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THE CONTROVERSY Between KARL EARTH and EMIL ERUNNER

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THE CONTROVERSY between KARL EARTH and EMIL ERUNNER CONCERNING NATURAL THEOLOGY. BY JOHN HENDERSON, M.A. THESIS PRESENTED FOR THE DEGREE of DOCTOR of PHILOSOPHY EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY CONTENTS. I. THE DIALECTICAL THEOLOGY. A. The Rise of the Dialectical Theology ....... 1 B. The Principles of the Dialectical Theology.. 14 C. The Divisions of the Dialectical Theology... 66 II. THE PROBLEM OF NATURAL THEOLOGY. A. A Sketch of the History of Natural Theology. 83 B. The Development of the Controversy between Earth and Brunner ........................ 107 III. THE CONTROVERSY. A. The Revelation in the Creation ............. 116 B. The Doctrine of the Imago Dei 1. Brunner's Doctrine ....................... 129 2. Earth's Doctrine ......................... 180 3. Critical Discussion of the Doctrine of the Imago De i .............................. 234 C. The Law and the Gospel A. Brunner's Doctrine of the Lnw and the Gospel ................................. 286 B. Earth's Doctrine of the Gospel and the Law .................................... 305 C. Critical Discussion of the Doctrines of Larth and Brunner ...................... 320 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...................... 347 CONTENTS (Contd.) V. APPENDICES. I. The Biblical Doctrine of the Imago Dei ... 367 II. The Doctrine of Predestination ........... 380 III. The Pauline Doctrine of the Law .......... 388 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................ 396 KEY TO ABBREVIATIOiMS USED IN THE TEXT. C.U.M. e E. Brunner. The Christian Understanding of Man. Church Community and State Series. Vol. II. London. 1938. Dogmatik I.I. s K. Barth. Die Kirchliche Dogmatik I.I. Die Lehre vom YJort Gottes. Munchen. 1932. Dogmatic I.I. - English Translation of above by G.T. Thomson. Dogmatik 1.2. K. Barth. Die Kirchliche Dogmatik. 1.2. Die Lehre vom Wort Gottes. Zollikon. 1938. E.R.E. B Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. K.G. = K. Barth. The Knowledge of God and the Service of God. English Translation by J.L.M. Haire and lan Henderson. London. 1938. M.i.W. 8 E. Brunner. Der Mensch im Widerspruch. Berlin. 1937. M.i.R. r Man in Revolt. English Translation of above by Olive V/yon. M.V.K. « Ed. Schlink. Der Mensch in der Verkundigung der Kirche. Munchen. 1936. N.u.G. ss Brunner. Natur und Gnade. 1934. Zweite, stark erweiterte Auflage. 1935. R.G.G. B Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart. T.E.h. Theologische Existenz heute. Z.d.Z. = Zwischen den Zeiten. PREFACE. The main purpose of this thesis is adequately indicated by its title. In order to set it in its proper perspective the study of the actual controversy has been preceded by a short account of the dialectical theology in which it arose and of the historical background to which it owes its significance. Considerations of time and space have imposed two restric­ tions on the thesis, one of them important. Both Earth and Erunner appeal to Luther and Calvin in support of their respective stand-points. I greatly regret that, apart from incidental references, I have been unable to give to this aspect of the con­ troversy the attention its importance deserves. The other limitation is of merely personal moment. I would fain have extended the concluding section, which in writing had to be severely curtailed, if only to discover whether the suggestion adumbrated at the close of the third section would yield a new and more promising approach to this age-long problem or prove yet another theological cul-de-sac. I. THE DIALECTICAL THEOLOGY. A. THE RISE OF THE DIALECTICAL THEOLOGY. Pages 1. The Historical Background ................ 1 - 6 2. Factors in the Theological Revolution .... 6-13 a. Biblical Cricitism ................. 6- 7 b. Redis covery of Luther .............. 7-10 c. Conservative Theology .............. 10 - 11 d. The Dialectical Theology ........... 11 e. The Historical Events .............. 12 - 13 I. THE DIALECTICAL THEOLOGY A« THE RISE OF THE DIALECTICAL THEOLOGY 1. The Historical Background. The nineteenth century, including the years of the twentieth, up to the Great War, which belong to the same his­ torical epoch, has been characterised as theologically 'toe of "the most notable ever traversed by the Christian Church. 11 Professor Mackintosh in the introduction to his study of the theology of this period emphasises the richness and complexity of the problems raised and the swiftness of their movement, both of which make broad generalisations difficult and even misleading. (1) Many attempts have been made to summarise the period, the best known to me being that of Professor Karl Heim in a lecture given in Edinburgh on 2nd July 1936 and subsequently printed in the Expository Times (2) "German theology in the "nineteenth century," he says, "followed three lines of develop- "ment. It had three starting-points." 1. The first of these starting points was the philos­ ophy of Kant with his doctrine of the moral autonomy of the individual. This found its theological expression in the work (1) Mackintosh Types of Modern Theology Chap.I. (2) Expository Times Vol. 48 pp 55 ff. 3. of Ritschl and his disciples. Here the central idea is that of the Kingdom of God "which Jesus founded, as a Kingdom of "autonomous individuals who know that God is not a Judge, but the Father of all mankind". (3) 2. The second starting-point was the speculative philosophy and theology of Hegel, and, in particular, the develop­ ment of that speculation in the work of D.F. Strauss, "The "basis of this theology was the abstract idea of the identity "of the infinite with the finite. A timeless idea, a Christ "principle, was put in the place of the historical person of "Jesus. ... The idea of salvation, by means of which the "whole of humanity accomplishes its own deliverance, is then "substituted for the Saviour who appeared at a specific, never- "to-be-repeated point in history." (4) This theology entered into alliance with the Higher Criticism and together they constituted the dominant influence in the second half of the nineteenth century. (5) 3. The third starting-point was religious experience. At the beginning of the century Schliermacher initiated the method which was to have such influence. Turning from the cold externalism of the rational and moral doctrines about God which were so characteristic of his age he chose as his point (3) Expository Times Vol. 48 55. cf. Mackintosh op. cit. 21-25 152 f. 174 ff. (4) Expository Times Vol. 48 p.55. (5) cf. Mackintosh op. cit. Chap. IV. 4. of departure the soul's experience of spiritual life within the Christian Church and proceeded to elucidate from the content of the believer's soul the whole range of Christian doctrine. He sought as Heim says "to read off every dogmatic utterance about "God, Christ, and the Church from religious feeling, Just as "one reads off the chemical composition of a star from the "spectrum produced when its light is passed through a glass "prism" p, 56. This emphasis on the priority and importance of the religious consciousness led to the great development of religious psychology and the production of that vast stream of subjective religious studies which is only now beginning to dry up. (6) These main trends, and many subsidiary ones, were all influenced by one great idea which has been characteristic of Western thought since the Renaissance, the idea of continuity. Behind all the diversity and change in every sphere of human life there is to be found an underlying homogeneity and a continuous connection. There is, in the last resort, an un­ broken line of development in the universe from matter to life, from life to mind, from man to God. This is true of religion as of all other things. There is only one truth, though it may be manifest in many forms, some purer and higher than others, The work of the religious teacher was to investigate the current (6) cf. Mackintosh, op. cit. Chap. III. forms In which this truth was expressed in order to strip them of their non-essentials and disclose their essence. This was the general standpoint of Liberalism which, until the war, dominated religious thought. The work accomplished by German theologians in the period under review was indeed a great achievement of German science. It was due in the main to three outstanding factors. (1) in Germany there were some twentyfive fully staffed theological faculties at work and a large body of theologically minded ministers ready to buy and study the books produced by their more leisured brethren in the professional chairs. Through these and through the innumerable theological periodicals any question raised was given a most thorough examination. (2) De­ spite the close relation of Church and State there existed in Germany a wider doctrinal freedom. This may have resulted at times in extravagant speculations and a lack of concern for the relation of these to the historic Christian faith but this free­ dom is preferable to that undue caution in utterance and sup­ pression of thought which comes of fear of the Church's dis­ ciplinary action. (3) The thoroughness in research and in the pursuit of truth which is so characteristic of the German mind. But great as this achievement was "theology during the "second half of the nineteenth century felt that its development "would lead towards a catastrophe ... It was in itself not 6. "able to elaborate a new Protestant doctrine; it served only "to criticise traditional theology. It is significant that "Troeltsch, one of the most remarkable representatives of "this theology, deemed it a natural progress that he passed "from the theological to the philosophical faculty." (7) Since then a revolution has taken place so thorough that there is scarcely a trace of the old ideas and methods left in present-day continental theology.
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