August 2013, Vol. 7, No. 8, pp. 892-900 Journal of Life Sciences, ISSN 1934-7391, USA D DAVID PUBLISHING

Design and Development of a Forest Nursery, for the Enhancement of Multi-Functional Agriculture and for a Didactical Purpose

Elena Valent1, Sirio Rossano Secondo Cividino2, Marco Barbaro2, Luisa Dalla Costa2, Stefano Santi3, Simona Rainis1 and Rino Gubiani2 1. CirMont - International Research Center for Mountain, Amaro (Ud) 33020, Italy 2. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy 3. Julian Prealps Nature Park, district of Prato di Resia, Resia (Ud) 33010, Italy

Received: June 13, 2013 / Accepted: August 22, 2013 / Published: August 30, 2013.

Abstracts: The experimental idea of the present project was elaborated in order to create a structure where different categories and institutions could collaborate, with the common aim to develop a sustainable and profitable agriculture in mountain and marginal areas. The target was the recovering of an abandoned agricultural site, throughout its re-organisation, re-qualification and auto-sustainability, involving local citizens. This approach was based on three further broad functions such as environmental, economic and social purposes. This cooperation, that allows the capitalization of local knowledge and the forging of relationships between local and external sources of expertise, information and advice, is fundamental to the future of existing rural communities, in particular in mountain areas. The model proposed, with the elaboration of a management software and technical agronomic sheets, could be an incentive for the activities already present in that region and to stimulate new ones. The enhancing of the native ecological system, the biodiversity tutelage and the valorization of the knowledge of the territory is the basic requirement for the successful of any land management.

Key words: Innovative, sustainable and multi-functional agriculture, recovering of disused agronomic areas, biodiversity tutelage, horticulture.

1. Introduction but environmentally sustainable and that enhances natural capital. This eco-friendly farming often The primary role of agricultural research is to combines traditional knowledge with modern heighten knowledge and to improve technology, technologies, which are adapted to the needs of throughout understanding of the interactions and the small-scale producers and, above all, perfectly interdependence between production systems and integrated with the autochthonous context. It also farming communities. As FAO’s researchers underline, encourages the use of conservative agriculture, which this approach requires an innovative holistic and boosts yields while restoring soil health [2]. interdisciplinary method to problem identification, The recent guidelines of CAP 2014-2020 (Common analysis and solution-finding [1]. The new trend, Agricultural Policy) share the same principles, in fact suggested by the FAO’s publication called “Save and are oriented towards the development of low input Grow”, is a crop model production highly productive, agricultural productive systems, based on “typical”, “safe” and “traditional” productions, duly integrated Corresponding author: Simona Rainis, Ph.D., researcher, research fields: zootechnics, development of agro-food chains, by agro-touristic activities and ecological services [3]. study of models for the enhancement of agriculture in marginal The starting point are small farmers that are able to and mountain areas. E-mail: [email protected].

Design and Development of a Forest Nursery, for the Enhancement of 893 Multi-Functional Agriculture and for a Didactical Purpose produce, preserving local resources (for example understanding of biological principles, technical recovering native and traditional seeds) and, most of all, management knowledge and resources in farming biodiversity [4]. systems were integrated. This approach was based on In particular, in less favored areas, such as three further broad functions such as environmental, mountain regions, the agroecosystems are extremely economic and social purposes. The model proposed, fragile, bear and especially vulnerable to global with the elaboration a management software and changes all around the word [5-7]. The farming technical agronomic sheets, could be an incentive for activities cope with severe conditions of social and the activities already present in that territory and to economic marginality, sometimes so strict to stimulate new ones. determine the abandonment of any agricultural 2. Materials and Methods activity, with the subsequent irreversible territory degradation. For this reason, it is very important and The experimental field was the ex-forest green vital to consider that land management, related to the nursery, a brownfield, in the Municipality of Moggio primary sector production, has a multifunctional Udinese (Udine, Italy), situated in Friuli Venezia character that delivers a wide range of non-food goods Giulia, at the extreme Eastern edge of the Italian slope and services, influences the natural resource system, of the Alpine arc. The agronomic site acreage was shapes social and cultural systems, educates to almost 1.8 ha, as shown in Fig. 1. ecology, tutelages old rural values and can contribute From the agronomic point of view, the farming land significantly to economic growth [8, 9]. was characterized by an alluvial origin, with a loose On another level, the capitalization of local soil and with a predominant skeleton type, a good knowledge and the forging of relationships between pedological characteristics with consequent no particular local and external sources of expertise, information and need of fertilization. It had an optimal orientation (east advice are fundamental to the future of existing rural -west), protected by trees against wind, an available communities. Nowadays, a new impulse towards the water source and a good viability, as shown in Fig. 2. diversification of farming systems has been given, and The partners of the project were: the traditional production methods are addressed to a  CirMont–International Research Center for new interest and it is considered a pillar of a Mountain, Amaro (Ud), Italy; sustainable development, because for farmers, it is  Department of Agricultural and Environmental very profitable the integration of their activities for Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Udine example with tourism and other forms of land (Italy); exploitation, since it represents a significant part of  Julian Prealps Nature Park (Resia, Udine, Italy); local economy [10-12].  Municipality of Moggio Udinese (Udine, Italy); The present project target is the recovering of an  local farmers, as shown in Fig. 3. abandoned agricultural site situated in a low developed From the methodological point of view, the trial was region, throughout its re-organisation, re-qualification divided in 5 phases, as follows: and auto-sustainability, involving local citizens. The (1) analysis of the site, for the experimentation and experimental idea was elaborated in order to create a development of a multi-functional agriculture; structure where different categories and institutions (2) agronomic requalification of the area; could collaborate, with the common aim to develop a (3) creation of a management software, for the sustainable and profitable agriculture in mountain and evaluation of the species to farm and their relative costs marginal areas. In this context, contemporary scientific [13, 14];

894 Design and Development of a Forest Nursery, for the Enhancement of Multi-Functional Agriculture and for a Didactical Purpose

(a) (b) (c) Fig. 1 Localization of the agronomic experimental site (a): Italy; (b): Friuli Venezia Giulia; (c): aerial photo of the ex-forest green nursery in Moggio Udinese, Udine, Italy.

(a) (b) Fig. 2 (a), (b): the agronomic site before the experimental trial.

farmers;

CIRMont (6) implementation and development of a replicable model [15-17]. 3. Results Department of Agricultural and Local Environmental Sciences Faculty of The site was suitable for the experimental project, in farmers Agriculture Ex-forest University of Udine fact its agronomic characteristics and its localisation green nursery presented good features for the development of the present trial. A preliminary requalification (specific equipment purchase, road accommodation, cutting of trees and Municipality Julian of Moggio Prealps bushes, etc.) of the site was indispensable, since the Udinese Nature Park site was abased and discarded for years. Some management instruments were appositely created (VivaioGest software), to help in: Fig. 3 Partners of the project. (1) the prevision of costs in the design phase (e.g. (4) agronomic cultivation; the species to grow); (5) elaboration of technical agronomic sheets, for the (2) the definition and planning of agronomic

Design and Development of a Forest Nursery, for the Enhancement of 895 Multi-Functional Agriculture and for a Didactical Purpose practices, in particular the disposition of the plants in testing recovered autochthonous varieties and species, the field; typically farmed in mountain (ex. flax-Linum (3) the optimization of the activities, for an organic usitatissimum, pumpkin-Cucurbita spp., friulan future development of the project. cabbage-Brassica oleracea acephala), and other low The type of plants, reported in the following list, was impact plants, important from the economical and chosen strictly considering the autochthonous and ecological point of view (for ex. winter typical genotypes, but also their potential economic savory-Santureja montana, artemisia genepì-Artemisia benefits: spicata). The experiments were oriented also to test apple “Florina” (Malus communis), artemisia plants for the farmers and to suggest them which ones genepì (Artemisia spicata), asparagus (Asparagus are the best to be cultivated in their land; officinalis), balm (Melissa officinalis), bean (2) Knowledge transfer (yellow plots in Fig. 4), (Phaseolus vulgaris), borage (Borrago officinalis), where the local farmers, for free, cultivated fruits and butter bean (Phaseolus vulgaris papilionaceae), an vegetables for themselves production (for ex. apple ancient variety of corn (zea mays), flax (Linum “Florina”-Malus communis, bean-Phaseolus vulgaris usitatissimum), friulan cabbage (Brassica oleracea papilionaceae, butter bean-Phaseolus vulgaris acephala), mallow (Malva sylvestris), milfoil papilionaceae, pumpkin-Cucurbita spp.). The growers (Achillea millefolium), potato (Solanum tuberosum), helped in recovering native and old seeds; pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.), turnip (Brassica rapa), (3) Didactic-demonstrative activities (brown plots in Winter savory (Santureja ortensis). Fig. 4), characterized by mini-parcels with officinal Afterwards, as shown in Fig. 4, the field was divided species, typically used in the local cuisine, for guided in different plots (VivioGest schedules in Fig. 4), each visits or practical activities (for ex. Milfoil-Achillea one with a specific function: millefolium, mallow-Malva sylvestris and (1) Experimental (green plots in Fig. 4), where balm-Melissa officinalis).

PLOT SURFACE AREA SPECIES m2 A1‐T 200 A2‐T 200 Area with tables and ornamental plants A3‐T 150 B1‐ B2‐M 200 Aple orchards B3‐M 200 Aple orchards B4‐ C1‐L 200 Flax C2‐L 200 Flax schedule n.6 C3‐L 200 Flax C4‐L 170 Flax D1‐A 200 Asparagus D2‐P 200 Potatos D3‐O 100/100 Santureja ed Artemisia genepì schedule n.1‐8 D4‐Z/Y 100/100 Pumpkin schedule n.12‐15 E1‐ E2‐C 200 Cabbage schedule n.4 E3‐GS 200 schedule n.5 E4‐GS 200 F1‐ F2‐D 200 didactic‐demonstrative activities F3‐D 200 didactic‐demonstrative activities schedule n.2‐3‐7‐13‐14 F4‐D 200 didactic‐demonstrative activities G1‐F 100/100 Bean and Butter bean G2‐D 200 didactic‐demonstrative activities schedule n.9‐10‐11 G3‐B 200 Turnip G4‐GS 200 schedule n.5 H1‐P 200 Potatos H2‐Ma 200 corn H3‐Ma 200 corn H4‐O 200 horticultural plants I1‐O 200 horticultural plants I2‐O 200 horticultural plants I3‐O 200 horticultural plants I4‐O 200 Apple orchard Fig. 4 VivaioGest schedule for the subdivision of the field in plots and the disposition of the plants. Keys: green for the experimental batches, yellow for the knowledge transfer function and brown for the didactic-demonstrative activities.

896 Design and Development of a Forest Nursery, for the Enhancement of Multi-Functional Agriculture and for a Didactical Purpose

Schedule n.4 SPECIES

Friulian Cabbage (Brassica oleracea acephala )

TILLAGE METHOD deep ploughing of 30-35cm harrowing of the seedbed SOWING transplanting seedlings in Spring DENSITY 2-3 plants/m2 SEED PLANT 60-80 cm among rows 50-70 cm on the row NEEDS adaptable to all type of soils, deep, ondi, ventilated, rich in organic substances temperated-cold wet weathers vulnerable to freezs FERTILISATION manure TREATMENTS with cuprics IRRIGATION at the transplanting and if necessary WEEDING mulching sheet manual weeding HARVEST in fall STORAGE fresh consume Fig. 5 Example of VivaioGest methodological schedule for friulian cabbage (Brassica oleracea acephala), with all the technical guidance for biological cultivating and the planning of agronomic activities.

(a) (b) (c) Fig. 6 (a): cultivation of butter bean (Phaseolus vulgaris papilionaceae); (b): flax (Linum usitatissimum) flowering; (c): plants of pumpkins (Cucurbita spp.).

All the parcels were catalogued, as their position 4. Discussion and cultivated species in them. The practical result The present project was basically design in order to was the creation of methodological schedules, create a cooperation among the local population and available for the farmers, with all the technical the institutes, in the recovering of an abandoned guidance for the biological cultivation of the present productive field. This is a marginal area that hugely species and to plan the activities (an example is shown needed an applied research that helps practically the in Fig. 5). An agronomic timescale was elaborated in primary sector and that “teaches” to all the stakeholders order to optimize the practices, to reduce the to collaborate toward a common target. management costs VivaioGest, not shown). CIRMont and the Department of Agricultural and From the productive point of view (some examples Environmental Sciences (Faculty of Agriculture, are shown in Fig. 6), all the species tested presented a University of Udine, Italy), in particular, took care of good adaptation and a strong resistance to vegetal the design of the project and of the elaboration of the diseases. The first harvest was satisfactory and met the software VivaioGest, that was created to give an easy local farmers’ expectations. Obviously, since the tool and a new methodical type of remote help for experimentation has just begun, some years are farmers, to manage their productive activity. Often necessary to have scientific evidences for further growers in less favored areas have particular evaluations. difficulties in doing the cost estimate during the

Design and Development of a Forest Nursery, for the Enhancement of 897 Multi-Functional Agriculture and for a Didactical Purpose

Fig. 7 Cultivation of friulan cabbage (Brassica oleracea acephala). pre-design phase, because no database are available income. This model of sustainable low impact with the precise indications of the impacts of the agriculture could be spread to all the mountain farms, expenditure, considering the distance from the supply to help them in becoming more competitive and to centers, the storage areas and so on, in comparison with recover abandoned marginal areas. The varieties and other realities. Vivaio Gest can be considered a crucial species were chosen with the specific target to support to reorganize and address the production individuate which crop was suitable for valorizing the towards low input species and to modify the offer in uniqueness of this highland. The plants, in this order to meet the market needs [18]. particular contest, have to be easy to cultivate with The PreAlpi Giulie Nature Park organized low input, marketable and with a good final didactic-demonstrative activities, to show to students profit [23]. or visitors the farming of autochthonous and traditional As reported above, at the moment, the productive varieties of vegetables. results were good, but the trial need some more The local farmers cultivated the field, that were farming seasons to obtain reliable data (for example in assigned by the municipality of Moggio Udinese Fig. 7, there is shown the plants obtain by the (Udine-Italy), with the advice and technical consult for cultivation of friulan cabbage). When the productions the agronomic practices, of CIRMont and the will be stable, the next step to be taken should be the Department of Agricultural and Environmental creation of local short market pathways, to commerce Sciences (Faculty of Agriculture, University of Udine, the autochthonous products and to help farmers to Italy). They could collaborate such as in a sort of increase their income. Some possible future community garden, so widespread all around the word. investments could be oriented in the development of This typology of sharing cultivation provides to fresh storage and processing structures (for the preparation produce and plants as well as satisfying labor, of the horticulture plants, a dryer for some aromatic neighborhood improvement, sense of community and plants etc.) and, considering the crop of the traditional connection to the environment. In Europe but also in species and the vocation of the area, in the purchase of the USA, the common farmed places contribute to hives for bee farming. cleaning up abandoned vacant lots and turning them 5. Conclusion into productive fields [19-21]. Considering the overall experimental idea, it can be The design and re-organizations of this green underlined that the project was focused on the nursery could be considered a model for the recovering biodiversity and the territorial peculiarity tutelage [22]. of fertile abandoned areas in mountain. The The recovering of rare species, suitable for a “niche experimental activities were target to identify the more market” could be an important opportunity for the suitable species for promoting local farms, as new local farmers or hobbyists, to have an increase in their incoming source for valorizing the environmental

898 Design and Development of a Forest Nursery, for the Enhancement of Multi-Functional Agriculture and for a Didactical Purpose peculiarity of the region. decision-making areas by the governments and the The sustainable use of biological resources is a research are required, such as: the allocation of matter of global concern. The production of quality resources, inter-institutional and cross-sectorial crops may acquire, within the territory, a considerable partnerships, human resources management, the relevance since they generate an “added value”, organization of research, monitoring and evaluation, safeguard biodiversity, contribute to maintain the and staff training [27] environmental/landscape identity, qualify and For concluding, the new successful trend of the strengthen the productive and economical local sectors primary sector is the concept of multitasking (agriculture, commerce, craftsmanship, restaurants, agriculture, able to face the future challenges. It should tourism...) [24]. be based both on low impact productions and As stressed by Vernooy and Yiching Song, less than environmental functions (“green economy”). The 3% of the 250.000 plant varieties available to enhancing of the native ecological system, the agriculture are in use. So, new approaches to biodiversity tutelage and the knowledge of the territory, supporting the agricultural biodiversity are important jointed with the production of safety good quality food for sustainable rural livelihoods. The revaluation of and the ecological tourism compartment, can be autochthonous varieties, that obviously, show better considered basic requirements for the successful adaptation to the local environmental conditions outcome of any land management [28-32]. without requiring extra external inputs, improve the Acnowledgments farming production in terms of yields, agronomic traits and taste. The tutelage of biodiversity is a key factor The experimental plants were provided by the against the genetic erosion, responsible of the project Futurbioerbe, promoted by Friuli Venezia disappearance and displacement of diverse, local Giulia Region, L.R. n. 26/05 art. 17, in order to test populations of crops [25]. new cultural techniques and to valorise local This final project application needed the important autochthonous traditional plants, strictly related to the collaboration among the institutions and local territory. population, involving farmers, consumers, schools etc., References with practical activities in the agricultural site. This cooperation, that allows the capitalization of local [1] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), Research and Technology and the Multifunctional Character of knowledge and the forging of relationships between Agriculture and Land, 2013, local and external sources of expertise, information and http://www.fao.org/docrep/x2775e/X2775E07.htm. advice, is fundamental to the future of existing rural [2] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), Save and grow: A policymaker’s guide to the sustainable communities, in particular in mountain areas [26]. intensification of smallholder crop production, 2011, Through strong and sound participatory available online at http://www.fao.org/ag/save-and-grow/. methodologies involving researchers, farmers, [3] European Commission, Legal Proposals for the CAP after extension agents and government staff both 2013, 2012, http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/cap-post-2013/legal-propo productivity and diversity can be enhanced, while at sals/index_en.htm. the same time research management and organizational [4] FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), Ripartire dalla capacities are strengthened. The sharing approach Natura per lo Sviluppo Agricolo, la FAO Lancia un improves knowledge and expertise, enhancing a new Nuovo Modello di Sviluppo Agricolo per Produrre di Più con Meno, 2011, orientation and a learning methodology. For meeting http://www.fao.org/news/story/it/item/80136/icode/. that challenge affirmative actions in key [5] S. Rainis, S.R.S. Cividino, F. Sulli, E. Valent, Analisi

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