Tehcir Öncesi Vilayat-I Sitteden Amerika'ya Ermeni

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Tehcir Öncesi Vilayat-I Sitteden Amerika'ya Ermeni T. C. DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ ATATÜRK İLKELERİ VE İNKILÂP TARİHİ ENSTİTÜSÜ TEHCİR ÖNCESİ VİLAYAT-I SİTTEDEN AMERİKA’YA ERMENİ GÖÇÜ DOKTORA TEZİ Ahmet AKTER Danısman: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kemal ARI İZMİR – 2006 TUTANAK Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsünün ……/…../2005 tarih ve ………..sayılı toplantısında oluşturulan jüri, Lisansüstü Öğrenim Yönetmeliğinin ……… maddesine göre Doktora öğrencisi Ahmet AKTER’in “Tehcir Öncesi Vilayat-ı Sitte’den Amerika’ya Ermeni Göçü” konulu tezini incelemiş ve aday …/…/ 2006 tarihinde saat …….’de jüri önünde tez savunmasına alınmıştır. Adayın kişisel savunmaya dayanan tezini savunmasından sonra ………. dakikalık süre içerisinde gerek tez konusu, gerekse tezin dayanağı olan anabilim dallarından jüri üyelerince sorulan sorulara verdiği cevaplar değerlendirilerek tezin …………………… olduğuna …………………. ile karar verildi. BAŞKAN ÜYE ÜYE ÜYE ÜYE Doktora tezi olarak sunduğum “Tehcir Öncesi Vilayat-ı Sitte’den Amerika’ya Ermeni Göçü” adlı çalışmanın tarafımdan, bilimsel ahlak ve geleneklere aykırı düşecek bir yardıma başvurmaksızın yazıldığını ve yararlandığım eserlerin bibliyografyada gösterilenlerden oluştuğunu, bunlara atıf yapılarak yararlanılmış olduğunu belirtir ve bunu onurumla doğrularım. ..……/……./2006 Ahmet AKTER YÜKSEK ÖGRETİM KURULU DÖKÜMANTASYON MERKEZİ TEZ VERİ GİRİŞ FORMU Yazarın Merkezimizce Doldurulacaktır. Soyadı: AKTER Adı : Ahmet Kayıt No: TEZİN ADI TÜRKÇE : Tehcir Öncesi Vilayat-ı Sitte’den Amerika’ya Ermeni Göçü YABANCI DİL: The Armenian Emigration from the Six Vilayets to the USA Before the Deportation TEZİN TÜRÜ: Yüksek Lisans Doktora Doçentlik Tıpta Uzmanlık Sanatta Uzmanlık X TEZİN KABUL EDİLDİĞİ Üniversite : Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Fakülte : Enstitü : Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Diger Kuruluslar : Tarih : TEZ YAYINLANMIŞSA Yayınlayan : Basımevi : Basım Tarihi : TEZ YÖNETİCİSİNİN Soyadı, Adı : ARI, Kemal Ünvanı : Yrd. Doç. Dr. TEZİN YAZILDIĞI DİL: Türkçe TEZİN SAYFA SAYISI: TEZİN KONUSU (KONULARI) 1. Tehcir Öncesi Vilayat-ı Sitte’den Amerika’ya Ermeni Göçü TÜRKÇE ANAHTAR KELİMELER: 1. Ermeni 2. Göç 3. Amerika 4. Vilayat-ı Sitte İNGİLİZCE ANAHTAR KELİMELER: 1. Armenian 2. İmmigration 3. America 4. Six Vilayets 1. Tezimin fotokopi yapılmasına izin veriyorum. 2. Tezimden, dipnot gösterilmek şartıyla bir bölümünün fotokopisi alınabilir. 3. Kaynak gösterilmek şartıyla tezimin tamamının fotokopisi alınabilir. Yazarın imzası: ÖZET Bu tezin amacı, Ermenilerin 1834–1915 yılları arasında ABD’ye niçin göç ettiklerini, burada nasıl bir hayat kurduklarını ve Diaspora’daki mevcut Ermeni lobisinin oluştuğu ortamı tespit etmektir. 19. yüzyıldan itibaren Osmanlı Ülkesini gizli anlaşmalarla paylaşan devletlerin Osmanlı tebaasını kullanarak yarattıkları tedhiş ortamı yeni Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluşuna kadar devam etmiştir. İstismar edilen Ermeniler, ortaya çıkan huzursuz ve sıkıntılı ortamdan kurtulmak için Anadolu’ya nazaran nispeten daha iyi bir hayat sunan ülkelere ve özellikle ABD’ye göç etmeye başlamıştır. Ermeniler göç esnasında çeşitli zorluklarla karşılaşmışlar ve geldikleri yeni ülkede dilini, kültürünü ve adetlerini hiç bilmedikleri bir toplum içinde yaşamaya çalışmışlardır. Topluma uyum süreci asimilasyon tehlikesini ortaya çıkardığından kültürel bağlarını nesiller boyunca koruyabilmek için dinlerini, gelenek-göreneklerini ve Türk düşmanlığını ortak bir miras haline getirmişlerdir. Bu maksatla örgütlenmişler ve mücadelelerini yıllara sari olarak şiddetlendirmişlerdir. “Tehcir Öncesi Vilâyât-ı Sitte’den Amerika’ya Ermeni Göçü” başlıklı çalışma dört bölümden oluşmaktadır: 1. Göç Politikaları ve Tabiiyet Sorunu, 2. Ermenilerin Amerika’ya Göçü (1834–1915), 3. Amerika’daki Ermeniler ve 4. Ermenilerin Amerika’daki Hayata Katılımı. Çalışma birincil kaynak olarak Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi belgelerine ve daha önce yabancı dille yapılmış çalışmalara dayanmaktadır. I SUMMARY The objective of this thesis is to designate why the Armenians emigrated to the USA between 1834-1915, what sort of a living they settled there and the conditions that created the current Armenian lobby in Diaspora. The terror created by the countries that shared Ottoman Empire through covert treaties and exploiting Ottoman citizens, starting from the 19th century kept its existence until the foundation of the new Turkish Republic. The abused Armenians, therefore, started to emigrate to the countries, especially to the USA, which offered relatively better lives compared to Anatolia, so as to elude from the troubled and distressed situation of the period. They faced various difficulties during the emigration, and endeavored to live in this new country whose language, culture and customs were totally unfamiliar to them. Due to the fact that the process of adaptation to this new society brought about the danger of assimilation, Armenians turned religion, traditions and customs, and the hostility against Turks into a commonly shared heritage in order to keep their cultural ties across generations. Accordingly, they got organized and intensified their struggle through years. The study titled “The Armenian Emigration from the Six Vilayets to the USA Before the Deportation” consists of four parts: 1. The Emigration Policies and the Nationality Problem, 2. The Emigration of Armenians to the USA (1834-1915), 3. Armenians in the USA, and 4. Armenians’ Adaptation to the Life in the USA. This study primarily depends on the documents of Ottoman Archive of Prime Ministry, and the prior works published in foreign languages. II ÖNSÖZ 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu için, imparatorluğun çözülmeye başladığı, topraklarının pervasızca paylaşıldığı; bütün bunların yanında yüzyıllarca Osmanlı hoşgörüsünün koruması altında güvenlik içinde yaşayan halkların ihanetleriyle doludur. Devletin bekasını sağlamaya çalışan Padişahlar, kurtuluşun modernleşmede olduğuna karar vererek çalışmalara başlamışlar, ancak başarılı olamamışlardır. Bu ortamda dış güçlerin kandırdığı azınlık milletler birer birer imparatorluktan ayrılmaya başlamışlardır. Aynı zihniyetin esiri olan Ermeniler, çoğunluk olmadıkları halde Devletin doğusunda bağımsız bir devlet kuracaklarına inandırılarak silahlı mücadeleye başlamışlardır. Ermeniler siyasi faaliyetlerin yanında artık iflas etmiş Osmanlı ekonomisinden başka yerlere göç ederek kurtulmaya çalışmışlardır. Bu kapsamda, ekonomik gelişimlerini sağlayıp tekrar memleketlerine dönmek amacıyla göç etmeye karar verdikleri ülkelerden biri de ABD’dir. ABD’nin 21. yüzyılda bile Ermeniler için önemi bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle Ermenilerin ABD’ye ilgileri ve güçlü bir Ermeni topluluğu oluşturmaları açısından da önemlidir. Ermenilerin konu ile ilgili olarak çalışma yaptıkları bilinmekte, ancak tek yönlü olan bu çalışmaların Osmanlı Arşivleri bölümü eksik kalmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmamızda arşiv belgelerine önem vererek eksikliği bir nebze doldurmaya çalıştık. Çalışmamızda konu seçiminden itibaren her aşamada desteğini esirgemeyen, yorumları ve titiz çalışmasıyla mükemmele ulaşma azmi veren Danışmanın Yrd. Doç. Dr. Kemal ARI’ya sonsuz teşekkürlerimi sunarım. Bize desteğini hiçbir zaman esirgemeyen başta Enstitü Müdürümüz Prof. Dr. Ergün AYBARS olmak üzere tüm Enstitü elemanlarına şükranlarımı arz ederim. Uzun bir zaman alan çalışmalarım boyunca desteğini daima hissettiğim eşime ve onlarla beraber geçiremediğim zamanı benden kıskanmayan çocuklarıma sonsuz sevgiyle teşekkürlerimi bildiririm. İzmir – 2006 Ahmet AKTER III KISALTMALAR ABCFM : The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions ABD : Amerika Birleşik Devletleri AGBU : Armenian General Benevolent Union A.g.e./a.g.e. : adı geçen eser A.g.m./a.g.m. : adı geçen makale A.g.w./a.g.w. : adı geçen web sayfası A. MKT. MHM. : Babıâli Sadaret Dairesi Sadaret Mektubî Kalemi Mühimme Kalemi (Odası) Belgeleri ATASE : Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüd Başkanlığı ARF : Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Taşnak) Bkz. : bakınız BOA : Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi c : cent cm. : santimetre Çev. : çeviren Der. : derleyen DH. EUM. THR. : Dâhiliye Nezareti Tahrirat Kalemi Belgeleri DH. MUİ. : Dâhiliye Nezareti Muhaberat-ı Umumiye İdaresi Belgeleri DH. SYS. : Dâhiliye Nezareti Siyasî Kısım Belgeleri Dos. : Dosya gr. : gram HR. SYS. : Hariciye Nezareti Siyasi Kısım Evrakı kg. : kilogram m. : metre MV. : Meclis-i Vükelâ Mazbataları IV No. : Numara s. : Sayfa ŞD. : Şûra-yı Devlet Belgeleri TTK : Türk Tarih Kurumu vd. : ve diğerleri Vol. : Volume WCTU : Women’s Christian Temperance Union Y. A. HUS. : Yıldız Sadaret Hususî Maruzat Evrakı Y. A. RES. : Yıldız Sadaret Resmi Maruzat Evrakı Yay. : yayınları Y. E. E. : Yıldız Esas Evrakı YMCA : Young Men’s Christian Association Y. MTV. : Yıldız Mütenevvi Maruzat Evrakı Y. PRK. A. : Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Sadaret Maruzatı Y. PRK. ASK. : Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Askerî Maruzat Y. PRK. AZJ. : Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Arzuhal ve Jurnaller Y. PRK. AZN. : Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Adliye ve Mezahib Nezareti Maruzatı Y. PRK. DH. : Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Dâhiliye Nezareti Maruzatı Y. PRK. EŞA. : Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Elçilik ve Şehbenderlik Tahriratı Y. PRK. HR. : Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Hariciye Nezareti Maruzatı Y. PRK. PT. : Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Posta ve Telgraf Nezareti Maruzatı Y. PRK. UM. : Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Umum Vilayetler Tahriratı YWCA : Young Women’s Christian Association ZB. : Zaptiye Nezareti Belgeleri V İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET I SUMMARY II ÖNSÖZ III KISALTMALAR IV İÇİNDEKİLER VI GİRİŞ 1 I. GÖÇ POLİTİKALARI VE TABİİYET SORUNU 6 A. OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NİN ERMENİ GÖÇÜ POLİTİKASI 6 B. AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ’NİN ERMENİ
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