Mountains COAST • pressure of heavier metamorphic • Coast Mountain MOUNTAINS Pacific plate sinking and igneous rock Range on the Jacques-Cartier is the oldest. snow on top causes the bottom layers to turn to ice. below the North mainland d) What causes alpine and continental glaciers to American plate separated from causes volcanic Island Mountain THINK AND COMMUNICATE flow? activity Range on the 10. Review the material in this chapter and discuss the ANSWER: (pp 119-120) Alpine glaciers, which form in • massive block of offshore islands following quotation: mountainous regions, move down valleys from high ele- igneous and by a deep trough "Canada is an east-west country trying to survive in a vations (where the zone of accumulation is located) to metamorphic rock occupied by the north-south continent." low elevations under the force of gravity. Continental has been uplifted Pacific Ocean glaciers, move under their own weight. The weight of as a result of the ANSWER: The purpose of this question is to help students realize that most of North America's landform regions run in snow and ice causes the glacier to spread outward from subduction of the. its centre or zone of accumulation. Pacific plate a north-south direction—Western Cordillera, Interior Plains, Canadian Shield, Appalachians —while the transportation 2. During the last Ice Age: links run east-west. Students should include the following a) Which parts of the earth were covered by ice points in their discussion: sheets? · It is easier for people on the west coast to travel to the ANSWER. (p. 118) During the last Ice Age, ice sheets f) What problems might exist in this region for western United States than to eastern Canada because covered almost all of Canada and parts of the United farming and transportation? the mountain ranges of the Western Cordillera present a States, Europe, and South America ANSWER: (pp. 112, 114) The Western Cordillera is, for natural barrier to east-west travel. b) What happened to ocean levels? Why? the most part, too mountainous, too high, too cold, and · People in various regions of Canada have more in ANSWER: (p 118) The levels of the oceans fell well too dry for agriculture. Glacial and river deposits have common with Americans living directly to the south than below current levels because enormous volumes of made excellent farmland of the many deep river they do with Canadians living to the east or west. For the world's water were frozen in the ice sheets. valleys of the Interior Plateaus, e.g., the Okanagan example, people living in the Interior Plains have more 3. "The movement of a glacier is determined by the e) In your notebook, compare the three major Valley. (Since many of these valleys have very dry in common with people living in the American mid-west climates due to rain shadow conditions, agriculture can balance between ice accumulation and ice melt." divisions of the Western Cordillera using an than they do with people living in the Western Cordillera Consult Fig. 11-20 and draw a series of diagrams to organizer like Fig. 11-16. be carried on only with irrigation.) or the Canadian Shield. The Western Cordillera's mountain ranges and explain this statement. · The Shield presents a natural barrier to Canadians deep river valleys run in a north-south direction. This ANSWER: (p. 120) Emphasize that glaciers move forward wishing to travel from east to west. It is easier for Division Formation Process Rock Type Appearance presents an obstacle to transportation because main when the rate of melting is slower than the rate of accu- Canadians in the east to travel west through the United travel routes across the Cordillera must run in an east- mulation, become stationary when the rate of melting is EASTERN MOUTAINS States because they avoid the long and rugged west direction. The mountains are very high and equal to the rate of accumulation, but do not actually move distances of the Shield. rugged with only a few gaps low enough to allow backward during retreat. They get smaller when the rate of · Most Canadian climate regions, e.g., Maritime climate Rocky folding and faulting sedimentary rock • 4000 m above highways and railways to cross over. This has restricted melting is greater than the rate of accumulation. Mountains containing many regions, are shared with regions in the United States as sea level the number of east-west routes through the Cordillera. A fossils and • rugged and scenic opposed to being shared with other regions within Canada. 4. What appearance does a landscape have that was few highways and railways have been built at great deposits of coal (with sharp "horns'") · Most of our transportation links and major urban centres glaciated by an alpine glacier compared to one cost, and they require constant maintenance in order are in the southern part of the country, close to the U.S glaciated by a continental glacier? to maintain the safety of travellers. In the winter, there border. There is more trade in a north-south direction ANSWER: (pp. 119-120) A landscape glaciated by an Rocky caused by erosion sedimentary rock deep valley is danger from avalanches, and the mountain passes alpine glacier is mountainous, with sharp, jagged triangular Mountain along a zone of faults separating the Rocky are frequently closed. between Canada and the United States than there is Trench and the Columbia between the provinces. peaks or "horns" Alpine glaciers move down valleys from mountains: 10 km high elevations to low elevations under the force of gravity, wide, 1600 km sharpening the upper portions of the mountains and making long, and almost them very rugged in appearance. Continental glaciers give 2000 m lower than the mountains the landscape a smoother, more rounded appearance on either side because they erode higher points on the land, and fill in lower areas with the eroded material.
148 Chapter 11: Landform Connections Answers/Resource List
5. Construct an organizer in your notebook similar to ANSWER: Fig. 11-26 Hillside, Lake Alphonse by g) eskers Fig. 11-29. Complete each column. ANSWER. (pp. • rivers flowing steep-sided ridge source of William Goodride Roberts THINK AND COMMUNICATE 121—124) within or under of sand and gravel sand and 9. a) Is the use of paintings an effective way to study melting glaciers winding across gravel used a) The painting shows a hill in the Great Lakes -St. laid down sand the countryside for the Lawrence Lowlands. The highest elevations are tree- geography? Why? Glacial Feature How Formed Appearance Uses and gravel in construction covered (woodlot/sugarbush) and the lower slopes ANSWER: Students may differ in their opinions about the river bed industry are fields. the use of paintings. It is hoped, however, that they will a) striations rocks frozen in the grooves in the help • when glacier b) Continental glaciers have "bulldozed" till into hills. see it as another medium for learning about the world ice gouged out bedrock running geographers melted, sand and Since rock is protruding from the soil, the land is around them. striations (grooves) in the same determine gravel was left high probably part of a moraine. Paintings are an effective way to study geography. in the bedrock under direction as the the path of and dry in a ridge They allow viewers to see a landscape they might the glacier as it movement of glaciers c) The exposed rock and scrub vegetation indicates moved the ice that it is most likely unsuitable for growing crops. never have the opportunity to visit. The artist often forces viewers to focus on one outstanding feature of fertile, flat plains excellent Agricultural activity would be grazing. h) lake plains ancient lakes of the landscape that they may have previously taken for glacial meltwater of silt for agriculture ANSWER: Fig. 11-27 No Grass Grows on the Beaten b) spillways huge volumes of deep, wide now the granted. A painting can inspire awe, wonder, and flowing glacial deposited silt on Path by William Kurelek valleys that now pathway their flat bottoms a) The painting gives a wonderful view of a flat, respect for the natural world. A painting can illustrate meltwater carved may have small for small, the climate, the economic activities, the unique geo- out wide valleys rivers called present-day fertile, treeless plain (Interior Plains). b) The very flat landscape and the lack of trees logical features, the soil and vegetation, the features misfit streams rivers that may shaped by humans, and the way of life in a particular be used as trans- indicate a portion of the Interior Plains once portation routes 6. By observing the deposited materials, how can you occupied by a post-glacial lake. landform or region. A marvelous painting can teach the tell which materials were deposited directly by a c) The old lake bottom is very fertile because of the silt beauty and diversity of Canada. glacier and which materials were deposited by that was deposited under the glacial meltwater and is On the other hand, the artist may reduce the details c) till plains huge amounts of • a gently rolling very good glacial meltwater? to focus on a major feature. Paintings may present an clay, sand, and landscape or for growing ANSWER: (pp. 122—123) Material deposited directly by a now used for agriculture. The woman in the painting is taking the cows to pasture and the fields on either abstract view which stresses an image or emotion over gravel deposited plain formed of crops because glacier is unsorted; that is, large and small particles are all reality so that one may obtain a false impression of the onto the land large and small of deep, mixed together. The rock fragments have angular or pointed side of the path seem to contain crops (possibly by ice sheets particles of clay, well-drained shapes because they have not been rounded by running grains). true appearance of the region. sand, gravel soil water. Glaciers also deposited large rocks called erratics ANSWER: Fig. 11-28 The Glacier by Arthur Lismer b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of that stand out as isolated boulders on the landscape today. mixed together a) This painting presents a view of rugged mountains this approach compared to other methods of • the rock Materials deposited by meltwater are sorted by size with an enormous alpine glacier as the "star" of the presenting geographic information? fragments have with larger rock particles in one layer and smaller rock ANSWER: If students see more advantages than angular or particles in another. The materials are smooth and round painting. A variety of alpine glacial features (horns, pointed shapes as a result of the action of running water. aretes, and cirques) are visible in the back-ground. disadvantages, you may wish to incorporate paint- because they In the foreground, the alpine glacier wends its way ings at other places in the course. In addition, the have not been ANALYZE AND APPLY down a valley (creating a U-shaped valley). use of songs, poetry, novels, and short stories will rounded by b) The alpine glacier is moving down the valley from a add another dimension to your course. running water 7. Each of the paintings (Fig. 11-25 to 11-28) depicts a high elevation to a lower one by force of gravity, and Advantages: landscape that is the result of glaciation. Analyze has scraped away the valley walls. This will result in · You can see, in a most pleasant way, the geological each painting using the following questions as a a broad U -shaped valley. The action of the glacier features or topography of a landform region in one d) moraines ice sheets hills with thin suited for guide. quick viewing. a) Describe the physical appearance of the landscape has "sharpened" the upper portion of the mountains. deposited ridges soil and swamps grazing and · The beauty in the painting may spur you on to learn the artist is portraying. c) Tourists might view this landscape from an obser- of till along forestry vation point, an airplane, or while on a "snowcat" more about the subject. their edges because b) Explain the glacial processes that created this ride. Skiers might be interested in skiing on the · You may make up your mind to visit the region you they are not landscape. What evidence is visible to support very good for your explanation? giacier a conditions are suitable. have seen in the painting. c) What economic activities could this glaciated · You may be inspired to take steps to preserve the growing crops 8. In Fig. 11-23, there are some glacial features that have landscape be used for? natural beauty portrayed in the painting. ANSWER: Fig. 11-25 White Pine by A. J. Casson not been discussed. Based on your examination of the diagrams, how were the following features formed and · You may feel the painter's love and respect for the e) drumlins molded by the egg-shaped hills • usually a) There are lakes and low mountains in this painting. landscape because of his/her sensitive, perceptive, The landscape is rugged, there are coniferous what is their appearance: movement of a (as seen from good for interpretation of the scene. glacier—geograph- above) with a trees, and the bedrock of the Shield is visible in the a) spillway agriculture Disadvantages: ers think that these steep side on because the shape of rocky outcrops. ANSWER: A spillway was carved out of the landscape hills form when the wide end soil is deep b) The continental glaciers gouged out the lakes and by huge volumes of glacial meltwater. It is a deep, wide · You may not learn the geological history of the land glaciers move over and a gentle and well- removed the topsoil. Although not visible in the valley with a small misfit stream running along the form by looking at the painting. previously deposited slope on the painting, the bedrock is probably striated. Glaciers drained bottom. · Although you may inspect the painting very closely, material and other that • help geogra- have helped to erode the Shield to low, rounded hills. you may not understand the processes which formed c) The part of the Shield shown in this painting would b) kettle lakes reshape it usually occur phers determine the landscape. in clusters path of glaciers. be excellent for recreational activities. Fishing, ANSWER: Kettle lakes were formed when large called drumlin camping, boating, hiking, and swimming could be chunks of ice became imbedded in glacial debris. •The artist's personal view of the scene may be biased steep side faces in some way, and may not present the truth about fields direction from carried on here in the summer, and perhaps ice- When these chunks of ice melted, the hole filled which ice came fishing, snowmobiling, and cross-country and with water creating a kettle lake. the landscape. downhill skiing in the winter. Some mining and c) shorelines (from glacial lakes) forestry may take place in the hills in the back- ANSWER: Glacial meltwater often created a lake. English as a Second Language Activity, TSP f) erratics large rocks picked • large rocks ground. Trappers may make a living from their trap- tells scien- lines set in the lakes of the Shield, and deer- and Around the edges of the lake, wave action created blackline master p. 152 up by ices sheets resting on the land fists from shoreline features. When the lakes dried up, the and often carried • rocks are bear-hunting might take place here. Hydro-electric 1. The floor of this lake is covered by sediments. 2. Agricul- which region power stations may use the water to generate shoreline features remain on the land (see Fig. 11-7 on hundreds of often identifiable tural products from this region are used in Canada and the glacier electricity. Student Book p. 108 for an example of an old glacial kilometres before because they are moved, partic- overseas. 3. The Paleozoic bedrock can be seen in several shoreline in the Toronto area). being deposited different from the ularly if it is escarpments. 4. The Niagara Escarpment was formed by on the land bedrock of the different from differential erosion. 5. The landscape is characterized by flat region in which the bedrock plains with glacial hills and deep river valleys. 6. The Rocky they were on which deposited it rests Mountains are formed of folded and faulted sedimentary rocks. 7 The area is composed of metamorphic and 150 Chapter 11: Landform Connections Answers/Resource List ground as rain, or as snow if the temperature is below a) Mount Garibaldi, north of Vancouver, is 2700 m 0°C. As cool air descends on the leeward slope of a high. The temperature at the waterfront in mountain, it contracts and becomes warmer. Since more Vancouver is 24°C. What will be the temperature evaporation than condensation takes place, precipitation of the air at the mountain top, if condensation and cloud formation decrease. The result is a dry climate starts at 1200 m? or rain shadow on the leeward slope. ANSWER: (p. 130) Step 1. How far will the air rise before condensation 10. a) Explain, in your own words, and with the help of begins? diagrams how convectional precipitation occurs. 1200m - 0m=1200m ANSWER: (pp. 136-137) Answers will vary. However, the following main points should be included in Step 2. How much will the temperature drop in this student answers: distance? Rate of cooling is 1C°/100 m. Therefore, · The sun heats the ground, causing the air above it temperature will drop (1200/100) x 1C° = 12C° to rise, creating updrafts (particularly by late afternoon or evening in summer). Step 3. How far will the air mass rise after conden- current is cold, it cools the air of coastal areas. If the sation begins? current is warm, it heats the air. Cold air causes a harsh · The rising air expands and cools, and the water Student Book Questions, pp. 139-140 climate; warm air causes a mild climate. vapour in it condenses to form tiny drops that 2700m -1200 m=1500m make up the clouds. Step 4. How much will the temperature drop in this b) The meeting of the cold Labrador Current and the distance? CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING warm Gulf Stream create special weather · As more water vapour condenses, the water 1. a) Explain the difference between weather and conditions. What are these conditions and how do droplets become larger. Rate of cooling when evaporation occurs is climate. they affect ships? · The weight of the water droplets causes them to 0.6C°/100 m. ANSWER: (p. 127) Weather is the day-to-day expres- ANSWER: (p. 132) The Labrador Current cools the air fall to the ground as rain. (1500/100) x 0.6C° = 9C° sions of atmospheric conditions such as temperature, of coastal locations in Labrador and northern · As raindrops fall to the ground they cool the air and Step 5. What will the temperature be at the top of precipitation, humidity, wind speed and direction, cloud Newfoundland. The Gulf Stream warms the air of drag some of it downward, creating downdrafts Mount Garibaldi? cover, and air pressure. Climate is the long-term pattern coastal locations in Nova Scotia and southern 24°C - (12C° + 9C°) = 3°C of these atmospheric conditions. Newfoundland. Where the air above the two currents which we experience as strong gusts of wind just meets on the Grand Banks, the weather is often damp before and during the storm. 13. The Labrador Current brings icebergs southward from b) Give three examples of how each affects our lives. and foggy. When visibility is low, ships must take · Eventually the cooling effect of the rain on the ANSWER: Answers will vary. Student answers should Arctic regions to the waters near Newfoundland. This special precautions to avoid collisions. ground stops more updrafts from forming and the area of the Atlantic Ocean is called "iceberg alley." include both positive and negative effects, as demon- precipitation-forming process stops. strated in the following examples: 5. How do prevailing winds affect the movement of air a) What famous marine disaster occurred in 1912 as Weather: 1) the wind speed and direction on the lake masses? b) Why are some convectional storms so dangerous? a result of these icebergs? was perfect for your sailing lesson nearly every day at ANSWER: (p. 133) Prevailing winds move air masses in the ANSWER: (p. 137) Convectional storms may be dan- ANSWER: The "unsinkable" ocean liner Titanic sank on camp; 2) the temperature in your upstairs bedroom direction they blow. For example, the prevailing westerlies gerous because of lightning, heavy rainfall, hail (frozen its maiden voyage on April 15,1 912, after colliding with was so high during your exams in June that you had to move air masses from west to east. water droplets), microbursts (very powerful, localized an iceberg approximately 700 km southeast of sleep on an uncomfortable pull-out couch in the Newfoundland. Of the estimated 2,227 persons on basement; 3) a thunderstorm over the airport prevented 6. How does the polar-front jet stream affect the gusts of wind), or even tornadoes. They often cause you from taking your first flying lesson. movement of air masses? damage to property or crops. board, only 705 survived. A radio telegrapher on Signal Climate: 1) a sunny climate necessitates the use of ANSWER: (p. 134) The polar-front jet stream is a current of Hill in St. John's, Newfoundland, picked up the Titanic's fast-moving air that is located high in the atmosphere above sunscreen on a daily basis; 2) if you live in a cold cli- ANALYZE AND APPLY distress signals and recorded them in his notebook. mate with a short growing season, you pay more for the boundary between cold, dry polar air, and warm, moist Many of the victims are buried in three cemeteries vegetables because they have to be imported from a tropical air. It changes speed and position with the seasons. In winter, it moves southward, allowing cold Arctic 11. Copy Fig. 12-16 into your notebook and complete it in Halifax. The largest number of grave sites are in the warmer climate; 3) if you live in a foggy climate, your air masses to flow farther south into the United States. In using the information in Fig. 12-7. Fairview Cemetery. The Maritime Museum of the town needs special street lamps that cut through the Atlantic in Halifax has a number of artifacts and fog at night. summer, it moves northward, allowing warm air masses from the Gulf of Mexico to flow farther north into Canada's Label Interpretation Where Formed Characteristics wreckage from the Titanic. A small Titanic exhibit is 2. Examine Fig. 12-3 and describe the effect of latitude interior. also located in Yarmouth, including the nameplate of on climate. cA continental Arctic over land and very cold and dry 7. What are the two key points that help us understand the Samson. This ship is believed to be the one that ANSWER: (p. 129) Latitude (the distance from the equator) frozen water in why precipitation occurs? ignored the distress signals from the Titanic. is a key factor in determining whether a region's climate is Canada's Arctic b) What effect might this current have on the oil hot or cold. The climate is warmer in regions closer to the ANSWER: (p. 134) Precipitation occurs because 1) air cools equator because the curvature of the earth causes the as it rises, and 2) as air cools, water vapour condenses exploration and development that is occurring more than it evaporates. mT maritime Tropical over water in wet and warm off the East Coast of Canada? energy to be concentrated over a smaller area. It is colder tropical regions ANSWER: The icebergs carried by the Labrador in regions farther north because the curvature of the earth 8. What three conditions cause air to rise? of the Pacific Ocean, causes the same amount of energy to spread over a larger ANSWER: (p. 135) Air rises: 1) to cross an area of high ele- the Gulf of Mexico Current constitute a danger to the drilling platforms off area. vation; 2) because it has absorbed heat from the earth's and the Caribbean the east coast of Canada, to the supply ships, and to 3. "Bodies of water have a moderating effect on land surface; and 3) because there is a cooler denser air mass the shuttle tankers that transport the crude oil to the temperatures." Explain how this is accomplished. flowing beneath it that forces it up. mP maritime Polar over water in regions wet and cool mainland. The oil exploration companies have taken ANSWER: (p. 131) Bodies of water heat up and cool down 9. Explain what happens to the temperature and moisture located between enormous care in designing their drilling plat-forms to more slowly than land masses. In summer, a lake remains content of air as it passes over a mountain. 55°N and 66°N withstand a hit from an iceberg. See the Connecting cooler than the land surrounding it. Winds blowing across ANSWER: (p. 135) As air rises up the windward slope of a Study: Offshore Oil: Hibernia on Student Book pp. the water keep the countryside cooler than an area without a mountain, the pressure on the air decreases and causes it cT continental Tropical over land in tropical dry and hot 337–343 for more information on how this giant oil lake. In winter, the lake gives up its heat more slowly than to expand and cool. As the air cools, the rate of water regions drilling platform has been designed to with-stand a the land because it retains the heat, therefore winds evaporation decreases and the rate of water condensation collision with a large iceberg. blowing across it will warm the surrounding countryside. increases. The result is an increase in the number of water droplets in the air. When the drops are too heavy to remain 14. A cyclonic storm is approaching the area where you 4. a) How do ocean currents affect climate? 12. Using the information in Fig. 12-4, calculate the ANSWER: (p. 132)The temperature of an ocean current suspended in the atmosphere, they fall to the live. Using the information in Fig. 12-15 and the head- affects the temperature of air that passes over it. If the temperature of air as it rises up a mountainside in ings in Fig. 12-17, compare the weather conditions you _Chapter 12: Climate Connections Answers/Resource List 161 the following example: will experience as the storm passes over you.
162 Chapter 12: Climate Connections Answers/Resource List b) Now, see where each climate station is located in 1. A continental climate is often a cooler effect of water but con- the Boreal Fig. 12-21. climate than a maritime climate. Since Station A has siderably region a cooler average temperature of 2.1 °C , it probably less than • shows Location Temperature Sky Cover Precipitation Wind has a continental location. Since Station B has a the Boreal more con- Within Direction warmer average temperature of 5°C, it probably has climate sistency in Storm Student Book Questions, p. 143 a maritime location. region precipitation 2. A temperature range of more than 25C° Before cool increasing likely easterly indicates a continental climate. A temperature range CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING warm front cloudiness of less than 25C° indicates a maritime climate. Both ii. the Atlantic and Southeastern climate regions? stations have a temperature range of more than ANSWER. 1. a) In which climate region do you live? 25C°. This indicates that both stations may have a At warm changing from cloudy likely changing b) Describe the climate of this region. continental climate. front cool to warm from ANSWER: Answers will vary. Students will find the 3. A location with less than 1000 mm a year, Location Ave. Temp. Total Season Continental easterly to information in Fig. 12-21 helpful in formulating their has a con- Temp. Range Precip. of Max. or Maritime southerly answers. tinental climate; a location with more than 1000 mm Precip. a year has a maritime climate. Since Station A Between warm to hot mixture of not as likely southerly ANALYZE AND APPLY (with 466 mm) has less than 1000 mm of precipi- Atlantic 5.0°C 28C° 1229 mm Winter Maritime fronts sun and clouds tation a year, it has a continental climate. Since Climate • region has 119°C-(-9°C)) • more 1679 mm) • coastal 2. Toronto averages about 24 thunderstorms per year Station B (with 1229 mm) has more than 1000 mm Region some moder- • range is than location whereas Vancouver only has about 4. Why does of precipitation a year, it has a maritime climate. ating effect larger than 1000 mm At cold changing from towering likely changing (Moncton, gives it Toronto experience so many more thunderstorms 4. If a location shows a higher summer of the ocean 25C° annually higher front warm to cold clouds from N. B.) than Vancouver? maximum precipitation southerly to ANSWER: Vancouver is subject to relief precipitation precipitation than winter maximum precipitation, it westerly because it is located on the Pacific coast at the base of has a continental climate. If a location shows a the Coast Range. Warm, moist air coming off the Pacific higher winter maximum precipitation than summer South - 8.9°C 27C° 819 mm Summer Continental eastern • has slight (22°C-(-5°C)I • less (430 mm) • more After cold cold clear skies not likely westerly Ocean meets the mountain barrier of the Coastal Range, maximum precipitation, it has a maritime climate. Station As maximum precipitation occurs in summer Climate moderating • range is than southerly front and is forced to rise. As the air rises and cools, the water larger than vapour condenses and falls to the ground as rain The with 359 mm vs. 107 mm in winter; it therefore has Region effect of 1000 mm location Lake Ontario 25C° annually moderating effect of the ocean keeps the land from a continental climate. Station B's maximum precipi- (Toronto, gives it heating up to extremely high temperatures. tation is in winter with 679 mm vs. 550 mm in Ont.) higher Toronto, on the other hand, is subject to convectional summer; it therefore has a maritime climate. average precipitation since it has a continental location in southern Students have probably deduced that Station B has a temperature Student Book Activity , p. 140 Ontario. This region is subject to intense heating during maritime climate, and that since it has a minimum Construct a chart similar to Fig. 12-18 to compare the spring and summer days. As air rises and cools over the temperature below 0°C, it is located on the east coast climate characteristics of the eight climate stations course of a long summer day, huge storm clouds develop. (see Student Book p. 141, Fig. 12-19, Significance #2). The rain falls to the ground in violent downpours. As it falls, There is, however, one more point to consider that will in Fig. 12-20. A climate station is any place where THINK AND COMMUNICATE confirm Station B's location on the east coast. If there climate information is gathered. it cools the air, and drags it downwards, creating strong is a large difference between a location's summer and a) Complete columns 1 to 5 using the information in downdrafts. The downdrafts of cool air create great gusts 5. If you could live in any one of Canada's of winds that are typical of summer thunderstorms. winter precipitation, then the location is on the west the climate graphs on p. 142 and in Fig. 12-19. climate regions, which one would you choose? Explain coast. If the difference is slight, then the lo-cation is ANSWER: 3. a) Using the same headings as in Fig. 12-18, your choice. Compare your choice and reasons with two on the east coast. Since the difference between the other classmates. determine the values for each climate station in summer and winter values of Station B is slight at 109 Location 1 2 3 4 5 ANSWER: Answer will vary. Have students use the infor- Fig. 12-22. mm (659 mm-550 mm), students may conclude that Ave. Temp. Total Season Continental mation in Fig. 12-20 to make their choices. ANSWER: Station B is on the east coast. Temp. Range Precip. of Max. or Maritime You may wish to review the following summaries of Precip. Location Ave. Temp. Total Season Continental 4. Examine the climate regions map (Fig. 12-21). What Canada's climate regions with your students to assist Temp. Range Precip. of Max. or Maritime similarities and differences exist between i. the them in making a decision. A 5.0°C 28C° 1229 mm Winter Maritime Precip. Bpreal and the Prairie climate regions? ANS WER: Pacific Maritime Region Moncton 679 mm Students must refer to the climate graph (Fig. 12-20) This is a maritime climate, where the moderating effect of Station A 2.1 °C 30C° 466 mm Summer Continental of the city located in each climate region shown in Fig. the Pacific Ocean keeps most coastal locations above B 1.2°C 35C° 873 mm Summer Continental 359 mm 12-21. They might find it easier to note the similarities freezing during winter, and cool during summer. Relief pre - Timmins 497 mm and differences in a table like Fig. 12-18. cipitation along the coast is very high, especially in winter Station B 5 0°C 28C° 1229 mm Winter Maritime when the polar-front jet stream moves southward allowing moist Pacific winds to reach this area. Many people find C -166°C 36C° 140 mm Summer Continental 679 mm Location Ave. Temp. Total Season Continental this moderate climate attractive, and move to the west Resolute 105 mm Temp. Range Precip. of Max. or Maritime coast to escape the harsh winters of the Canadian interior. Precip. D 8.9°C 27C° 819 mm Summer Continental Cordilleran Climate Region b) In which climate region is each climate station This area of many different climates extends from southern Toronto 430 mm Boreal 12°C 35C° 873 mm Summer Continental located? Explain how you reached your decision. British Columbia to the northern Yukon. Locations only a Climate • a cool 118°C-(- • less (497 mm) • covers ANSWER: By taking three of the following four points few kilometres apart may have very different temperature E -5.2°C 45C° 267 mm Summer Continental temperature 17°C)1 than into consideration, students may conclude that Station Region more of and precipitation patterns. West-facing windward slopes Yellow- 156 mm away from the • range is 1000 mm A (Edmonton) has a continental climate and is located (Timmins, Canada's receive a great deal of relief precipitation while leeward knife larger than in the Prairie region. Station B (Moncton) has a Ont.) moderating annually, area than slopes and interior valleys are very dry because of rain- 25C° maritime climate and is located in the Atlantic effect of water but con- the Prairie f 2.6°C 36C° 364 mm Summer Continental s hadow conditions. Southern locations are milder than Maritime region. (The anomaly that exists with regard siderably region Regina 272 mm to both temperature ranges being more than 25C° may more than • shows be partially explained by Moncton's inland location and the Prairie more van- G 37°C 27C° 615 mm Summer Continental the Westerlies which bring continental weather climate ability in Prince 325 mm conditions at various times.) region precipitation George Prairie 2.6°C 37C° 364 mm Summer Continental H 9 9°C 14C° 1167 mm Winter Maritime Climate • a cool 119°C-(- • less (272 mm) • covers Vancouver 846 mm Region temperature •18°C)1 range is than less of (Regina, away from the larger than 1000 mm Canada's Sask.) moderating 25C° annually, area than those in the north, and areas with lower elevations are milder than those with higher elevations. Prairie Climate Region In the heart of the country, the Prairie region is a continental climate. In winter, cold, dry, polar air blankets the land, and in summer, the air is warm and dry. This results in a wide, large annual temperature range: winters are very cold and summers are very hot. It is quite dry in this region because it is in the rainshadow of the Western Cordillera. Cyclonic storms bring moisture throughout the year, but most rainfall occurs in the summer from convectional precipitation. Boreal Climate Region This has a continental climate, w here winters are cold and summers are warm. Throughout the year, precipitation results from cyclonic storms. In the summer, convectional precipitation also occurs when the land heats up. Taiga Climate Region The Taiga region has cold winters, which may last more than six months, and short, cool summers. Precipitation occurs mainly in the summer from convectional precipitation. A small amount of winter precipitation is the result of cyclonic storms. Arctic Climate Region The Arctic region has a very harsh climate; summer is very short, cool and in the most northerly locations, winter lasts as long as ten months. It is really a cold desert, receiving less than 350 mm of precipitation each year. Precipitation is low because the Arctic Ocean and other bodies of water are frozen for most of the year, and there is very little evaporation. Southeastern Climate Region This area has both continental and maritime characteristics although most of the region has a continental climate, with a wide range of temperatures. Maritime climate conditions are evident in areas near the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean. Cyclonic precipitation occurs all year in the Southeastern climate region. The prevailing winds bring storms from the west and storms from the south move up from the Gulf of Mexico. The slight summer maximum is due to convectional precipitation. Atlantic Maritime Climate Region The Atlantic climate region has a maritime climate where the Atlantic Ocean moderates the temperatures, so the winters are not as cold, nor the summers as hot as continental locations. The prevailing westerlies bring cyclonic storms throughout the year. Some parts of this region receive as much precipitation as parts of the Pacific Maritime climate region.