DOCSLIB.ORG

Concept of Counting Early Calculating Devices the First Electro

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Concept of Counting Early Calculating Devices the First Electro GAJERA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, SURAT COMPUTER STUDY MATERIAL STD – 5TH DATE – 23/04/2020 TOPIC – HISTORY OF COMPUTER Topic covered: Concept of counting Early Calculating Devices The First Electro – Mechanical Computer The First Electronic Computer Concept of Counting The computer is an electronic machine that has touched every aspect of our life, making our work faster, easier, and well-organized. We rely on computers for most of our daily work. Computer has its own history. It has been a combination of efforts and ideas of many people from all over the world. The concept of counting started with the existence of human beings. In the ancient times, people used to count with the help of stones, pebbles, bones, sticks, fingers, toes, etc., and store the information by making marks on walls, pillars, rocks, etc. In the course of time, it became difficult to do bigger and complex calculations with such objects. So, people started thinking of some kind of device which could make their tasks easier. Thus, the first calculating device 'ABACUS' was invented. Early Calculating Device 1) Abacus o Abacus was the first calculating device, invented about o 5000 years ago by the Chinese. Simple calculations like o addition and subtraction were performed, using the o Abacus. It is still in use in different parts of the world. 2) Napier’s bones In 1617, a Scottish mathematician John Napier invented a calculating device called Napier’s bones. This device is a set of rectangular rods marked with numbers on them. It was meant for simple calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication of numbers. Later on, it was improved to perform division and to find the square root. 3) Pascaline In 1642, a French mathematician named Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical computing machine known as Pascaline. It consisted of a box with movable gears that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide the numbers very easily. 4) Leibniz’s Step Reckoner In 1692, the more advanced calculating machine named Step Reckoner was developed by a German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. It could perform all four basic mathematical operations, i.e., addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. 5) Babbage’s Analytical Engine In 1822, a mathematics professor of Cambridge University, England, Charles Babbage developed a machine known as Difference Engine. It could perform mathematical operations automatically. However in 1833, Babbage had a better idea, and he stopped working on Difference Engine and started designing another machine called Analytical Engine. It had five key features, i.e., input device, storage unit, processor, control unit and an output device. All these five features are found in today's modern computers. Therefore, Charles Babbage is also known as the Father of Computer. 6) Tabulating Machine In 1890, Herman Hollerith, an army engineer invented a tabulating machine. This Tabulating Machine was used in census (to count the population) of the USA. It gave a 'quick' count of the US population. The use of the Tabulating Machine was so successful that Hollerith formed a company that later became famous as the International Business Machine or IBM. The First Electro – Mechanical Computer 1) Mark I In 1944, Prof. Howard Aikens built the first Electro-Mechanical Computer named Mark I. It was 51 feet long, weighed 5 tons, and used a typewriter for input and punched cards for output. This device was the first computer in a real sense. The First Electronic Computer 1) ENIAC and UNIVAC John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert together built the first successful electronic digital computer known as ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer).It was operational in 1946. ENIAC was 10 feet wide and 100 feet long; it occupied 1800 square feet of area and could perform 5000 additions per second. In 1951, John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert developed another successful computer known as UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer). It could handle both numeric and textual information. It was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client US Census Bureau in 1951. ENIAC UNIVAC WORKSHEET Fill in the blanks. 1. The first calculating device was _____________________. 2. ___________________ Calculating device was developed by Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. 3. ________________________ known as the ‘Father of Computer.’ True or False. 1. Early man used to count with the help of stones, fingers, etc. _____ 2. Herman Hollerith invented ‘Tabulating Machine’ in 1990. _____ 3. Mark I was the first electro-mechanical computer. _____ Write the name of inventors and the year of inventors. Inventors Year 1. Pascaline _______________________ _____________ 2. PC – AT _______________________ _____________ 3. Analytical Engine _______________________ _____________ 4. Abacus _______________________ _____________ 5. Mark I _______________________ _____________ 6. Tabulating Machine _______________________ _____________ .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Simulating Physics with Computers
    International Journal of Theoretical Physics, VoL 21, Nos. 6/7, 1982 Simulating Physics with Computers Richard P. Feynman Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91107 Received May 7, 1981 1. INTRODUCTION On the program it says this is a keynote speech--and I don't know what a keynote speech is. I do not intend in any way to suggest what should be in this meeting as a keynote of the subjects or anything like that. I have my own things to say and to talk about and there's no implication that anybody needs to talk about the same thing or anything like it. So what I want to talk about is what Mike Dertouzos suggested that nobody would talk about. I want to talk about the problem of simulating physics with computers and I mean that in a specific way which I am going to explain. The reason for doing this is something that I learned about from Ed Fredkin, and my entire interest in the subject has been inspired by him. It has to do with learning something about the possibilities of computers, and also something about possibilities in physics. If we suppose that we know all the physical laws perfectly, of course we don't have to pay any attention to computers. It's interesting anyway to entertain oneself with the idea that we've got something to learn about physical laws; and if I take a relaxed view here (after all I'm here and not at home) I'll admit that we don't understand everything.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Computing Prehistory – the World Before 1946
    Social and Professional Issues in IT Prehistory - the world before 1946 History of Computing Prehistory – the world before 1946 The word “Computing” Originally, the word computing was synonymous with counting and calculating, and a computer was a person who computes. Since the advent of the electronic computer, it has come to also mean the operation and usage of these machines, the electrical processes carried out within the computer hardware itself, and the theoretical concepts governing them. Prehistory: Computing related events 750 BC - 1799 A.D. 750 B.C. The abacus was first used by the Babylonians as an aid to simple arithmetic at sometime around this date. 1492 Leonardo da Vinci produced drawings of a device consisting of interlocking cog wheels which could be interpreted as a mechanical calculator capable of addition and subtraction. A working model inspired by this plan was built in 1968 but it remains controversial whether Leonardo really had a calculator in mind 1588 Logarithms are discovered by Joost Buerghi 1614 Scotsman John Napier invents an ingenious system of moveable rods (referred to as Napier's Rods or Napier's bones). These were based on logarithms and allowed the operator to multiply, divide and calculate square and cube roots by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards. 1622 William Oughtred developed slide rules based on John Napier's logarithms 1623 Wilhelm Schickard of Tübingen, Württemberg (now in Germany), built the first discrete automatic calculator, and thus essentially started the computer era. His device was called the "Calculating Clock". This mechanical machine was capable of adding and subtracting up to 6 digit numbers, and warned of an overflow by ringing a bell.
    [Show full text]
  • Flight Results of the Inflatesail Spacecraft and Future Applications of Dragsails
    SSC18-XI-04 FLIGHT RESULTS OF THE INFLATESAIL SPACECRAFT AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF DRAGSAILS B Taylor, C. Underwood, A. Viquerat, S Fellowes, R. Duke, B. Stewart, G. Aglietti, C. Bridges Surrey Space Centre, University of Surrey Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom, +44(0)1483 686278, [email protected] M. Schenk University of Bristol Bristol, Avon, BS8 1TH, United Kingdom, +44 (0)117 3315364, [email protected] C. Massimiani Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd. 20 Stephenson Rd, Guildford GU2 7YE; United Kingdom, +44 (0)1483 803803, [email protected] D. Masutti, A. Denis Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Waterloosesteenweg 72, B-1640 Sint-Genesius-Rode, Belgium, +32 2 359 96 11, [email protected] ABSTRACT The InflateSail CubeSat, designed and built at the Surrey Space Centre (SSC) at the University of Surrey, UK, for the Von Karman Institute (VKI), Belgium, is one of the technology demonstrators for the QB50 programme. The 3.2 kilogram InflateSail is “3U” in size and is equipped with a 1 metre long inflatable boom and a 10 square metre deployable drag sail. InflateSail's primary goal is to demonstrate the effectiveness of using a drag sail in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to dramatically increase the rate at which satellites lose altitude and re-enter the Earth's atmosphere. InflateSail was launched on Friday 23rd June 2017 into a 505km Sun-synchronous orbit. Shortly after the satellite was inserted into its orbit, the satellite booted up and automatically started its successful deployment sequence and quickly started its decent. The spacecraft exhibited varying dynamic modes, capturing in-situ attitude data throughout the mission lifetime.
    [Show full text]
  • Made in Space, We Propose an Entirely New Concept
    EXECUTIVE SUMMARY “Those who control the spice control the universe.” – Frank Herbert, Dune Many interesting ideas have been conceived for building space-based infrastructure in cislunar space. From O’Neill’s space colonies, to solar power satellite farms, and even prospecting retrieved near earth asteroids. In all the scenarios, one thing remained fixed - the need for space resources at the outpost. To satisfy this need, O’Neill suggested an electromagnetic railgun to deliver resources from the lunar surface, while NASA’s Asteroid Redirect Mission called for a solar electric tug to deliver asteroid materials from interplanetary space. At Made In Space, we propose an entirely new concept. One which is scalable, cost effective, and ensures that the abundant material wealth of the inner solar system becomes readily available to humankind in a nearly automated fashion. We propose the RAMA architecture, which turns asteroids into self-contained spacecraft capable of moving themselves back to cislunar space. The RAMA architecture is just as capable of transporting conventional sized asteroids on the 10m length scale as transporting asteroids 100m or larger, making it the most versatile asteroid retrieval architecture in terms of retrieved-mass capability. ii This report describes the results of the Phase I study funded by the NASA NIAC program for Made In Space to establish the concept feasibility of using space manufacturing to convert asteroids into autonomous, mechanical spacecraft. Project RAMA, Reconstituting Asteroids into Mechanical Automata, is designed to leverage the future advances of additive manufacturing (AM), in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) and in-situ manufacturing (ISM) to realize enormous efficiencies in repeated asteroid redirect missions.
    [Show full text]
  • Session 2020-21 (PERIODIC TEST II PORTION) Subject: COMPUTER Class : V Chapter 1: EVOLUTION of COMPUTERS Students to Read the Fo
    Session 2020-21 (PERIODIC TEST II PORTION) Subject: COMPUTER Class : V Chapter 1: EVOLUTION OF COMPUTERS DAY-1 Students to read the following topics thoroughly: Every aspect of our lives in this present era has been influenced by the most advanced machine known as computer. Initially computers were used only by scientists and engineers for complex calculations and were very expensive. Nowadays, computers can be afforded by individuals and small organizations. Computers are extensively used in banks, hospitals, media and entertainment, industries, schools, homes, space technology and research, railways, airports and so on. The term ‘Computer’ is derived from the word, ‘compute’ which means to calculate but a computer is not limited to perform only calculations. A computer is a versatile device that can handle different applications at the same time. Now, let us glance through the major milestones in the journey leading to the evolution of present day computer. ❖ HISTORY OF COMPUTERS: Right from abacus - the first counting device, many devices were invented, leading to the development of computers. ❖ COMPUTING DEVICES: 3000 BC ABACUS: ➢ Abacus was the first mechanical device for calculations, developed in China. ➢ It was made up of a wooden frame with rods, each having beads. ➢ The frame is divided into two parts – Heaven and Earth. ➢ Each rod in Heaven has 2 beads and each rod in Earth has 5 beads. ➢ This device was used for addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. ASSIGNMENT: (To be written in computer notebook, both questions & answers) Q 1. In which country was Abacus developed? Ans: Q 2. Computer has been derived from which word? Ans: DAY-2 Students to read the following topics thoroughly: PASCAL ADDING MACHINE: ➢ Pascal adding machine was the first mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician at the age of 19.
    [Show full text]
  • A Brief History of IT
    IT Computer Technical Support Newsletter A Brief History of IT May 23, 2016 Vol.2, No.29 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction........................1 Pre-mechanical..................2 Mechanical.........................3 Electro-mechanical............4 Electronic...........................5 Age of Information.............6 Since the dawn of modern computers, the rapid digitization and growth in the amount of data created, shared, and consumed has transformed society greatly. In a world that is interconnected, change happens at a startling pace. Have you ever wondered how this connected world of ours got connected in the first place? The IT Computer Technical Support 1 Newsletter is complements of Pejman Kamkarian nformation technology has been around for a long, long time. Basically as Ilong as people have been around! Humans have always been quick to adapt technologies for better and faster communication. There are 4 main ages that divide up the history of information technology but only the latest age (electronic) and some of the electromechanical age really affects us today. 1. Pre-Mechanical The earliest age of technology. It can be defined as the time between 3000 B.C. and 1450 A.D. When humans first started communicating, they would try to use language to make simple pictures – petroglyphs to tell a story, map their terrain, or keep accounts such as how many animals one owned, etc. Petroglyph in Utah This trend continued with the advent of formal language and better media such as rags, papyrus, and eventually paper. The first ever calculator – the abacus was invented in this period after the development of numbering systems. 2 | IT Computer Technical Support Newsletter 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum-Mechanical Computers, If They Can Be Constructed, Will Do Things No Ordinary Computer Can Quantum-Mechanical Computers
    Quantum-mechanical computers, if they can be constructed, will do things no ordinary computer can Quantum-Mechanical Computers by Seth Lloyd very two years for the past 50, computers have become twice as fast while their components have become half as big. Circuits now contain wires and transistors that measure only one hundredth of a human hair in width. Because of this ex- Eplosive progress, today’s machines are millions of times more powerful than their crude ancestors. But explosions do eventually dissipate, and integrated-circuit technology is running up against its limits. 1 Advanced lithographic techniques can yield parts /100 the size of what is currently avail- able. But at this scale—where bulk matter reveals itself as a crowd of individual atoms— integrated circuits barely function. A tenth the size again, the individuals assert their iden- tity, and a single defect can wreak havoc. So if computers are to become much smaller in the future, new technology must replace or supplement what we now have. HYDROGEN ATOMS could be used to store bits of information in a quantum computer. An atom in its ground state, with its electron in its lowest possible en- ergy level (blue), can represent a 0; the same atom in an excited state, with its electron at a higher energy level (green), can repre- sent a 1. The atom’s bit, 0 or 1, can be flipped to the opposite value using a pulse of laser light (yellow). If the photons in the pulse have the same amount of energy as the difference between the electron’s ground state and its excited state, the electron will jump from one state to the other.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanical Computing
    Home For Librarians Help My SpringerReference Go Advanced Search Physics and Astronomy > Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science > Mechanical Computing: The Related Articles Computational Complexity of Physical Devices Unconventional Computing, Introduction to Cite | History | Comment | Print | References | Image Gallery | Hide Links Author This article represents the version submitted by the author. Dr. John H. Reif It is currently undergoing peer review prior to full publication. Dept. Comp. Sci., Duke Univ., Durham, USA and Adj. Fac. of Mechanical Computing: The Computational Complexity of Comp., KAU, Jeddah, SA, Durham, USA Physical Devices Editor Page Content [show] Dr. Robert A. Meyers RAMTECH LIMITED, Larkspur, USA Glossary Session History (max. 10) Mechanical Computing: The - Mechanism: A machine or part of a machine that performs a particular task computation: Computational Complexity of Physical the use of a computer for calculation. Devices - Computable: Capable of being worked out by calculation, especially using a computer. - Simulation: Used to denote both the modeling of a physical system by a computer as well as the modeling of the operation of a computer by a mechanical system; the difference will be clear from the context. Definition of the Subject Mechanical devices for computation appear to be largely displaced by the widespread use of microprocessor‐based computers that are pervading almost all aspects of our lives. Nevertheless, mechanical devices for computation are of interest for at least three reasons: (a) Historical: The use of mechanical devices for computation is of central importance in the historical study of technologies, with a history dating back thousands of years and with surprising applications even in relatively recent times.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulatory Requirements to the Thermal-Hydraulic and Thermal-Mechanical Computer Codes Authors: M
    Paper 4.1 Regulatory requirements to the thermal-hydraulic and thermal-mechanical computer codes Authors: M. Vitkova1, B. Kalchev2, S. Stefanova3 1 Nuclear Regulatory Agency 2 Institute of Energy 3 Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy – Bulgarian Academy of Science Abstract The paper presents an overview of the regulatory requirements to the thermal-hydraulic and thermal-mechanical computer codes, which are used for safety assessment of the fuel design and the fuel utilization. Some requirements to the model development, verification and validation of the codes and analysis of code uncertainties are also define. Questions concerning Quality Assurance during development and implementation of the codes as well as preparation of a detailed verification and validation plan are briefly discussed. 1. Introduction Commitment by utilities to safe, reliable and economical power production is the basis for nuclear energy progress. All these goals are only achievable if the utility is able to accomplish and maintain a successful operation. At the same time the operation of the nuclear power plants are not absolutely free of risk. This requires some principles, requirements and measures for radiological protection of the personnel, the public and the environment to be formulated and adequately implemented so as the risk from the plant operation can be minimized and the society’s needs for useful energy can be met. Logical relations between safety objectives and principles for protection should be established to guarantee that the nuclear power plants can be operated safely and reliably. At the other hand the design provisions should include a multibarrier system to protect humans and the environment in a wide range of abnormal conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanical Tic-Tac-Toe Board
    Mechanical Tic-Tac-Toe Board A Major Qualifying Project Report submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science. By: Shane Bell Timothy Bill Abigail McAdams Taylor Teed Spring 2018 Submitted to: Professor Robert Daniello Mechanical Engineering Department 1 Abstract The goal of this MQP was to design, test and build a fully mechanical computer capable of playing tic-tac-toe against a human being. There is no question that modern computers could solve this problem more efficiently. However, our team aims to prove that old school technology still has a place in society today. Our design includes numerous methods of mechanical motion that are found in many designs today such as an escapement, gears, racks and pinions, and hydraulics. The machine was built almost entirely in the Higgins machine shop, except for a couple parts that were either cut with a water-jet or purchased. Our design uses an indexing module to detect position and data stored on a physical punch card to produce the best strategic answer. If the user makes the first move, the computer will never lose, only win or tie. 2 Acknowledgements Our group would like that thank our advisor Robert Daniello for his guidance and support throughout the duration of our project, Thomas Kouttron and Michael Cooke for their positive attitudes and constant aid in manufacturing, and Dane Kouttron for allowing access to machines not available within WPI facilities. We would also like to thank James Loiselle, Ian Anderson, Karl Ehlers, and Cam Collins for their good hearted aid, teaching our team the ins and outs of computer aided manufacturing and helping to figure out machining problems that we could not.
    [Show full text]
  • The Z1: Architecture and Algorithms of Konrad Zuse's First Computer
    The Z1: Architecture and Algorithms of Konrad Zuse’s First Computer Raul Rojas Freie Universität Berlin June 2014 Abstract This paper provides the first comprehensive description of the Z1, the mechanical computer built by the German inventor Konrad Zuse in Berlin from 1936 to 1938. The paper describes the main structural elements of the machine, the high-level architecture, and the dataflow between components. The computer could perform the four basic arithmetic operations using floating-point numbers. Instructions were read from punched tape. A program consisted of a sequence of arithmetical operations, intermixed with memory store and load instructions, interrupted possibly by input and output operations. Numbers were stored in a mechanical memory. The machine did not include conditional branching in the instruction set. While the architecture of the Z1 is similar to the relay computer Zuse finished in 1941 (the Z3) there are some significant differences. The Z1 implements operations as sequences of microinstructions, as in the Z3, but does not use rotary switches as micro- steppers. The Z1 uses a digital incrementer and a set of conditions which are translated into microinstructions for the exponent and mantissa units, as well as for the memory blocks. Microinstructions select one out of 12 layers in a machine with a 3D mechanical structure of binary mechanical elements. The exception circuits for mantissa zero, necessary for normalized floating-point, were lacking; they were first implemented in the Z3. The information for this article was extracted from careful study of the blueprints drawn by Zuse for the reconstruction of the Z1 for the German Technology Museum in Berlin, from some letters, and from sketches in notebooks.
    [Show full text]
  • World War II and the Advent of Modern Computing Based on Slides Originally Published by Thomas J
    15-292 History of Computing World War II and the Advent of Modern Computing ! Based on slides originally published by Thomas J. Cortina in 2004 for a course at Stony Brook University. Revised in 2013 by Thomas J. Cortina for a computing history course at Carnegie Mellon University. WW II l At start of WW II (1939) l US Military was much smaller than Axis powers l German military had best technology l particularly by the time US entered war in 1941 l US had the great industrial potential l twice the steel production as any other nation, for example ! l A military and scientific war l Outcome was determined by technological developments l atomic bomb, advances in aircraft, radar, code-breaking computers, and many other technologies Konrad Zuse l German Engineer l Z1 – built prototype 1936-1938 in his parents living room l did binary arithmetic l had 64 word memory l Z2 computer had more advances, called by some first fully functioning electro-mechanical computer l convinced German government to fund Z3 l Z3 funded and used by German’s Aircraft Institute, completed 1941 l Z1 – Z3 were electromechanical computers destroyed in WWII, not rebuilt until years later l Z3 was a stored-program computer (like Von Neumann computer) l never could convince the Nazis to put his computer to good use l Zuse smuggled his Z4 to the safety of Switzerland in a military truck l The accelerated pace of Western technological advances and the destruction of German infrastructure left Zuse behind George Stibitz l Electrical Engineer at Bell Labs l In 1937, constructed
    [Show full text]