Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Northeast Kansas
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Geomorphology, Quaternary Stratigraphy, and Geoarcheology of Fox Creek Valley, Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Northeast Kansas Rolfe D. Mandel Kansas Geological Survey 2006 GEOMORPHOLOGY, QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHY, AND GEOARCHEOLOGY OF FOX CREEK VALLEY, TALLGRASS PRAIRIE National Preserve, NORTHEASTERN KANSAS Rolfe D. Mandel Kansas Geological Survey University of Kansas 2006 Kansas Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006-29 Prepared for National Park Service Acknowledgments Ths nvestgaton was funded by a grant (Award No. H6067A00009) awarded by the Natonal Park Servce. Support also was provided by the University of Kansas’ Odyssey Archaeological Research Fund. Dr. Darren Gröcke, Director of the Stable-Isotope Biogeochemistry Laboratory at McMaster University, assisted with δ3C analyses. Thanks also go to Dr. Arthur Bettis and Adel Haj at the University of Iowa’s Paul H. Nelson Stable Isotope Laboratory for assisting with δ3C analyses. I am grateful to a number of individuals at the Kansas Geological Survey who assisted with the production of this report. Jennifer Sims, Pat Acker, and Nick Callaghan prepared the illustrations, and John Charlton prepared many of the photographs. ShyAnne Mailen assisted with copy editing, Bob Sawin and Rex Buchanan reviewed the manuscript, and Jennifer Sims formatted the volume. Also, I am grateful to Jared Beeton, Ph.D. candidate at the University of Kansas, for helping me in the field. Finally, the following staff of the National Park Service provided assistance: Steve Miller, Paula Anderson (now with The Nature Conservancy), Bruce Jones, Ken Cannon, and Kristen Hase. Thanks to all of them. ABSTRACT A geomorphological investigation was conducted in Fox Creek valley within the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Chase County, Kansas. During the first stage of the study, Quaternary landforms were defined and mapped in the valley. This was followed by inspection of cutbank exposures along the creek and deep coring across the valley floor. Subsurface information gleaned from the exposures and cores was used to determine the lithostratigraphy and soil-stratigraphy of the landform sediment assemblages. The numerical ages of alluvial deposits and associated buried soils were determined by radiocarbon dating charcoal, plant macrofossils, and soil carbon. The radiocarbon chronology, combined with soil-stratigraphic data, was used to define temporal and spatial patterns of landscape evoluton (eroson, deposton, and landscape stablty), and to assess the geologc potental for bured prehistoric cultural resources in Fox Creek valley. Also, late-Quaternary vegetative change was inferred from δ3C analysis of soil and sediment organic carbon. The valley floor of Fox Creek consists of four Quaternary landforms: a low floodplain -0b),(T a slightly higher floodplain (T-0a), an alluvial terrace (T-1), and alluvial/colluvial fans. Members of the DeForest Formation, a lithostratigraphic unit that occurs throughout the eastern Plains, compose all of the Holocene landform sediment assemblages (T-0a, T-0b, and T-1) in the valley. Specifically, the T-0b surface is underlain by stratified, silty and loamy alluvium typical of the Camp Creek Member of the DeForest Formation. Although the numerical age of the T-0b fill is unknown, it probably is less than 400 years old and may be less than 200 years old in most of the valley. Two units of the DeForest Formation were identified beneath the T-0a surface: the Honey Creek Member and the Roberts Creek Member. The Honey Creek Member consists of brown (10YR 5/3-4/3, dry), silty alluvium with a moderately expressed surface soil (A-Bw-Bk horizonation). The numerical age of the Honey Creek Member in Fox Creek valley is unknown, but it aggraded sometime after ca. 2000 4C yr B.P. Aggradation of the Honey Creek Member was interrupted by at least one episode of landscape stability, indicated by a weakly developed soil about 1.5 m below the T-0a surface. The Roberts Creek Member consists of fine-grained, organic-rich alluvium that fills paleochannels cut into the Honey Creek Member. A subtle 1 m-high scarp separates the T-0a and T-1 surfaces in Fox Creek valley. The T-1 terrace dominates the valley floor and gently rises towards the valley wall where it either merges with alluvial/ colluvial fans, or is bounded by a steep bedrock wall. The Gunder Member of the DeForest Formation forms most of the valley fill beneath the T-1 surface. It consists of moderately oxidized, brown (10YR 5/3, dry) to yellowish brown (10YR 5/4, dry) silty clay loam that has been strongly modified by surface-soil development (A-Bt-Btk horizonation). Aggradation of the T-1 fill was underway at ca. 11,00 4C yr B.P. and may have continued into the early Holocene. However, there is a gap in the alluvial record between ca. 11,200 and 4500 4C yr B.P. The early-through-middle Holocene appears to have been a period of net sediment removal on the valley floor of Fox Creek. Sediment storage resumed during the late Holocene and was characterized by rapid floodplain sedimentation from ca. 4500 4C yr B.P. until sometime between ca. 3500 and 2100 4C yr B.P. By ca. 2100 4C yr B.P., sedimentation slowed, and soil development was underway on the late Holocene floodplain soon after 00 4C yr B.P. There was another episode of floodplain sedimentation sometime after 2100 4C yr B.P., resulting in burial of the soil only on the lowest portion of the T-1 terrace near the stream channel. Large, low-angle alluvial/colluvial fans on the margins of the valley floor are composed of fine- and coarse-grained sediment that accumulated during the late Pleistocene.The top of a strongly expressed, brown (7.5YR 4/3, dry) to reddish brown (5YR 4/3, dry) buried soil (paleosol) with At-Bt horizonation is about 1.25-1.50 m below the surface of the fans. Decalcified organic carbon from the upper 10 cm of this paleosol yielded radiocarbon ages of 24,560+350 and 22,620+340 yr B.P. Based on the lithology of the alluvial/colluvial deposits, the fans are composed of the Severance formation, an informal lithostratigraphic unit recognized in eastern Kansas and Nebraska. The δ3C values determined on organic carbon in soil and sediment samples from Core 3 (T-1 fill) suggest that between ca. 4500 and 2100 4C yr B.P., the valley floor of Fox Creek was characterized 3 by a mixed C3/C4 plant community. However, there is a distinct shift to less negative δ C values after 4 ca. 00 C yr B.P., suggesting that C4 vegetation (i.e., warm-season grasses) increased in abundance at the expense of C3 plants (.e., trees). The ncrease n C4 vegetation may represent warmer (and possibly drier) conditions and/or increased fire frequency, which would have reduced woody plant cover in the valley. Results of the geomorphological investigation indicate there is high potential for buried Late Archaic and Early Ceramic cultural deposits in Fox Creek valley. These deposits will be associated with the T-1 fill (Gunder Member), as was observed at site 14SC1304. In addition, the T-1 fill may harbor Early Paleoindian cultural deposits, although this potential is only moderate because no buried soils were observed in late-Wisconsinan alluvium beneath the Gunder Member. Also, there is high to moderate potential for buried Early through Late Ceramic cultural deposits in the T-0a fill, and Historic cultural deposits may be buried in the T-0b fill. v INTRODUCTION The Nature Conservancy and the Natonal Park Servce cultural resources. Hence, ths nvestgaton was conducted to have plans to restore vegetaton and natural surface runoff provide baseline geomorphological and geoarcheolgical data for along Fox Creek, the primary drainage in the Tallgrass Prairie the area of Fox Creek valley within the Preserve. National Preserve. Specifically, the lower reach of Fox Creek at The primary objectives of this investigation were to (1) the southern edge of the Preserve will see the reestablishment of define and map Quaternary landforms and lithostratigraphic units plants that reflect the natural pre-Euro-American contact tallgrass in Fox Creek valley, (2) determine the soil-stratigraphy of the prairie ecosystem. A short distance upstream along Fox Creek, landform sediment assemblages, (3) determine the radiocarbon row crops will be planted that reflect the cultural landscape at ca. ages of alluval deposts and assocated bured sols n order 880 when rancher Stephen Jones owned and operated the Sprng to define temporal and spatial patterns of landscape evolution Hill Ranch. The commitment of these two locales to long-term (eroson, deposton, and landscape stablty) n the valley, (4) use for either tallgrass prairie or row crops will make subsequent reconstruct late-Quaternary vegetative change in the study area identification, dating, and interpretation of landforms and late based on δ3C analysis of soil and sediment organic carbon, and Quaternary deposits along Fox Creek more difficult. Also, future (5) assess the geologic potential for buried prehistoric cultural projects that involve land modification, including the removal of resources in Fox Creek valley. agricultural terraces to restore natural drainage, may affect buried ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING Physiography and Bedrock Geology streams in the region have steep gradients and deeply entrenched channels bordered by rocky ledges. From an archeological perspective, the abundance of The Tallgrass Priarie National Preserve is in the Flint Hills chert bands in the limestones is perhaps the most important region of Fenneman’s (1931) Central Lowlands physiographic characteristic of the Flint Hills environment (Mandel, 2006a). province. The Flint Hills trend north-south along the western Because of its superior flaking qualities, Flint Hills chert edge of the Osage Cuestas and Glaciated Region of eastern provided excellent raw material for chipped stone tools and was Kansas.