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2011 The Battle of Natural Bridge: The Private Collection of the Gerrell Family Jessica L. Barnett

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COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE

THE BATTLE OF NATURAL BRIDGE: THE PRIVATE COLLECTION OF THE GERRELL

FAMILY

By

JESSICA L. BARNETT

A thesis submitted to the Department of Anthropology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science

Degree Awarded: Semester, 2011

The members of the committee approve the thesis of Jessica L. Barnett defended on November 18, 2010.

______Glen H. Doran Professor Directing thesis

______Lynne A. Schepartz Committee Member

______Rochelle A. Marrinan Committee Member

Approved:

______Glen H. Doran, Chair, Department of Anthropology

The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii

To my grandfather, William F. Clark (1922 – 1976), who has always been an inspiration.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Terri Gerrell for inviting me into her home and allowing me to look at the collection. Also, I would like to thank Michael Arbuthnot, for the support and advice he has provided during my graduate education. Thanks also go to Drs. Glen Doran, Lynne Schepartz and Rochelle Marrinan for being a part of my committee, and giving me their experience, knowledge, and support through my graduate studies. Much thanks to my family, my mother Phyllis, my grandmother Dorothy and my sister Stacy, for your continued emotional and moral support through this entire process.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables ...... vi List of Figures ...... vii Abstract ...... ix CHAPTER ONE: THE CIVIL WAR ...... 1 Introduction ...... 1 Natural Bridge ...... 1 Civil War ...... 2 CHAPTER TWO: MATERIALS AND METHODS ...... 9 Previous Work at Natural Bridge ...... 9 Procedure ...... 9 CHAPTER THREE: LAND BELONGING TO THE GERRELL FAMILY ...... 11 CHAPTER FOUR: P. G. ARTIFACTS, LLC ...... 14 Uniforms ...... 14 ...... 19 Utility ...... 29 Unknown ...... 32 CHAPTER FIVE: COMPARISON ...... 34 Distribution of Union and Confederate Artifacts ...... 37 Ethical Implications ...... 39 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 42 Recommendations ...... 45

Appendix A: Field Specimen List ...... 47 Appendix B: Photos of P. G. Artifacts, LLC ...... 51 Table of Contents for Appendix B ...... 51

References Cited ...... 77

Biographical Sketch ...... 82

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LIST OF TABLES

5.1 Comparison of artifact between the ESI survey and P. G. Artifacts, LLC .... 34

5.2 Item Count of P. G. Artifacts, LLC ...... 36

5.3 Distribution of Union, Confederate, and Indeterminate Civil War Artifacts ...... 39

6.1 Percentage of categories in P. G. Artifacts, LLC ...... 43

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LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 GIS/Photoshop of St. Marks River and watershed ...... 2

1.2 The plan for the Union attack on Tallahassee. The three crosses represent, from north to south, Natural Bridge, Newport and St. Marks ...... 4

1.3 The actual events of the battle of Natural Bridge ...... 7

3.1 Map showing the boundaries of the Forbes Purchase ...... 12

3.2 Aerial map of the Gerrell family land ...... 13

4.1 Union buttons showing the staff eagle seal, and letters representing branch of service ...... 15

4.2 The backmark of FS 8 ...... 15

4.3 Left, brass Union with possible hole, on right, another example of a

Union breastplate...... 16

4.4 Brass belt buckle ...... 17

4.5 Metal decoration for a Federal horse ...... 18

4.6 An example of a ball loaded with case-shot ...... 19

4.7 The case shot found on the Gerrell land ...... 20

4.8 FS 52: Case-shot in size and shape, but not in ...... 20

4.9 found on the Gerrell land ...... 21

4.10 One of the three halves of 12-lb. cannon balls found on the Gerrell land ...... 22

4.11 100-lb. cannon ball, 12-lb. cannon ball, and pistol that were found at the Burns’ place in 1992 ...... 23

4.12 Minie balls in several stages of deformation ...... 24

4.13 The 3 Minie balls from the P. G. Artifacts, LLC ...... 24

4.14 44- double pistol ...... 27

4.15 Three cans from the Gerrell land ...... 27

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4.16 Gun swivel ...... 28

4.17 Bullet Mold ...... 28

4.18 (left) FS 36, a padlock cover; (right) a found on the U.S.S. Cairo ...... 31

4.19 FS 37, metal, shield-shaped object...... 33

5.1 Distribution of Union and Confederate artifacts at the Rakestraw property ...... 38

B1 Buttons, FS 1-4 ...... 53

B2 Buttons, FS 5-7 ...... 53

B3 Buttons, FS 8-10 ...... 53

B4 Buttons, FS 11-13 ...... 54

B5 Metal horse bridle piece, marked with Federal “US”; FS 14 ...... 54

B6 Brass belt buckle, marked “CS” for Confederate States; FS 15 ...... 55

B7 Reverse side of FS 15; marked with “1862” and “P” ...... 55

B8 gun swivel; FS 16 ...... 56

B9 Lead boot heel; FS 17 ...... 56

B10 Brass belt buckle; FS 18 ...... 57

B11 Lead ; FS 19 ...... 57

B12 Iron handcuff; FS 20 ...... 58

B13 Iron handcuff with chain; FS 21 ...... 58

B14 Two Confederate breastplates; brass Union breastplate with possible bullet hole. FS 22-24 ...... 59

B15 Lead case shot, FS 25-30 ...... 59

B16 3-ringed Minie ball, .69 cal soft lead; FS 32-34 ...... 60

B17 Brass case shot mold; FS 35 ...... 60

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B18 Metal padlock cover, eagle insignia marked with “W. W. & Co.”; FS 36 ...... 61

B19 Unknown metal object; FS 37 ...... 61

B20 Unknown metal object, resembles case shot?; FS 38 ...... 62

B21 Percussion cap tin cans, FS 39-41 ...... 62

B22 Brass .50 caliber casings, FS 42-45 ...... 63

B23 Iron cannon fuses; FS 46-48 ...... 63

B24 Metal cannon striker; FS 49 ...... 64

B25 Lead case shot, FS 50-57 ...... 64

B26 Lead case shot, FS 58-65 ...... 65

B27 Lead , FS 66-69 ...... 65

B28 Iron exploding shell fragment, 12-lb. cannon ball; FS 70 ...... 66

B29 Iron exploding shell fragment, 12-lb. cannon ball; FS 71 ...... 66

B30 Iron exploding shell fragment, 12-lb. cannon ball; FS 72 ...... 67

B31 Iron exploding shell fragment; FS 73 ...... 67

B32 Iron exploding shell, 12-lb. cannon ball; FS 74 ...... 68

B33 Siege ; FS 75 ...... 68

B34 Cannon fuse hole of FS 75 ...... 69

B35 .44 cal; Tranter double action revolver; FS 76 ...... 69

B36 Revolver of .44 cal Tranter; FS 76 ...... 70

B37 Lead stirrup; FS 77 ...... 70

B38 Lead canister shot, FS 78-84 ...... 71

B39 with triangular blade; FS 85 ...... 71

B40 Bayonet with triangular blade; FS 86 ...... 72

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B41 Exploded ; FS 87 ...... 72

B42 Gun barrel; FS 88 ...... 73

B43 Gun barrel; FS 89 ...... 73

B44 Two exploded gun barrels rusted together; FS 90 & 91 ...... 74

B45 Exploded gun barrel; FS 92 ...... 74

B46 Exploded gun barrel; FS 93 ...... 75

B47 Exploded gun barrel; FS 94 ...... 75

B48 Unknown metal; FS 95 ...... 76

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ABSTRACT

The Civil War battle of Natural Bridge was a Southern victory that resulted in Tallahassee being the only Southern capital that did not fall into Union hands. Natural Bridge is an important Florida landmark and the battle serves as a significant part of Southern culture and heritage. Previous surveys at the Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park yielded several categories of Civil War and prehistoric artifacts. A study of the private collection of the Gerrell family, who has lived on the battlefield land and surrounding properties for several generations, was conducted, and the artifacts were catalogued. The collection of 95 artifacts contains items such as buttons, cannon balls, and case shot. The goal of this project was to provide a catalog of the Civil War artifacts so the family could continue to lend the items out to museums for the use in exhibits pertaining to the Civil War.

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CHAPTER ONE

THE CIVIL WAR

Introduction

Natural Bridge lies approximately thirty minutes south of the capital of Florida, Tallahassee. The area is now encompassed within the Natural Bridge Battlefield State Historic Park and surrounding private residences. Professional surveys of the land have revealed prehistoric and Civil War artifacts that have indicated the progression of the battle that ultimately led to a Southern victory in the tail end of the Civil War. One of the private residences east of the battlefield belongs to the Gerrell family. Over several generations they have collected artifacts that were found on the land, with the most intensive search between the years of 1992 and 1994. This collection was studied for the purpose of this thesis. What follows will be a brief look at the actual battle, previous archaeological work at Natural Bridge, an analysis of the artifacts, and recommendations for further research.

Natural Bridge

The natural bridge of the St. Marks River, on the southern boundary of Leon County, is a series of underground passages formed by sinks and rises that cause the river to contain disconnected short channels. A lime rock ledge dams the half-mile of the river before its basin. This feature is located within the Woodland Karst area of the Ocala Uplift District. The Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park (NBBHSP) now encompasses the majority of the battlefield. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), as of 1970, as 8LE188 (Arbuthnot et al. 2010). Annual reenactments of the Battle of Natural Bridge are planned, and the next one will be held March 5 and 6, 2011, which will include the newly acquired Rakestraw property (NBHSCO, Inc). The areas of 8LE188 are a mixture of sparse flatwood pines and, in the wetlands, red maple, laurel oak and saw palmetto. The Rakestraw property (8LE5698) is large open fields, as the result of running cattle and farming. There are several springs on the property as a result of the “erosional limerock plain” (Arbuthnot et al., 2010:12). The Gerrell family land, from which the artifacts of this study were recovered, is a mixture of sparse flatwood pines, and cleared land

1 for the purpose of building residences and barns. After the Civil War, the land was used for cattle, farming and turpentine milling.

Fig. 1.1: GIS/Photoshop Map of the St. Marks River and watershed (Musser 2007).

Civil War

At the time of the Civil War, the Northern and Southern states were split between political parties and the issues of the abolition of slavery, states’ rights and honor. Families were torn apart and the nation was divided. The Civil War was a tragic point in American history. A total of more than 718,000 soldiers and citizens lost their lives in battle or from disease – more than the combined total of all the major wars fought during America’s history from the Revolutionary War of 1776 to the Gulf War of 1990 (Robertson 1992:vii). The Civil War was a conflict of many names including “the War Between the States”, “Mr. Lincoln’s War”, and “The Lost Cause” (Robertson 1992:29).

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Shortly after the election of Abraham Lincoln as the sixteenth president in 1860, South Carolina declared an “ordinance of secession” and withdrew from the United States. Within the next two months, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas joined the Confederate States of America (CSA) with Jefferson Davis as their president. Southern militia immediately began a campaign to take forts within the Confederacy boundaries. Most Union guards gave up without a fight. Those at Fort Sumter, however, refused to lay down their arms. In response, the Confederate laid siege to the fort, and the Union troops surrendered thirty-six hours later. President Lincoln took this raid as an act of war, and called for the assembling of volunteer troops to “punish the Southern rebels” (Robertson 1992:28). Subsequently, four more states left the Union and joined the CSA. The North would outnumber the South in manpower almost three to one. The northern states also contained the majority of the nation’s industrial strength, including manufacturing plants and railroad routes. The Southern states had the advantage of sheer size and the almost impassable Appalachian Mountains on their side. A disadvantage for the southern states was their economy. The Confederate states was mostly farmland, producing mostly cotton, tobacco and sugarcane, with few strong economic cities A short summary will be given of the Battle of Natural Bridge. More in-depth discussions can be found in Boyd (1950) and Arbuthnot et al. (2010). Florida was the third state to secede from the Union on January 10, 1861. The events at Natural Bridge provide important cultural and historical significance to Florida’s heritage; it is the one battle where the South was able to resist Union intrusion on Confederate soil. The Battle of Natural Bridge was preceded by several significant events of the Civil War, including the capture of Savannah on December 21, 1864 by Union General William Tecumseh Sherman; the capture of Fort Fisher in North Carolina on January 15, 1865, the evacuation of Charleston, South Carolina on February 17, 1865; and the surrender of Wilmington, Delaware on February 22, 1865. Key players during the skirmish of Natural Bridge were Union Brigadier-General John Newton, Union Major Edmund Weeks, Confederate Brigadier-General William Miller and Lieutenant-General George Scott. Newton was in charge of bringing troops from southern Florida to the Tallahassee area by boat, and would lead the Union attack at Natural Bridge. Lt.- General Scott would lead the Confederate troops.

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In February of 1865, the Union received reports that Confederate troops were rumored to have moved from the Tallahassee area towards Fort Myers. Union Brigadier-General John Newton, seeing an opportunity to strike at a rebel weakness, gathered troops from Southern Florida and planned to cut off the Confederate troops in the St. Marks area. The following map (Figure 1.1) indicates the Union plans for the proceedings of the deployment: 1. Take possession of the bridge over the East River 2. Land troops ready to march to Newport, cross the St. Mark’s River and strike the railroad between St. Marks and Tallahassee with the purpose of destroying “isolated bodies of the enemy to prevent a concentration and destroying and capturing such property as might be useful to the enemy” (Boyd 1950:99) 3. Troops to destroy the railroads and bridges over the Ochlocknee and Aucilla Rivers 4. Naval to capture batteries at St. Marks and prevent the enemy from retreating.

Fig. 1.2: The plan for the Union attack on Tallahassee. The three crosses represent, from north to south, Natural Bridge, Newport and St. Marks (modified from Google Maps, 2010).

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A year earlier in 1864, Union General Alexander S. Asboth had suggested that a Union force be present in the panhandle of Florida. A combined attack from the Atlantic coast and the Gulf “would have proved more disastrous for the rebels”. A permanent post near the St. Mark’s lighthouse, as he requested, would serve as a “safe base of operations” for the Union troops (Nulty 1990:103). Finding that Confederate troops had burned the Vereen-Fanlew Railroad before the Union troops could march on Tallahassee from St. Marks, on March 3rd, Newton sent a group of thirty sailors, under the command of Major Edmund Weeks up the East River to capture Confederate pickets; meanwhile the rest of Newton’s fleet would finish landing at the St. Mark’s lighthouse. Weeks’ orders were to use sharpshooters to stop the Confederate troops from passing over the East River Bridge on Light House Island. Skirmishes began at 4 AM at the East River Bridge and continued for seven hours. Led by Confederate Lieutenant-General George W. Scott and Major William Milton, the Confederate (“Scott’s Cavalry”) attacked the Union forces, causing them to retreat to the lighthouse (Lucas 1979). The beginning of the Union fleet of eleven steamers and three “sail vessels” arrived at the St. Mark’s Lighthouse on March 3, 1865, and it took two days for the entirety of the fleet to land. The fleet included the USS Stars and Stripes, USS Insomnia, O.H. Lee, Manaska, Fort Henry, Spirea, Hibiscus, Brittania, Proteus, Iuka, Henarik Hudson, Matthew Vassar, and Two Sisters (Miller 1957:97-8). The arrival of the included two “navy boat” (Boyd 1950:102) with the presumed purpose to be used in battle. In a march on Newport, the Union troops attempted to take the burned railroad between St. Marks and Tallahassee. When the Union troops arrived, they were dismayed to find the town of Newport and the East River Bridge on fire. In order to foil a Union advance, the Confederate troops had set flame to the town. In search of a place to cross the St. Mark’s River, Newton left Meeks at the charred town of Newport, and pressed on to Natural Bridge. Confederate Brigadier- General William Miller ordered Lieutenant-General George W. Scott to race to Natural Bridge, in order to beat the Union troops there. The Confederates arrived first, and Lt.-General Scott and Lt.-Colonel Girardeau formed a semi-circle at Natural Bridge (Miller 1957:4). The breastworks, along with the forest of hickory, live oak and cypress trees, formed a thick cover along the river’s edge for the Confederate troops (Miller 1957:4). These earthworks are still present at the

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NBBHSP. It has been suggested in the Natural Bridge survey report (Arbuthnot et al. 2010) that further investigation be undertaken for the identification of these breastworks. When news of Newport’s burning and the action at Natural Bridge reached Tallahassee, a Confederate militia was organized and then marched the twelve miles to Natural Bridge. On March 6th, the troops arrived to aid Lt.-General Scott, who already had two howitzers set to fire on Natural Bridge when the Union troops arrived. The Union troops assaulted first, unaware of the Confederate troops in hiding in the thicket. Upon hearing the , Confederate soldiers in Newport headed towards Natural Bridge to aid in the fighting, leaving the local militia in charge of Newport. They arrived around mid-afternoon. Newton, unaware of the sudden increase of Confederate soldiers, attempted to cross Natural Bridge at a lime rock ledge but found it impassable and heavily guarded. He then retreated back some 300 yards, to the east of the natural bridge, which the Confederate troops assumed was a sign of final retreat. They emerged from hiding to form a skirmish line, and were met with Union fire. The final attempt from the Confederate troops was an increase in artillery fire; mostly whistling through empty air as each side overshot their marks due to differences in elevation (Arbuthnot et al., 2010; Boyd 1950). The Confederate troops retreated back across the natural bridge, claiming a shortage of as their reason. Newton withdrew his troops. A small handful of Confederate troops, under command of Lt- General Scott, attempted to follow for twelve miles, and succeeded in mildly harassing Newton at Newport before giving up and capturing thirty-five prisoners (Lucas 1979). Figure 1.3 shows the actual accounts of the Battle of Natural Bridge: 1. By the time the Union sailors had arrived, the railroad had already been burned. 2. Newton sent thirty sailors, under the command of Major Edmund Weeks to the East River Bridge to counter Confederate pickets. 3. Meanwhile, the rest of Newton’s troops landed at the mouth of the St. Marks River. 4. Troops marched to Newport en route to Tallahassee. Newton found the town in flames. 5. Looking for a place to cross the St. Marks River, Newton pressed on towards Natural Bridge. Confederate Brigadier-General George Scott heard of Newton’s search and sought to race him to Natural Bridge.

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6. The arrival of both Union and Confederate troops incited the Battle of Natural Bridge. At battle’s end, the Confederate troops retreated via Old Plank Road (the red arrow), and the Union troops retreated down Jim French Road (blue arrow).

Fig. 1.3: The actual events of the battle of Natural Bridge (modified from Google Maps 2010).

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Newton had approximately 500 men, all of the 2nd Florida Cavalry (dismounted), and the 2nd and 99th US Colored (Boyd 1950:110). The Confederate troops consisted of a rag- tag team from Florida Military and Collegiate Institute (now the ) and reinforcements from Georgia, totaling approximately 1000 men. There was no large loss of life, but each side overestimated the other’s numbers. The Union troops suffered greater casualties with 21 dead, 89 wounded, and 38 captured; the Confederate troops only numbered 3 dead and 22 wounded (Arbuthnot et al. 2010). The success of the Confederates at the Battle of Natural Bridge led to Tallahassee being the only Southern capital that did not fall into Union hands during the Civil War. A majority of the credit was given to Confederate Lt.-General Scott for the victory: “It appears that it is mainly owing to the energetic and stubborn resistance of Col. G. W. Scott, with his small cavalry force, between the point of landing and the St. Mark’s River, and the delay that it occasioned the Yankees, that we were enabled to concentrate sufficient forces to arrest them … where we did” (Lucas 1979:146-7). The Battle of Natural Bridge served to lift Confederate spirits, at least temporarily: “While this spirit animates the southern people, we have no fears of the Yankees. Let them do their worst” (Wynne 2002:142). The spirit of the Confederacy was high during the beginning years of the Civil War. William Clegg, a Louisiana native, wrote in a diary on July 4, 1861: “This the first 4th dawning on our glorious Confederacy, but what a change has come upon our country. ‘The home of the free the land of the brave.’ We see a disrupted Union and feel sensibly that after all, no written constitutions and laws framed by the wisest of our ancestors no common country made sacred by the blood of our forefathers no brotherly share in past victories is proof against a separation that wreaks its passion in slaughter and furnishes with the victims of the battlefield so many proofs of the fact that our once the best of all the human governments is the failure & was but an experiment (Bonner 2006:46). However, by the end of March, 1865, many Floridians were resigned to the fact that the South was going to lose the war.

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CHAPTER TWO

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Previous Work at Natural Bridge

In the National Register and the Florida Master Site File, there are three archaeological sites listed at Natural Bridge: 8LE9, 8LE188, and 8LE5698. Within a one-mile radius of the Natural Bridge Battlefield (8LE188), there are fourteen other archaeological sites that contain archaic and prehistoric materials, and are ineligible for NHRP (Arbuthnot et al. 2010). The only survey conducted in the general area of NBBHSP was undertaken in 1980 by Louis Tesar as part of a countrywide survey (Tesar 1980). The survey never specifically lists 8LE188, and is more concerned with prehistoric sites around Leon County. With the installation of new bathrooms, walkways and other improvements to the NBBHSP, there have been targeted shovel tests. Kevin Porter of Archaeological Resource Management conducted two surveys prior to the installation of fences at the Rakestraw property (Porter 2009a, b). Jim Dunbar conducted a pedestrian survey in July of 2009 around the “Green House” and the Rakestraw property (8LE5698) (Dunbar 2009). In late July of 2009 a Portable Fluorescence Spectrometry survey was conducted by William Lees of the Florida Public Network (FPAN), Jose Brum of Innov-X Systems and William Stanton of the Florida Division of Parks and Recreation in an attempt to locate metal Civil War items. Results were inconclusive (Lees 2009; Arbuthnot et al. 2010).

Procedure

In December of 2009, with the help of approximately 100 volunteers, the staff of Environmental Services, Inc. (including myself) conducted a Phase I Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the Rakestraw property. The survey included intensive shovel testing, metal detecting, mapping and analysis. Interviews with the Gerrell family were conducted. It was the recommendation of ESI to analyze the private collection of Pete Gerrell (P. G. Artifacts, LLC), now in the control of his widow Terri Gerrell (Arbuthnot, personal communication 2010). I undertook this task of analyzing, photographing and cataloguing her collection. The artifacts had previously been on display as part of a Civil War exhibit in Wakulla County.

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Pictures were taken with a Kodak EasyShare M753 7.0 megapixel camera, mounted on a tripod. They were measured and weighed with a postal scale, and are accurate to the closest gram. The collection is still in the possession of Terri Gerrell, at her home. With the suggestion of her lawyer, the collection has been assumed under P. G. Artifacts, LLC. The entirety of the family collection was gathered from the family land, either by ground survey or shallow digging, between 1992 and 1994. The concentration of artifacts was found at and around the Burns’ place (see Figure 4.2). Other artifacts were purchased through antique stores (none of which were catalogued in this survey, but include breastplates and buttons). To limit the scope of the catalog, only items that were found on Gerrell land that pertain to the Civil War period were studied. After measuring and photographing, I categorized the items in accordance to their purpose: uniform, artillery, utility, and unknown. Comparisons and identifications were made based on information from Shaw (2003), Arbuthnot et al. (2010) and Coggins (1990). In order to study Civil War archaeology, one must consider two types of sites: military sites, such as fortifications and campgrounds, and those used before and after the war, such as Northern manufacturing mills and Southern plantations (Smith 1994). Both provide critical information to the events leading to and culminating at the Civil War, as well as the aftermath. The family land adjacent to the NBBHSP represents the latter of these two categories. It is farmland that was used prior to and after the Civil War, yet provides insight into the battle’s proceedings. In Smith (1994:9), he defines historical archaeology as “scientists using and integrating the information provided by both documents and archaeology”. Using historical documents and archaeological excavations provide different perspectives of the Civil War. For this study, the documents would be represented by other’s work at Natural Bridge (Arbuthnot et al. 2010) and the Civil War (Shaw 2003); the archaeology is the collection of the Gerrell family and the recent Phase I survey conducted by Environmental Services, Inc. This catalog of the artifacts will represent the blend of the documents and archaeology and results in an important collection to Civil War artifacts and historical archaeology.

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CHAPTER THREE

LAND BELONGING TO THE GERRELL FAMILY

Before the time of the Civil War, the French, Hall, Burns and Gerrell families lived on the land surrounding the Natural Bridge battlefield. James Wally French, Pete Gerrell’s grandfather, resided at the Burn’s place on Jim French Road. In the late 1800’s, Jim French Road extended south all the way to Newport and was the road the Union troops would use for their march from the mouth of the St. Marks River to Natural Bridge. The passage had been open since the 1820’s and served as a main passage for the few settlers that lived in the area. George Edward Gerrell, a member of the Kilcrease Light Artillery and veteran of the battle at Natural Bridge, lived on the family land, and was rumored to have left the battlefield, returned home for a hot meal and a few hours of sleep, and returned to the battle in the morning (Terri Gerrell, personal communication 2010). Settlers were few and far between on the west side of the St. Marks River, due to the Forbes Purchase. Between 1804 and 1811, the Spanish government granted land between the St. Marks and Wakulla Rivers to the Panton, Leslie, and Co. trading company. This company later sold the land, to avoid company loss, a total of 1,427,290 acres, to Colin Mitchel, who, in turn, sold it piecemeal to settlers (Arbuthnot et al. 2010; ARROW 2005; Upchurch 1969). Figure 3.1 shows the confines of this tract of land. The Hall family was the among the first settlers to live on the land: as a gift of gratitude for serving in the Revolutionary War, the husband of Elizabeth Byrd Hall was given forty acres of the Forbes Purchase. After his death, Elizabeth and her children, along with six slaves moved from the Carolinas to the land in Florida. Her children subsequently inherited the land, and married into the French and Gerrell families. Lewis Franklin Hall, Pvt Co I 5 Fla Inf of the , was home on wounded leave, and living on the family land (Terri Gerrell, personal communication 2010).

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Fig. 3.1: Map showing the boundaries of the Forbes Purchase (Supreme Court of Florida 1923).

The Gerrell family has resided near the NBBHSP, and is related to Jim Rakestraw. The majority of the artifacts were found through ground survey and metal detecting. After the Civil War, land on and around the battlefield was cleared for the production of turpentine and farming (Terri Gerrell, personal communication 2010). Several family members are interred or commemorated at the Hall Cemetery, which is located on the Gerrell property, including Lewis F. Hall, Elizabeth Byrd Hall (Johnson), and James W. French (Terri Gerrell, personal communication 2010; WCHS 2008). Other interesting features of the land include “Cannon Sink” and unmarked burials. It is rumored that as the Union troops were retreating, they tossed a cannon into one of the many sinkholes in order to prevent the rebel soldiers from getting the useful weapon. This rumor has not been substantiated, but it is an intriguing mystery. Today, the sinkhole connects to the aquifer and is covered with a blanket of duck grass. Investigations by a professional underwater

12 archaeologist should be undertaken to determine the possible contents of the sinkhole that pertain to the Civil War. Also, three Union soldiers are supposedly buried on the Stevens’ land. They were wounded in the battle of Newport and later died of their injuries during the march on Natural Bridge. They are reported to be buried on the land in unmarked graves. The exact location is not known (Terri Gerrell, personal communication 2010). After the Civil War and the turpentine mills shut down, the settlers left as well. The Gerrell family bought the land, and it now encompasses more than 500 acres. Today it serves as land for a tree farm.

Fig. 3.2: Aerial Map of the Gerrell family land (Google Maps, 2010).

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CHAPTER FOUR

P. G. ARTIFACTS, LLC

The private collection of the late Pete Gerrell includes hundreds of prehistoric lithic artifacts, antebellum materials, Civil War artifacts, and modern twentieth century tools. In order to limit the scope of my analysis, only Civil War artifacts found on the Gerrell family land were included in this study. According to Terri Gerrell, most of the artifacts were found between 1992 and 1994, and mostly within the vicinity of the Burns’ place. The number of artifacts totaled 95 items. They will be categorized according to use: uniform, artillery, utility and unknown. What follows will be a discussion of their properties. (Further references to any personal communications with Terri Gerrell, out of the request of the family for privacy, will be referred to as P. G. Artifacts, LLC).

Uniform

This category is comprised of buttons, breastplates and belt plates – items that were used as part of the uniform. Buttons were a common need among both Union and Confederate soldiers. A large number of buttons date to before the Civil War because buttons of all kinds were used, as needed, including those imported from , and personal, civilian buttons. Indeed, this collection represents just a small portion of the uniform buttons available to the troops. The thirteen buttons in this collection represent five Union buttons and eight unknown buttons. A seal in the shape of an eagle, a “staff eagle” (Shaw 2003:137), was usually represented, along with a letter. Figure 4.1 shows the five branches of the Union Army, as indicated by the letters. The letters signify the branch of service: “I” for , “R” for rifleman, “A” for artillery, “C” for cavalry. The “D” stands for “Dragoon”, two of the six of the Union forces who had these buttons on their tunic coats.

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Fig. 4.1: Union buttons showing the staff eagle seal, and letters representing the branch of service. (From left to right, infantry, rifleman, artillery, dragoon, cavalry)

Frequently, their “backmarks”, or the die stamping of the manufacturer’s name, and/or address can identify buttons. One of the largest manufacturers of buttons during the Civil War was Horstmann & Sons. In the 1820’s, German-born William H. Horstmann started his own

Fig. 4.2: The backmark of FS 8, showing: W H Horstmann, PHI textile weaving company in Philadelphia. He expanded his business to include sword making and the manufacture of military goods. When W. H. Horstmann died in 1850, his sons Sigmund and William J. took over the business, and renamed the New York City branch Horstmann Brothers & Company. During the Civil War they received several Union Army contracts to supply military goods to the troops (Historical Society of Pennsylvania 2003). Other military regalia

15 manufacturers at this time included WM H Smith & Co., of New York, and Adolfo Roemsch of Manila. There are three button manufacturers displayed in the P. G. Artifact collection. Breastplates served as a status item during the Civil War. They were worn on the straps of the bags that contained a soldier’s box. These bags were then worn across the chest. Union breastplates carried the symbol of the staff eagle, whereas Confederate troops had simple brass breastplates. The breastplate (Figure 4.3) was found on the Gerrell land.

Fig. 4.3: Left, brass Union breastplate with possible bullet hole, on right, another example of a Union breastplate.

The hole in the center is believed to be the result of a bullet. The Union breastplate on the right was purchased by the Gerrell family for use in museum displays to show pristine form, and was NOT found on the family land. It serves the same purpose here – as an example of a Union breastplate. Belt plates served to secure the leather belt. There is one example of a belt plate in the Gerrell collection. It is a brass oval, with the letters “CS”, representing the “Confederate States”. On the reverse side, it is imprinted with “1862” and “P”. Other belt plates existed during this period, including some of a similar design, but bearing “CSA”, for the Confederate States of

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America. Belt plates were largely produced throughout the states in various plants, though the most common supply plant was in Richmond, Virginia (Shaw 2003). There is one example of a belt buckle from the collection (Figure 4.4). It is roughly rectangular in shape and bears a floral-like pattern around the edge. It was determined to be of the Civil War era by the Gerrell family, but may not have been issued to the troops, but rather, picked up as needed, or possibly was part of a settler’s belongings. I think it most likely was a military item used during the Civil War period. It is roughly shield shaped, and was probably used by a soldier.

Fig. 4.4: Brass belt buckle.

The cavalry represented a portion of the troops in the Civil War. Ideally, they mimicked Napoleonic strategy of charging the enemy lines and intimidating their foe. What actually happened was a different story. West Point Academy, up until 1861 had been using an outdated French manual. Captain George McClellan, the inventor of the McClellan , wrote a new manual for cavalry tactics in 1861, to be used in the instruction of mounted infantry and cavalry. The necessity of the cavalry was overlooked, especially in the beginning of the war. It was expensive to obtain and maintain the horses, as well as equip a – sometimes up to $500,000. It was temporally expensive as well – a well-trained cavalry officer would have had three years of training. The 1861 battle at First Manassas – Bull Run – would justify the need for a Union cavalry. Union General Irvin McDowell, with a scarce set of horsemen would face Confederate Colonel Jeb Stuart, who had a full mounted cavalry. The result was a loss for the

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Union troops (Shaw 2003:203). Because of political , President Lincoln called for mounted to rely less on trained parties, and more on volunteers. Six months after the disaster at Bull Run, the Union could claim more than 90,000 volunteer cavalrymen (Shaw 2003:204-5). Confederate cavalry perhaps had an advantage. Many Southern men had been riding horses since childhood. There were several gung-ho farm boys who were willing to take up the task of leading regiments of cavalry. Volunteers came easily, spurred by the tales of Revolutionary heroes and yearning for their own opportunity to be a hero. Confederate troops provided their own mounts, whereas the Union troops were issued a mount by the government. Here the Southern troops received another advantage: they were accustomed to their mounts, which were healthy, whereas the Northern troops had to suffer through weeks of riding skittish, and many times, sickly, horses because of “the abuses of contract frauds and dishonest traders” (Shaw 2003:207). A cavalryman’s pack included a saddle, revolver, carbine and saber. The saddle, for the Federal troops, was the Model 1859 McClellan saddle, equipped with bridle. In this collection, there is a single artifact from a Federal horse bridle (Figure 4.5). This piece served no functional purpose, but was, rather, decoration, and perhaps, indicated ownership of the U.S. government.

Fig. 4.5: Metal decoration for a Federal horse bridle.

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Artillery

The bulk of the artifacts are included in this category. They include several types of shells, gun components, and weapons. The collection of ammunition contains case shot, grape shot, Minié balls, and exploding shells. Other components, such as gun barrels, cannon fuses, cap boxes, casings and a pistol were also found. They will be discussed below. Case-shot was frequently used in cannon balls. Similar to shells, case-shot was loaded into a cannon ball. When the cannon ball met its target, it would explode and these case- shots would radiate out in a conical pattern causing severe, and widespread, damage. Theoretically, the shot would spray out to cause the most damage. Because the entire cannon system was unreliable, at best, often cannon balls never exploded, or became buried in the ground, causing no damage. Canister shot was the invention idea of Henry Shrapnel, of the Royal Artillery, in the late 1700’s. It was not until 1803 that the British Navy adopted the “shrapnel shell”. This combination of case-shot and a time-delayed fuse was an instant success. It was used in major conflicts such as the Napoleonic and Civil Wars (Long 2008). In Figure 4.6, we can see an example of a cannon ball loaded with case-shot. The cannon ball would be loaded with a mixture of sulfur or pitch matrix that would serve as an igniting platform, and several lead case-shot shells. In the middle of this matrix was the “bursting charge” or “bursting cavity”. In order to provide a means of lighting the cannon ball, a hole was

Fig. 4.6: An example of a cannon ball loaded with case-shot (modified from Melton and Pawl 2010).

19 drilled, filled with and capped with a lead cannon fuse (Melton and Pawl 2010). Case-shot is frequently found at battle sites, as we see at Natural Bridge, in both the ESI survey collection, and the P.G. Artifacts. They range in size from 1.0 cm to 2.0 cm, and average 15.6 g in weight. They were generally made of lead, or when that was not available, iron.

Fig. 4.7: The case shot found on the Gerrell land.

One oddity of our specimens of case shot is FS 52 (Figure 4.8). It measures the same length in dimension as the other case shot, yet it weighs less than a gram. The Gerrell family recalls finding this particular artifact within a petrified tree. It may not actually be case-shot, though it maintains a similar shape in appearance.

Fig. 4.8: FS 52; Case-shot in size and shape, but not in weight.

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Grape shot is the larger cousin of case-shot. Grape shot was especially effective at short range. A stand of grape, as the projectile canister was called, was composed of three tiers of grape shot, and secured by cast iron rings. This canister would be fired from a cannon; the tiers broke apart, spraying the grape-sized (hence, the name) shot in a conical pattern, much like case- shot. By the Civil War, grape shot was almost obsolete, and had been largely replaced by case- shot (Melton and Pawl 2010). P. G. Artifacts yielded grape shot (n=11), ranging in size from 2.1 cm to 5.2 cm and ranging in weight from 25 g to 528 g.

Fig. 4.9: Canister shot found on the Gerrell land.

An important component for these canister shots to work was the shell in which they were encased. Cannon balls served this purpose. They were typically a hollow shell made of iron, and loaded with case-shot. They were roughly spherical in shape, with a hole at the top for the placement of the bursting cavity and the cannon fuse.

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Fig. 4.10: One of the three halves of 12-lb. cannon balls found on Gerrell land.

Terri and Pete Gerrell found a total of six whole or fragmented exploding shell fragments of the family land during their personal investigations. Perhaps the most interesting find was a 100-lb mortar, a 12-lb cannon ball, and a .44 Tranter Double action revolver found together in a hole three feet deep. It is assumed that the hole may have formerly been an outhouse hole, due to soil composition (P.G. Artifacts, personal communication 2010). This unique find was discovered at the Burn’s place, right off Jim French Road, the same road the Union troops marched from Newport. As for the account of the Natural Bridge battle, Boyd (1950:102) states that the only known cannons were two navy howitzers, which were most likely the Napoleon 12- pounder. Siege mortars were typically used in the destruction of forts, or mounted on ships for naval battles. They were lumbering beasts that were difficult to move, and were often not used in skirmishes that required several hours’ hikes through sparsely populated, and wooded areas. The question remains, why was there a 100-lb cannon ball at Natural Bridge?

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Fig. 4.11: 100-lb. cannon ball, 12-lb. cannon ball, and pistol that were found at the Burns’ place in 1992 (P.G. Artifacts, personal communication 2010).

An important component to a functioning cannon ball is the cannon (fuse). This collection contains three timed cannon . Cannon fuzes fall under four categories: timed, percussion, combination and concussion. The one we are concerned with is timed – they were used in hollow cannonballs. They were designed to explode after a “predetermined number of seconds” (Melton and Pawl 2010). Most soldiers used the Springfield , equipped with a bayonet. It was incredibly unreliable and was only accurate up to about 80 yards – less than the length of one football field. The invention of the would greatly improve terrestrial warfare. , from which the term “rifle” was derived, involved cutting a spiraling groove on the inside of the barrel. When the bullet was fired, it would travel down this groove. When the bullet left the barrel, it would be traveling at a higher velocity, traveling farther, and causing a greater impact (Robertson 1992). The introduction of the Minié ball greatly improved the accuracy of shoulder arms. Previously, the round ball was used but was inaccurate. Combined with rifling, the Minie ball proved a more effective weapon. In order for a rifle to fire effectively, the ammunition had to be a tight fit in the barrel. If it was too small, it would not catch the grooving, and was basically wasted effort. Claude Etienne Minié designed the bullet that would solve this dilemma. He created a design that was conical soft lead bullet that would deform upon firing. It was fitted with an iron cup that

23 pushed through the bullet on the time of firing. As it pushed through the soft lead, the bullet would expand to fit the rifle’s barrel. The Minié ball was more accurate, up to 250 yards, and went up to ½-mile farther, than the traditional musket ball.

Fig. 4.12: Minié balls in several stages of deformation. From the ESI survey, December 2009. (Arbuthnot et al. 2010).

From the P. G. Artifacts, we have three specimens of Minié balls.

Fig. 4.13: The 3 Minié balls from the P. G. Artifacts, LLC.

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The Minié ball on the right of Figure 4.12 shows the deformation stage, after the iron cap has pushed through the base of the bullet, causing it to expand. The Model 1855 rifle-musket was designed to fire Minié balls (Shaw 2003). The only evidence we have in the P.G. Artifacts of , or long guns, is exploded gun barrels, , and .50 caliber shells. The most popular rifle of the Civil War was the percussion cap rifle-musket – over 1 million were produced to arm soldiers. It was designed to fire the Minié ball, and was named after its place of production in Springfield, Massachusetts. The Union Army and Navy eventually purchased the more precise and advanced (.52 linen cartridge). A great drawback to the specifications of the different rifles was that they all required specific caliber that were not interchangeable (Shaw 2003). were issued by the Federal Government for the officers, a total number “just fewer than 400,000” (Shaw 2003:242). The primary issuer of the handguns was from the Colt Patent Company. The Colt Model 1860 Army revolver was the most widely used of the . It was a .44 caliber muzzle-loaded revolver that was accurate up to about 100 yards. It is estimated that roughly 80 percent of the Union troops were supplied with the Colt Model 1860 Army revolver (Shaw 2003:243). The second most common weapon was the Colt Model 1851 Navy revolver, which was similar to the 1860 Army revolver. The use of Remington came in 1863, when these models proved to be less expensive, and still reliable. The government also employed the handguns of Starr Arms Company, Whitney Arms Company, and Savage Navy. There were some foreign designs of pistols, but they were much more rare. Also present were civilian handguns the soldiers brought from home: “Almost any of the period might have been carried off to war by an enthusiastic volunteer. On the field of battle, however, the majority of handguns were Colt and Remington revolvers” (Shaw 2003:246). At the beginning of the Civil War, Confederate troops raided the federal within their borders and procured several thousand weapons, including handguns and other types of artillery. The Confederacy lacked their own manufacturing base of revolvers. Because of the insistent reliance on unskilled and inexperienced laborers, revolver productions were meager, at best. Using the Colt Model 1851 Navy revolver as a model, the Confederate arms manufacturers attempted to make arms available for their troops. Because of a lack of quality control, this industry never got a strong start, and was unable to provide the handguns necessary for self-

25 sufficient armament for the Confederate troops. Where the Confederate arms manufacture excelled was at the Richmond Armory. According to Shaw (2003:240), 31,000 rifle- and 1,300 short rifles were produced here. The armory was also able to repair a significant number of rifles. Still, less than 15 percent of soldiers’ arms were manufactured in Southern states. They were taken from Federal arsenals, sold to the Confederacy by Union manufacturers (thanks to the Militia Act of 1808) or imported from Britain or Austria. The Militia Act of 1808, passed by Congress, ensured that federal arsenals would be able to provide, “either by purchase or manufacture”, armament “on account of the United States” (Bills and Resolutions, 10th Congress, 1st Session, Bill 90). Handguns and revolvers of this time period used two types of ignition systems: or percussion. Flintlock ignition systems required the striking contact of flint against steel to create a spark that would ignite the priming powder that would then fire the bullet. In wet weather, flintlock ignition systems were notoriously prone to misfire. The percussion ignition system had been developed in the early 1800’s, and by 1860, many of the flintlock guns had been converted to the percussion system. The percussion ignition system required the use of brass or copper open-ended that contained a priming powder. This “percussion cap” was placed in the rear of the gun barrel. When the was pulled, it struck the cap and ignited the priming powder, which, in turn, ignited the primary charge and fired the projectile. Today, percussion caps are still used in rifles and pistols (Shaw 2003). The handgun in the P. G. Artifacts collection most closely resembles a .44 Tranter Double action revolver (Figure 5.14). It was designed in 1856 by , a from Britain. This pistol is missing the handle, but we are lucky enough to have the revolver, which is a 5-cyclinder revolver. This pistol, as well as the 100-lb cannon ball and a 12-lb cannon ball were found together in a hole, 3 feet deep (P.G. Artifacts, personal communication 2010). This combination of finds is interesting. Several other artifacts, mostly including gun barrels, were found together near the Burns’ place. One possible explanation is the clearing of land for farming. The family could have cleaned up the land before plowing, and instead of trashing the items, buried them together in holes.

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Fig. 4.14: 44-caliber Tranter Double action revolver pistol and revolver.

Soldiers carried on their person a cap box, which was a leather holster that held a tin cap. This tin cup would serve as storage for the percussion caps. From the private land of Natural Bridge, we have three percussion cap tin cans (Figure 4.15).

Fig. 4.15: Three percussion cap cans from the Gerrell land.

Also included in a soldier’s pack of equipment was a belt that served several functional purposes. It served as a storage place for the percussion caps, included a pocket for the saber, and enabled the attachment of the carbine through the use of a gun swivel. Much like we use clips today to attach keys to our belt loops and purses, this gun swivel (Figure 5.16) served the sole purpose of keeping the soldier and the gun connected.

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Fig. 4.16: Gun swivel

The last artifact we have in the artillery category is a brass bullet mold (Figure 4.17). Having a device to make uniform-sized bullets allowed for the quick production of mass- manufactured bullets.

Fig. 4.17: Bullet mold

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Utility

This category represents items that would serve a functional purpose for the troops. It includes and chains. Before the widespread use of planes for warfare, which drastically changed the outcome for WWI, troops relied on the use of horses. Both the Federals and the Confederates made use of a cavalry division. The Union had five original regiments, adding a sixth as it became necessary. They were originally called the 1st and 2nd Dragoons, 1st Mounted Rifles, and the 1st and 2nd Cavalries. Later, they were renamed the 1st through 5th regiments, respectively. The 1st Dragoons were organized in 1836; the 2nd Dragoons were originally riflemen but were redesignated in 1844. The Mounted 1st Riflemen dated to 1846. The two Cavalries were established in 1855. The 6th regiment or the 3rd Cavalry was added in 1861 (Katcher 1995). It is estimated that the Federal Government spent close to $124 million on horses and their supplies (Coggins 1990:52). The cavalry were always the best-armed branch of the military. The only organized Confederate troop was the Cavalry Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia. In addition, there were rough regiments, mainly pulled together as necessary. Brigadier General Turner Ashby and Colonel J.E.B. Stuart were two of the prominent officers who led successful mounted regiments for the CSA (Coggins 1990). Southerners, in general, were considered superior horsemen to Northerners, at least in the beginning years of the Civil War. Living in an agrarian landscape required the intensive use of horses, whereas the North relied on industry and manufacturing as a way of life. The Union made extensive use of the McClellan saddle. In 1859, George B. McClellan developed the M1859 version of the McClellan saddle, which the Army adopted for its use. Until 1861, the Confederates were required to provide their own horses and . They were paid per diem for such use, and were compensated if the horse was killed in battle. However, the Confederate troops were required to find new mounts, and were not paid for the loss of the previous horse or the travel time to get a new horse. This proved to be disastrous – a member of Colonel J.E.B. Stuart’s staff would comment: “We now felt the bad effect of our system of requiring men to furnish their own horses. The most dashing trooper was the one whose horse was the most apt to get shot, and when this man was unable to remount himself he had to go to the infantry service and was lost to the cavalry. Such a penalty for gallantry was terribly demoralizing” (Coggins 1990:48).

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Eventually the Confederate Army provided their men with the Jenifer saddle. It was a good saddle, and worked well when the horses were in good condition. It was discovered that when the horses were worn down and emaciated, the saddle would rub on the withers of the horse (Katcher 2003). In 1861, the Confederate Army switched to the McClellan saddle. Until the end of WWII, this saddle was in commission for the U.S. Cavalry (Coggins 1990). The Confederate troops at Natural Bridge had use of horses, considering that “Scott’s Cavalry”, command later assumed by Brigadier-General William Miller, marched on the East River campaign. As for the Union forces, “the only horses on the expedition are said to have been those used by General Newton and his staff” (Boyd 1950:102). So we know that both sides had some form of cavalry and horses. That being said, the stirrups could have been from pre- issued McClellan saddles, or from civilian saddles, or not even related to the battle. Before and after the Civil War, farmers who made use of horsepower for their farming and transportation occupied this land. The next two artifacts are manacles, or handcuffs. As it was in the South, and one of the issues for the start of the Civil War was slavery, these cuffs could have been used to keep slaves from running away. There are several accounts of plantations utilizing slave labor. Lieutenant- General George W. Scott owned a cotton plantation in Leon County, and was listed as one of the largest slave plantations in the South. An ascendant of the Gerrell family, Elizabeth Byrd Hall, had six slaves when she moved down to Florida to take up the farm left to her (P. G. Artifacts, personal communication 2010). also could have been used in instances of capturing enemy prisoners. One section of the handcuffs is the circle of metal that surrounded the wrist. The other handcuff is connected to a chain. Both cuffs do not measure the same, so it is unknown if they were connected together.

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Fig. 4.18: (left) FS 36, a padlock cover; (right) a lock found on the U.S.S. Cairo (http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/exhibits/vick/index.html).

This small piece of metal represents the cover for a lock (left). The image on the right represents a similar lock found on the U.S.S. Cairo, which was a Union ironclad gunboat that sunk December 12, 1862, near Vicksburg, Mississippi (NPS 2010). We can see the padlock cover as it would have been used to protect the keyhole. It is inscribed with a “W.W. & Co.”. This serves as a dye-stamp for the company. There is little mention of a W.W. & Co., but it could be one of two companies. Wright, Williams & Co. was listed in The Banker’s Magazine as a “general merchants” company based in New Orleans, Louisiana that had a “strain upon credit” (The Banker’s Magazine, 1854). Other indications of the debt of Wright Williams & Co. included a case against them by Douglas H. Cooper. As compensation, Cooper was paid 21 slaves (Wiese 2007). It seems W.W. & Co. did not climb out of debt until the middle of the Civil War. William Wood Farmer, a Lieutenant Governor for the state of Louisiana, had died of yellow fever in 1854. Four years later, his widow, Permelia Farmer purchased W. W. & Co. for some $16,000. With assets that totaled $10527.12 she had gained from several “petitioners” that were leaving Louisiana after the price of cotton fell, Mrs. Farmer paid off W. W. & Co.’s debt (USGenWeb, 2006). Other mentions of a W.W & Co. led to an ironworks company based in England, near the Monmouthshire Canal. The production of iron began in the United Kingdom in 1803, under the company name of Varteg Ironworks. In their first year of operation, they produced and transported 81 tons of iron to Newport. Business had more than doubled by the mid 1830’s when the Varteg Ironworks Company changed hands with Kenrick & Co. Roughly 10 years later, the business had fallen by the wayside and was sold in an auction in 1844.

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Pentwyn Ironworks started in 1825 by two brothers. In 1836, the company could boast of transporting over 8,000 tons of iron shipped on the Monmouthshire Canal in a year. Pentwyn merged with Golynos to become Pentwyn and Golynos Iron and Coal Company, and by the year 1840, transported nearly 18,000 tons of iron (Abersychan Ward, http://abersychanward.co.uk/Documents/ironworks.pdf). In 1844, William Williams bought the Varteg Ironworks and was in charge of Pentwyn and Golynos Iron and Coal Company. According to the 1844 Statistics and Calculations (Salt 1846), the company was now called William Williams & Co. The company was in operation until 1852, when Williams went bankrupt. Crawshay Bailey took over the ironworks, but Pentwyn was never reopened. William Williams was retained as a manager, under Bailey, until 1863, when it was sold to G. E. Beyan and Company. The production of iron during the 1840’s was primarily for the construction of railroads in America. A great emphasis was placed on transporting the iron bars by horse-drawn trams to the Monmouthshire Canal, where they would be loaded in Newport for the shipment to America (Abersychan Ward). There is also brief mention of a William Williams & Co., based in Pennyslvania in 1828. They were congratulated with quickly completing a façade in 4 days ( 1828). It is unknown whether any of these companies represents the “W.W & Co.” represented on the padlock cover. The ironworks company seems most likely, as they dealt solely in iron products, and it is plausible that they manufactured other utile iron products, such as padlocks, after the rush for railroad bars died. We do know that both Federal and Confederate troops relied on supplies for Britain and France, so it is not out of the question that they would possess foreign manufactured goods.

Unknown

As this title suggests, the function of the artifacts in this category either could not be determined or displayed some anomaly that made its ultimate purpose unidentified. In some cases, such as buttons and pistols, the intended use is blatantly obvious. At other times, the use cannot be determined, or, at best, just guessed. We have only one artifact in this collection that fits those criteria.

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Fig. 4.19: FS 37, metal, shield-shaped object.

It is roughly 1.5 cm, and weighs less than a gram. It closely resembles the shape of a shield, as seen on several of the buttons in this collection. This author’s best guess is that it was used for decoration purposes only, due to its size. It could have been part of a uniform’s decoration, or any of a soldier’s personal effects.

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CHAPTER FIVE

COMPARISION

Artifacts of the ESI survey include ammunition and modern trash, including pull tabs from beer cans and fishing , along with Civil War items. When compared to the ESI Natural Bridge survey report (Arbuthnot, Marks, and Cripps 2010), we see an almost identical Civil War artifact assemblage. In total from the Rakestraw property (8LE5698), 108 Civil War era items were collected. In summary, the team concluded “the Civil War artifact assemblage almost totally comprised of ordnance” (Arbuthnot et al. 2010:92). Other items of possible Civil War connection include UID metal and knives. Metal detecting of the Rakestraw field yielded 37 Minié balls, or 34.3 percent of the collection, 56 lead shot (51.9 percent), and 14 exploding shell pieces (13 percent). These are the three comparable items in the inventory. From P. G. Artifacts, LLC, we have 3 Minié balls (3 percent), 34 lead shot (35.8 percent), and 6 exploding shells/fragments (6 percent). This tells us that a lot of munitions did not reach its intended target, and confirms the suggestion that the battle was largely the case of each side overshooting their target, and bullets and ordnance became buried in the dirt.

Table 5.1: Comparison of artifact concentration between the ESI survey and P. G. Artifacts, LLC

Artifact ESI Survey P. G. Artifacts Minié balls n=37; 34.3% n=3; 3% Lead shot n=56; 51.9% n=34; 35.8% Exploding shells n=14; 13% n=6; 6%

The P. G. Artifacts, LLC, collection seems to contain larger artifacts than those found in the NBBHSP report, including gun barrels and stirrups. The Gerrell land lies on the retreat path of the Union soldiers from Natural Bridge to St. Marks and the lighthouse. At a time when speed was prized above all, useless and cumbersome items, such as exploded gun barrels, would be tossed aside in a hasty retreat. The nature of the land, being that it is karstic, may have swallowed artifacts in the creation of the many sinkholes on and around the property. The P. G.

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Artifacts were found on a smaller, concentrated tract of land (the Burns’ place) that is almost dwarfed by the size of the Rakestraw property (see Figure 3.2). We are fortunate to have access to the collection of the Gerrell family, which has been in the family’s possession since the artifacts’ discovery. Other collections of Civil War artifacts yield similar items. The Museum of Southern History, located in Jacksonville, FL, is a small, mostly volunteer-run, museum that contains Civil War artifacts. These artifacts are presented in exhibits that convey pride and respect for the participants and the history of the war. In their exhibits, we see a hearty collection of artillery, including Minié balls, bullets, cannon balls and cannon fuses, as well as an impressive rifle and pistol collection. Larger battles, such as Antietam (1862) and Gettysburg (1863), and those represented in the Museum of Southern History, contain collections of medical supplies, and other materials not present at Natural Bridge. The explanation this author can give is that it is possible that artifacts of this nature have not been found yet, and it is recommended that further survey be done on and around the area of the battle of Natural Bridge. There is family lore that three Union soldiers, who had been injured at the battle on Newport were being transported along Jim French road when they died. Perhaps there were no medicinal supplies available, which ultimately led to their demise. We are missing a few items that would provide a clearer picture of the Civil War in Florida. Having more items of utility would be extremely beneficial, including camping supplies and more components pertaining to the horse and saddle. We have two examples of stirrups and two handcuff segments. Most intriguing of the utility category is the padlock cover for a lock. Artifacts that have company markings, such as the padlock cover and the buttons, are extremely helpful in identifying the object and to which side it belonged. One item of ammunition we are missing from this collection is the percussion caps. These caps ignited the priming powder, which would discharge the bullet from the gun barrel. Granted, these items are small, but they played an important role in battle. It is assumed that in the melee and confusion of battle, some would have been dropped. Their presence would improve our knowledge of historical ammunition. Another item that would almost complete the category of artillery would be the sabers and swords. In the Union Army, only officers, musicians and select cavalrymen and artillerymen carried swords. Confederate soldiers were

35 more prone to carrying swords and sabers, invoking images of “an era of chivalry and romance” (Vaughan 2000:175). Perhaps a question that needs to be asked is why do we lack certain items such as horse and belt plates. Is this item something that was intentionally left behind? The exploded gun barrels were no longer functional and would be left behind, unable to be recycled and reused. Some items were certainly unintentionally dropped, such as tunic buttons and breastplates. Other items create a puzzling problem. Why leave seemingly good stirrups and manacles behind – unless the horse was gone and the “prisoner” was (term used very loosely) no longer in need of them. Some items may have been purposely left behind, with the intent of returning for them. A prime example is the 100-lb. mortar and the reported cannon discarded in Cannon Sink. The battle of Natural Bridge occurred during the tail end of the Civil War. The battle occurred in March of 1865, and Lee surrendered at Appomattox in April of the same year. Does this explain our lack of items? We know that the Confederacy had been severely unarmed and undersupplied; at the surrender, were hidden stockpiles forgotten in the disappointment of the Confederate loss? The first professional survey of the land only occurred thirty years ago with the Tesar (1980) brief survey of Leon County that was limited to prehistoric sites – 120 years after the Civil War. That is 120 years that the artifacts were subjected to weather, animal disturbance, and unintentional and intentional scavenging by people, as well as farming, turpentine milling, and running cattle. All these activities disturb, and potentially harm or destroy artifacts.

Table 5.2: Item count of P. G. Artifacts, LLC

Count Percent of Total Collection Button 13 13.6 Horse Bridle 1 1 Belt Plate 1 1 Gun Swivel 1 1 Boot Heel 1 1 Belt Buckle 1 1 Stirrup 2 2

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Table 5.2 (cont.): Item count of P. G. Artifacts, LLC

Count Percent of Total Collection Handcuff 2 2 Breastplate 3 3 Case Shot 23 24.2 Minie Ball 3 3 Case shot Mold 1 1 Padlock Cover 1 1 Percussion Cap Can 3 3 Casing 4 4.2 Cannon Ball Fuse 3 3 Cannon Fuse Striker 1 1 Grapeshot 4 4.2 Exploding Shell Fragment 4 4.2 Exploding shell 2 2 Pistol 1 1 Canister Shot 7 7.4 Bayonet 2 2 Gun Barrel 8 8.4 Unknown 3 3

Distribution of Union and Confederate Artifacts

In total, 108 Civil War artifacts were found during the Phase I ESI survey. Arbuthnot et al. (2010) present the concentration of Union (blue dots) and Confederate (grey dots) artifact distribution with this map (Figure 5.1):

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Figure 5.1: Distribution of Union and Confederate artifacts at the Rakestraw property (Arbuthnot et al. 2010:97).

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Three scenarios can possibly explain the concentration of Union artifacts on the western side of the river: “(1) A 3 m elevation change from the river to the western ridge may have caused Union projectiles to fall short, impacting the ridge or sinkhole basin walls west of the river; (2) conversely, an elevated position may have encouraged Confederate projectiles to overshoot their targets, causing munitions to continue east beyond the project area; and (3) the location of heavy foliage at the time of the battle may have been a factor contributing to distribution, but this is not presently visible on the landscape. Sampling bias (metal detecting was more intensive on the west side of the St. Marks) and past amateur collecting east of the river may also have played a role” (Arbuthnot et al. 2010: 95). The lack of battle lines on the Rakestraw property has resulted in the “predominance of ordnance” because of “crossfires and clashes resulting from cross-river incursions” (Arbuthnot et al. 2010: 92). The Gerrell collection has 95 artifacts. In table 6.4, we have the distribution of Union, Confederate and indeterminate Civil War items.

Table 5.3: Distribution of Union, Confederate and indeterminate Civil War artifacts.

Item Union Confederate Indeterminate Button 5 0 8 Bridle 1 0 0 Belt Plate 0 1 0 Breastplate 1 2 0 Artillery, etc. 0 0 77

In total, the collection has seven Union artifacts, three Confederate items, and eighty-five indeterminate artifacts.

Ethical Implications

As an archaeologist, there are certain ethical guidelines that must be followed in order for archaeological research to be considered credible. In 1990, The Archaeological Institute of America adopted a Code of Ethics for archaeological research and study (which was amended in 1997):

39

“1. Seek to ensure that the exploration of archaeological sites be conducted according to the highest standards under the direct supervision of qualified personnel, and that the results of such research be made public; 2. Refuse to participate in the trade in undocumented antiquities and refrain from activities that enhance the commercial value of such objects. Undocumented antiquities are those which are not documented as belonging to a public or private collection before December 30, 1970, when the AIA Council endorsed the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Property, or which have not been excavated and exported from the country of origin in accordance with the laws of that country; 3. Inform appropriate authorities of threats to, or plunder of archaeological sites, and illegal import or export of archaeological material” (AIA Code of Ethics, 1997). With this collection of Civil War artifacts that the Gerrell family has so graciously allowed me to study, we are presented with a collection without context. The artifacts were not retrieved within the confines of the supervision of a professional archaeologist. While they still provide valuable information to the battle, they cannot convey important information such as trajectory and origin. Owners of private collections are faced with two possible scenarios: sell the collection for monetary gain, or maintain the collection for loan to museums. In a time when the sale of artifacts is considered lucrative, the value to collectors and public availability is weighed. The family is to be commended, as they lend out the collection to museums for the purpose of public awareness and education, instead of using their collection, which contains several valuable and rare items, for profit and personal monetary gain. The value to the public, for cultural heritage and future archaeological research, will always be greater than the value to collectors. Having a working relationship between private collectors and archaeologists lead to better education and public knowledge. Awareness of the resources available also allows for better judgment of future surveys by cultural resource managers. Another issue, besides dealing with items out of context that is essentially “looted material”, is the concern of preservation. In order for cultural materials to be of value for future generations, and available for future study, they must be preserved. Some items, such as the case shot, have a greater chance of withstanding the of time. Other items, such as the gun barrels, which are already showing the wears of time and oxidation, will not fare as well without proper preservation. It would be the ultimate recommendation of any professional archaeologist

40 for these items to be turned over to an organization that will oversee and maintain preservation for extended public benefit. State organizations, like the Bureau of Archaeological Research (BAR) and, specifically, the Conservation and Collections section of the BAR, are responsible for the maintenance and preservation of Florida’s cultural artifacts (DHR 2010). While private collections do provide some benefit to archaeology through the location of some sites and proving family lore and stories otherwise unavailable in official documents and archives, they lack the availability to resources such as preservation, conservation and adequate research.

41

CHAPTER SIX

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The site of Natural Bridge is located approximately thirty minutes south of Florida’s capitol city of Tallahassee. It received its name from the natural formation of a limerock passage. The presence of limerock leads to a development of sinkholes of which there are several at the NBBHSP, the Rakestraw property, the Gerrell land, and surrounding properties. Collections from the ESI survey and P. G. Artifacts contain items other than Civil War artifacts, including flint flakes and modern bullets and debris. The battle of Natural Bridge was a Confederate victory, and it represents the only battle in which Southern forces were able to repel Union troops, resulting in Tallahassee being the only Southern capital that did not fall into Union hands during the Civil War. After several disappointing Confederate victories, the Union troops attempted to capture the East River Bridge on March 3, 1865. A strong Confederate guard caused a Union retreat to the St. Mark’s Lighthouse. In order to protect their stronghold in the panhandle, the Confederate troops burned the town of Newport and the East River Bridge, and retreated to Natural Bridge, where natural formations of lime rock create a “natural bridge”. Confederate troops numbered roughly 1,000, and Union troops, 500. The arrival of Union troops at Natural Bridge incited fighting. After a sloppy skirmish, which resulted in few casualties, the Confederate troops were able to force the Union troops to retreat. Led by Major John Newton, the Union troops retreated from Natural Bridge by means of Jim French Road, resulting in a Confederate victory. Casualties at battle’s end totaled 24 and 111 were injured. The memorial at NBBHSP commemorates those who lost their lives. The ESI Phase I survey was conducted for the Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park Citizen Support Organization, with a crew of volunteers and ESI archaeologists. A total of 206 shovel tests were done, and metal detecting was employed, based on information provided by citizens. Prior to the 2009 ESI Phase I archaeological survey conducted at Natural Bridge, only one other survey had been done at 8LE188 (NBBHSP) thirty years ago (Tesar 1980). Targeted shovel testing and ground surveys were the only other work that has been done at Natural Bridge.

42

Having previous work experience at Natural Bridge, working as part of ESI’s crew and conducting research at the Florida State Library and Archives at the R. A. Gray building in Tallahassee, FL, I undertook the task of collecting measurements and pictures of the private collection of the Gerrell family (P. G. Artifacts, LLC). Dimensions and weights can be found in Appendix A. Pictures can be found in Appendix B. The collection is currently in the control of Terri Gerrell, Pete Gerrell’s widow, and is often lent to museums, as P. G. Artifacts, LLC, for use in the advancement of public awareness of the importance of the battle of Natural Bridge and also as a testament to the importance of private collections to the preservation of history.

Table 6.1: Percentage of categories in P. G. Artifacts, LLC

Category Count Percent of Total Collection Uniform 19 20 Artillery 67 70.5 Utility 6 6.25 Unknown 3 3.25

As we can see in table 7.1, items representing artillery total 70.5 percent of the entire collection (n=67). This is expected, since it is a battlefield. Uniforms comprise 20 percent of the total collection. Utility and unknown categories comprise the remaining 6.25 percent and 3.25 percent, respectively. Artillery consists of case shot, grape shot, canister shot, exploding shells, Minié balls, gun barrels, bayonets, a pistol and shell casings, This inventory represents a typical battlefield. The one oddity is the 100-lb siege mortar, which is unusual for a quick, terrestrial skirmish. It would more likely be found in a fortress or on a naval vessel. Within the category of uniforms, there is a large number of buttons. There are Union buttons, which represent the five branches of the Union Army – Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Riflemen, and Dragoon. Buttons make up 13.6 percent of the category. This is, in part, contradictory to the NBBHSP survey report (Arbuthnot et al. 2010:40): “The cultural remains, specifically minie balls, shot, shrapnel, and fuses, but also buttons, buckles, and military hardware, among other items, from an engagement of this size will be relatively low in number and possibly strung out over a large area.”

43

While the skirmish did cover a large area, we have a large number of buttons. This leads to the question why. Perhaps, untrained collectors are biased towards easily recognized objects. (How often have you saved a button, or picked up one, in anticipation of needing it to replace one that is lost?) Because this is a private collection, we will see more of certain items because it was not conducted under the supervision of a professional archaeologist. While history enthusiasts are vital to locating and preserving archaeological sites, they do sometimes lack the skills and/or resources for complete site recovery. Archaeological surveys are, by nature, more systematic and require near-100 percent recovery. They follow a previously-drawn up course of action. Archaeologists are trained to complete an in-depth survey of the project area. That being said, there are cases when metal detecting and informant data have provided the location of Civil War battle sites. A prime example is that of Hilton Head, SC, and Bray’s Island, SC (Smith 1994). Metal detecting also proved very beneficial at the Custer Battlefield (Scott and Fox 1987). Other items of the uniform category include breastplates, of which there are three: two Confederate and one Union. We also have one Confederate belt plate (but no Union belt plate). This category also includes a Union horse bridle. From this category, we have five known Union buttons – the other seven are unknown. These unknown buttons may be Confederate, or general mass-produced buttons that were distributed later in the Civil War. We are missing bridles from the Confederate troops, and Union belt plates. Having counterparts, and being able to inspect them side-by-side would provide us with the opportunity to compare quality and design. Investigations of both Union and Confederate manufacture have shown that there was a difference in both sides’ equipment (Shaw 2003). Again, I believe we are missing a large number of Confederate artifacts because only the Union retreat occurred on family land (Jim French Road). The majority of Confederate troops retreated through the St. Mark’s Railroad (what is know Old Plank Road). The least represented items in this collection are those of utility (n=6). Again, this should be expected. Supplies were scarce. Anything that could have been reused or repurposed would have been kept. It would be beneficial to have some of the soldiers’ personal effects, such as pocket combs, or shoulder bags. As a reminder, Natural Bridge was not a campsite where soldiers would have spent a longer period of time. Natural Bridge represents a skirmish that lasted less than two days. It was a short battle, which, in part, explains our lack of artifacts.

44

The P. G. Artifacts collection shows a good representation of Union Civil War artifacts. Most prevalent in this collection is case shot (n=23; 24.2 percent) and buttons (n=13; 13.6 percent). Case shot was the preferred exploding matrix for cannonballs during the Civil War, which explains its frequency in this collection. I also would expect a larger frequency of buttons, since Civil War uniforms, of both the Union and the Confederacy, displayed six to a twelve buttons on each tunic. We have a selection from uniforms, useful items, and especially artillery. Together, these items provide us with a sense of the trials and tribulations that the troops, on both sides, endured during the Civil War. Uniforms provided cover from the elements, but also served to unite the soldiers as an outwardly coherent fighting force. Buttons represented branch of service, including cavalry, artillery and infantry. The selection of artillery is most interesting. The presence of a 100-lb. siege mortar cannon ball and the varying sizes of canister shot provide us with examples of the unusual to the everyday equipment of a traveling military regiment.

Recommendations

The Gerrell family collection includes more artifacts than what was catalogued in this paper. There are antebellum items from the Hall residence, as well as farming tools dating to before and after the Civil War and several hundred, if not more than a thousand, Paleoindian projectile points. It would be my recommendation to have these items catalogued, as they represent an important part of the NBBHSP’s history. It would be intriguing to see what else remains hidden on the land surrounding NBBHSP. Significant finds from the December 2009 ESI survey (Arbuthnot et al. 2010) and the P. G. Artifacts, LLC suggest a heavy concentration around the battlefield of both Confederate and Union ammunition and personal effects. Areas such as Cannon Sink and the other sinkholes located on the NSSHSP property, as well as the canal that runs through the Rakestraw property would be excellent locations to conduct underwater excavations. Portions of Old Plank Road have been surveyed, but not completely. It is a recommendation that a full survey of this segment of the NBBHSP be conducted. Further, and more intensive, surveys of the Rakestraw property should be undertaken since there is a large concentration of artifacts (Arbuthnot et al. 2010). Professional survey of Gerrell land seems unlikely, but it would benefit in providing us with archaeological access to Jim French Road, which is the route the Union soldiers used to travel up

45 from the coast of the . A survey of the Jim French Road outside Gerrell land, and to the mouth of the gulf, should be conducted, as there may be other artifacts there. Other areas not specifically set within the boundaries of the NBBHSP and the Rakestraw property most certainly would have been the site of Union and Confederate troop movements, and should be investigated as well. Metal detecting during the 2009 ESI survey proved extremely beneficial in locating Civil War artifacts, as well as modern items (Arbuthnot et al. 2010). An increase in public awareness of this important Southern battle is necessary to continue the park’s success. Reenactments held every March help to inform the public of its cultural significance. However, the erection of signs and displays around the park would serve to further increase the impact of the battle and its importance to Florida heritage, as well as increase the traffic flow to Natural Bridge. Any subsequent erection of such signs should be completed under the supervision of a professional archaeologist. The recent acquisition of the Rakestraw property and its potential future use in battle reenactments will also provide opportunities for more public awareness. The collection I studied is important and significant for the NBBHSP, and historical archaeology, because it demonstrates what private collections have to offer. Personal surveys are often the resource to the location of artifacts that may have otherwise been missed in routine, structured Phase I testing. Having this collection catalogued will be beneficial for future museum exhibits because it will correctly present the purpose of each item and will provide a small glimpse into the past. The collection will remain in possession of the Gerrell family. A copy of the Rakestraw property survey is available at the Bureau of Archaeological Research, along with the artifacts found during the survey. A copy of this thesis will be available electronically in the Florida State University’s Library database. This collection follows the foundations of historical archaeology, as presented in Smith (1994) with the use of both documents and archaeological excavation to establish a perspective of a Civil War battle. People are naturally curious and private collections are prime examples of this fact. They are important to archaeology because, in some cases, the artifacts otherwise would have been destroyed or lost forever, as people settle down and extensively use the land. The availability of private collections to the public, through museum exhibits, will provide more personal connections for those who have family members that served in the Civil War, as well as those who have an avid interest in history.

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APPENDIX A

FIELD SPECIMEN LIST

FS # Weight Length/Dimensions Description Material Comments 1 < 1 g 1.5 cm button brass eagle insignia 2 < 1 g 1.4 cm button brass eagle insignia 3 < 1 g 1.4 cm button brass eagle insignia eagle insignia 4 < 1 g 2.0 cm button brass surrounding "I"

eagle insignia surrounding "R"; reverse side marked with "WM Smith  5 < 1 g 2.0 cm button brass New York" General Service, eagle 6 3 g 2.1 cm button brass insignia convex shape, eagle insignia surrounded 7 < 1 g 2.2 cm button brass by ring of stars

eagle insignia surrounding "A"; reverse side marked with "WHPHIHorstmann 8 < 1 g 2.0 cm button brass & Sons" 9 < 1 g 1.5 cm button brass eagle insignia

eagle insignia surrounding "D"; reverse side marked with "WMH Smith 10 < 1 g 2.0 cm button brass Co  New York" 11 < 1 g 1.5 cm button brass eagle insignia

eagle insignia surrounding "C"; reverse side marked with "Adolfo 12 < 1 g 1.8 cm button brass Roemsch  Manila" 13 < 1 g 1.4 cm button brass eagle insignia

47

FS # Weight Length/Dimensions Description Material Comments 14 22 g 3.2 cm x 5.5 cm part of horse bridle metal marked with "US"

"CS" for Confederate States; reverse side marked with "1862" 15 54 g 6.2 cm x 3.5 cm belt plate brass and "P" 16 14 g 7.2 cm x 2.9 cm gun swivel lead star cutout, and 17 6 g 3.8 cm x 3.4 cm boot heel lead possible tack hole 18 12 g 7.7 cm x 4.5 cm belt buckle brass floral design 19 124 g 12.8 cm x 12.7 cm stirrup lead 20 186 g 8.2 cm x 7.5 cm handcuff iron not known if 21 433 g 55.5 cm x 8.6 cm handcuff with chain iron connected to FS 20

22 28 g 5.3 cm breastplate brass Confederate; dented 23 28 g 5.3 cm breastplate brass Confederate 24 89 g 6.1 cm x 6.9 cm breastplate brass Union; bullet hole 25 8 g 1.0 cm case shot lead 26 10 g 1.1 cm case shot lead 27 12 g 1.2 cm case shot lead 28 26 g 1.4 cm case shot lead 29 26 g 1.7 cm case shot lead 30 26 g 1.4 cm case shot lead 31 24 g 1.4 cm case shot lead 2.5 cm x 1.5 cm x 1.5 3-ring Minié ball, 32 32 g cm Minié Ball lead .69 cal 2.7 cm x 1.5 cm x 1.5 3-ring Minié ball, 33 32 g cm Minié Ball lead .69 cal 3-ring Minié ball, 34 16 g 2.3 cm Minié Ball lead .69 cal; deformed 35 103 g 14.0 cm case shot mold brass broken at tip; eagle insignia marked with 36 9 g 2.1 cm x 4.0 cm padlock cover metal "W.W. & Co." 37 < 1 g 1.3 cm unknown metal shield-shaped 38 10 g 1.8 cm unknown metal 39 5 g 2.6 cm x 1.2 cm percussion cap can tin may contain 40 15 g 4.0 cm x 1.8 cm percussion cap can tin something - rust? may contain 41 16 g 4.8 cm x 1.9 cm percussion cap can tin something - rust?

48

FS # Weight Length/Dimensions Description Material Comments .50 cal casing; end marked with "U.M.C. 42 10 g 5.0 cm casing brass 50-EX" 43 10 g 4.6 cm casing brass .50 cal casing 44 5 g 2.7 cm casing brass .50 cal casing 45 3 g 2.6 cm casing brass .50 cal casing 2.3 cm x 2.3 cm x 1.0 46 33 g cm cannon ball fuse iron 4.1 cm x 4.1 cm x 2.9 47 74 g cm cannon ball fuse iron 3.5 cm x 3.5 cm x 3.1 48 99 g cm cannon ball fuse iron 49 < 1 g 3.4 cm cannon fuse striker metal 50 8 g 1.1 cm case shot lead 51 6 g 1.3 cm case shot lead lip on edge 52 < 1 g 1.4 cm case shot (?) unknown 53 12 g 1.4 cm case shot lead 54 19 g 1.4 cm case shot lead 55 15 g 1.4 cm case shot lead 56 14 g 1.3 cm case shot lead 57 17 g 1.4 cm case shot lead 58 26 g 1.7 cm case shot lead 59 26 g 1.8 cm case shot lead 60 24 g 1.8 cm case shot lead 61 8 g 1.8 cm case shot lead 62 7 g 1.6 cm case shot lead 63 9 g 2.0 cm case shot lead 64 16 g 2.0 cm case shot lead 65 19g 1.9 cm case shot lead 66 32 g 2.1 cm grapeshot lead 67 40 g 2.7 cm grapeshot lead 68 25 g 2.8 cm grapeshot lead 69 44 g 3.2 cm x 5.5 cm grapeshot lead

1/2 of a 12-lb. cannon 70 1717 g 11.5 cm x 11.0 cm exploding shell fragment iron ball; fuse hole visible 1/2 of a 12-lb. cannon 71 1015 g 11.2 cm x 10.6 cm exploding shell fragment iron ball

49

FS # Weight Length/Dimensions Description Material Comments

1/2 of a 12-lb. cannon 72 1241 g 11.1 cm x 11.0 cm exploding shell fragment iron ball; fuse hole visible 73 100 g 7.0 cm x 3.5 cm exploding shell fragment iron whole 12-lb. cannon 74 5444 g 11.0 cm x 11.0 cm exploding shell iron ball siege mortar with intact cannon fuse 75 45.4 kg exploding shell iron hole

.44 cal Tranter Double 76 881 g 28.5 cm pistol metal action revolver 77 372 g 13.5 cm x 15.2 cm stirrup lead 78 103 g 2.9 cm canister shot lead possibly fired 79 153 g 3.2 cm canister shot lead 80 174 g 4.2 cm canister shot lead 81 245 g 3.6 cm canister shot lead 82 287 g 4.0 cm canister shot lead 83 490 g 4.7 cm canister shot lead 84 528 g 5.2 cm canister shot lead triangular blade; 85 177 g 18.0 cm x 6.5 cm bayonet Metal broken 86 367 g 46.7 cm x 7.7 cm bayonet Metal triangular blade 87 571 g 25.7 cm x 2.7 cm gun barrel Metal exploded 88 1905 g 103.0 cm x 3.2 cm gun barrel Metal exploded 89 2052 g 118.1 cm x 2.4 cm gun barrel Metal whole 90: 37.8 cm x 2.8 cm; two busted pieces 90 & 91 1074 g 91: 36.0 cm x 2.5 cm gun barrel Metal rusted together 92 1072 g 51.8 cm x 2.8 cm gun barrel Metal exploded 93 1220 g 63.5 cm x 2.8 cm gun barrel metal exploded 94 429 g 28.2 cm x 1.2 cm gun barrel metal exploded and bent 95 700 g 10.5 cm x 10.5 cm unknown metal mix

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APPENDIX B

PHOTOS OF P. G. ARTIFACTS, LLC

Table of Contents for Appendix B

B1 Buttons, FS 1-4 ...... 53 B2 Buttons, FS 5-7 ...... 53 B3 Buttons, FS 8-10 ...... 53 B4 Buttons, FS 11-13 ...... 54 B5 Metal horse bridle piece, marked with Federal “US”; FS 14 ...... 54 B6 Brass belt buckle, marked “CS” for Confederate States; FS 15 ...... 55 B7 Reverse side of FS 15; marked with “1862” and “P” ...... 55 B8 Lead gun swivel; FS 16 ...... 56 B9 Lead boot heel; FS 17 ...... 56 B10 Brass belt buckle; FS 18 ...... 57 B11 Lead stirrup; FS 19 ...... 57 B12 Iron handcuff; FS 20 ...... 58 B13 Iron handcuff with chain; FS 21 ...... 58 B14 Two Confederate breastplates; brass Union breastplate with possible bullet hole. FS 22-24 ...... 59 B15 Lead case shot, FS 25-30 ...... 59 B16 3-ringed Minie ball, .69 cal soft lead; FS 32-34 ...... 60 B17 Brass case shot mold; FS 35 ...... 60 B18 Metal padlock cover, eagle insignia marked with “W. W. & Co.”; FS 36 ...... 61 B19 Unknown metal object; FS 37 ...... 61 B20 Unknown metal object, resembles case shot?; FS 38 ...... 62 B21 Percussion cap tin cans, FS 39-41 ...... 62 B22 Brass .50 caliber casings, FS 42-45 ...... 63 B23 Iron cannon fuses; FS 46-48 ...... 63 B24 Metal cannon fuse striker; FS 49 ...... 64 B25 Lead case shot, FS 50-57 ...... 64 B26 Lead case shot, FS 58-65 ...... 65 B27 Lead grapeshot, FS 66-69 ...... 65 B28 Iron exploding shell fragment, 12-lb. cannon ball; FS 70 ...... 66 B29 Iron exploding shell fragment, 12-lb. cannon ball; FS 71 ...... 66 B30 Iron exploding shell fragment, 12-lb. cannon ball; FS 72 ...... 67 B31 Iron exploding shell fragment; FS 73 ...... 67 B32 Iron exploding shell, 12-lb. cannon ball; FS 74 ...... 68 B33 Siege mortar; FS 75 ...... 68 B34 Cannon fuse hole of FS 75 ...... 69 B35 .44 cal; Tranter double action revolver; FS 76 ...... 69 B36 Revolver of .44 cal Tranter; FS 76 ...... 70 B37 Lead stirrup; FS 77 ...... 70

51

B38 Lead canister shot, FS 78-84 ...... 71 B39 Bayonet with triangular blade; FS 85 ...... 71 B40 Bayonet with triangular blade; FS 86 ...... 72 B41 Exploded gun barrel; FS 87 ...... 72 B42 Gun barrel; FS 88 ...... 73 B43 Gun barrel; FS 89 ...... 73 B44 Two exploded gun barrels rusted together; FS 90 & 91 ...... 74 B45 Exploded gun barrel; FS 92 ...... 74 B46 Exploded gun barrel; FS 93 ...... 75 B47 Exploded gun barrel; FS 94 ...... 75 B48 Unknown metal; FS 95 ...... 76

52

Figure B1: Buttons, FS 1-4.

Figure B2: Buttons, FS 5-7

Figure B3: Buttons, FS 8-10

53

Figure B4: Buttons, FS 11-13

Figure B5: Metal horse bridle piece, marked with Federal “US”; FS 14

54

Figure B6: Brass belt buckle, marked “CS” for Confederate States; FS 15

Figure B7: Reverse side of FS 15; marked with “1862” and “P”

55

Figure B8: Lead gun swivel; FS 16

Figure B9: Lead boot heel; FS 17

56

Figure B10: Brass belt buckle; FS 18

Figure B11: Lead stirrup; FS 19

57

Figure B12: Iron handcuff; FS 20

Figure B13: Iron handcuff with chain; FS 21

58

Figure B14: Left, two Confederate breastplates; right, brass Union breastplate with possible bullet hole. FS 22-24.

Figure B15: Lead case shot, FS 25-30

59

Figure B16: 3-ringed Minie ball, .69 cal soft lead; FS 32-34

Figure B17: Brass case shot mold; FS 35

60

Figure B18: Metal padlock cover, eagle insignia marked with “W. W. & Co.”; FS 36

Figure B19: Unknown metal object; FS 37

61

Figure B20: Unknown metal object, resembles case shot?; FS 38

Figure B21: Percussion cap tin cans, FS 39-41

62

Figure B22: Brass .50 caliber casings, FS 42-45

Figure B23: Iron cannon fuses; FS 46-48

63

Figure B24: Metal cannon fuse striker; FS 49

Figure B25: Lead case shot, FS 50-57

64

Figure B26: Lead case shot, FS 58-65

Figure B27: Lead grapeshot, FS 66-69

65

Figure B28: Iron exploding shell fragment, 12-lb. cannon ball; FS 70

Figure B29: Iron exploding shell fragment, 12-lb. cannon ball; FS 71

66

Figure B30: Iron exploding shell fragment, 12-lb. cannon ball; FS 72

Figure B31: Iron exploding shell fragment; FS 73

67

Figure B32: Iron exploding shell, 12-lb. cannon ball; FS 74

Figure B33: Siege mortar; FS 75

68

Figure B34: Cannon fuse hole of FS 75

Figure B35: .44 cal; Tranter double action revolver; FS 76

69

Figure B36: Revolver of .44 cal Tranter; FS 76

Figure B37: Lead stirrup; FS 77

\

70

Figure B38: Lead canister shot, FS 78-84

Figure B39: Bayonet with triangular blade; FS 85

71

Figure B40: Bayonet with triangular blade; FS 86

Figure B41: Exploded gun barrel; FS 87

72

Figure B42: Gun barrel; FS 88

Figure B43: Gun barrel; FS 89

73

Figure B44: Two exploded gun barrels rusted together; FS 90 & 91

Figure B45: Exploded gun barrel; FS 92

74

Figure B46: Exploded gun barrel; FS 93

Figure B47: Exploded gun barrel; FS 94

75

Figure B48: Unknown metal; FS 95

76

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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Jessica Barnett was born and raised in Jacksonville, Florida. She received her Bachelor’s of Science from Florida State University in 2006.

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