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Hydrogel Based Sensors for Biomedical Applications: an Updated Review

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Hydrogel Based Sensors for Biomedical Applications: an Updated Review polymers Review Hydrogel Based Sensors for Biomedical Applications: An Updated Review Javad Tavakoli 1,* and Youhong Tang 2,* ID 1 Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia 2 Institute for Nano Scale Science & Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, SA, Australia * Correspondence: javad.tavakoli@flinders.edu.au (J.T.); youhong.tang@flinders.edu.au (Y.T.) Received: 20 July 2017; Accepted: 12 August 2017; Published: 16 August 2017 Abstract: Biosensors that detect and convert biological reactions to a measurable signal have gained much attention in recent years. Between 1950 and 2017, more than 150,000 papers have been published addressing the applications of biosensors in different industries, but to the best of our knowledge and through careful screening, critical reviews that describe hydrogel based biosensors for biomedical applications are rare. This review discusses the biomedical application of hydrogel based biosensors, based on a search performed through Web of Science Core, PubMed (NLM), and Science Direct online databases for the years 2000–2017. In this review, we consider bioreceptors to be immobilized on hydrogel based biosensors, their advantages and disadvantages, and immobilization techniques. We identify the hydrogels that are most favored for this type of biosensor, as well as the predominant transduction strategies. We explain biomedical applications of hydrogel based biosensors including cell metabolite and pathogen detection, tissue engineering, wound healing, and cancer monitoring, and strategies for small biomolecules such as glucose, lactate, urea, and cholesterol detection are identified. Keywords: hydrogel based biosensor; hydrogel; bioreceptors; immobilization; biomedical application; transduction strategies 1. Introduction Biosensors that detect and convert biological reactions to a measurable signal have gained much attention in recent years. By integration of a biologically active component with an appropriate transducer, biosensors produce a measurable signal generated by chemical reactions. To achieve this purpose, a biosensor is made up of four main components, as shown in Figure1. A bioreceptor, as a molecular species—such as nucleic acid, enzyme, antibody, gene, or a biological system, such as a cell or an organ—employs a biochemical mechanism to interact with the analyte. While a transducer produces a measurable signal proportional to the bioreceptor–analyte interaction [1]. Using different immobilization techniques, bioreceptors are coupled with base materials [2]. Base materials can be made up of metals, polymers, glass, or composites. Moreover, hydrogels as a swell able polymer with enviro-sensitive properties are having a profound impact in a broad range of applications due to their exceptional physicochemical, mechanical, electrical, and optical properties [3–5]. Despite the period since their initial discovery in 1968, hydrogels have emerged as a promising platform with surprising and enormous potential for biomedical use. Their applications in this field are still in a developing phase [6–10]. Polymers 2017, 9, 364; doi:10.3390/polym9080364 www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers Polymers 2017, 9, 364 2 of 25 Polymers 2017, 9, 364 2 of 23 Figure 1.1. AA typical typical biosensor biosensor system system includes includes structural structural elements, elements, materials, materials, and strategies and strategies for sensing. for Hydrogel,sensing. Hydrogel, as a biocompatible as a biocompatible polymer polymer with great with ability greatof ability water of absorption, water absorption, can be usedcan be as used a base as materiala base material to form to a form hydrogel a hydrogel based biosensor.based biosensor. Some sensing Some sensing strategies strategies (electrochemical, (electrochemical, mass based, mass andbased, optical) and canoptical) be used can forbe identificationused for identifica of a specifiction of biomolecule a specific usingbiomolecule mentioned using measurement mentioned methodsmeasurement (conductometric, methods (conductometric, potentiometric, amperometric, potentiometric, impedimetric, amperometric, surface impedimetric, charge, piezoelectric, surface megnetoelastic,charge, piezoelectric, surface megnetoelastic, acoustic wave, fibersurface optic, acoustic absorbance, wave, and fiber luminescence). optic, absorbance, Measurement and methodsluminescence). are not Measurement limited to the methods mentioned are methodsnot limited explained to the mentioned here and othermethods classification explained (i.e., here label and basedother classification vs. label-free) (i.e., can label be noticed based asvs. well. label-free) can be noticed as well. In fact, searches for the word “biosensor” in the ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct In fact, searches for the word “biosensor” in the ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct databases obtained 46,791, 47,017, and 72,477 hits respectively from the period 1950 to 1 February databases obtained 46,791, 47,017, and 72,477 hits respectively from the period 1950 to 1 February 2017. 2017. An advanced searches that combined “biosensors” and “hydrogel based” resulted in 702, 497, An advanced searches that combined “biosensors” and “hydrogel based” resulted in 702, 497, and and 4047 findings in the ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct databases. Totals of 28, 66 4047 findings in the ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct databases. Totals of 28, 66 and and 1577 papers were found for “biosensor + hydrogel based + biomedical application” searches in 1577 papers were found for “biosensor + hydrogel based + biomedical application” searches in the ISI the ISI Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct databases, respectively. Through careful Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct databases, respectively. Through careful screening, the screening, the most published papers were revealed to be those referring to general specifications of most published papers were revealed to be those referring to general specifications of bioreceptors and bioreceptors and transducers. To our knowledge, however, critical reviews that describe hydrogel transducers. To our knowledge, however, critical reviews that describe hydrogel based biosensors for based biosensors for biomedical applications were rare. biomedical applications were rare. The objectives of this review are to summarize the biomedical applications of hydrogel based The objectives of this review are to summarize the biomedical applications of hydrogel based biosensors, including bioreceptors that have been specifically recommended for hydrogels, the biosensors, including bioreceptors that have been specifically recommended for hydrogels, the methods methods of immobilization, sensor design, and structural modifications, to identify potential roles of of immobilization, sensor design, and structural modifications, to identify potential roles of hydrogels hydrogels for biomedical applications, and to suggest areas for future investigation. for biomedical applications, and to suggest areas for future investigation. 2. Bioreceptors Bioreceptors are biomolecular recognition componentscomponents thatthat are responsible for binding a specificspecific particle ofof interest interest within within a biosystem a biosystem environment. environm Althoughent. Although many formsmany offorms bioreceptors of bioreceptors are available are toavailable monitor to numerous monitor numerous different particles different that particles have been that triggeredhave been for triggered sensing, for they sensing, can be categorizedthey can be incategorized five different in five major different groups, major as shown groups, in Figureas shown2[11 in,12 Figure]. 2 [11,12]. Polymers 2017, 9, 364 3 of 25 Polymers 2017, 9, 364 3 of 23 FigureFigure 2. 2.Schematic Schematic diagram diagram of five of distinct five bioreceptordistinct bioreceptor categories (acategories) antigen/antibodies; (a) antigen/antibodies; (b) enzymes; (c(b)) cells enzymes; and cellular (c) cells structures; and cellular (d) structures; nucleic acids (d) and nucleic DNA; acids and and (e) biomimetic.DNA; and (e) biomimetic. AntibodiesAntibodies areare Y-shaped,Y-shaped, complexcomplex proteinsproteins usedused toto identifyidentify foreignforeign antigens,antigens, viruses,viruses, andand bacteria.bacteria. With specific specific binding binding capabilities, capabilities, antibodies antibodies have have been been used used in inbiosensors. biosensors. The The “lock “lock and andkey keyfit”—as fit”—as a unique a unique property property of ofa aspecific specific geometrical geometrical configuration—is configuration—is the capability thatthat anan antigen-specificantigen-specific antibodyantibody exhibitsexhibits whenwhen employedemployed asas aa biosensorbiosensor [13[13].]. ExploitationExploitation ofof anan animalanimal immuneimmune systemsystem isis aa usualusual methodmethod forfor productionproduction ofof polyclonal,polyclonal, monoclonal,monoclonal, andand recombinantrecombinant antibodies,antibodies, among which, which, polyclonal polyclonal antibodies antibodies are are popular popular for their for theirfrequent frequent use as useimmune as immune sensors sensors[14]. Recombinant [14]. Recombinant antibodies antibodies have been have selected been to selected detect tostructurally detect structurally diverse antigens diverse including antigens includinghaptens, proteins, haptens, proteins,and
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