THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS AND HUMANS IN APEC REGION APEC Agricultural Technical Cooperation Working Group The Chinese Society of Animal Science 2003 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIGENOUS ANIMALS AND HUMANS IN APEC REGION Edited by Hsiu-Luan Chang and Yu-Chia Huang ©2003 APEC Secretariat No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without permission from the publisher Published by The Chinese Society of Animal Science 112 Farm Road, Hsinhua, Tainan, Taiwan 712 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Homepage: http://www.csas.org.tw http://www.angrin.tlri.gov.tw Suggested citation: Chang, H. L. and Huang, Y. C. (eds.). 2003. The relationship between indigenous animals and humans in APEC region. The Chinese Society of Animal Science, Taiwan. 186 pp. Printed in Chinese Taipei by Joyways Design & Printing Co. (Tel: +886 6 2350789) ISBN-957-30207-2-6 ii CONTENTS Preface v Letter from Editors vii Buffalo Thai Swamp Buffalo General Information 3 Cattle Indigenous Bali Cattle: The Best Suited Cattle Breed for 21 Sustainable Small Farms in Indonesia Image of Taiwan Cattle 37 Like Cattle, Like Industrial Culture 59 Cattle Genetic Resources in Japan: One Successful 71 Crossbreeding Story and Genetic Diversity Erosion Chicken Japanese Native Chickens 91 Pig The Role of Pigs as a Meat Source in the Environment and 119 Human Culture Quail The Japanese Quail 143 Appendix 1: Agricultural production indexes of major countries 165 Appendix 2: Distribution of employed population by industry 171 Appendix 3: Economic growth and per capita income, and industrial 174 origin of gross domestic product in Chinese Taipei Appendix 4: Industrial Origin of Gross Domestic Product in Chinese 176 Taipei Appendix 5: Per capita annual food availability in Chinese Taipei 178 Appendix 6: Per capita daily nutrient availability in Chinese Taipei 180 Appendix 7: Quantity of livestock production in Chinese Taipei 182 Appendix 8: Unit price for livestock products in Chinese Taipei (Unit 185 price: NT$/kg) iii Preface The APEC-ATC Sub-Group on Conservation and Utilization of Plant and Animal Genetic Resources has held four Workshops since its initiation in 1995. The second workshop, namely Workshop on Conservation and Utilization of Farm Animal and Aquatic Genetic Resources, was held in November 1998 in Tainan, Chinese Taipei emphasizing more on animal genetic resources. The objectives of the Workshop were to discuss the cultural, social and economic value and importance of animal genetic resources; to exchange the expertise on conservation and utilization measures and technologies among member economies; to share information on genetic resources collections; and to formulate future collaboration plans. In addition to status reports from member economies, several prominent experts were invited to deliver lectures related to the workshop themes. Following by one of the workshop recommendations submitted to the ATC Working Group, an APEC booklet focusing on the relationship between indigenous animals and human with local agricultural implications was scheduled and entrusted later to the Chinese Society of Animal Science by Council of Agriculture, Chinese Taipei. The objectives of the Society are to promote research and education in bringing together scientists and educators in farm animal agriculture, facilitating the dissemination of scientific and technical information through publications and scientific meetings, and conducting a scientific liaison and outreach program in support of farm animal agriculture. Therefore, we hope that this publication will assist not only in sharing expertise and experience with friends, but also promoting international cooperation among economies of the Asia-Pacific region. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the researcher involved in this project, and particularly to Drs. Hsiu-Luan Chang and Yu-Chia Huang, Researchers of Livestock Research Institute, Dr. Yung-Yi Sung, Emeritus Professor of Animal Science Department, National Taiwan University, and Dr. Su-San Chang, Chief of International Organization Division, International Cooperation Department, COA, for the time and effort they have spent in making this booklet possible. I also extend my gratitude to the generous grant from Council of Agriculture, Chinese Taipei, for this publication. Cheng-Taung Wang, Ph. D. President The Chinese Society of Animal Science v Letter from Editors Animal genetic resources have been contributing to both food and agriculture for more than 12,000 years, providing meat, milk products, eggs, fibre, fertilizer for crops, manure for fuel and draught power. It is estimated that, directly and indirectly, domestic animals supply about 30 percent of total human requirements for food and agriculture. However, the value of animals for the human beings went far beyond its mere economic role. The human have gained into the temperament of these animals including an inspiration in culture and the arts expressed among literature, religious customs, legends, and the oral and written language. Therefore, the animals have been the source of a multitude of creative inspirations for the human – literature, mythology, legends, maxims – they all contain clear reflection of the animal. The purpose of this booklet is to communicate the relationship between local livestock and human, especially to recognize the role domestic animals play in agriculture vs. non-agriculture and/or socioeconomic vs. cultural function, e.g. the value of livestock to households in member economies of APEC region. However, this requires fully support from all member economies because the value and importance of the animals will vary between different types of system. In the non-commercial systems the animals, having a value within the family economy, also have a socio-cultural significance, which are difficult to evaluate in economic terms. It is also clearly the animals kept in certain conditions or households in developing member economies were used for multiple purposes and their importance to the families was immense. Buffalo, cattle, chicken, pig and quail species from economies are reported in this booklet, an effort of international communication. The editors wish to express our grateful appreciation to the authors for their contributions. In addition, some of scientists helped to contact with authors, and review, edit and critique all the material presented in the booklet. Their contributions are gratefully appreciated. Particular thanks are due to Su-San Chang, Wu-Li Chang, Der-Cheng Chou, Tin-Chin Chou, Yung-Yu Lai, Yung-Yi Sung, Tracy Tung and Ming-Che Wu. The administrative and financial assistance of Breeding and Genetics Division, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, towards the printing of color plates is also gratefully acknowledged. Hsiu-Luan Chang, Ph. D. Yu-Chia Huang, Ph. D. October 2003 vii 12 ව\ApecP3-P8.docThai Swamp Buffaloױ\:Created on 2003/10/14 Հ֑ 07:59 D Thai Swamp Buffalo General Information Supat FAARUNGSANG Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand Introduction Before 1971 the buffalo was a very important domestic animal in Thailand. Statistics from the Thailand agricultural statistical center showed that Thailand had about 5.5 – 6.5 million buffalo during 1971 and 1981. The buffalo population declined to 1.8 million in 1999. Buffalo could be extinct from Thailand in 20 years, if no considerable public attention was received. There are several reasons for the reduction in the number of Thai swamp buffalo: 1. the reduction in the rice producing areas, 2. the replacement of buffalo by farm engines, 3. the castration of good male buffalo, 4. the industry invasion into the Thai rural areas, and etc. From 1953 to 1971 the Thai rural areas were covered with buffalo because most of the rural families had 2 – 4 buffalo each. According the Thailand agricultural statistical center (1971 – 1981), Thailand owned the largest buffalo population and was the buffalo champion in South East Asian countries. Today, one would have to drive a car for a long distance to find one buffalo. Types of buffalo in Thailand There are three types of buffalo in the world, the swamp buffalo (Fig. 1), the river buffalo and Mediterranean buffalo. The swamp buffalo is the indigenous buffalo in Thailand. The Department of Animal Science, Kasetsart University, was the first official unit that introduced river buffalo into Thailand during 1957 and 1978. Most of the swamp buffalo in Thailand are completely black in color. Only a few of them are white in color. The white buffalo are not albino but the color is due to uncertain genetic effects. The dark color makes the buffalo's look scary and most 14 Supat FAARUNGSANG ව\ApecP3-P8.docױ\:Created on 2003/10/14 Հ֑ 07:59 D ladies are afraid of the buffalo (Fig. 2). The dark color also makes buffalo heat intolerant, which is why it must stay near the swamps (Fig. 3, 4). On average, mature male buffalo weigh 450 – 600 kg in weight. The mature females weigh 350 – 450 kg in average (Fig. 5). Thai buffalo is longevity and prolificacy; female buffalo could have healthy offspring even elder than 20 years old (Fig. 6, 7, 8). Thai swamp buffalo as a royal worker The Thai swamp buffalo is called “Ai Tui” in the Thai language which means, “it is an honest royal worker” that is very important for Thai farmer life. The buffalo was considered a royal worker because no comparable animals or machines could do the work as well as the buffalo. Because it has big feet and is good at pulling with slow walking steps, Thai farmers use them to pull rice-digging instruments for preparing the land to grow rice. The buffalo was also used as a transportation animal (horses are rarely used in Thailand up to today). Because of its long terrible looking horn (Fig. 9) that sometimes becomes as long as 3 meters across both horns, the buffalo was also used in war. However, most of today’s buffalo have short horns (Fig.