Africa 109

Chapter II Political and security questions Africa

Although Africa continued to be plagued by nu- of the Congo (MONUC) was thus able to take up the merous conflicts in 2001, several of them showed next phase of its mandate—the observation and signs of amelioration as political situations monitoring of the disarmament, demobilization evolved and diplomatic efforts, including those and resettlement of combatants—which required by the United Nations, began to take effect and the expansion of its peacekeeping force, and the show positive results. The situation in war- Council extended the Mission’s mandate until 15 affected countries was further complicated by June 2002. The ceasefire held in most of the coun- problems of economic stagnation, flows of refu- try, with the exception of eastern DRC,wherevio- gees and internally displaced persons, and the lations increased in late 2001. The factions and spread of HIV/AIDS. In some cases, for example other interested parties met in an inter-Congolese Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo dialogue on 15 October, but did not consider sub- (DRC) and Sierra Leone, warfare was fuelled by stantive issues. the illegal trade in raw diamonds, known as “con- In Burundi, the conflict between government flict” or “blood” diamonds, and the exploitation forces and armed opposition groups continued, of other natural resources. Various UN bodies despite their agreement in 2000 to cease hostili- investigated that issue. ties. The Facilitator of the peace process in that The General Assembly’s working group on country, Nelson Mandela, intensified efforts to ways to implement the 1998recommendations of resolve the conflict and was able to bring the par- the Secretary-General on the causes of conflict ties together to agree on a transitional govern- and the promotion of durable peace and sustain- ment, which was installed on 1 November under able development in Africa focused in 2001 on a power-sharing formula. two themes—education, and conflict prevention The conflict in the DRC also continued to affect and post-conflict peace-building—and made sug- Rwanda, which maintained that its troops in the gestions for further action in both areas. The DRC were necessary to preserve its own security. Secretary-General issued his own report on The situation inside Rwanda remained calm and follow-up action in the area of peace and security the Government focused on a transition to de- and reviewed UN action with regard to govern- mocracy and overhauling the justice system. ance and sustainable development. The Assem- The internal situation of the Central African bly endorsed the working group’s proposals for Republic deteriorated in 2001 as a result of an further action. attempted coup d’état in May and other manifes- The area of major conflict continued to be the tations of political opposition. The lack of dia- Great Lakes region, which was again dominated logue between the country’s political stakehold- by events in the DRC, where war involved several ers was a serious obstacle to the sustainability of opposition forces and troops from six neighbour- the democratic institutions established a year be- ing countries. Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda fore, and the country’s economic situation was supported opposition groups in the DRC, and the dire. The United Nations Peace-building Sup- Government was supported by Angola, Namibia port Office in the Central African Republic, and Zimbabwe. The Security Council dispatched established in 2000, continued to support the a mission to eight countries of the region in May Government’s efforts to consolidate peace and to assess the situation and make recommenda- national reconciliation. tions for resuming the road to peace. In January, Tensions also rose in West Africa in early 2001, President Laurent-Désiré Kabila was assassi- especially in Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Sierra nated, and his son, Joseph Kabila, replaced him. Leone. However, there was encouraging progress Those events and statements by the new Presi- towards peace and stability later in the year, espe- dent were followed by a reduction in fighting; the cially in Sierra Leone. The Secretary-General opposing sides began disengaging from the con- dispatched an inter-agency mission to the region frontation line and Namibia and Uganda had in March, which visited 11 countries and re- withdrawn many of their troops from DRC terri- marked on the stability of the political and secu- tory by the end of the year. The United Nations rity situation in the Mano River Union countries Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic (Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone), Côte

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 110 Political and security questions d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau and the Casamance re- tion was slow, particularly with regard to the de- gion of Senegal. The mission urged the interna- marcation of the boundary. The United Nations tional community to adopt an integrated regional Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) moni- approach to prevent, manage and contribute to tored the ceasefire and the Temporary Security resolving the many conflicts in the region. Acting Zone between the two countries. In late 2001, Eri- on its recommendations, the Secretary-General trea restricted movement of UNMEE in certain decided to establish the Office of the Special areas. Representative for West Africa, as from January The humanitarian situation in Angola dete- 2002. riorated significantly in 2001 as the conflict be- The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone tween the Government and the National Union (UNAMSIL), the size and scope of which was ex- for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) panded by the Council during 2001, maintained intensified and UNITA guerrilla attacks, particu- contacts with the Government and the main rebel larly against civilians, increased in frequency. group to follow up on the implementation of the The number of people displaced as a result of the 2000 Abuja Ceasefire Agreement. Progress was civil strife rose to 4.1 million by the end of the reported, and the withdrawal of forces and dis- year. Matters changed towards the latter part of armament were nearly completed by the end of the year when the Government gained the upper the year. In September, the Council extended UN- hand in the fighting and reportedly moved into AMSIL’s mandate until March 2002. Cross-border much of the area previously under UNITA con- fighting along Sierra Leone’s boundaries with trol. The United Nations hoped that the new Guinea and Liberia flared up in early 2001 but situation would provide a window of opportunity abated following a dialogue among the three to advance the peace process and set the stage countries. Acting on the Government’s sugges- for elections. The Security Council, through tion, the Secretary-General pursued efforts to es- its Sanctions Committee and the Monitoring tablish a Special Court for Sierra Leone and de- Mechanism, continued to investigate violations cided to send a planning mission to that country of the sanctions against UNITA. in January 2002. In addition, the United Nations The United Nations pursued efforts to hold provided support for the establishment of a a referendum in Western Sahara for the self- Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Sierra determination of its people, as agreed in 1990 Leone, also expected to begin work in 2002. by Morocco and the Frente Popular para la Li- Fighting in northern Liberia in early 2001 beración de Saguia el-Hamra y de Río de Oro threatened the border regions in Guinea and Si- (POLISARIO), but progress was negligible. The erra Leone, as did Liberia’s assistance to rebels in Secretary-General’s Personal Envoy proposed a Sierra Leone. Liberia’s support included export- different approach—for Morocco to retain re- ing rough diamonds obtained in Sierra Leone, sponsibility for foreign relations, national secu- which reportedly financed the rebels’ military rity and defence, while executive, legislative and efforts. The Council, in March, demanded that judicial bodies in the Territory would have com- Liberia cease its support of the rebels and im- petence over local issues. Morocco indicated its posed an arms embargo against Liberia and sanc- support for the plan, while POLISARIO and Alge- tions against importing diamonds from Liberia. ria objected to it on the grounds that it provided The tension between the Mano River Union for the integration of Western Sahara into Mo- countries decreased following ministerial meet- rocco. Meanwhile, the United Nations continued ings that began in August. its work on identifying eligible voters for holding The Government of Guinea-Bissau, which had a referendum. been formed in 2000 in accordance with the 1998 In January, the Scottish Court sitting in the Abuja Peace Accord, remained precarious in Netherlands concluded its trial of two nationals 2001. The United Nations Peace-building Sup- of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya accused of plot- port Office in Guinea-Bissau continued to report ting the 1988 bombing of Pan Am flight 103 over on developments within the country and along Lockerbie, Scotland. One of the accused was its border with Senegal. found guilty and the other not guilty. The Horn of Africa remained calm but tense The Council, in September, having taken into in 2001. The subregion was beset by problems account the Sudan’s efforts to cooperate with the and struggled to overcome disputes, both bilat- international community by acceding to anti- eral, as in the case of the border dispute between terrorism conventions, to improve relations with Eritrea and Ethiopia, and internal, as in Somalia. neighbouring countries and to discharge its obli- Eritrea and Ethiopia generally continued to gations under various Council resolutions, ter- abide by the Peace Agreement they had signed in minated the sanctions it had imposed against that December 2000, but progress in its implementa- country in 1996.

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conflicts; and promoting sustainable develop- Promotion of peace in Africa ment in Africa. UN system programmes for education, including a number aimed at expand- ing access to education, especially at the primary During 2001, the General Assembly consid- level, and improving the quality of education, ered ways to implement the recommendations were considered. While such efforts were com- made by the Secretary-General in his 1998report mendable, the Working Group observed, the hu- on the causes of conflict and the promotion of man resources capacity in many African coun- durable peace and sustainable development in tries remained inadequate to respond to Africa [YUN 1998, p. 66]. The Assembly’s open- challenges; the low enrolment rates in primary ended working group to follow up the recom- education (77 per cent) and the low school enrol- mendations, the mandate of which had been ex- ment rates of girls (under 75 per cent) in many tended in late 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 116], focused on African countries would undermine economic two themes—education, and conflict prevention growth and sustainable development. and post-conflict peace-building—and made sug- As to conflict prevention and post-conflict gestions for further action in those areas. The peace-building, the Working Group noted the Secretary-General also issued a progress report large number of ongoing conflicts in Africa, esti- on the recommendations, describing specific ac- mated at 17. To address those conflicts, the tion by UN organizations in the promotion of Secretary-General had used a variety of mecha- peace and security and developments in govern- nisms, including the appointment of special en- ance and sustainable development. voys and representatives who worked closely with The Assembly endorsed the recommendations regional and subregional organizations and oth- of the working group and requested the Secretary- ers to address the conflicts, as was the case with General to designate the already established the Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict and conflicts in the interdepartmental/inter-agency task force as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Bu- permanent focal point within the Secretariat to rundi. The Secretary-General’s establishment monitor their implementation. in March of the Inter-Agency Mission to West In March, the Security Council held an open Africa was an important initiative to develop a co- debate on ensuring its effective role in the main- ordinated and global approach to conflict pre- tenance of peace and security, particularly in vention. It aimed to mobilize UN bodies to ad- Africa (see p. 47). dress the multifaceted problems confronting the Working Group report. The Open-ended Ad Mano River Union countries and to integrate UN Hoc Working Group on the Causes of Conflict efforts with those of the Economic Community and the Promotion of Durable Peace and Sustain- of West African States (ECOWAS). It would focus able Development in Africa, established by Gen- on issues that might threaten peace and security eral Assembly resolution 53/92 [YUN 1998, p. 77] in the region, such as arms flows, the illegal ex- to monitor implementation of the Secretary- ploitation of strategic natural resources, mass General’s 1998 recommendations on the topic, refugee movements, mercenaries and terrorist submitted a report on its 2001 activities to the As- activities. A number of UN offices had been sembly [A/56/45], as requested by the Assembly in established in Africa, including in Burundi, resolution 55/217 [YUN 2000, p. 117]. The Working the Central African Republic, Guinea-Bissau Group held one organizational session (20 and Liberia, to promote peace and national rec- March) and two substantive sessions (29 May– onciliation, the strengthening of democratic in- 1 June, 30 July–3 August) during the year. It stitutions and governance structures, the har- adopted two themes as the focus of its discus- monization of UN peace-building activities, sions—education, and conflict prevention and international support for post-conflict peace- post-conflict peace-building—and made sugges- building activities, the facilitation of communica- tions for further action in those areas. tions between the Governments of neighbouring With regard to education for durable peace countries, the coordination of activities of re- and sustainable development, the Working gional organizations and bilateral donors, and Group focused on the role of education in ad- assistance in disarmament and the demobiliza- dressing the challenges of globalization and pov- tion and reintegration of ex-combatants into ci- erty eradication; development of technical, voca- vilian life. The United Nations also cooperated tional and professional skills to respond to the with the Organization of African Unity (OAU)in knowledge-based economy and society; employ- developing specific capacities in OAU for conflict ability in a globalized world economy; contribu- prevention, management and resolution. The tion to science and technology; preventing the United Nations Development Fund for Women spread of HIV/AIDS; preventing and managing provided support to strengthen women’s leader-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 112 Political and security questions ship role in the peace process at the regional and the economic and social dimensions of poverty interregional levels; for example, it supported reduction strategies, and assisting in monitoring women’s participation in the peace processes in and analysis; promoting policies that were Burundi and Somalia. pro-poor and gender-sensitive; and supporting The Working Group made suggestions for fur- African policies towards job creation. Demobili- ther action in the two thematic areas. It encour- zation, disarmament and reintegration pro- aged the Assembly to call on the international grammes should also be supported, in particular community to provide assistance to African coun- through the regular budget of peacekeeping op- tries to achieve universal primary education, erations. The Group further recommended that eliminate gender disparities in primary and sec- post-conflict peace-building be supported by in- ondary education by 2005 and achieve gender ternational assistance to UN offices in Africa; equality in education by 2015. The Group wel- assistance to African countries for including comed innovative programmes that increased ac- peace-building activities in their planning and cess to education and retention of children in budgetary processes; support for the efforts of schools by providing incentives and called on civil society to work for peace; mechanisms to ad- countries to share successful experiences. It rec- dress illicit trade in natural resources and arms; ognized the need to increase the use of informa- support for rehabilitation; and promotion of tion and communications technology in training, good governance and transparency in financial institutional capacity-building and education, and trading systems. and to develop the skills required by the new Having considered the multiplicity of initia- knowledge-based world economy. The role of tives in the UN system to address the recommen- education was also emphasized in preventing the dations in the Secretary-General’s report, the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and Working Group recommended that the Assem- other diseases. As Africa’s external debt contin- bly suspend the Group’s activities during the As- ued to divert its resources from development sembly’s fifty-sixth (2001) session to allow Mem- activities, including education, the Working ber States to appraise the outcome of other UN Group called for the implementation of the en- initiatives on Africa. It proposed that a perma- hanced Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initia- nent focal point be established within the Secre- tive for eligible African countries through new re- tariat to monitor progress by the UN system in sources. Developed countries were urged to grant implementing the Secretary-General’s recom- more development assistance. The Working mendations. Group proposed that UN system organizations Report of Secretary-General. In response to assist interested African countries in developing General Assembly resolution 55/217 [YUN 2000, curricula that provided access to information and p. 117], the Secretary-General, in a September re- communications technology. port [A/56/371], updated the 1999 progress report With respect to conflict prevention and post- [YUN 1999,p. 78] on the implementation of his 1998 conflict peace-building, the Working Group recommendations on the causes of conflict and called for international support for African promotion of durable peace and sustainable de- countries that were promoting regional peace velopment in Africa. Affirming that the recom- and resolution of conflicts and proposed the col- mendations remained valid, he described specific laboration of civil society with organizations follow-up action, mainly by UN organizations, in making such efforts. The Group believed that the matters of peace and security and gave an economic growth supportive of poverty eradi- overview of developments in governance and sus- cation and development should be at the core tainable development. of conflict-prevention strategies. All partners Concerning peacemaking, the Secretary- should support economic growth, reconstruction General continued to appoint special mediators and recovery, national peace-building efforts in and representatives. Commissions of inquiry had promoting good governance and strengthening also been established to investigate allegations of the rule of law. The root causes of conflict were massacres in Togo and killings in Côte d’Ivoire numerous, but poverty was nearly always a re- after the 2000 presidential elections [YUN 2000, lated issue and it needed to be addressed in the p. 230]. The key objective of such commissions was peace process. The international community to discourage a sense of impunity and to deter should increase support for African efforts in similar action. The UN system was mobilizing that regard by addressing poverty eradication the international community to support post- through debt cancellation, improved market ac- conflict countries by convening donor confer- cess, enhanced official development assistance, ences, including those held for Burundi, the Cen- increased flows of foreign direct investment and tral African Republic and the DRC in 2000. The transfer of technology; making linkages between Secretariat was continuing efforts to improve the

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 113 effectiveness of sanctions, and consultations had p. 66], had urged African countries to enact legis- been held with a number of African States with a lation to combat bribery and set out a uniform view to encouraging them to pass legislation mak- African convention on the conduct of public offi- ing the violation of a Security Council arms em- cials and the transparency of public adminis- bargo a criminal offence. Efforts were also made tration. While very little progress had been made to stop the proliferation of arms and reduce the in that regard, the United Nations continued to purchase of arms and munitions to below 1.5 per encourage African countries to implement the cent of gross domestic product while maintaining Secretary-General’s recommendations and to ad- a zero-growth budget for military expenditure, vocate the repatriation of the illegally acquired through, for example, support for various dis- wealth that was transferred to Western banks by armament registers, declarations and activities. some corrupt African leaders and officials, and The United Nations remained committed to sup- the adequate remuneration of African civil ser- porting disarmament initiatives, such as the Dec- vants for their work. The United Nations was also laration concerning Firearms, Ammunition and promoting good governance by strengthening the Other Related Materials in the Southern African administrative capacity of African countries. Development Community (SADC), adopted in UN efforts to promote sustainable develop- March [A/CONF.192/PC/35]. ment in Africa included projects that created a UN peacekeeping efforts included support for positive environment for investment and eco- African peacekeeping capacity, in consultation nomic growth; investing in human resources; with OAU, ECOWAS, SADC and others. The United pursuing public health priorities, such as reduc- Nations provided specific services to support Af- tion of HIV/AIDS and malaria; eliminating all rica’s own initiatives to resolve disputes and the forms of discrimination against women; restruc- Secretary-General continued to urge Member turing international aid and reducing the debt States to contribute bilaterally and multilaterally burden; opening international markets to Afri- to UN and OAU trust funds for peacekeeping. can products; providing support for regional co- Protecting civilians in situations of conflict operation and integration; and harmonizing cur- had become an important aspect of UN peace- rent international and bilateral initiatives. keeping operations, and the mandates of the UN The Secretary-General observed that the fact missions in the DRC and Sierra Leone included that a significant number of the least developed the responsibility for providing protection to ci- countries in Africa were also conflict-prone vilians under imminent threat of physical vio- countries underlined the interrelationship be- lence. Toaddress refugee security,which was also tween peace and development. In proposing a a concern in conflict situations, the Office of the new global partnership with their development United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees partners (see p. 899), African leaders had com- (UNHCR) had decided to establish arrangements mitted themselves to strengthening mechanisms with some Governments to provide law and order for conflict prevention, management and resolu- and public security experts to be deployed at the tion, and to promoting and protecting democ- beginning of a refugee crisis and to work with lo- racy and human rights by developing standards cal public security institutions. Programmes of accountability, transparency and participative were already in place in Kenya and the United governance. Such goals could be achieved more Republic of Tanzania, where UNHCR provided quickly with support from the international com- material support for the deployment of police munity. The Group of Eight industrialized coun- forces to ensure law and order in and around tries, at their summit meeting (Genoa, Italy, July) refugee camps. [A/56/222-S/2001/736], adopted a Plan for Africa, Post-conflict peace-building included UN provi- which the United Nations hoped would comple- sion of emergency assistance to create the precon- ment its efforts. The obstacles remained im- ditions necessary for reconstruction and develop- mense—the reversals in human development over ment. Such assistance was being provided by the the previous 15 years, increased poverty levels, peace-building support offices in the Central Afri- the devastation caused by HIV/AIDS and the de- can Republic, Guinea-Bissau and Liberia. Their struction of infrastructure caused by conflict. activities included encouraging reconciliation and Since his previous report [YUN 1999, p. 78], the respect for human rights; fostering political inclu- Secretary-General noted, the war in Ethiopia and siveness; promoting national unity; ensuring repat- Eritrea had ended and a UN peacekeeping op- riation and resettlement of refugees and displaced eration was patrolling the ceasefire line and help- persons; reintegrating ex-combatants; and curtail- ing to solidify peaceful relations, and there were ing the availability of arms. signs of better prospects in Burundi, the DRC and With regard to good governance, the Sierra Leone, although the crisis in Liberia and Secretary-General, in his 1998 report [YUN 1998, Sierra Leone was spreading to Guinea. Progress

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 114 Political and security questions

had been made in implementing many of the ear- dations contained in the report of the Secretary- lier recommendations, but much more needed to General and assessing the progress made, be done to improve political and economic gov- Emphasizing the need to strengthen further the polit- ical will to ensure the political, financial, technical and ernance and to stop the proliferation of small other support critical for the effective implementation arms in Africa. Reducing poverty continued to be of the recommendations contained in the report of the biggest challenge for the region, and mobili- the Secretary-General not only in the two thematic zation of domestic and external resources was ur- areas—education and conflict prevention and post- gent. The region would continue to rely on a conflict peace-building—of the deliberations of the strong and committed international partnership. Working Group in 2001, but also in all the areas men- tioned in the report, Communications. On 29 October [S/2001/1031], Welcoming the adoption by the Assembly of Heads of the Secretary-General informed the Security State and Government of the Organization of African Council President of his decision to extend the Unity at its thirty-seventh ordinary session, held at Lu- appointment of his Special Adviser on Africa, saka from 9 to 11 July 2001, of the New African Initia- Mohamed Sahnoun (Algeria), until 31December tive (now called New Partnership for Africa’s Develop- 2002. He stated that Mr. Sahnoun had been fol- ment), lowing developments in the Horn of Africa sub- Mindful of the ministerial declaration of the high- region (see p. 191), especially Somalia and the Su- level segment of the substantive session of 2001 of the Economic and Social Council, on the role of the United dan, and had provided assessment and advice on Nations system in supporting the efforts of African a possible UN role in those countries. He had also countries to achieve sustainable development, represented the Secretary-General in meetings 1. Takes note with appreciation of the report of the of the Intergovernmental Authority on Develop- Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on the Causes of ment (IGAD) and the IGAD Partners Forum de- Conflict and the Promotion of Durable Peace and Sus- voted to the two countries. On 31 October tainable Development in Africa and the progress re- [S/2001/1032], the Council President replied that port of the Secretary-General; the Council had taken note of his decision. 2. Notes with deep concern that access to education at all levels in Africa remains low, despite the recognition that education plays a central role in conflict preven- GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION tion and the promotion of durable peace and sustain- On 4 December [meeting 74], the General As- able development; sembly adopted resolution 56/37 [draft: A/56/L.28 & 3. Also notes with deep concern that, while some efforts Add.1, orally revised] without vote [agenda item 48]. have been made in the prevention and settlement of conflicts, such efforts have not often brought positive Causes of conflict and the promotion of durable results; peace and sustainable development in Africa 4. Endorses the recommendations entitled “Sugges- The General Assembly, tions for further action and measures”, contained in Having considered the report of the Open-ended Ad paragraphs 35 to 56 of the report of the Working Hoc Working Group on the Causes of Conflict and the Group; Promotion of Durable Peace and Sustainable Develop- 5. Decides to suspend the activities of the Working ment in Africa and the progress report of the Group during the fifty-sixth session of the General As- Secretary-General, sembly in order to consider further measures for the implementation and monitoring of initiatives on Af- Recalling its resolutions 53/92 of 7 December 1998, rica, including the ministerial declaration of the high- 54/234 of 22 December 1999 and 55/217of 21 Decem- level segment of the substantive session of 2001 of the ber 2000 on the causes of conflict and the promotion of Economic and Social Council, in the light of the forth- durable peace and sustainable development in Africa, coming review of the United Nations New Agenda for Recalling also its resolution 46/151 of 18 December the Development of Africa in the 1990sand related ini- 1991, the annex to which contains the United Nations tiatives, all of which should be guided by the New Part- New Agenda for the Development of Africa in the nership for Africa’s Development; 1990s, its resolutions 48/214 of 23 December 1993, 6. Invites the Working Group to re-examine its man- 49/142of 23 December 1994 and 51/32 of 6 December date during the fifty-seventh session of the General As- 1996, on the midterm review of the New Agenda, and sembly, including the most appropriate way to proceed its resolution 53/90 of 7 December 1998 on the imple- with the deliberations of the Working Group as well as mentation of the New Agenda, as well as chapter VII of the scope and nature of its work; the United Nations Millennium Declaration, 7. Decides to continue to monitor the implementa- Reaffirming that the implementation of the recom- tion of the recommendations contained in the report mendations contained in the report of the Secretary- of the Secretary-General on causes of conflict and the General constitutes a priority that must remain high promotion of durable peace and sustainable develop- on the agenda of the United Nations system and Mem- ment in Africa; ber States, 8. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the Reaffirming also that the General Assembly, as the General Assembly at its fifty-seventh session a compre- chief policy-making and representative organ of the hensive report on the implementation of the recom- United Nations, must continue to play the primary role mendations contained in his report, including con- in monitoring the implementation of the recommen- crete measures needed to ensure a coordinated and

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 115 integrated approach to the full and early implementa- parties to prolong rather than end the fighting. tion of the recommendations; The plundering of the DRC’s natural resources 9. Requests that the Secretary-General designate the was the subject of a report by an expert panel set already established interdepartmental/inter-agency up by the Security Council to investigate the phe- task force as the permanent focal point within the nomenon. Secretariat mandated to monitor the implementation of the recommendations contained in his report, and Progress in peacemaking efforts was also also requests that the task force be strengthened with achieved in Burundi, where armed factions, gen- the necessary human, managerial and administrative erally divided into two ethnic groups, and gov- resources effectively to carry out this task; ernment forces continued the conflict despite 10. Also requests that the task force provide Member most of them having signed the Arusha Agree- States, on an annual basis, with updated matrices indi- ment on Peace and Reconciliation in 2000 [YUN cating the current status of implementation of the vari- 2000, p. 146]. That Agreement, a framework for ous recommendations contained in the report of the political reform, served as the basis for negotia- Secretary-General. tions in 2001 under the UN-appointed Facilita- tor, Nelson Mandela. Although no ceasefire was in place, the parties were able to reach agreement Central Africa on establishing a transitional government, which was installed on 1 November under a power- and Great Lakes region sharing formula. In Rwanda, the situation remained generally calm as the country made efforts to overcome the The situation in the Great Lakes region of Af- ill-effects of the 1994 genocide through changes rica in 2001 continued to be shaped by events in in government and the justice system and pro- the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), moting human rights. The Government, which where the conflict involved a number of opposi- maintained troops in the DRC, expressed concern tion forces, most of them based on ethnic groups, about the security of its borders with that coun- and troops from six neighbouring States. There try. was a significant improvement in security as the In May, the Security Council dispatched a mis- result of the partial withdrawal of foreign troops sion to the Great Lakes region to assess the situa- from the DRC and the change in leadership of tion and make recommendations for resuming that country following the assassination of Presi- the peace process. At that time, the ceasefire in dent Laurent-Désiré Kabila in January. His son, the DRC was holding and the mission stressed the Joseph Kabila, assumed his father’s position. urgency of taking advantage of the window of op- Those changes gave grounds for cautious hope portunity to move the peace process forward. At for positive change and resumption of the peace the same time, the Council was struck by the in- process under the 1999 Lusaka Ceasefire Agree- tractability of the situation in Burundi. ment [YUN 1999, p. 87]. Under the improved cir- The Central African Republic was affected by cumstances, the opposing sides began disengag- events in the DRC, but its problems stemmed ing from the confrontation line and redeploying mainly from civil unrest and lack of dialogue be- to new defensive positions, as verified by the tween the Government and opposition parties United Nations Organization Mission in the that had contributed to internal tension since a Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC). 1996 army rebellion. Efforts to achieve national That move allowed the Mission to begin the next reconciliation were set back in May following an phase of its mandate—to observe and monitor the attempted coup d’état and the Government’s disarmament, demobilization and resettlement questions about the loyalty of certain members of of the combatants—with an expanded peace- the armed forces. keeping force of nearly 3,000 troops by the end of Security Council consideration. At a 7 Febru- the year. Efforts were made to bring the opposing ary meeting [meeting 4273], during which it consid- political factions together at an inter-Congolese ered the situation in the Great Lakes region, dialogue to discuss re-establishment of the State the Security Council was addressed by the administration in all areas of the DRC; however, Secretary-General and President Paul Kagame of that goal remained elusive at the end of the year. Rwanda. The Secretary-General pointed out that Throughout 2001, the ceasefire was observed by President Kagame had met the previous week in the opposing forces in most of the country with Washington, D.C., with DRC President Joseph the exception of eastern DRC, where fighting in- Kabila to discuss the challenges facing both coun- tensified in the later months. Much of the con- tries and the entire region. The issues of govern- flict focused on control of natural resources in ance, national dialogue, democracy, accounta- that area, and it benefited many of the opposing bility and reconciliation needed to be addressed

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 116 Political and security questions in the DRC and in the region as a whole if there four months. The Secretary-General commented was to be a lasting solution in the Great Lakes. on the change in the political climate within the There was also the issue of the continued exist- DRC and progress in the inter-Congolese dia- ence of predatory armed groups. All countries of logue, the linkage between the conflicts in the the region, in particular Rwanda, had legitimate DRC and Burundi, the disengagement of troops security concerns. Council members had ex- and the liberalization of political life [S/PV.4323]. pressed the need to seize the current opportunity Communications. The DRC, in a 26 June letter in the DRC to implement the Lusaka Ceasefire to the Security Council President [S/2001/634],ex- Agreement. The withdrawal of Rwandan forces pressed the readiness of President Joseph Kabila and their allies from the town of Pweto, currently to meet his Burundian, Rwandan and Ugandan under discussion between the MONUC Force counterparts to discuss the withdrawal of foreign Commander and the authorities in Kigali and troops from Congolese territory and the pacifica- the DRC, would serve as a confidence-building tion of the region. The Presidency of the Euro- measure and as an important step towards com- pean Union (EU), in a 9 October statement on the pliance with Council resolution 1304(2000) [YUN Great Lakes region transmitted to the Secretary- 2000, p. 131]. The Secretary-General expressed the General on 15 October [S/2001/979], welcomed the hope that the resolution of the conflict in the DRC August meeting led by the Facilitator for the DRC, would bring peace to the entire Great Lakes re- Sir Ketumile Masire, that had opened up the way gion and in particular to Rwanda. for the inter-Congolese dialogue on 15 October. Confirming his country’s willingness to fulfil The EU underlined the need for the signatory its obligations under the Lusaka peace process, States and other parties to the Lusaka Agreement President Kagame pointed to three core issues to demonstrate the political will required to end that needed to be addressed to have that process support for the negative forces. With regard to succeed: the inter-Congolese dialogue, called for Burundi, the agreement reached in late July on in the Lusaka Agreement, to find a stable inter- guiding the transition in Burundi, led by the nal situation so that DRC problems would not af- Facilitator, Mr. Mandela, also opened up new fect the neighbouring countries; the problem of prospects, although those were still fragile in the former Rwandan Armed Forces (ex-FAR) and In- absence of a ceasefire. terahamwe forces, which threatened security in the region; and the withdrawal of foreign forces On 16 November [S/2001/1095], the Secretary- from the DRC [S/PV.4273]. General informed the Council President of his Security Council mission. Following consulta- intention to extend the mandate of his Special tions, Security Council members agreed to dis- Representative for the Great Lakes Region, Ber- patch a mission to the Great Lakes region in late hanu Dinka, for another year, until 31 December May. The Council President, in a letter of 25 2002. Mr. Dinka had been soliciting the views of countries in the region regarding the proposed April [S/2001/408], requested the Secretary- General to ensure that the Secretariat made all organization of an International Conference on the necessary arrangements. The President also the Great Lakes; representing the Secretary- forwarded the mission’s terms of reference, General at meetings under the Arusha peace pro- which pertained specifically to the situations in cess on Burundi; and addressing the regional dimensions of the conflict in the DRC through the DRC (see below) and Burundi (see p. 145). The interaction with the Special Representative in mission’s report [S/2001/521 & Add.1] contained rec- ommendations on ways to pursue the peace pro- that country. The Council, on 21 November cess in the two countries (see p. 124). [S/2001/1096], took note of the Secretary-General’s intention. Addressing the Council on 30 May [meeting 4323], the head of the mission (French Ambassa- dor Jean-David Levitte) explained that 12 Coun- cil members had visited eight countries and in 10 Democratic Republic of the Congo days met with 10 heads of State and two Facilita- The DRC remained at the centre of regional tors—former Presidents Ketumile Masire of Bo- strife in 2001, albeit at reduced levels of fighting, tswana, for the inter-Congolese dialogue, and as it had since the beginning of the conflict in Nelson Mandela of South Africa, for Burundi— 1998,which eventually involved seven neighbour- and with representatives of political parties, civil ing countries and numerous rebel groups. Bu- society and armed groups. There was a feeling rundi, Rwanda and Uganda, at times allied with that a real window of opportunity existed for the various rebel factions, supported opposition to DRC to move towards peace, particularly in view the DRC Government, which in turn was sup- of the leadership of President Joseph Kabila and ported, at its request, by Angola, Namibia and the fact that the ceasefire had been holding for Zimbabwe.

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On 16 January, President Laurent-Désiré An expert panel established by the Security Kabila was assassinated. His son, Major General Council to investigate the illegal exploitation of Joseph Kabila, was nominated as President. The natural resources of the DRC reported in 2001 change in leadership provided a window of op- that the plundering of those resources continued portunity for renewed efforts to pursue the unabated. Over the years of conflict, the exploi- implementation of the 1999 Lusaka Ceasefire tation had become systematic and systemic, with Agreement [YUN 1999, p. 87] signed by the Govern- networks having been developed for channelling ment of the DRC, one of the two main rebel move- extracted resources, first by Rwanda and Uganda ments and five regional States. The Agreement and later by individual actors, including army provided for a ceasefire to be monitored by MO- commanders, businessmen and government NUC, OAU and Zambia; withdrawal of foreign structures. The panel made a number of recom- forces from the country; and re-establishment of mendations for halting the illegal exploitation, State administration throughout the country. including sanctions against countries and indi- MONUC, with a mandate to facilitate the imple- viduals involved in those activities. mentation of the Agreement, began expanding On 7 September, the General Assembly de- its force from 200 troops at the beginning of the cided to include in the draft agenda of its fifty- year. With a mandated force of 5,500, MONUC sixth (2001) session the item on armed aggression reached a total of approximately 3,000 troops by against the DRC (decision 55/502). On 24 Decem- the end of 2001, and the Security Council ex- ber, it decided that the item would remain for tended its mandate until 15June 2002. The rapid consideration at its resumed fifty-sixth (2002) expansion of MONUC was made possible by the session (decision 56/464). disengagement of forces from the confrontation line and their redeployment to new defensive po- Political and military developments sitions, as verified by the Mission. MONUC began establishing four coordination centres to provide command for the military observers in areas dis- Change in leadership tant from its headquarters in Kinshasa. At the At the beginning of 2001, the political and same time, some foreign forces were withdrawn military situation in the DRC was at a standstill from Congolese territory and the Government despite intense diplomatic activity and personal began to demobilize some of its troops. By the initiatives of heads of State in the region during end of the year, Namibia and Uganda had greatly 2000. Broad agreement on the key questions to reduced their forces in the DRC, and Angola put the peace process back on track had not been had announced its intention to withdraw some achieved, and military activity, although rela- troops. Rwandan troops remained in the country. tively quiet, was observed in several areas Having verified the disengagement and rede- throughout the country. The situation changed ployment of opposing forces, MONUC was able to on 16 January with the assassination of President commence the third phase of its operations and Laurent-Désiré Kabila in Kinshasa by a member began to plan disarmament, demobilization, re- of the presidential bodyguard. patriation, resettlement and reintegration of the Report of Secretary-General (February). The combatants. Secretary-General reported that event and conse- In general, the ceasefire held throughout the quent political and military developments in his year in much of the country,with the exception of sixth report on MONUC [S/2001/128], issued in Feb- eastern DRC, where violations were on the rise by ruary, as requested by the Security Council in late 2001. The Secretary-General, who visited the resolution 1332(2000) [YUN 2000, p. 139].On17 region in September, and the neutral Facilitator, January,Major General Joseph Kabila, the son of Sir Ketumile Masire, urged the Governments of the former President, was entrusted with the both the DRC and Rwanda to use all their influ- powers of head of State and Commander-in- ence to end the fighting in the east and to open a Chief of the Congolese Armed Forces (FAC)by dialogue. ministers and senior military officers, a decision Efforts were made to bring the warring fac- approved by the Congolese transitional parlia- tions and other interested parties together at an ment but rejected by both rebel groups and some inter-Congolese dialogue, which took place on 15 elements of the Congolese political class. October in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The meeting On 21 January, the heads of State of Angola, did not address any substantive issues, which led Namibia and Zimbabwe issued a communiqué in the Facilitator to adjourn the dialogue until 2002. which they undertook to maintain their respect- An informal meeting in preparation for the dia- ive military forces in the DRC and reinforce the se- logue was held in Abuja, Nigeria, from 6 to 8 De- curity of the population. They encouraged all cember. parties to search for a political solution to the

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 118 Political and security questions conflict and called on the United Nations to de- jection of Sir Ketumile, he called for a fran- ploy additional military observers. The new cophone co-facilitator. President, in meetings with the Secretary- The Secretary-General described military de- General’s Special Representative, Kamel Mor- velopments in the DRC during the reporting pe- jane (Tunisia), affirmed his desire to implement riod (December 2000–February 2001). Though Council resolutions, particularly those relating much of the country remained quiet, military ac- to the process of disengagement of forces, the tion was observed in border areas. As called for in withdrawal of foreign forces and the inter- Security Council resolution 1304(2000) [YUN Congolese dialogue. Addressing the Congolese 2000, p. 131], Rwanda and Uganda kept their forces people on 26 January, Mr. Kabila called for the at a distance of some 100 kilometres from Kisan- immediate withdrawal of Burundian, Rwandan gani. However, RCD military elements remained and Ugandan forces from Congolese territory, in the city, with their leaders maintaining that se- and advocated a policy of dialogue and recon- curity concerns did not allow them to withdraw ciliation with neighbouring States. He commit- their forces before the arrival of UN troops. The ted himself to working to relaunch the Lusaka area around the city had been de facto divided Agreement and indicated that he would seek na- into quadrants, each occupied by rebel factions. tional reconciliation through political dialogue. The areas were generally respected, except for He called for further engagement of OAU in a isolated skirmishes between RCD and MLC/RCD-N process of co-facilitation of the inter-Congolese in the diamond mining area north of the city. dialogue. Once peace was established, he envis- The opposition parties, with the exception of aged that elections would be held. MLC, ratified the detailed sub-plans for disen- Addressing the Security Council on 2 Febru- gagement and redeployment in Harare, Zim- ary [meeting 4271], Mr. Kabila said that, despite babwe, on 6 December. However, there had been many efforts over the previous two years, forces no movement in that regard. Nor had there been from Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda remained any indication of withdrawal of Rwandan and on DRC soil. Expressing hope for relaunching the Ugandan forces from the DRC, estimated to num- Lusaka Agreement, he added that, to be effective, ber 20,000 and 10,000, respectively, as the Coun- the Agreement needed to be reinforced by a cil had called for in resolution 1304(2000). On mechanism that could punish the parties that vio- the government side, it was estimated that there lated the ceasefire and did not respect the deploy- were approximately 12,000 Zimbabwean, 7,000 ment and disengagement measures. He sought Angolan and 2,000 Namibian troops deployed in the Council’s agreement in four areas: the disen- the DRC. gagement of opposing troops; the deployment of As at 8 February, MONUC had a total of 200 UN troops; the unconditional withdrawal of un- military personnel deployed to the headquarters invited forces; and the withdrawal of troops from of the rebel movements (Bunia, Gbadolite, Goma), countries that were invited. the four regional joint military commissions Following the assassination, the rebel move- (Boende, Kabalo, Kabinda, Lisala) and six other ments denied any involvement and reaffirmed locations (Gemena, Isiro, Kananga, Kindu, Ki- their commitment to the Lusaka Agreement. All sangani, Mbandaka). A team was also deployed in rebel leaders called for progress in convening the Nchelenge, northern Zambia. Twenty-three liai- inter-Congolese dialogue stipulated in the son officers were stationed in the capitals of sur- Agreement and denounced the installation of rounding countries and one was with OAU in Ad- Joseph Kabila as President. Rebel leaders were dis Ababa. In South Kivu, attacks by armed unanimous in demanding the establishment of a groups had forced international agencies to sus- transitional government. On 17 January, three pend many of their operations; that threat pre- rebel movements merged to form the Front de cluded MONUC deployment in the eastern prov- libération du Congo (FLC), comprising the Mou- inces. vement pour la libération du Congo (MLC), the The number of internally displaced persons in Rassemblement congolais pour la démocratie– the DRC was 2 million and was expected to rise Mouvement de libération (RCD-ML) and RCD- further; when added to the refugee population, National (RCD-N). The new group envisaged a the total was estimated to be over 2,335,000. single military force opposing the government Fewer than half received humanitarian assist- side. ance (see also pp. 833 and 1117). Numerous hu- Continuing in his role as neutral Facilitator of man rights violations had continued with impu- the inter-Congolese dialogue, Sir Ketumile Ma- nity (see p. 697), compounded by renewed sire enjoyed the support of the rebel movements outbreaks of political and ethnic tensions, which and main political parties. Although the new took the form of clashes between various armed President did not withdraw the Government’s re- groups and ethnic groups.

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On the basis of experience gained since MO- Lusaka summit NUC’s first deployment in the DRC in 1999 [YUN The heads of State of the signatory countries 1999,p. 94], the UN Secretariat developed a revised to the Lusaka Peace Agreement met in Lusaka, draft concept of operations for the monitoring Zambia, on 15 February, reviving hopes for pro- of actions taken by the parties in compliance gress in the peace process. At the meeting, the with the disengagement and redeployment plan new DRC President gave assurances of his accept- signed in Harare on 6 December 2000. The de- ance of Sir Ketumile Masire as the neutral Facili- ployment of up to 550 military observers was en- tator of the inter-Congolese dialogue. The par- visaged, together with 1,900 armed personnel. ties also committed themselves to the Kampala Two riverine units were also planned with the plan [YUN 2000, p. 126] and the Harare sub-plans necessary rotary and fixed-wing air assets. The for disengagement and redeployment of forces, military personnel required would total 3,000 signed in April and December 2000, respectively. officers and other ranks. The Harare disengage- Rwanda, on 18 February [S/2001/147], taking ment plan allowed two weeks for the verification note of the statement issued at the conclusion of phase, which would begin once the parties had the Lusaka summit, welcomed the declaration of disengaged and moved to designated areas; the DRC President that the neutral Facilitator thereafter MONUC would verify and monitor the would be invited to begin consultations with the plan across the four areas. The Secretary- interested parties with a view to beginning the General also intended to deploy civilian staff, in- dialogue as soon as possible, and the announced cluding political, human rights, humanitarian, deployment of the second phase of MONUC by 26 public information and child protection officers, February. Rwanda also reaffirmed its earlier of- to the Mission area as the operation proceeded. fer to pull back the Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA) In general, the Secretary-General found that to new positions, not less than 200 kilometres the change in President had marked a new stage from all forward positions, beginning on 28 Feb- in the UN consideration of the DRC conflict and ruary in Pweto. It hoped that other parties would gave grounds for cautious optimism regarding remain committed to the disarmament of the the peace process. One hopeful sign was that the ex-FAR and Interahamwe, as stipulated in the DRC Government might be willing to accept Sir Agreement. Ketumile Masire, the neutral Facilitator. On 20 February [S/2001/150], Uganda issued a Communications. The DRC, on 10 January statement on the Lusaka summit in which it ex- [S/2001/29], informed the Security Council Presi- pressed support for the Kampala disengagement dent that Rwanda was still waging an offensive in plan and subsequent sub-plans. It welcomed the the DRC province of Katanga and had tried to in- improved rapport of the DRC Government with volve Zambia in the war of aggression against the MONUC; the DRC commitment to dialogue facili- DRC. The DRC welcomed the neutrality displayed tated by Sir Ketumile; the planned deployment of by Zambia. On 12 January [S/2001/41], Rwanda as- MONUC observers; and the consensus reached at serted that the DRC Government and its allies the summit to implement area-to-area disen- continued to violate the Lusaka Agreement and gagement and redeployment plans. As a demon- were poised to attack the Rwandan forces in Ka- stration of its commitment to the peace process, tanga province. Referring to a charge made by Uganda would withdraw two battalions from the the DRC in 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 141] that Zambian ter- DRC in addition to the five already withdrawn in ritory was being used by Rwandan and other August 2000, and it hoped the other parties forces to launch attacks into the DRC, Zambia, on would follow so as to make possible a total with- 12 January [S/2001/77], asserted that it had been drawal of all foreign forces. and would remain neutral with regard to the con- flict in the DRC. Implementation of Lusaka Agreement Following the assassination of President The Security Council considered the Secretary- Laurent-Désiré Kabila, Uganda, on 18 January General’s February report on MONUC at meet- [S/2001/60], refuted charges by the DRC Defence ings on 21 and 22 February, which were attended Minister that Uganda was involved, and appealed by members of the Political Committee for the to the new leadership to follow the Lusaka peace Implementation of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agree- process. On 19 January [S/2001/65], Rwanda also ment (the parties to the Agreement, OAU and the denied charges about its involvement in the assas- United Nations), and discussed further deploy- sination and expressed support for the peace ment of MONUC. process. The EU, in a 22 January statement Addressing the Council on 21February [meeting [S/2001/97], expressed support for the Lusaka 4279], the Secretary-General noted the recent Agreement as the consensual basis for peace and positive changes in the DRC: the parties had been called on all parties to show restraint. talking to each other at the highest levels; the

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Congolese people were able to take part in the atrocities against civilian populations, especially in the governance of their country; and a cessation of eastern provinces, hostilities prevailed throughout much of the Deeply concerned at the increased rate of HIV/AIDS in- country. Although the country remained divided fection, in particular amongst women and girls as a re- sult of the conflict, by a line of confrontation between the forces of Gravely concerned by the continued recruitment and five foreign armies, agreement had been reached use of child soldiers by armed forces and groups, in- for them to pull back as a first step towards a with- cluding cross-border recruitment and abduction of drawal of all foreign forces from the DRC. Under children, his concept of operations, MONUC would moni- Reaffirming its primary responsibility under the tor and verify the disengagement. The dire hu- Charter of the United Nations for the maintenance of manitarian crisis also needed to be addressed. international peace and security, In official communiqués on private meetings Reaffirming its support for the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement, as well as the Kampala plan and the Ha- of the Council with the Political Committee on 21 rare sub-plans for disengagement and redeployment, [S/PV.4280] and 22 [S/PV.4281] February, it was Stressing the importance of giving new impetus to the stated that a constructive dialogue had taken peace process in order to secure the full and definitive place and that Sir Ketumile Masire had re- withdrawal of all foreign troops from the Democratic sponded to questions posed by Council mem- Republic of the Congo, bers. Also stressing the importance of advancing the politi- cal process called for under the Lusaka Ceasefire SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION Agreement and facilitating national reconciliation, Recalling the responsibilities of all parties to cooper- On 22 February [meeting 4282], the Security ate in the full deployment of the United Nations Or- Council unanimously adopted resolution 1341 ganization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the (2001). The draft [S/2001/157] was prepared in con- Congo, and noting with satisfaction the recent state- sultations among Council members. ments by the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and his assurances of support for the de- The Security Council, ployment of the Mission, Recalling its resolutions 1234(1999) of 9 April 1999, Welcoming the participation of the members of the 1258(1999) of 6 August 1999, 1265(1999) of 17Septem- Political Committee of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agree- ber 1999,1273(1999)of 5 November 1999,1279(1999)of ment in its meetings of 21 and 22 February 2001, and 30 November 1999, 1291(2000) of 24 February 2000, stressing the need for the parties to honour the com- 1296(2000) of 19 April 2000, 1304(2000) of 15 June mitments they made to take concrete steps to advance 2000, 1323(2000) of 13 October 2000 and 1332(2000) of the peace process, 14 December 2000 and the statements by its President Commending the outstanding work of Mission per- of 13 July 1998 (S/PRST/1998/20), 31 August 1998 sonnel in challenging conditions, and noting the (S/PRST/1998/26), 11 December 1998 (S/PRST/ strong leadership of the Special Representative of the 1998/36),24 June 1999(S/PRST/1999/17),26 January Secretary-General, 2000 (S/PRST/2000/2), 5 May 2000 (S/PRST/2000/ Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General of 15), 2 June 2000 (S/PRST/2000/20) and 7 September 12 February 2001 and his conclusion that the necessary 2000 (S/PRST/2000/28), conditions of respect for the ceasefire, a valid plan for Reaffirming the sovereignty, territorial integrity and disengagement and cooperation with the Mission are political independence of the Democratic Republic of being met, the Congo and of all States in the region, Determining that the situation in the Democratic Re- Reaffirming also the obligation of all States to refrain public of the Congo continues to pose a threat to inter- from the use of force against the territorial integrity national peace and security in the region, and political independence of any State, or in any other Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United United Nations, Nations, 1. Notes the recent progress made in achieving Reaffirming further the sovereignty of the Democratic respect for the ceasefire, and urgently calls on all par- Republic of the Congo over its natural resources, and ties to the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement not to resume noting with concern reports of the illegal exploitation hostilities and to implement this agreement, as well as of the country’s assets and the potential consequences the agreements reached in Kampala and Harare and of these actions for security conditions and the con- the relevant Security Council resolutions; tinuation of hostilities, 2. Demands once again that Ugandan and Rwandan Expressing its alarm at the dire consequences of the forces and all other foreign forces withdraw from the prolonged conflict for the civilian population through- territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in out the territory of the Democratic Republic of the compliance with paragraph 4 of its resolution 1304 Congo, in particular the increase in the number of (2000) and the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement, and urges refugees and displaced persons and stressing the ur- these forces to take urgent steps to accelerate this with- gent need for substantial humanitarian assistance to drawal; the Congolese population, 3. Demands that the parties implement fully the Expressing its deep concern at all violations of human Kampala plan and the Harare sub-plans for disengage- rights and international humanitarian law, including ment and redeployment of forces without reservations

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 121 within the 14-day period stipulated in the Harare 14 . Reminds all parties of their obligations with Agreement, starting from 15 March 2001; respect to the security of civilian populations under the 4. Welcomes the commitment by the Rwandan Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of authorities in their letter of 18 February 2001 to with- Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949 and draw their forces from Pweto in accordance with the stresses that occupying forces should be held responsi- Harare Agreement, calls on them to implement this ble for human rights violations in the territory under commitment, and calls on other parties to respect this their control; withdrawal; 15. Welcomes the expressed willingness of the 5. Welcomes also the commitment of the Ugandan authorities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to authorities to reduce immediately by two battalions the proceed with the inter-Congolese dialogue under the strength of their forces in the territory of the Demo- aegis of the neutral Facilitator, Sir Ketumile Masire, cratic Republic of the Congo, calls on the Ugandan and in this regard welcomes the announcement by the authorities to implement this commitment, and calls President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo at on the United Nations Organization Mission in the the Summit in Lusaka on 15 February 2001 that the Democratic Republic of the Congo to verify it; Facilitator has been invited to Kinshasa, and calls upon 6. Urges the parties to the Lusaka Ceasefire Agree- all Congolese parties to take immediate concrete steps ment to prepare and adopt not later than 15 May 2001, to take forward the inter-Congolese dialogue; in close liaison with the Mission, a precise plan and 16. Reiterates that the Mission shall cooperate closely schedule which, in accordance with the Lusaka Cease- with the Facilitator of the inter-Congolese dialogue, fire Agreement, would lead to the completion of the or- provide support and technical assistance to him, and derly withdrawal of all foreign troops from the terri- coordinate the activities of other United Nations agen- tory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and cies to this effect; requests the Secretary-General to report to it by 15 17. Calls upon all the parties to the conflict to cooper- April 2001 on the progress of these efforts; ate fully in the deployment and operations of the 7. Demands that all the parties refrain from any of- Mission including through full implementation of the fensive military action during the process of disengage- provisions and the principles of the Status-of-Forces ment and withdrawal of foreign forces; Agreement throughout the territory of the Democratic 8. Urges all the parties to the conflict, in close liaison Republic of the Congo, and reaffirms that it is the re- with the Mission, to prepare by 15 May 2001 for imme- sponsibility of all the parties to ensure the security of diate implementation prioritized plans for the disarm- United Nations personnel, together with associated ament, demobilization, reintegration, repatriation or personnel; resettlement of all armed groups referred to in annex A, chapter 9.1, of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement, and 18. Requests the parties, as a follow-up to the discus- demands that all parties cease all forms of assistance sions on this matter at the Lusaka Summit on 15 Febru- and cooperation with these groups and use their influ- ary 2001, to relocate the Joint Military Commission to ence to urge such groups to cease their activities; Kinshasa, co-locating it at all levels with the Mission, 9. Condemns the massacres and atrocities committed and calls upon the authorities of the Democratic Re- in the territory of the Democratic Republic of the public of the Congo to ensure the security of all the Congo, and demands once again that all the parties Commission members; concerned put an immediate end to violations of hu- 19 . Reaffirms the authorization contained in resolu- man rights and international humanitarian law; tion 1291(2000) and the mandate set out in its resolu- 10. Demands that all armed forces and groups con- tion for the expansion and deployment of the Mission, cerned bring an effective end to the recruitment, train- and endorses the updated concept of operations put ing and use of children in their armed forces, calls forward by the Secretary-General in his report of 12 upon them to extend full cooperation to the Mission, February 2001, with a view to the deployment of all the the United Nations Children’s Fund and humanita- civilian and military personnel required to monitor rian organizations for speedy demobilization, return and verify the implementation by the parties of the and rehabilitation of such children, and requests the ceasefire and disengagement plans, stressing that this Secretary-General to entrust the Special Representa- disengagement is a first step towards the full and de- tive of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed finitive withdrawal of all foreign troops from the terri- Conflict with pursuing these objectives on a priority tory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; basis; 20. Emphasizes that it will be prepared to consider a 11. Calls upon all parties to ensure the safe and un- further review of the concept of operations for the Mis- hindered access of relief personnel to all those in need, sion, when appropriate and in the light of develop- and recalls that the parties must also provide guaran- ments, in order to monitor and verify the withdrawal of tees for the safety, security and freedom of movement foreign troops and the implementation of the plan of United Nations and associated humanitarian relief mentioned in paragraph 8 above and, in coordination personnel; with existing mechanisms, to enhance security on the 12. Calls also upon all the parties to respect the prin- border of the Democratic Republic of the Congo with ciples of neutrality and impartiality in the delivery of Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi, and requests the humanitarian assistance; Secretary-General to make proposals when appropri- 13. Calls upon the international community to in- ate; crease its support to humanitarian relief activities with- 21. Reaffirms that it is ready to support the in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in neigh- Secretary-General if and when he deems that it is nec- bouring countries affected by the crisis in the essary and it determines that conditions allow it to de- Democratic Republic of the Congo; ploy troops in the border areas in the east of the Demo-

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cratic Republic of the Congo, including possibly in Council resolution 1341(2001) and reaffirmed its Goma or Bukavu; position on the inter-Congolese dialogue, dis- 22. Welcomes the dialogue initiated between the engagement, cooperation with MONUC, the co- authorities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burundi, urges them to continue their efforts, and location of MONUC and the Joint Military Com- emphasizes in this respect that the settlement of the cri- mission (JMC) of the Political Committee, respect sis in Burundi would contribute positively to the settle- for human rights, provision of humanitarian aid ment of the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the and further deployment of MONUC along the Congo; borders with Rwanda. Referring to that letter, 23. Welcomes also the recent meetings of the parties, Uganda, on 14 March [S/2001/224], said that the including the meeting of the Presidents of the Demo- reason for insecurity along the borders of the cratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda, encourages DRC was the presence of armed groups who were them to intensify their dialogue with the goal of achiev- ing regional security structures based on common in- using the DRC as a base against neighbouring terest and mutual respect for the territorial integrity, countries. Uganda refuted the charge that it was national sovereignty and security of both States, and directly involved in the inter-ethnic fighting be- emphasizes in this respect that the disarmament and tween the Hema and the Lendu and expressed demobilization of and cessation of any support to the support for the DRC peace process. ex-Rwandese Armed Forces and Interahamwe forces The EU, in a 27 February statement [S/2001/ will facilitate the settlement of the conflict in the Dem- 200], welcomed the Council’s action, noted the ocratic Republic of the Congo; 24. Expresses its full support for the work of the expert commitment of the parties to implement the Lu- panel on the illegal exploitation of natural resources saka Ceasefire Agreement and called on them to and other forms of wealth in the Democratic Republic take immediate measures to permit the disen- of the Congo, and once again urges the parties to the gagement and withdrawal of their troops. It conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and would consider appropriate measures if parties the other parties concerned to cooperate fully with it; failed to honour their commitments. 25. Reaffirms that it attaches the highest importance On 19 March [S/2001/246], Namibia claimed to the cessation of the illegal exploitation of the natural resources of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, af- that MLC rebels in the DRC had attacked an allied firms that it is ready to consider the necessary actions to forces’ ferry on a supply mission, in violation of put an end to this exploitation, and awaits with interest the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement. in this respect the final conclusions of the expert panel, The DRC stated on 3 April [S/2001/320] that it including the conclusions relating to the level of co- had received information concerning Burundi’s operation of States with the expert panel; announcement that it was withdrawing three of 26. Reaffirms also that an international conference its battalions from the towns of Pweto and Kale- on peace, security, democracy and development in the Great Lakes region, with participation by all the Gov- mie, in the province of Katanga, which demon- ernments of the region and all the other parties con- strated the extent to which Burundi was involved cerned, should be organized at the appropriate time in destabilizing the DRC. The DRC called on the under the aegis of the United Nations and the Organi- Council to demand that Burundi, which was not a zation of African Unity with a view to strengthening party to the Lusaka Agreement, withdraw imme- stability in the region and working out conditions that diately its remaining troops from the DRC.On4 will enable everyone to enjoy the right to live peacefully May [S/2001/441], Burundi denied that it had an- within national borders; 27. Expresses its intention to monitor closely progress nounced the withdrawal of any troops as the DRC by the parties in implementing the requirements of the claimed. It intended to pursue the dialogue with present resolution and to undertake a mission to the re- the DRC on security along the common border gion, possibly in May 2001, to monitor progress and dis- and on implementing the Lusaka Agreement. cuss the way forward; On 16 April [S/2001/361], the DRC requested the 28. Expresses its readiness to consider possible meas- Council to hold an emergency meeting to discuss ures which could be imposed, in accordance with its re- recent developments concerning the deployment sponsibilities and obligations under the Charter of the United Nations, in case of failure by parties to comply of MONUC, including the blocking by Rwanda fully with this resolution; and RCD-Goma of the landing of a UN aircraft 29. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. carrying peacekeepers. In addition, RCD-Goma had not withdrawn from the front line as agreed Referring to resolution 1341(2001), the in the disengagement plan and had hindered the Secretary-General proposed to the Council on 18 movement of MONUC forces. The DRC urged the April [S/2001/405] the names of 40 States to be in- Council to apply sanctions against Rwanda and cluded in the list of countries contributing mili- RCD-Goma. tary personnel to MONUC. The Council took note Report of Secretary-General (April). In re- of the proposal on 24 April [S/2001/406]. sponse to resolution 1341(2001), the Secretary- Communications (February-April). On 26 General issued his seventh report on MONUC on February [S/2001/174], the DRC welcomed Security 17 April [S/2001/373]. He noted that President

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Kabila had reaffirmed his acceptance of Sir Ke- threat to the security of UN personnel stemmed tumile Masire as Facilitator of the inter- from lawlessness and the actions of armed Congolese dialogue and President Kagame had groups. While freedom of movement had im- confirmed Rwanda’s intention to disengage its proved for MONUC, it continued to experience forces 200 kilometres from forward positions. difficulties in negotiations with RCD over deploy- In an effort to pursue the inter-Congolese dia- ment locations of sector headquarters and guard logue, President Kabila had met with Sir Ketu- units in Goma, Kalemie and Kisangani, and with mile in March and they agreed that the process FLC over deployment to Basankusu. In accord- for national dialogue would be as inclusive as pos- ance with the Harare disengagement sub-plan, a sible. On 12 March, President Kabila met with 56-day period of verification began on 29 March, Congolese political and civil society representa- during which MONUC military observers would tives to review the regulation of political activity. verify the disengagements and redeployments However, some main opposition groups did not across four areas, a task that was complicated attend. Subsequently, the Government recom- by the danger of mines and the increase in defen- mended amendments to laws, which, if adopted, sive positions in the revised Harare sub-plans, would allow all political parties to operate. possibly requiring additional MONUC military The military situation remained generally observers. calm with significant ceasefire violations re- The humanitarian situation in the DRC contin- ported only around Bolomba in Equateur prov- ued to be a cause for grave concern despite some ince. Government and allied forces alleged re- marginal improvements, including a slight re- peated attacks by FLC against their postions and duction in the total number of displaced persons against resupply ferries in that area. Meanwhile, (1.89 million). The number of persons in critical RPA troops began withdrawing from positions need of food remained at an estimated 16 mil- around Pweto in Katanga province on 28 Febru- lion. There had been discernible improvements ary. The withdrawal was monitored by MONUC in the Government’s attitude regarding respect military observers. At the same time, three battal- for human rights as well as some reduction in vio- ions of the Burundian army were reportedly re- lence and ethnic tension in the eastern provinces. patriated, leaving two battalions in the DRC. The The Secretary-General reported that consider- repatriation of one Ugandan battalion was com- able additional work would need to be done in or- pleted on 11 April. Beginning on 15 March, the der to produce plans for a MONUC mandate in an date set for the start of disengagement in Security eventual third phase of deployment. The second Council resolution 1341(2001), RCD forces with- phase, essentially a technical military operation drew from Pweto to 15 kilometres to the east, as of limited scope, had been launched, whereas the observed by MONUC. On 23 March, the JMC third could require a significant expansion adopted a supplementary protocol to the Harare in mandate and size for DDRRR functions, ensur- disengagement sub-plans to take into account ing the withdrawal of all foreign forces and se- RCD’s decision to withdraw its forces to a distance curing the borders. The Secretary-General men- of 15rather than 200 kilometres. The protocol in- tioned some of the anticipated difficulties, cluded arrangements for new RCD defensive po- including the need for an interim civilian sitions, including at Pweto and Ikela airport. administration, the provision of humanitarian Withdrawals by FAC were observed, despite de- assistance and basic services, security of local lays, but there was no indication of disengage- populations following the withdrawal of forces, ment by FLC. Rwanda and Uganda maintained repair of infrastructure and averting human their forces some 100 kilometres from Kisangani. rights violations. However, RCD elements, citing security concerns, In general, the Secretary-General found that remained in the city, blocking the deployment of much had changed since the beginning of the MONUC. year. It was time for all parties to pull back to their The Political Committee, on 6 April, endorsed new defensive positions, as some had done, so the concept of operations and timetable for the that MONUC could continue its verification op- first phase of the draft plan prepared by JMC erations under phase II and begin the more diffi- for the disarmament, demobilization, reintegra- cult phase III, currently being planned. He wel- tion, repatriation and/or resettlement of armed comed the bilateral contacts that had taken place groups (DDRRR), and approved the concept of the between the DRC and Uganda, as well as between orderly withdrawal of all foreign forces from the the other parties. country, including a calendar. JMC and MONUC Communications (April/May). On 27 April would monitor the withdrawal. [S/2001/420], the DRC informed the Security Coun- As at 11April, MONUC had a total of 288 liaison cil of the murder of six staff of the International officers and military observers. The most serious Committee of the Red Cross near the town of

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Bunia, close to the Ugandan border; it alleged finalized, operational sub-plans needed to be that Ugandan troops were most likely responsi- drawn up and signed by the military command- ble. Uganda denied those charges on 8 May ers of all parties, and the withdrawal of foreign [S/2001/452]. On 7 May [S/2001/461], Uganda an- forces needed to be conducted in a phased and nounced it would completely withdraw its forces orderly manner. from 10 positions in the DRC, examine whether to The mission recommended that the Council maintain a presence in two other locations, and approve a transition to phase III of MONUC op- maintain deployment in the Rwenzori mountains erations on the basis of forthcoming recommen- until security concerns had been addressed. dations by the Secretary-General. During that Rwanda, on 7 May [S/2001/469], also objected to phase, MONUC would assist the parties in carry- claims made by the DRC in the 27 April letter, in ing out phased withdrawal of all foreign forces particular claims linking Rwandan authorities to and for DDRRR of armed groups. The co-location criminal and mafia elements. of JMC with MONUC would help them to coordi- On 10 May [S/2001/466], Zambia issued the text nate military planning for operations. The mis- of the Declaration of Fundamental Principles of sion impressed upon RCD and the Political Com- the Inter-Congolese Political Negotiations, signed mittee the need to demilitarize Kisangani, the in Lusaka on 4 May by the Congolese signatories presence of RCD forces there being a violation of to the Lusaka Agreement (the DRC Government, resolution 1304(2000) [YUN 2000, p. 131]. MLC, RCD and RCD-ML). Among the principles Aware of the security concerns of the civilian were national reconciliation and a new political population in the areas to be evacuated by foreign orderasabasisforrebuildingtheDRC;inclusion forces, the mission said that some form of civil of the political opposition and representatives administration, including police, would be essen- of the Forces Vives to designate their representa- tial. Such concerns needed to be addressed by the tives to the inter-Congolese dialogue; the or- Congolese parties in the context of the inter- ganization of free and transparent elections; Congolese dialogue. In the mission’s view, and the formation of a restructured, integrated DDRRR of armed groups was the key to ending the army. conflict in the DRC. The Political Committee members had assured the mission that they Security Council mission to Great Lakes would provide the necessary information on the The Security Council, following consultations armed groups to JMC in order to facilitate plan- and in response to its resolution 1341(2001) (see ning for that goal. The mission affirmed that p. 120), sent a 12-member mission to the Great peace could not be restored until all foreign Lakes region (15-26 May) to monitor progress by forces had departed and welcomed indications the parties to the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement in that some foreign contingents had already with- implementing the resolution [S/2001/521]. It held drawn. The mission considered it indispensable extensive talks with leaders of several States, as for the return to peace to be accompanied by in- well as opposition forces and others involved in creased economic activity, which the interna- the peace process. The mission noted that, for the tional community should mobilize to assist. first time since the outbreak of the DRC conflict, MONUC could play an important role in reopen- the outlines of a solution appeared to be taking ing the riverine network to stimulate trade and fa- shape; it stressed the urgency of taking advantage cilitate the movement of persons and goods, in- of that window of opportunity. Among the posi- cluding MONUC supplies. The Security Council tive signs was the attitude displayed by President looked forward to receiving further details con- Kabila towards the peace process and MONUC. cerning the proposed Congo River Basin Com- The mission observed that the ceasefire had held mission comprising the Congolese parties, UN for four months and that the belligerents’ forces agencies and the Governments of the Republic of had disengaged from the confrontation line, ena- the Congo and the Central African Republic, bling MONUC to deploy its guard units and mili- under the chairmanship of MONUC. The mission tary observers to their designated locations. also called for a halt to the illegitimate exploita- President Kabila’s repeal of a law banning politi- tion of the natural resources of the DRC (see cal parties was a significant step toward amelio- p. 140),respect for human rights by all the parties rating the political environment. Nonetheless, and cessation of the use of child soldiers. In that obstacles remained. The mission expressed con- regard, it recommended the deployment of addi- cern about the reluctance of Jean-Pierre Bemba, tional human rights observers in the DRC. The the leader of FLC, to disengage his forces, which mission proposed that, at the appropriate time, were some 100 kilometres beyond the positions an international conference on the Great Lakes agreed to under the Harare disengagement plan. region be held to promote peace, security and de- The DDRRR plans for armed groups needed to be velopment.

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Annexed to the mission’s report [S/2001/521/ Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolu- Add.1] were a statement issued in Kinshasa on 21 tion (Lomé, Togo, 19 May) expressed satisfaction May by the mission at the close of its visit to that at the new disposition of the DRC Government city; a communiqué issued after a joint meeting and other parties to the Lusaka Agreement. of the Political Committee and the mission in Lu- President Museveni of Uganda, in a note verbale sakaon22May[S/2001/525]; a draft plan issued by dated 3 May [S/2001/357], said that Ugandan forces JMC on DDRRR of all armed groups in the DRC, would soon be withdrawn from the DRC and the handing over of mass killers, perpetrators of advised that his Government was considering crimes against humanity and other war crimi- withdrawing from the Lusaka peace process. nals, and disarmament of all Congolese civilians The Secretary-General appealed to President who were illegally armed; and a plan issued by Museveni not to abandon the process. Uganda JMC for the orderly withdrawal of all foreign later affirmed that it would remain party to the forces from the DRC. Lusaka Agreement but reserved the right to During the Security Council consideration of withdraw if it remained dissatisfied with the the mission’s report on 30 May [meeting 4323], the Agreement’s implementation [S/2001/461]. head of the mission, Mr. Levitte, said that the Following intensive consultations by Sir Ketu- mission had obtained assurances from Mr. mile Masire, the neutral Facilitator, representa- Bemba, on the one hand, and the Political Com- tives of the DRC Government and the rebel move- mittee, on the other, that on 1 June FLC forces ments agreed on 4 May on a set of principles to would withdraw from the zones they were occu- serve as the framework for the inter-Congolese pying to the agreed positions set out in the com- dialogue. A preparatory meeting to the dialogue muniqué adopted by the Political Committee was scheduled for 16 July. As a result of the new and the mission. There was a parallel decision to political climate, some exiled political opponents send humanitarian observers to Equateur prov- returned to the DRC. ince, as elsewhere throughout the DRC, in order The military situation remained generally to improve the human rights and humanitarian calm, with significant ceasefire violations re- situations. In the economic field, the mission had ported only around Bolomba in Equateur prov- announced some 40 small quick-impact projects, ince in early May, allegedly between FLC and FAC . to be carried out in areas where MONUC troops As at 8 June, MONUC had a total of 2,366 military were deployed, and the reopening on 7 June of personnel, including 497 liaison officers and the Congo River to commercial navigation as a re- military observers, stationed throughout the sult of the presence of a MONUC riverine unit. Ur- country and in capitals of surrounding countries. gent matters that needed to be dealt with in- Although MONUC enjoyed good cooperation cluded the withdrawal of foreign troops from with the Government and its allies, it experi- and demilitarization of Kisangani, the co- enced difficulties and delays from RCD on many location of JMC and MONUC and a transition to issues, specifically the procurement of goods and the third phase of MONUC deployment. In that services due to RCD’s insistence on local suppli- regard, Mr. Levitte observed that the ceiling of ers. FLC had also caused unreasonable delays for 5,537 forces, as decided by the Council in resolu- MONUC deployment. tion 1291(2000) [YUN 2000, p. 123], remained ade- MONUC’s verification process expanded to in- quate but further planning was required. clude all four sectors in its supervision of the movements of the forces; cooperation from the Extension of MONUC mandate parties varied but was generally satisfactory. Lo- Report of Secretary-General (June). The gistics presented problems, in some cases requir- Secretary-General, in his eighth report on MO- ing the establishment of forward refuelling bases NUC, dated 8 June [S/2001/572], described devel- because of the remote location of some of the opments since his previous report and made new defensive positions. Disengagement and recommendations for future activities of the Mis- verification were almost complete in three of the sion, whose mandate was due to expire the follow- four sectors. As at 4 June, 69 of the designated 96 ing week. He reported that Under-Secretary- redeployment positions had been visited and the General for Peacekeeping Operations Jean- disengagement of forces in those areas had been Marie Guéhenno visited the area in mid-April verified. The one area where disengagement had and urged all parties to cooperate with MONUC. been unsatisfactory was Equateur province, In the region, there had been signs of rapproche- where the rebel forces were controlled by FLC ment, including a number of visits by heads of leader Mr. Bemba, who cited fears for the safety State for talks on implementation of the Lusaka of the civilian populations in the areas to be Agreement and security concerns. A meeting of evacuated by his troops. MONUC worked with the the Central Organ of the OAU Mechanism for parties to secure the withdrawal of Ugandan and

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Zimbabwean troops and equipment from certain continuing to monitor the presence of forces in areas. the new defensive positions, as well as any further The security situation in the eastern provinces withdrawals of foreign contingents, and would remained highly volatile. RCD announced on 29 require additional military personnel and equip- May that its forces had captured the airfield of ment. An expansion of MONUC’s presence in Kilembwe in South Kivu, which, it alleged, had the sector headquarters in Kisangani, Kalemie, been used by FAC to resupply ex-FAR and Intera- Kananga and Mbandaka was also necessary in hamwe militias. RCD accused the Government of the form of civilian (political, humanitarian, hu- seeking to transfer the war to the eastern regions, man rights, child protection and public informa- alleging a sharp increase in the number of attacks tion staff) and military personnel. A mine action by armed groups since the President had as- centre should be established in MONUC head- sumed office. An envoy from Burundi, at a meet- quarters, with subsidiary cells in each sector ing of the Political Committee on 21 May, re- headquarters. Due to a lack of trained police and ported that a large-scale eastward movement of a vacuum in the security situation that would fol- rebels of the Front pour la défense de la démocra- low the withdrawal of foreign forces, the deploy- tie (FDD) had taken place over the preceding few ment of a small civilian police component with months, with a third of the FDD rebels having re- MONUC was envisaged, to prepare recommenda- turned to Burundi, where they were responsible tions for an expanded civilian police component for the upsurge in violence in and around wherever MONUC military personnel were de- Bujumbura. Rwanda and Uganda continued to ployed and to advise local authorities. MONUC maintain their forces some 100 kilometres from would also support the opening of the internal Kisangani, but RCD military elements remained waterway system, including through the deploy- in the city. ment of two riverine units. Since MONUC would JMC, in collaboration with MONUC, was devel- be called upon to assist with DDRRR functions, oping plans for the withdrawal of foreign forces military and civilian support staff would need to and for DDRRR of the armed groups identified in be deployed as part of the transition to phase III. the Lusaka Agreement. In that regard, the Secu- As part of its public information capability, it was rity Council mission had insisted that the parties envisaged that a radio studio would be set up in should provide information concerning num- Kinshasa with transmitters in five locations. Pro- bers, locations, assembly areas, withdrawal routes gramming would cover MONUC activities, the and timetables in order to allow the United peace process, the DDRRR programme and the Nations to make its own plans to assist the parties inter-Congolese dialogue. To strengthen the ci- and to monitor the withdrawal. On the basis of vilian component, the Secretary-General in- that information, MONUC would draw up plans tended to appoint a Deputy Special Representa- and modalities for UN assistance. As at 8 June, tive with responsibility for coordination within only Angola and Uganda had provided informa- the Mission, as well as between MONUC and other tion on their forces in the DRC. Further progress UN agencies and donors operating in the DRC. in developing a detailed plan for approval by the Given the scale of the country and the de- parties could not be made until Namibia, graded infrastructure, the revised concept of op- Rwanda and Zimbabwe provided information on erations provided for a progressive build-up of their forces. During the reporting period, the capabilities in personnel, logistics and equip- four regional Joint Military Commissions had ment in order to position MONUC to respond in co-located with the MONUC sector headquarters, an effective manner once the parties began with- enabling members to be involved in the verifica- drawal of foreign troops and DDRRR. The revised tion of the disengagement and redeployment of concept envisaged an increase of up to 2,500 forces. military personnel over the 3,000 authorized The Secretary-General cautioned that it would under the current MONUC mandate, thus re- be precipitous to enter a third phase of MONUC maining within the force level of 5,537 approved deployment before the completion of the disen- by the Security Council in resolution 1291(2000). gagement and verification phase and without the The Secretary-General was gratified to note benefit of realistic and approved plans; neverthe- that the parties continued to adhere to the cease- less, the momentum generated by the disengage- fire; however, reports of the eastward movement ment of forces and the withdrawal of foreign of armed groups and their recent incursions into forces must not be lost. The Secretariat had Burundi, Rwanda and the United Republic of therefore updated MONUC’s concept of opera- Tanzaniawere disturbing. There was speculation tions to ensure that the Mission had the necessary that the armed groups were moving out of the resources to complete the current phase and to DRC to evade participation in the DDRRR pro- prepare for the next one, which would involve gramme. The Secretary-General said that there

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 127 could be no lasting peace in the DRC without a manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United comprehensive settlement in Burundi and he was Nations, gratified by the recent meetings of regional Reaffirming further the sovereignty of the Democratic Republic of the Congo over its natural resources, heads of State. He welcomed the DRC Govern- Expressing its alarm at the dire consequences of the ment’s cooperation with MONUC and called on prolonged conflict for the civilian population through- the rebel movements to extend the same level of out the territory of the Democratic Republic of the cooperation. The substantial compliance of the Congo, in particular the increase in the number of parties with the Harare disengagement plan, as refugees and displaced persons, and stressing the monitored and verified by MONUC, was also a urgent need for substantial humanitarian assistance to matter for encouragement. However, the reluc- the Congolese population, tance of FLC to disengage its forces in Equateur Expressing its deep concern at all violations of human province remained a concern. The plans drawn rights and international humanitarian law, including atrocities against civilian populations, especially in the up by JMC and the Political Committee, in con- eastern provinces, sultation with MONUC, on troop withdrawal and Deeply concerned at the increased rate of HIV/AIDS DDRRR did not constitute a sufficient basis for infection, in particular amongst women and girls in the further action by the United Nations at that Democratic Republic of the Congo, point, the Secretary-General said. He called on Gravely concerned by the continued recruitment and the parties to provide, as soon as possible, the in- use of child soldiers by armed forces and groups, in- formation requested. Though incomplete, the cluding cross-border recruitment and abduction of progress made in the disengagement of forces children, Reaffirming its primary responsibility under the (phase II of MONUC) demanded a follow-up; Charter of the United Nations for the maintenance of therefore, the Secretary-General recommended international peace and security, that the Council authorize a transition to the Reaffirming its support for the Lusaka Ceasefire third phase of MONUC deployment that would Agreement, as well as the Kampala plan and the Ha- not require an increase in the authorized military rare sub-plans for disengagement and redeployment, strength. A transition with an enlarged civilian Reaffirming that the primary responsibility for im- component and a new civilian police unit would plementing the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement lies with eventually lead to the third phase, DDRRR. The the parties, Reiterating its support for the inter-Congolese dia- MONUC Secretary-General, emphasizing that logue and the Facilitator, and stressing the need for the would be engaged in the DRC for a considerable parties to resolve outstanding substantive and proce- time to come, recommended that the Council ex- dural issues, tend its mandate for a year, until 15 June 2002. Recalling the responsibilities of all parties to cooper- ate in the full deployment of the United Nations Or- SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (June) ganization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, On 15 June [meeting 4329], the Security Council Endorsing the report of the Security Council mission unanimously adopted resolution 1355(2001). to the Great Lakes region, and recalling the commu- The draft [S/2001/587] was prepared in consulta- niqué of the joint meeting of the Political Committee tions among Council members. for the Implementation of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agree- ment in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the The Security Council, United Nations Security Council mission to the Great Recalling its resolutions 1234(1999) of 9 April 1999, Lakes region, 1258(1999) of 6 August 1999, 1265(1999) of 17Septem- Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General ber 1999,1273(1999)of 5 November 1999,1279(1999)of of 8 June 2001 and its recommendations, 30 November 1999, 1291(2000) of 24 February 2000, Determining that the situation in the Democratic Re- 1296(2000) of 19 April 2000, 1304(2000) of 15 June public of the Congo continues to pose a threat to inter- 2000, 1323(2000) of 13 October 2000, 1332(2000) of 14 national peace and security in the region, December 2000 and 1341(2001) of 22 February 2001 A and the statements by its President of 13 July 1998 Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the (S/PRST/1998/20), 31 August 1998 (S/PRST/1998/ United Nations, 26), 11 December 1998 (S/PRST/1998/36), 24 June 1999 (S/PRST/1999/17), 26 January 2000 (S/PRST/ 1. Notes with satisfaction that the ceasefire among the 2000/2), 5 May 2000 (S/PRST/2000/15), 2 June 2000 parties to the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement has been re- (S/PRST/2000/20), 7 September 2000 (S/PRST/ spected, welcomes the progress on disengagement and 2000/28) and 3 May 2001 (S/PRST/2001/13), redeployment noted in the Secretary-General’s report of 8 June 2001, and reiterates its urgent call on all par- Reaffirming the sovereignty, territorial integrity and ties to the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement to implement political independence of the Democratic Republic of this agreement, as well as the agreements reached in the Congo and of all States in the region, Kampala and Harare and all relevant Security Council Reaffirming also the obligation of all States to refrain resolutions; from the use of force against the territorial integrity 2. Demands that the Front de Libération du Congo and political independence of any State, or in any other disengage and redeploy its forces in accordance with

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the Harare sub-plans and the commitment it made to their influence on Burundian armed groups to encour- the Security Council mission to the Great Lakes region, age them to refrain from violence, to enter negotiations in their meeting of 25 May 2001, and expresses its in- for a political settlement and to join the Arusha peace tention to monitor this process; process, and demands that all States in the region cease 3. Demands once again that Ugandan and Rwandan any military support to such groups; forces and all other foreign forces withdraw from the 12. Stresses that a durable peace in the Democratic territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Republic of the Congo should not be achieved at the ex- compliance with paragraph 4 of its resolution 1304 pense of peace in Burundi, and requests the Secretary- (2000) and the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement, urges General as well as interested Member States to make those forces to take the necessary steps to accelerate this proposals, on an urgent basis, on how best to address withdrawal, and welcomes in this regard the decision these interrelated crises; by Ugandan authorities to start withdrawing their 13. Welcomes the announcement by the facilitator of troops from the territory of the Democratic Republic the inter-Congolese dialogue of the organization of the of the Congo; preparatory meeting of the inter-Congolese dialogue 4. Calls upon all the parties to refrain from any on 16 July 2001, calls on all Congolese parties to com- offensive action during the process of disengagement mence that dialogue as soon as possible, preferably on and withdrawal of foreign forces, and expresses con- Congolese soil, and to ensure a successful outcome, cern at recent reports of military operations in the and welcomes in this regard the initial measures taken Kivus; by the authorities of the Democratic Republic of the 5. Demands that the Rassemblement Congolais pour Congo towards the liberalization of political activities; la Démocratie demilitarize Kisangani in accordance 14 . Calls upon all relevant parties to ensure that with resolution 1304(2000), and that all parties respect urgent child protection concerns, including disarma- the demilitarization of the city and its environs; ment, demobilization, repatriation and reintegration 6. Demands that all parties, including the Govern- of child soldiers, the plight of girls affected by the con- ment of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, cease flict, the protection and safe return of refugee and in- immediately all forms of assistance and cooperation ternally displaced children, and the registration and with all armed groups referred to in annex A, chapter reunification of unaccompanied or orphaned chil- 9.1, of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement; dren, are addressed in all national, bilateral and re- 7. Takes note of the plans drafted by the Political gional dialogues, and that solutions are designed in ac- Committee for the orderly withdrawal of all foreign cordance with international best practice; forces from the territory of the Democratic Republic of 15. Condemns the massacres and atrocities commit- the Congo and for the disarmament, demobilization, ted in the territory of the Democratic Republic of the repatriation and reintegration of all armed groups in Congo, demands once again that all the parties to the the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and calls upon conflict put an immediate end to violations of human the parties to finalize these plans and to implement rights and international humanitarian law, and stresses them as a matter of urgency; that those responsible will be held accountable; 8. With a view to ensuring the finalization of these plans, 16. Reminds all parties of their obligations with requests all parties that have not already done so to pro- respect to the security of civilian populations under the vide the Joint Military Commission, as soon as possi- Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of ble, with all necessary operational information on the Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949, and withdrawal, including, inter alia, the numbers and lo- stresses that all forces present on the territory of the cations of the foreign forces, their assembly areas and Democratic Republic of the Congo are responsible for withdrawal routes and the timetable, and on disarma- preventing violations of international humanitarian ment, demobilization, repatriation and reintegration, law in the territory under their control; including, inter alia, the numbers, location and arma- 17. Condemns strongly the attacks against the person- ments of the armed groups, and the proposed sites of nel of humanitarian organizations, and demands that their demobilization areas, in order to facilitate United the perpetrators be brought to justice; Nations planning to assist the parties in the implemen- 18. Condemns the use of child soldiers, demands that tation of these plans; all armed forces and groups concerned bring an end to 9. Encourages the Presidents and Governments of all forms of recruitment, training and use of children the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda to in their armed forces, calls upon all parties to collabo- intensify their dialogue with the goal of achieving re- rate with the United Nations, humanitarian organiza- gional security structures based on common interest tions and other competent bodies to ensure the expedi- and mutual respect for the territorial integrity,national tious demobilization, rehabilitation and reintegration sovereignty and security of both States, and emphasizes of children abducted or enrolled in armed forces or in this respect that the disarmament and demobiliza- groups and to allow their reunification with their fami- tion of, and cessation of any support to, the ex-Forces lies, and urges Member States to ensure adequate and Armées Rwandaises and Interahamwe forces are essen- sustained resources for long-term reintegration; tial to the settlement of the conflict in the Democratic 19 . C alls upon all parties to ensure, in accordance Republic of the Congo; with relevant international law, the full, safe and un- 10. Condemns the recent incursions by armed hindered access of relief personnel to all those in need groups into Rwanda and Burundi; and the delivery of humanitarian assistance, in particu- 11. Welcomes the dialogue initiated between the lar to all children affected by the conflict, and recalls authorities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo that the parties must also provide guarantees for the and Burundi, strongly urges them to continue their safety, security and freedom of movement of United efforts, calls on all States in the region to bring to bear Nations and associated humanitarian personnel;

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20. Calls upon the international community to in- of the United Nations, in case of failure by parties to crease its support for humanitarian relief activities comply fully with the present resolution and other rele- within the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in vant resolutions; neighbouring countries affected by the conflict in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; B 21. Expresses its full support for the work of the Expert 29. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Panel on the illegal exploitation of natural resources Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Re- and other forms of wealth in the Democratic Republic public of the Congo until 15 June 2002, and also de- of the Congo, and notes that the report of the Expert cides to review progress at least every four months Panel of 12 April 2001 contains disturbing information based on reporting by the Secretary-General; about the illegal exploitation of Congolese resources 30. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the by individuals, Governments and armed groups in- Council, once all necessary information has been pro- volved in the conflict and the link between the exploita- vided by the parties to the Lusaka Ceasefire Agree- tion of the natural resources and other forms of wealth ment, and subject to the continuing cooperation of the in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the con- parties, proposals concerning the way the Mission tinuation of the conflict; could assist in, monitor and verify the implementation 22. Reaffirms that it attaches the highest importance by the parties of the plans referred to in paragraphs to the cessation of the illegal exploitation of the natural 7 and 8 above; resources of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 31. Approves the updated concept of operations put and reaffirms that it is ready to consider the necessary forward by the Secretary-General in paragraphs 84 to actions to put an end to this exploitation; 104 of his report of 8 June 2001, including, for further 23. Awaits in this respect the publication of the ad- planning purposes, the creation of a civilian police dendum to the report of the Expert Panel which component and of an integrated civilian/military sec- should contain an updated evaluation of the situation, tion to coordinate disarmament, demobilization, repa- again urges all the parties to the conflict in the Demo- triation and reintegration operations, the strengthen- cratic Republic of the Congo and the other parties con- ing of the Mission presence in Kisangani, and the cerned to cooperate fully with the Expert Panel while strengthening of the Mission logistic support capabil- ensuring necessary security for the experts, and wel- ity to support current and foreseen future deployment, comes the action taken by Ugandan authorities in set- with a view to preparing the transition towards the ting up a commission of inquiry in this regard; third phase of the deployment of the Mission after the 24. Stresses the link between the progress in the necessary information has been provided by the par- peace process and economic recovery of the Democratic ties; Republic of the Congo, welcomes initial economic re- 32. Authorizes in this regard the Mission, consistent forms undertaken by the Government of the Demo- with the Secretary-General’s report, to assist, upon re- cratic Republic of the Congo, and underlines the ur- quest, and within its capabilities, in the early imple- gent need for international economic assistance; mentation, on a voluntary basis, of the disarmament, 25. Stresses the importance of the restoration of demobilization, repatriation and reintegration of river traffic, welcomes the reopening of the Congo and armed groups, and requests the Secretary-General to the Oubangui Rivers, calls urgently on all parties, and deploy military observers in locations where early with- in particular the Rassemblement Congolais pour la drawal is implemented, with a view to monitoring the Démocratie in the light of its recent public comments, process; to cooperate further in order to permit the re- 33. Reiterates the authorization contained in resolu- establishment of economic links between, inter alia, tion 1291(2000) for up to 5,537 Mission military per- Kinshasa, Mbandaka and Kisangani, and expresses sonnel, including observers as deemed necessary by its support for the proposed establishment of a Congo the Secretary-General; River Basin Commission comprising the Congolese parties, United Nations agencies and some neighbour- 34. Requests the Secretary-General to expand the ci- ing countries under the chairmanship of the United vilian component of the Mission, in accordance with Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Re- the recommendations in his report, in order to assign public of the Congo; to areas in which the Mission is deployed human rights 26. Stresses that durable peace can only be achieved personnel, so as to establish a human rights monitor- if all the countries of the region are successful in defin- ing capacity, as well as civilian political affairs and hu- ing amongst themselves the rules by which to promote manitarian affairs personnel; security and development, and reaffirms in this regard 35. Calls upon the Secretary-General to ensure suffi- that an international conference on peace, security, de- cient deployment of child protection advisers to ensure mocracy and development in the region, with partici- consistent and systematic monitoring and reporting on pation by all the Governments of the region and all the the conduct of the parties to the conflict as concerns other parties concerned, should be organized at the ap- their child protection obligations under humanitarian propriate time under the aegis of the United Nations and human rights law and the commitments they have and the Organization of African Unity; made to the Special Representative of the Secretary- 27. Expresses its intention to monitor closely progress General for Children and Armed Conflict; by the parties in implementing the requirements and 36. Stresses the need for an increased public in- demands of the present resolution; formation capacity, including the establishment of 28. Expresses again its readiness to consider possible United Nations radio stations to promote understand- measures which could be imposed, in accordance with ing of the peace process and of the role of the Mission its responsibilities and obligations under the Charter among local communities and the parties;

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37. Calls upon all the parties to the conflict to coop- The EU General Affairs Council, in a 16 July erate fully in the deployment and operations of the statement [S/2001/729], said it considered the win- Mission, including through full implementation of dow of opportunity that had opened up earlier in the provisions of the Status-of-Forces Agreement throughout the territory of the Democratic Republic of regard to peacemaking efforts in the DRC to be the Congo, and reaffirms that it is the responsibility of still available in spite of risks of a deterioration all the parties to ensure the security of United Nations in the situation. The EU intended to encourage a personnel, together with associated personnel; gradual and balanced resumption of aid and co- 38. Stresses the need for the co-location of the Joint operation in the DRC; such engagement would Military Commission with the Mission in Kinshasa; depend on progress in implementing the Lusaka 39. Reaffirms that it is ready to support the Agreement. Secretary-General if and when he deems it necessary and when conditions allow it, in the context of viable SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (July) security frameworks, to further deploy military per- sonnel in the border areas in the east of the Democratic On 24 July [meeting 4349], following consulta- Republic of the Congo; tions among Security Council members, the 40. Expresses its appreciation for the partnership es- President made statement S/PRST/2001/19 on tablished with the parties to the Lusaka Ceasefire behalf of the Council: Agreement, which was strengthened during the last Se- The Security Council takes note with satisfaction curity Council mission to the Great Lakes region, and of the progress made so far in the peace process in reiterates that it is firmly determined to continue to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. provide assistance to the parties in their efforts to achieve peace; The Council calls on all the parties to the conflict to fulfil all their commitments, implement fully the 41. Commends the outstanding work of Mission per- Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement and complete the dis- sonnel who operate in challenging conditions, and ex- engagement and redeployment of their forces in ac- presses its strong support for the Special Representa- cordance with the Kampala plan and the Harare tive of the Secretary-General; sub-plans, which the United Nations Organization 42. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo will verify. Communications (June/July). In mid-2001, The Council finds it unacceptable that more than the DRC drew the Security Council’s attention to one year after the adoption of its resolution 1304 increased violence and tension in the country (2000) of 15 June 2000 containing the demand to and the region. On 25 June [S/2001/634], it issued a completely demilitarize Kisangani, reiterated in statement on reports of a resurgence of violence resolution 1355(2001) of 15 June 2001, the Rassem- blement Congolais pour la Démocratie has thus far in Burundi and Rwanda due to infiltrations from failed to comply with it. The Council calls on the Congolese territory of Interahamwe and ex-FAR Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie to and Burundian rebels; it denied allegations that implement fully and immediately its obligation it was facilitating those infiltrations. Uganda, in a under resolution 1304(2000), and notes that contin- 3 July response [S/2001/665], denied allegations ued failure to do so may have future implications. that it was harbouring those opposed to the The Council reminds all the parties of their obli- Rwandan Government. On 27 June [S/2001/646], gation to cooperate fully with the Organization Mis- the DRC transmitted a press release issued after a sion and of their obligations with respect to the secu- rity of civilian populations under the fourth Geneva meeting between President Kabila and President Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Per- Denis Sassou-Nguesso of the Republic of the sons in Time of War of 12 August 1949. The Council Congo, during which they discussed prospects urges the relevant parties to expedite the conclusion for peace and the inter-Congolese dialogue, of their investigation into the killing of six Interna- among other things. tional Committee of the Red Cross staff in eastern On 5, 11, 13 and 18 July [S/2001/666, S/2001/685, Democratic Republic of the Congo, to report their findings to the Committee and to bring the perpetra- S/2001/694, S/2001/709], the DRC alerted the Council tors to justice. to the lack of compliance by opposition groups to The Council calls on all parties to facilitate and its resolutions calling for the disengagement and support humanitarian efforts of the United Nations redeployment of forces; in particular the DRC and non-governmental organizations. It stresses the mentioned FLC, the Uganda People’s Defence importance of the work of the United Nations Hu- Force and RCD-Goma, assisted by Rwanda. It manitarian Coordinator. charged Rwanda and RCD-Goma with trying to The Council reiterates its call for the cessation of create a secessionist State in eastern DRC and said the illegal exploitation of the natural resources of that Rwanda and its allies refused to demilitarize the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In this re- gard, it calls on all parties to cooperate fully with the Kisangani. Responding on 19 July [S/2001/716], Expert Panel and, looking forward to the addendum Rwanda stated that the DRC was using delaying to the report of the Panel, reiterates its readiness to tactics, including provocation, to sabotage the im- consider the necessary actions to put an end to this plementation of the Lusaka Agreement. exploitation.

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The Council reiterates its demand on all parties to of his intention to appoint Amos Namanga accelerate the finalization and the implementation Ngongi (Cameroon) as his Special Representa- of comprehensive plans for the orderly withdrawal tive for the DRC, replacing Kamel Morjane (Tuni- of all foreign troops from the territory of the Demo- cratic Republic of the Congo, and the disarmament, sia). The Council took note of the decision on demobilization, reintegration, repatriation and re- 2 August [S/2001/761]. settlement of all armed groups referred to in annex Communications (August). The DRC,on1 A, chapter 9.1, of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement. August [S/2001/759], condemned an alleged at- The Council expresses serious concern over the tempt by RCD-Goma to establish “federalism” in activities of the armed groups in the east of the coun- Congolese territories under Rwandan and Ugan- try. It takes note with interest of the invitation by the dan occupation, which, it said, was aimed at end- President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo ing the peace process and undermining the to the Mission to visit the camps where some mem- bers of the armed groups have reportedly been quar- chances for an inter-Congolese dialogue; it called tered by the Forces Armées Congolaises, and stresses on the Security Council to take enforcement the importance of the Mission assisting, within its ca- action. Responding on 8 August [S/2001/774], pabilities, in the early implementation, on a volunta- Rwanda said that the DRC, frustrated because ry basis, of the disarmament, demobilization, reinte- three quarters of the country was under the con- gration, repatriation and resettlement of these trol of various Congolese rebels, was trying to armed groups, in accordance with the authorization convince international public opinion that its given in its resolution 1355(2001). The Council re- quests in this regard the donor community, in par- claims of secessionism and expansionism were ticular the World Bank and the European Union, to true. provide financial and in-kind contributions as soon The sixteenth ministerial meeting of the as possible to the Mission in the implementation of United Nations Standing Advisory Committee this mission. on Security Questions in Central Africa (Kin- The Council reiterates its firm support for the shasa, 13-17 August) [A/56/378-S/2001/890] wel- inter-Congolese dialogue and the efforts of the comed the forthcoming preparatory meeting of Facilitator and his team in the field. It emphasizes the inter-Congolese dialogue and appealed to the the importance of an open, representative and inclu- Council to move ahead as soon as possible with sive dialogue, free from outside interference and in- volving civil society, leading to a consensus settle- the implementation of phase III of MONUC de- ment. It calls on the Congolese parties to the Lusaka ployment. Ceasefire Agreement to cooperate fully with the Facilitator to enable him to conduct the process in a Inter-Congolese dialogue swift and constructive manner. It expresses the hope The preparatory meeting for the inter- that the dialogue can be held on Congolese soil, respecting the choice that the Congolese actors Congolese dialogue was held in Gabarone, Bo- themselves will make. It encourages donors to con- tswana, from 20 to 24 August. Approximately 70 tinue to provide support to the Facilitator’s mission. delegates from the Congolese signatory parties to The Council welcomes the recent high-level meet- the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement, as well as from ings between the Presidents of the Democratic Re- civil society and every DRC province, took part. public of the Congo, Rwanda and Uganda and en- The Assistant Secretary-General for Peace- courages them further to pursue the dialogue to find keeping Operations, Hédi Annabi, addressing solutions to their common security concerns in ac- the Security Council on 30 August [meeting 4361], cordance with the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement. described the meeting as remarkably successful. The Council reiterates its commitment to support The parties agreed to conduct the dialogue itself full implementation of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agree- ment. It reaffirms that the primary responsibility for in Addis Ababa, starting on 15 October, for an es- implementing the Agreement lies with the parties. timated period of 45 days. In a Declaration of The Council urges them to demonstrate the neces- Commitment, the participants agreed on key sary political will by cooperating with each other and issues such as liberalization of political life in with the Mission in achieving this goal. It expresses the DRC, respect for human rights, release of pol- its readiness to consider, subject to necessary pro- itical prisoners and prisoners of war, freedom gress made by the parties and to recommendations of movement of people and goods throughout of the Secretary-General the possible expansion of the Mission if and when the mission enters its third the country, re-establishment of communication phase. links and the rehabilitation of infrastructure, The Council commends the Special Representa- restitution of seized property, protection from tive of the Secretary-General, Ambassador Kamel arbitrary arrests, protection of natural resources Morjane, for his outstanding work and invaluable from illegal exploitation, and the withdrawal contribution to the peace process in the Democratic of foreign troops in accordance with the Lusaka Republic of the Congo. Agreement. Another key development that Appointment. The Secretary-General, on 31 emerged in the margins of the preparatory talks July [S/2001/760], informed the Security Council was a meeting between President Kabila and

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 132 Political and security questions rebel leaders, Mr. Bemba of FLC and Adolphe cil on 24 October [meeting 4395]. The DRC raised Onusumba of RCD. The Secretary-General, in his objections about the reduced number of partici- October report on MONUC (see below), described pants and refused to allow substantive issues to be the outcome as an important exercise in addressed. On 21 October, the neutral Facilitator confidence-building during which the parties announced that the dialogue would be post- were able to develop unofficial channels of com- poned until a later date. In a letter of 23 October munication. As requested by the Facilitator, the [S/2001/998], the DRC gave its position on the Ad- United Nations would help organize the dia- dis Ababa talks, emphasizing the need for them logue [S/PV.4361]. to be inclusive. South Africa offered to host the The EU issued two statements on the inter- dialogue within one month and to assume most Congolese dialogue, on 17and 30 August [S/2001/ of the cost, a proposal to which the DRC and all 815, S/2001/836], welcoming the meeting and en- the other component groups responded posi- couraging the parties to continue to work in the tively. same spirit of compromise and conciliation as Communication. On 18 September [S/2001/ that which prevailed in Gaborone. 884], the DRC alleged that RCD-Goma had ap- pointed what they called “provincial assemblies” SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (September) aimed at establishing federalism or a secessionist Following a private meeting on 5 September State in the Congolese territories occupied by [meeting 4364], the Security Council issued a com- Rwanda. muniqué [S/PV.4364] stating that it had heard a briefing by Sir Ketumile Masire, Facilitator of the MONUC phase III inter-Congolese dialogue, who had responded to Report of Secretary-General (October). The questions posed by Council members. Secretary-General, in his ninth report on MONUC, Also on 5 September [meeting 4365], following issued on 16 October [S/2001/970], stated that the consultations among Council members, the overall situation in the DRC continued to develop President made statement S/PRST/2001/22 on in a largely positive direction. The ceasefire had behalf of the Council. held and the disengagement of forces and their The Security Council welcomes the success of the redeployment to new defensive positions was preparatory meeting of the inter-Congolese dia- effectively complete. Some foreign forces had logue, held in Gaborone on 20-24 August 2001. been withdrawn from the territory. The prepara- The Council reiterates its strong support for the tory meeting of the inter-Congolese dialogue was inter-Congolese dialogue and for the efforts of the held successfully. At the same time, outbreaks of Facilitator and his team in the field. It calls on all the fighting had continued in the east of the country, Congolese parties to further cooperate with each other and the Facilitator in the constructive spirit of where the ceasefire violations were mainly attrib- Gaborone to ensure the successful outcome of the uted to armed groups. inter-Congolese dialogue starting on 15 October During a visit to the region from 1 to 5 Septem- 2001, in Addis Ababa. ber, the Secretary-General urged the DRC to The Council stresses the importance for the dia- bring an end to the fighting in the east, open a logue to be free from outside interference, open, dialogue with Rwanda and cooperate with MO- representative and inclusive, and emphasizes the NUC in preparing for the demobilization of the need to ensure adequate representation of Congo- lese women in the process. soldiers of Rwandan origin located at Kamina. In The Council encourages donors to provide fur- that regard, President Kabila announced that ther support to the Facilitator for the inter- some 3,000 soldiers at that location would be Congolese dialogue and, in due course, the process demobilized shortly. The Secretary-General also of implementing a new political dispensation in met with representatives of civil society and with the Democratic Republic of the Congo. the RCD leadership in Kisangani, where he in- The Council urges all the parties to the Lusaka sisted on the earliest possible demilitarization of Ceasefire Agreement to press forward with the full the town. In Kigali, he met with President Paul and early implementation of that Agreement, in- cluding disarmament, demobilization, reintegra- Kagame and urged him to use his influence to tion, repatriation and resettlement of the armed halt the fighting in eastern DRC. The President groups, and the withdrawal of foreign forces. expressed his Government’s willingness to take back the Rwandan former combatants currently The inter-Congolese dialogue began in Addis in the DRC. Ababa on 15 October. However, because of insuf- At a meeting of the Political Committee (Kigali, ficient resources, 80 participants attended in- 14-15 September), the JMC decision to co-locate to stead of the more than 300 expected. The Kinshasa with MONUC was endorsed. The Politi- Secretary-General’s Special Representative ex- cal Committee criticized the United Nations for plained the circumstances to the Security Coun- its “hesitancy” in deploying forces to the DRC.

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On 29 September, armed elements, believed to ble after they were disarmed, rather than accom- be Mayi-Mayi militia (a term applied to local modating them for long periods in camps on armed Congolese groups in opposition to Rwan- Congolese territory. Screening of ex-combatants dan forces), attacked Kindu, apparently aiming would largely be organized by the host country for the RPA command headquarters and the air- with the support of the United Nations. In that port. The attacks were repulsed by RCD troops oc- regard, the Secretary-General warned, it should cupying the town. On 16 August, a MONUC heli- be borne in mind that some members of ex-FAR copter was hit by 14bullets, fired by unidentified and Interahamwe had taken part in the Rwandan armed men, but the occupants were unhurt. genocide of 1994. He also cautioned that the As at 15 October, MONUC’s strength stood at armed groups operating in eastern DRC had not 2,408 military personnel. A total of 77 military signed the Lusaka Agreement and continued to observer teams were inside the DRC, of which 46 take part in armed hostilities. were static and 31 were mobile. MONUC com- The main role of MONUC in phase III would be pleted the verification of disengagement and re- to establish temporary reception centres where deployment of the parties. All but one of the 96 combatants could surrender their weapons to new defensive positions were verified, thereby MONUC. They would then be demobilized, per- effectively ending that element of the Lusaka haps accompanied by their dependants, and process. While much progress had been made in transported back to Rwanda for reintegration. the south-eastern areas, there were some viola- MONUC would assume a coordinating role in or- tions of the disengagement plan at Moliro, Pweto ganizing the DDRRR effort but would rely on UN and Mani. Uganda had largely withdrawn its programmes and agencies for such practical tasks troops from Equateur province but had declared as camp management, medical support and pro- its intention to maintain three battalions in the vision of food, water and sanitation. MONUC country until a peace agreement was reached. The Namibian authorities indicated that they would adopt a step-by-step approach in the east- had withdrawn their troops except for two small ern part of the DRC. It needed to assess the secu- elements. Zimbabwe declared the withdrawal of rity situation in the area before deploying troops. three battalions from Equateur province and the Its initial objective would be to establish a mixed eastern part of the country. There had been no civilian and military presence, as well as a for- ward support base, probably at Kindu, and withdrawals by RPA. strengthen its presence in Kisangani once it was In general, the parties provided satisfactory se- demilitarized. An initial group of 400 would curity for MONUC military and civilian person- have responsibility for establishing the necessary nel. However, RCD, which filed most of the alle- infrastructure for subsequent deployments, as gations of ceasefire violations, did not in many cases provide timely security guarantees for in- well as investigating ceasefire violations, gather- ing information on the size and movement of vestigation by MONUC.RCD continued to reject the demilitarization of Kisangani and main- armed groups, and facilitating disarmament and tained forces there, allegedly to counter the demobilization. The base would be gradually ex- panded to some 2,000 troops, including an avia- threat by the Mayi-Mayi and FAC . tion regiment with armed helicopters, an engi- The humanitarian situation in the DRC re- neering unit, and riverine and ferry services. UN mained grave, with humanitarian agencies hav- civilian personnel would work to increase hu- ing access to fewer than half of the estimated manitarian access, draw attention to human 2,041,000 displaced people due to security con- straints. The human rights situation, on the rights problems, gather information about other hand, had improved as a result of the Gov- armed groups, keep the local population in- ernment’s efforts to establish human rights laws formed through radio broadcasts about MONUC, and standards. and plan for disarmament and demobilization of armed groups, including child soldiers. A public At the time of the report, MONUC had nearly information component would prepare for a UN completed the second phase of its deployment radio network capable of broadcasting to the en- and was faced with the tasks of the next phase— tire country. the total withdrawal of foreign forces and the dis- armament and demobilization of armed groups. To sustain the momentum in the peace pro- It would also be necessary to find durable solu- cess, the Secretary-General recommended that tions to the problem of armed groups, including the Security Council authorize MONUC to enter the repatriation, resettlement and reintegration phase III of its deployment in accordance with of ex-combatants into society. With regard to the concept of operations he outlined. The initial Rwandan former combatants, the objective would deployment of troops in Kindu would remain be to repatriate them to Rwanda as soon as possi- within the limit of 5,537 troops already author-

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ized. Significant assistance and funding would The Council expresses serious concern at the be required for peace-related operations. worsening humanitarian and human rights situa- tion, particularly in the eastern part of the Demo- SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (October/November cratic Republic of the Congo, and reiterates its call for all the parties to urgently address the human Following a closed meeting on 18 and 22 Octo- rights abuses, including those raised in the ninth ber [meeting 4391], the Security Council issued a report of the Secretary-General, in the Government- communiqué [S/PV.4391] stating that it had heard controlled territory, the territory controlled by the briefings from the Special Representative of the Front de Libération du Congo and the territory con- Secretary-General for the DRC and Major Gen- trolled by the Rassemblement Congolais pour la eral Mountaga Diallo, MONUC Force Com- Démocratie. mander. The Special Representative had re- Following a closed meeting on 9 November sponded to questions by Council members and [meeting 4411], the Security Council issued a com- representatives of troop-contributing countries. muniqué [S/PV.4411] stating that it had held a On 24 October [meeting 4396], following consul- frank and constructive discussion with members tations among Council members, the President of the Political Committee of the Lusaka Agree- made statement S/PRST/2001/29 on behalf of ment. Also on 9 November [meeting 4412], the the Council: Council unanimously adopted resolution 1376 The Security Council welcomes the recommenda- (2001). The draft [S/2001/1058] was prepared in tions of the Secretary-General on the next phase in consultations among Council members. the deployment of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as The Security Council, contained in his report of 16 October 2001. Recalling its previous resolutions and statements by The Council supports the initiation of phase III its President, of the deployment of the Mission within the cur- Reaffirming the obligation of all States to refrain rently mandated ceiling and, in particular, its de- from the use of force against the territorial integrity ployment towards the east of the Democratic Repub- and political independence of any State, or in any other lic of the Congo. manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United The Council reminds the parties to the conflict Nations, and reaffirming also the political indepen- that they are responsible for the continuation of the dence, the territorial integrity and the sovereignty of peace process. It is up to them to create and to main- the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including over tain conditions conducive to the start of phase III of its natural resources, the Mission by fully implementing the commitments Taking note of the report of the Secretary-General of they have undertaken. The Council will take its deci- 16 October 2001 and its recommendations, sions on the future of phase III of the Mission after Welcoming the participation of the Political Commit- ascertaining that the parties to the Lusaka Ceasefire tee for the implementation of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement are committed to continuing, in a spirit Agreement in joint meetings held on 9 November 2001, of partnership, to make the efforts necessary to ad- Determining that the situation in the Democratic Re- vance the peace process. The next meeting between public of the Congo continues to pose a threat to inter- the Security Council and members of the Political national peace and security in the region, Committee established by the Lusaka Ceasefire 1. Welcomes the general respect for the ceasefire Agreement will provide an opportunity to discuss among the parties to the Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement, these issues. expresses nonetheless its concern at the hostilities in The Council recalls the importance it places on areas of the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo the implementation of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agree- and calls on the parties to cease any form of support to ment and the relevant resolutions of the Council. In the armed groups, particularly in the east of the coun- particular the Council: try; —Calls on those States which have not yet done 2. Welcomes the withdrawal of some foreign forces so to withdraw from the territory of the Democratic from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including Republic of the Congo in accordance with the Lu- the full Namibian contingent, as a positive step towards saka Ceasefire Agreement and the relevant Security the full withdrawal of all foreign forces, and requests Council resolutions; all States that have not yet done so to begin to imple- —Calls on all parties to cease any support for ment, without delay, their full withdrawal in accord- armed groups and to implement the process of dis- ance with resolution 1304(2000) of 16 June 2000; armament, demobilization, repatriation, resettle- 3. Demands once again that Kisangani be demilita- ment and reintegration of the groups referred to in rized rapidly and unconditionally in accordance with annex A, chapter 9.1; of the Lusaka Ceasefire Agree- Security Council resolution 1304(2000), takes note of ment; the pledge by the RCD-Goma during the 4411th meet- —Emphasizes the importance of the inter- ing of 9 November 2001 fully to demilitarize the city, Congolese dialogue and calls on the Congolese par- welcomes the decision of the Secretary-General to fur- ties to work together for the success of this process; ther deploy Mission personnel in this city, notably to and contribute to the training of police, stresses that, once —Demands the demilitarization of Kisangani, in demilitarized, no party will be permitted to reoccupy conformity with its resolution 1304(2000). the city militarily and welcomes in this regard the

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 135 pledge by the Government of the Democratic Republic 1355(2001) of 15 June 2001, of the necessary op- of the Congo, during the same meeting, to respect this erational information for the planning of provision; Mission support for the process of total with- 4. Expresses its support for the inter-Congolese dia- drawal of foreign troops present in the territory logue, one of the key elements of the peace process, of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in- and for all efforts to promote this process, calls on the cluding the number of foreign military person- Congolese parties to work together for the success of nel in the territory of the Democratic Republic the dialogue, and expresses its support for the facilita- of the Congo, their equipment and armament, tor and his call on the parties to make the dialogue fully their exit routes, and a precise timetable for im- inclusive; plementation; 5. Expresses its grave concern at the repeated human (ii) The transmission to the Mission, as soon as possi- rights violations throughout the Democratic Republic ble and in accordance with its resolution of the Congo in particular in the territories under the 1355(2001), of the necessary operational infor- control of the rebel groups party to the Lusaka Cease- mation for the planning of the Mission’s man- fire Agreement, and calls on all parties to put an end to dated role in the process of disarmament, such violations; demobilization, repatriation, resettlement and 6. Expresses its serious concern with regard to the hu- reintegration programme for the armed groups manitarian situation in the Democratic Republic of the referred to in annex A, chapter 9.1, of the Lu- Congo and calls on the international community to in- saka Ceasefire Agreement, including the num- crease, without delay, its support for humanitarian ac- ber of persons concerned, their equipment and tivities; armament, their location, their intentions, as 7. Expresses its serious concern with regard to the eco- well as a precise timetable for implementation; nomic difficulties facing the Democratic Republic of (iii) The establishment of a direct dialogue between the Congo, stresses that progress in the peace process the Governments of the Democratic Republic of and the economic recovery and development of the the Congo and Rwanda leading to confidence- country are interdependent, and in this regard under- building and a joint mechanism for coordina- lines the urgent need for increased international eco- tion, and exchanges of information regarding nomic assistance in support of the peace process; the disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, 8. Reiterates its condemnation of all illegal exploita- resettlement and reintegration process; tion of the natural resources of the Democratic Repub- (iv) The establishment by the Governments of the lic of the Congo, demands that such exploitation cease countries concerned, in particular Rwanda, and and stresses that the natural resources of the Democrat- noting steps taken so far, of conditions condu- ic Republic of the Congo should not be exploited to fi- cive to voluntary disarmament, demobilization, nance the conflict in that country; repatriation, resettlement and reintegration of 9. Emphasizes that there are links between the peace the members of the armed groups concerned, in processes in Burundi and in the Democratic Republic particular, by assuring the protection of the per- of the Congo and, welcoming the recent progress in the sonal safety of the members of these armed Burundi process, invites the parties to the Lusaka groups, their civil rights and their economic re- Ceasefire Agreement to work with the Burundian integration including with the assistance of the authorities to advance these two processes; donor community; 10. Supports the launching of phase III of the de- (v) The demilitarization of Kisangani; ployment of the United Nations Organization Mission (vi) The full restoration of freedom of movement for in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the basis persons and goods between Kinshasa and of the concept of operations detailed in paragraphs 59 Kisangani and throughout the country; to 87 of the Secretary-General’s report and stresses, in (vii) The full cooperation by the parties with Mission this regard, the importance it attaches to the deploy- military and logistical operations, as well as its ment of the Mission in the east of the Democratic Re- humanitarian, human rights and child protec- public of the Congo, in conformity with the new con- tion activities, including by permitting unre- cept of operation and within the overall ceiling, stricted access to ports and airports, and by re- including in the cities of Kindu and Kisangani; fraining from introducing administrative and 11. Notes with concern the joint communiqué issued other impediments; on 4 November 2001 by the Secretaries-General of the 13. Expresses its satisfaction at the partnership estab- Mouvement de Libération du Congo and of the Ras- lished with the parties to the Lusaka Ceasefire Agree- semblement Congolais pour la Démocratie concerning ment, strengthened by regular contacts between the the deployment of a joint special force in Kindu, and Political Committee for the implementation of that stresses that appropriate conditions will be necessary to Agreement and the Council, and reiterates its firm de- allow the Mission to fulfil its role in Kindu and to en- termination to continue to provide assistance to the sure that discussions on the voluntary disarmament parties in their efforts to achieve peace; and demobilization of concerned armed groups take 14 . Commends the outstanding work of Mission per- place in a neutral environment; sonnel in challenging conditions, and pays tribute in 12. Affirms that the implementation of phase III of particular to the efforts of the Special Representative of the deployment of the Mission requires the following the Secretary-General; steps from the parties and requests the Secretary- 15. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. General to report on progress thereon: (i) The transmission to the Mission, as soon as possi- Communications (November/December). ble and in accordance with its resolution The Sudan, in a 20 November letter to the Secu-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 136 Political and security questions rity Council President [S/2001/1113], referred to an of RCD-K/ML was reflected in military confronta- allegation by Uganda in a statement to the Coun- tions between the forces of the two movements. cil that the objective of Ugandan forces in the On 16 November, RCD-K/ML took over adminis- DRC was to ensure that the Democratic Alliance, a trative control of Bunia, forcing MLC to retreat to Ugandan opposition group supported by the Su- Equateur province. Other clashes between the dan and trained by Al-Qa’idah, did not obtain two factions also occurred. On 29 December, MO- assistance for the purpose of launching terrorist NUC reported firing for much of that day in operations in Uganda across the Ruwenzori Kindu. RCD/RPA claimed that Mayi-Mayi fight- mountains. The Sudan said Uganda was trying to ers had attacked the town with the aim of gaining divert attention from its invasion of DRC territory control of the airfield, allegedly killing 21 civil- and its plundering of resources. ians. On 3 December [S/2001/1143], the DRC informed At the invitation of President Kabila, MONUC the Council of recent developments that might observed the demobilization at Kamina of nearly jeopardize the peace process, including the re- 2,000 combatants, said to be Rwandans, who were fusal of RCD-Goma to demilitarize Kisangani, the interviewed by MONUC.MONUC was working deployment of RPA in eastern DRC, the resump- with the Governments of the DRC and Rwanda to tion of fighting in areas under Ugandan control, facilitate repatriation and resettlement of those and repression of workers in the occupied prov- men. Meanwhile, Uganda claimed that it had re- inces. The DRC called on the Council to take duced its troops in the DRC by 6,655 since 29 July action. In another letter of the same date 2000. However, it insisted that three battalions [S/2001/1146], the DRC stated that Rwanda was sub- would remain in eastern DRC. stantially increasing its military presence in east- In an effort to pave the way for substantive dis- ern DRC at a time when the Congolese people cussions at the next inter-Congolese dialogue were focusing on the inter-Congolese negotia- (planned for 2002), the Assistant Secretary- tions and when the allied forces of Namibia had General for Political Affairs, Ibrahima Fall, in completed their withdrawal and Angola and consultation with the neutral Facilitator, held Zimbabwe had begun a significant withdrawal talks with the Government, MLC and RCD on of their forces. In its view, Rwanda was seeking 9 and 12 November in New York and from 6 to to restart the war. Rwanda, on 10 December 8 December in Abuja. It was agreed to reduce the [S/2001/1168], denied that it had made any changes number of participants in the 2002 round of talks to its troops’ deployment in the DRC, adding that to 300 and participation was extended to repre- they were in the new defensive positions, as sentatives of the Mayi-Mayi, religious groups, tra- agreed, and in other places in Katanga. It ditional chiefs, internal and external opposition claimed that the DRC was supporting Rwandan not present at the preparatory talks in Gaborone, opposition forces. The DRC, on 27 December and the Congolese diaspora. [S/2001/1299], refuting a claim by President Ka- The overall humanitarian situation continued game of Rwanda that he had already withdrawn to be characterized by grievous human rights vio- half of his troops from the DRC, noted that the lations, chronic food insecurity, population dis- Secretary-General’s Special Representative had placement and serious health problems, aggra- recently reported a build-up of Rwandan forces vated by restrictions on humanitarian agencies in eastern DRC. due to the prevailing insecurity. Situation at year’s end. On 4 November, RCD and MLC leaders announced their intention to MONUC financing create a joint military force to forcibly disarm In a 10 May report [A/55/935], the Secretary- rebel groups in eastern DRC; a force of 4,102 sol- General submitted the financial performance of diers, based in Kindu, would track, disarm and MONUC from 6 August 1999 to 30 June 2000, the neutralize “negative forces”. Addressing the Se- proposed budget for its operation from 1 July curity Council on 9 November [meeting 4410], the 2000 to 30 June 2001 and its estimated initial re- Secretary-General expressed concern about that quirements for 1 July to 31 December 2001. He decision and warned that Kindu must not be used recommended that the General Assembly: ap- as a base for launching military operations. propriate $58,681,000 gross ($58,441,000 net) Late 2001 was marked by a realignment of pol- as authorized in resolution 54/260 B [YUN 2000, itical and military alliances of armed rebel p. 142] for the operation of the Mission from groups, resulting in intensified fighting in the 6 August 1999 to 30 June 2000; decide on the north-eastern part of the country [S/2002/169]. treatment of the unencumbered balance of Following the dissolution of the former FLC $3,409,600 gross ($3,605,300 net) for the period (merger of MLC and RCD-K/ML), a shift of alli- ending 30 June 2000; appropriate $273,119,600 ances on the ground involving MLC and factions gross ($270,085,600 net) for operations from

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 137

1 July 2000 to 30 June 2001; assess $131,800,600 3. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States gross ($129,258,500 net) for 1 July 2000 to 30 June which have paid their assessed contributions in full; 2001; and approve a commitment authority, with 4. Expresses concern about the financial situation with regard to peacekeeping activities, in particular as assessment, of $209,965,600 gross ($204,788,900 regards the reimbursements to troop contributors that net) for the maintenance of MONUC from 1 July bear additional burdens owing to overdue payments by to 31 December 2001. Member States of their assessments; The Advisory Committee on Administrative 5. Urges all other Member States to make every pos- and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ) commented sible effort to ensure the payment of their assessed con- on that report on 15 May [A/55/941] and made tributions to the Mission in full and on time; general comments on the financing of UN peace- 6. Expresses concern at the delay experienced by the Secretary-General in deploying and providing ade- keeping operations in a 6 April report [A/55/874]. quate resources to some recent peacekeeping missions, in particular those in Africa; GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION (June) 7. Emphasizes that all future and existing peace- On 14 June [meeting 103], the General Assembly, keeping missions shall be given equal and non- on the recommendation of the Fifth (Adminis- discriminatory treatment in respect of financial and trative and Budgetary) Committee [A/55/962], administrative arrangements; adopted resolution 55/275 without vote [agenda 8. Also emphasizes that all peacekeeping missions item 167]. shall be provided with adequate resources for the effec- tive and efficient discharge of their respective man- Financing of the United Nations Organization Mission dates; in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 9. Reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to The General Assembly, make the fullest possible use of facilities and equip- Having considered the report of the Secretary-General ment at the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, on the financing of the United Nations Organization Italy, in order to minimize the costs of procurement for Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Mission; the related reports of the Advisory Committee on 10. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations Administrative and Budgetary Questions, contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on Bearing in mind Security Council resolutions 1258 Administrative and Budgetary Questions, and requests (1999) of 6 August 1999 and 1279(1999) of 30 Novem- the Secretary-General to ensure their full implementa- ber 1999regarding, respectively, the deployment to the tion; Congo region of military liaison personnel and the es- 11. Expresses concern about the high level of unliqui- tablishment of the United Nations Organization Mis- dated obligations in the Mission as at 30 June 2000; sion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the 12. Requests the Secretary-General to take all neces- subsequent resolutions by which the Council extended sary action to ensure that the Mission is administered the mandate of the Mission, the latest of which was with a maximum of efficiency and economy; resolution 1332(2000) of 14 December 2000, 13. Also requests the Secretary-General, in order to Recalling its resolutions 54/260 A of 7 April 2000 reduce the cost of employing General Service staff, to and 54/260 B of 15 June 2000 on the financing of the continue efforts to recruit local staff for the Mission Mission, against General Service posts, commensurate with the Reaffirming the general principles underlying the fi- requirements of the Mission; nancing of United Nations peacekeeping operations, 14 . Decides to appropriate to the Special Account for as stated in General Assembly resolutions 1874(S-IV)of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Demo- 27 June 1963, 3101(XXVIII) of 11 December 1973 and cratic Republic of the Congo the amount of 58,681,000 55/235 of 23 December 2000, dollars gross (58,441,000 dollars net), as previously Mindful of the fact that it is essential to provide the authorized and apportioned under the terms of Gen- Mission with the necessary financial resources to en- eral Assembly resolutions 54/260 A and B for the es- able it to fulfil its responsibilities under the relevant tablishment and operation of the Mission for the pe- resolutions of the Security Council, riod from 6 August 1999 to 30 June 2000; 1. Reaffirms its resolution 49/233 A of 23 December 15. Decides also to appropriate the amount of 1994, in particular those paragraphs regarding the 232,119,600 dollars gross (229,085,600 dollars net) for peacekeeping budgetary cycles, which should be ad- the maintenance of the Mission for the period from hered to in the future budgeting process, where possi- 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2001, inclusive of the amount of ble; 141,319,000 dollars gross (140,827,100 dollars net) pre- 2. Takes note of the status of contributions to the viously authorized under the terms of General Assem- United Nations Organization Mission in the Demo- bly resolution 54/260 B and of 49,865,400 dollars cratic Republic of the Congo as at 30 April 2001, includ- gross (49,530,700 dollars net) authorized by the Advi- ing the contributions outstanding in the amount of sory Committee under the terms of section IV of Gen- 32.7 million United States dollars, representing some eral Assembly resolution 49/233 A, and authorizes the 16 per cent of the total assessed contributions, notes Secretary-General to enter into additional commit- that some 64 per cent of the Member States have paid ments for the Mission for the same period in the their assessed contributions in full, and urges all other amount not exceeding 41 million dollars gross and net; Member States concerned, in particular those in ar- 16. Decides further, taking into account the amount rears, to ensure the payment of their outstanding as- of 141,319,000 dollars gross (140,827,100 dollars net) sessed contributions; already apportioned under the terms of its resolution

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 138 Political and security questions

54/260 A, to apportion among Member States the 23. Decides that, in accordance with the provisions additional amount of 83,233,883 dollars gross of its resolution 973(X), there shall be set off against (80,903,625 dollars net) for the Mission for the period the apportionment among Member States, as provided from 1 July 2000 to 15June 2001in accordance with the for in paragraph 22 above, their respective share in the levels set out in General Assembly resolution 55/235, as Tax Equalization Fund of the estimated staff assess- adjusted by the Assembly in its resolution 55/236 of 23 ment income of 5,176,700 dollars approved for the Mis- December 2000, and taking into account the scale of as- sion for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2001; sessments for the year 2001, as set out in its resolution 24. Decides also to appropriate to the Special 55/5 B of 23 December 2000; Account for the Mission the amount of 8,260,509 dol- 17. Decides that, in accordance with the provisions of lars gross (7,249,409 dollars net) for the support its resolution 973(X) of 15 December 1955, there shall account for peacekeeping operations and the amount be set off against the apportionment among Member of 862,915 dollars gross (774,893 dollars net) for the States, as provided for in paragraph 16 above, their United Nations Logistics Base for the period from respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of the 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002, to be apportioned among estimated additional staff assessment income of Member States in accordance with paragraph 16 above, 2,330,258 dollars approved for the Mission for the pe- and taking into account the scale of assessments for the riod from 1 July 2000 to 15 June 2001; years 2001 and 2002, as set out in General Assembly 18. Decides also to apportion among Member States resolution 55/5 B, the scale of assessments for the year the amount of 7,566,717dollars gross (7,354,875 dollars 2001 to be applied against a portion thereof, that is, net) for the period from 15 to 30 June 2001, in accord- 4,130,254 dollars gross (3,624,704 dollars net) for the ance with paragraph 16 above, subject to the decision of support account and 431,457dollars gross (387,446 dol- the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mis- lars net) for the Logistics Base for the period from sion beyond 15 June 2001; 1 July to 31 December 2001, and the scale of assess- ments for the year 2002 to be applied against the bal- 19 . Decides further that, in accordance with the provi- ance, that is, 4,130,255 dollars gross (3,624,705 dollars sions of its resolution 973(X), there shall be set off net) for the support account and 431,458 dollars gross against the apportionment among Member States, as (387,447 dollars net) for the Logistics Base for the pe- provided for in paragraph 18 above, their respective riod from 1 January to 30 June 2002; share in the Tax Equalization Fund of the estimated ad- 25. Decides further that, in accordance with the pro- ditional staff assessment income of 211,842 dollars ap- visions of its resolution 973(X), there shall be set off proved for the Mission for the period from 15 to 30 against the apportionment among Member States, as June 2001; provided for in paragraph 24 above, their respective 20. Decides that, for Member States that have ful- share in the Tax Equalization Fund of the estimated filled their financial obligations to the Mission, there staff assessment income of 1,011,100 dollars for the sup- shall be set off against the apportionment, as provided port account and 88,022 dollars for the United Nations for in paragraph 16 above, their respective share of Logistics Base approved for the period from 1 July 2001 the unencumbered balance of 3,409,600 dollars gross to 30 June 2002, 505,550 dollars for the support (3,605,300 dollars net) in respect of the period ending account and 44,011dollars for the Logistics Base being 30 June 2000, in accordance with the composition of amounts pertaining to the period from 1 July to 31 De- groups set out in paragraphs 3 and 4 of General Assem- cember 2001, and the balance, that is, 505,550 dollars bly resolution 43/232 of 1 March 1989 and as adjusted for the support account and 44,011 dollars for the Lo- by the Assembly in subsequent relevant resolutions and gistics Base pertaining to the period from 1 January to decisions for the ad hoc apportionment of peace- 30 June 2002; keeping appropriations, the latest of which were reso- 26. Emphasizes that no peacekeeping mission shall lution 52/230 of 31 March 1998 and decisions 54/456 be financed by borrowing funds from other active to 54/458 of 23 December 1999 for the period peacekeeping missions; 1998-2000, and taking into account the scale of assess- ments for the year 2000, as set out in its resolutions 27. Encourages the Secretary-General to continue to 52/215 A of 22 December 1997 and 54/237 A of 23 De- take additional measures to ensure the safety and secu- cember 1999; rity of all personnel under the auspices of the United Nations participating in the Mission; 21. Decides also that, for Member States that have not 28. Invites voluntary contributions to the Mission in fulfilled their financial obligations to the Mission, cash and in the form of services and supplies accepta- their share of the unencumbered balance of 3,409,600 ble to the Secretary-General, to be administered, as ap- dollars gross (3,605,300 dollars net) in respect of the propriate, in accordance with the procedure and prac- period ending 30 June 2000 shall be set off against tices established by the General Assembly; their outstanding obligations, in accordance with para- graph 20 above; 29. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its fifty-sixth session the item entitled “Financing of 22. Decides further to appropriate for the mainte- the United Nations Organization Mission in the Demo- nance of the Mission for the period from 1 July to 31 cratic Republic of the Congo”. December 2001the amount of 200 million dollars gross (194,823,300 dollars net) to be apportioned among On 27 November, the Secretary-General re- Member States in accordance with paragraph 16 above, at the monthly rate of 33,333,333 dollars gross ported on the budget for MONUC for 1 July 2001 (32,470,550 dollars net), subject to the decision of the to 30 June 2002 [A/56/660], which amounted to Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission $537,051,200 gross ($528,531,800 net). It was beyond 30 June 2001; based on an authorized strength of up to 5,537

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 139 military personnel, as authorized in part B of Se- Mindful of the fact that it is essential to provide the curity Council resolution 1355(2001) (see p. 129). Mission with the necessary financial resources to en- Of the total budget, some 13per cent of resources able it to fulfil its responsibilities under the relevant resolutions of the Security Council, related to civilian personnel costs. Operational 1. Reiterates paragraph 1 of its resolution 55/275; costs accounted for 59 per cent of the budget, 2. Takes note of the status of contributions to the military personnel costs reflected 25 per cent, United Nations Organization Mission in the Demo- while staff assessment comprised 2 per cent. The cratic Republic of the Congo as at 15 November 2001, Secretary-General recommended that the Gen- including the contributions outstanding in the amount eral Assembly: appropriate $337,051,200 gross of 152.6 million United States dollars, representing, re- ($333,708,500 net) for the maintenance of the grettably, some 40 per cent of the total assessed contri- Mission from 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002, in ad- butions, notes that some 22 per cent of Member States have paid their assessed contributions in full, and dition to the amount of $200 million gross urges all other Member States concerned, in particular ($194,823,300 net) appropriated under Assembly those in arrears, to ensure payment of their outstand- resolution 55/275 (see p. 137) for 1 July to 31 De- ing assessed contributions; cember 2001; assess the additional amount of 3. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States $68,526,600 gross ($69,422,600 net) for the main- that have paid their assessed contributions in full and tenance of MONUC for 1 July to 31 December on time, and urges all other Member States to make 2001; assess $246,148,500 gross ($242,243,700 every possible effort to ensure payment of their as- net) for 1 January to 15 June 2002; and assess sessed contributions to the Mission in full; 4. Expresses concern about the financial situation $22,377,100 gross ($22,022,200 net) for 16 to 30 with regard to peacekeeping activities, in particular as June 2002 should the Council decide to continue regards the reimbursements to troop contributors that the Mission’s mandate beyond 15 June 2002. bear additional burdens owing to overdue payments by ACABQ reviewed MONUC financing in a report Member States of their assessments; of 7 December [A/56/688]. It noted that a report of 5. Also expresses concern at the delay experienced by the size and complexity of the MONUC budget re- the Secretary-General in deploying and providing ade- quate resources to some recent peacekeeping missions, quired more time than was available to the Com- in particular those in Africa; mittee to properly fulfil its function. It would re- 6. Emphasizes that all future and existing peace- vert to the issue in 2002. keeping missions shall be given equal and non- discriminatory treatment in respect of financial and GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION (December) administrative arrangements; On 24 December [meeting 92], the General As- 7. Alsoemphasizesthatallpeacekeepingmissionsshall sembly,on the recommendation of the Fifth Com- be provided with adequate resources for the effective and efficient discharge of their respective mandates; mittee [A/56/713], adopted resolution 56/252 8. Reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to without vote [agenda item 158]. make the fullest possible use of facilities and equip- Financing of the United Nations Organization Mission ment at the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Italy, in order to minimize the costs of procurement for the Mission; The General Assembly, 9. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations Having considered the report of the Secretary-General contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on on the financing of the United Nations Organization Administrative and Budgetary Questions, and requests Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Secretary-General to ensure their full implementa- the related report of the Advisory Committee on Ad- tion; ministrative and Budgetary Questions, 10. Requests the Secretary-General to take all neces- Bearing in mind Security Council resolution 1258 sary action to ensure that the Mission is administered (1999) of 6 August 1999, by which the Council estab- with a maximum of efficiency and economy; lished the United Nations Organization Mission in the 11. Also requests the Secretary-General, in order to Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the subse- reduce the cost of employing General Service staff, to quent resolutions by which the Council revised and ex- continue efforts to recruit local staff for the Mission tended the mandate of the Mission, the latest of which against General Service posts, commensurate with the was resolution 1376(2001) of 9 November 2001, requirements of the Mission; Recalling its resolution 54/260 A of 7 April 2000 as 12. Decides to appropriate the additional amount of well as subsequent resolutions on the financing of the 196,593,590 dollars gross (193,819,705 dollars net) for Mission, the latest of which was resolution 55/275 of 14 the maintenance of the Mission for the nine-month pe- June 2001, riod from 1 July 2001 to 31March 2002, inclusive of the Reaffirming the general principles underlying the fi- amount of 3,351,190 dollars gross (3,098,505 dollars nancing of United Nations peacekeeping operations, net) for the support account for peacekeeping opera- as stated in General Assembly resolutions 1874(S-IV)of tions, in addition to the amount of 8,260,509 dollars 27 June 1963, 3101(XXVIII) of 11 December 1973 and gross (7,249,409 dollars net) already appropriated for 55/235 of 23 December 2000, the support account, the amount of 862,915 dollars Noting with appreciation that voluntary contributions gross (774,893 dollars net) already appropriated for the have been made to the Mission, United Nations Logistics Base and the amount of 200

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 140 Political and security questions million dollars gross (194,823,300 dollars net) for the tivities, including difficulties encountered, and maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July its meetings with government leaders in Bu- to 31 December 2001 appropriated and assessed by the rundi, the DRC, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda and General Assembly in its resolution 55/275; 13. Decides also, taking into account the amount of Zimbabwe. It also sent members to meet with of- 200 million dollars gross (194,823,300 dollars net) al- ficials in Cameroon, South Africa and the United ready apportioned for the period from 1 July to 31 De- Republic of Tanzania and conducted meetings cember 2001 in accordance with the provisions of its with government officials, the diplomatic com- resolution 55/275, to apportion among Member States munity, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the additional amount of 196,593,590 dollars gross members of civil society and private individuals (193,819,705 dollars net) for the period from 1 January in Brussels, London and Paris. One of the most to 31March 2002 in accordance with the levels set out in serious problems facing the Panel was the paucity General Assembly resolution 55/235 as adjusted by the Assembly in its resolution 55/236 of 23 December of detailed and reliable information, including 2000, and taking into account the scale of assessments statistics, as to the nature, extent, location, yield for the years 2001 and 2002 as set out in its resolution and value of the DRC’s natural resources. Dec- 55/5 B of 23 December 2000; ades of government neglect, mismanagement 14 . Decides further that, in accordance with the provi- and corruption, including widespread evasion of sions of its resolution 973(X) of 15 December 1955, taxes and customs duties, as well as the effects of there shall be set off against the apportionment among conflict since 1996, made it almost impossible to Member States, as provided for in paragraph 13 above, their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of establish a precise and impartial factual picture the estimated staff assessment income of 2,773,885 dol- of the country’s natural resource base and ex- lars approved for the Mission for the period from ploitation patterns. Mines and other sources 1 January to 31 March 2002; were remote and heavily guarded, roads were few 15. Emphasizes that no peacekeeping mission shall and ill-maintained and communications poor. be financed by borrowing funds from other active The Panel intended to follow up information it peacekeeping missions; had received, in particular to examine the links 16. Encourages the Secretary-General to continue to take additional measures to ensure the safety and secu- between the exploitation of the natural resources rity of all personnel under the auspices of the United and other forms of wealth in the DRC and the con- Nations participating in the Mission; tinuation of the conflict. However, the Panel con- 17. Invites voluntary contributions to the Mission in cluded that it could not assemble a coherent pic- cash and in the form of services and supplies accepta- ture of the situation in the three months ble to the Secretary-General, to be administered, as ap- remaining due to the complexity of the situation, propriate, in accordance with the procedure and prac- the vast territories, the multiplicity of the actors tices established by the General Assembly; involved, the difficulties of travel and communi- 18. Decides to keep under review during its fifty- sixth session the item entitled “Financing of the United cations, the lack of cooperation on the part of Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Re- some Governments and other sources of infor- public of the Congo”. mation, and the security risks arising from the conflict. It therefore proposed that its mandate The Assembly, on 24 December, decided that be extended for three months, until mid-June. the agenda item on MONUC financing would re- On 25 January [S/2001/ 84], Uganda protested main for consideration during its resumed fifty- some aspects of the interim report, including the sixth (2002) session (decision 56/464), and that Panel’s interpretation of its mandate, its descrip- the Fifth Committee would continue to consider tion of meetings with Ugandan officials and alle- the item at that session (decision 56/458). gations by the DRC that Uganda had been in- volved in exploitation of minerals, agricultural Exploitation of natural resources products and protected species. Reports of Expert Panel. The Secretary- In a 23 March letter [S/2001/288], the Secretary- General submitted to the Security Council, on 16 General recommended, in view of the need for January [S/2001/49], the interim report of the extra time, that the Panel submit its final report Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of by 3 April; he later requested a deadline of 16 Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of April [S/2001/338]. The Council, on 28 March the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Ex- [S/2001/289] and 6 April [S/2001/339], took note of pert Panel, established by the Secretary-General those recommendations. in response to a Council request contained in On 12 April [S/2001/357], the Secretary-General presidential statement S/PRST/2000/20 [YUN submitted to the Security Council the final re- 2000, p. 128], had the mandate to collect informa- port of the Panel of Experts. The report stated tion on illegal exploitation and to analyse the that illegal exploitation of the mineral and forest links between such exploitation and the continua- resources of the DRC was taking place at an alarm- tion of the conflict in the DRC. It described its ac- ing rate. Two phases could be distinguished:

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 141 mass-scale looting and the systematic exploita- activities; preventive measures to avoid a recur- tion of natural resources. During the first phase, rence of the current situation; reparations to the stockpiles of minerals, coffee, wood, livestock victims of the illegal exploitation of natural re- and money that were available in territories con- sources; design of a framework for reconstruc- quered by the armies of Burundi, Rwanda and tion; improvement of international mechanisms Uganda were taken and either transferred to and regulations governing some natural re- those countries or exported to international mar- sources; and security issues. Proposed measures kets by their forces or nationals. In the second included: that a Security Council embargo be im- phase, exploitation became systematic and sys- posed on the import or export of coltan, nio- temic, requiring planning and organization. Sys- bium, pyrochlore, cassiterite, timber, gold and tematic exploitation flourished because of the diamonds from or to Burundi, Rwanda and pre-existing structures developed during the Uganda until those countries’ involvement in the 1996conquest of power by the Alliance of Demo- exploitation of DRC natural resources was made cratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire, clear; that all countries should abstain from fa- led by the late Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Those cilitating the import or export of those resources structures were improved and new networks for or face sanctions; that Member States should channelling extracted resources were put in freeze the financial assets of the rebel movements place. However, the systemic exploitation used and their leaders; that an embargo on weapons the existing systems of control established by supply to rebel groups should be established; that Rwanda and Uganda. In both cases, exploitation Member States should suspend balance-of- was often carried out in violation of the DRC’s sov- payments support to those countries involved in ereignty, the national legislation and sometimes illegal exploitation; that to curb the flow of illicit international law. Key individual actors, includ- diamonds, the DRC should liberalize the dia- ing army commanders, businessmen and govern- mond trade; and that all diamond dealers operat- ment structures, had been the engines of the sys- ing in the territories occupied by foreign forces tematic and systemic exploitation. should immediately stop doing business with The illegal exploitation had resulted in mas- rebels and with Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; sive availability of financial resources for RPA failure to do so should lead to action through the and the individual enrichment of top Ugandan World Diamond Council. The Panel endorsed all military commanders and civilians, as well as the the relevant recommendations on diamonds emergence of illegal networks headed by mili- made in 2000 by the expert panel investigating tary commanders or businessmen. Other con- the diamond trade in relation to Sierra Leone tributing factors included the roles played by [YUN 2000, p. 204]. The Panel proposed that coun- some entities, private companies and individuals, tries with seaports and transit facilities report to including some decision makers in the DRC and the United Nations Forum on Forests on the tran- Zimbabwe and some leaders in the region. sit of timber through their territory and called for The conflict in the DRC had become mainly an improved certification system. It recom- about access to and control and trade of five mended that individuals, groups and companies key mineral resources—coltan (columbo-tantalite, whose properties were damaged or expropriated used in communications equipment), diamonds, by the Burundian, Rwandan or Ugandan armed copper, cobalt and gold. Plundering, looting and forces and their allies be compensated by the racketeering and the constitution of criminal States concerned. The Panel further recom- cartels were becoming commonplace in occupied mended that the Council establish an interna- territories. Those cartels had ramifications tional mechanism to investigate and prosecute worldwide, and they represented the next serious individuals involved in economic criminal activi- security problem in the region. The private sec- ties and companies and government officials tor had also contributed in the exploitation, whose activities harmed powerless people and whether directly or indirectly. The conflict in the weak economies, and a permanent mechanism to DRC, because of its lucrative nature, had created a investigate the illicit trafficking of natural re- “win-win” situation for all belligerents. Adversa- sources in armed conflicts so as to monitor cases ries and enemies were at times partners in busi- already subject to the investigation of other pan- ness. els, such as those of Angola, the DRC and Sierra The Panel concluded that tough measures Leone. needed to be taken to end the cycle of exploita- The Security Council considered the Panel’s tion of the natural resources and the continua- report on 3 May [meetings 4317, 4318]. tion of the conflict in the DRC. It made a number Communications (April/May). In letters of 16 of recommendations regarding: sanctions against and 24 April and 1 May [S/2001/378, S/2001/402, countries and individuals involved in the illegal S/2001/433], Uganda, Rwanda and Burundi,

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respectively, raised objections to the Expert Pan- conduct their own inquiries into this information, el’s report. Uganda expanded on its objections in cooperate fully with the Expert Panel while ensuring necessary security for the experts, and take immedi- letters of 4 and 25 May [S/2001/458, S/2001/522], ate steps to end illegal exploitation of the natural re- stating that the report suffered from a number of sources by their nationals or others under their con- fundamental flaws and that Uganda had ap- trol. pointed a commission to investigate the allega- The Council notes with concern the terrible toll tions. the conflict is taking on the people, economy and en- Action plan. As requested by the Security vironment of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Council at informal consultations on 18 April, The Council believes that the only viable solution the Chairperson of the Panel of Experts pre- to the crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo remains the full implementation of the Lusaka sented, on 24 April [S/2001/416], an action plan for Ceasefire Agreement and the relevant Security the extension of its mandate by three months, un- Council resolutions. til the end of July 2001. In transmitting its final The Council emphasizes the importance of a com- report, the Panel indicated that approximately 70 prehensive approach addressing all the root causes per cent of the information and work had been of the conflict to achieve a lasting peace settlement in covered. On that basis, the Panel wished to work the Democratic Republic of the Congo. on the remaining 30 per cent, mainly on two The Council requests the Secretary-General to extend the mandate of the Expert Panel for a final themes: the activities of criminal cartels and the period of three months, and requests also that the mining of and deals on copper and cobalt. In ad- Expert Panel submit to the Council, through the dition, the Panel would compile comments Secretary-General, an addendum to its final report and reactions from various stakeholders and which shall include the following: actors cited in the report and prepare answers to (a) An update of relevant data and an analysis of those parties. The first theme, on criminal car- further information, including as pointed out in the tels, covered a wide range of issues related to con- action plan submitted by the Panel to the Security Council; tinuation of the conflict, including money- (b) Relevant information on the activities of laundering, counterfeit currency and its use for countries and other actors for which the necessary purchasing natural resources, financial net- quantity and quality of data were not made available works, and arms transactions to support the con- earlier; tinuation of the conflict. With regard to the sec- (c) A response, based as far as possible on cor- ond theme, the Panel would work primarily on roborated evidence, to the comments and reactions investigating the stocks of copper and cobalt that of the States and actors cited in the final report of the Expert Panel; existed in some regions of the DRC before the be- (d) An evaluation of the situation at the end of ginning of the war. the extension of the mandate of the Panel, and of its conclusions, assessing whether progress has been SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (May) made on the issues which come under the responsi- On 3 May [meeting 4318], following consultations bility of the Panel. among Security Council members, the President The Council expresses its intention to examine made statement S/PRST/2001/13 on behalf of and respond to the recommendations of the report in the light of the addendum submitted by the Panel, the Council: so as to advance the peace process in the Democratic The Security Council recalls the statement of its Republic of the Congo. President of 2 June 2000 (S/PRST/2000/20). It ex- presses its intention to give full consideration to the The Secretary-General, on 25 June [S/2001/ report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploi- 632], informed the Council of his intention to ap- tation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of point Mahmoud Kassem (Egypt) as Chairperson Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It of the Expert Panel. takes note of the action plan of the Expert Panel for [S/2001/950] the extension of its mandate. On 3 October , the Secretary- The Council notes that the report contains dis- General said that the Panel would need extra turbing information about the illegal exploitation of time to complete its work; he therefore recom- Congolese resources by individuals, Governments mended that the Panel’s mandate be extended and armed groups involved in the conflict, and the until 30 November 2001. The Council, on 8 Octo- link between the exploitation of the natural re- ber [S/2001/951], took note of the recommenda- sources and other forms of wealth in the Democratic tion. Republic of the Congo and the continuation of the Addendum to Panel report. On 10 November, conflict. the Expert Panel issued the addendum The Council condemns the illegal exploitation of the natural resources of the Democratic Republic of [S/2001/1072] to its April report. It remarked that the Congo and expresses its serious concern at those the history of the DRC, regardless of the political economic activities that fuel the conflict. It urges the authority, had been marked by systematic abuse Governments named in the report in this regard to of its natural and human resources, almost al-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 143 ways backed by brutal use of force and directed to ploitation of some of the neighbouring countries the benefit of a few. The mismanagement and in the region, which it called the transit coun- plunder of the country’s natural resources led tries—the Central African Republic, the Republic to an informal economy based on barter, smug- of the Congo, Kenya, South Africa, the United gling and fraudulent trade that reinforced pre- Republic of Tanzaniaand Zambia—and provided existing ties based on ethnicity, kinship and background information on the national armed colonial structures between DRC regions and neigh- groups (RCD-Goma, RCD-ML, MLC/FLC and the bouring States such as Burundi and Rwanda, as Mayi-Mayi) and the foreign armed groups or well as Angola, Kenya, Uganda, the United Re- negative forces (FDD, the Interahamwe and ex- public of Tanzania and Zambia. The result was FAR, currently known as ALIR I and II). that a country with vast natural wealth was re- The Panel concluded that the systematic ex- duced to one of the poorest States by the early ploitation of the DRC’s natural resources contin- 1990s.That was the situation when the war began ued unabated, resulting in the further enrich- in August 1998. ment of individuals and institutions. A primary The Panel described a pattern of continued ex- reason for the continuing exploitation was the ploitationsincethe12AprilceasefirebybothState collapse of State institutions and structures. Ini- and non-State actors, including the rebel forces tially, foreign countries and rebel movements and armed groups. Some exploitation activities were motivated to intervene for political and se- were conducted as joint ventures and others were curity concerns, but the primary motivation had carried out by the de facto authority in the area. become financial benefits. The military opera- The Panel limited its latest investigations to spe- tions and presence of all sides had been trans- cific resources—coltan, gold, copper, cobalt, dia- formed into self-financing activities, whereby no monds and timber. Human resources were also real budgetary burden was borne by the parties exploited by all parties to the conflict, resulting in concerned. Contrary to its protestations, the DRC systematic violations of human rights. Government had been involved in allowing some The Panel found indications that clashes dur- foreign companies to continue the exploitation ing the previous seven months in the eastern of resources in rebel-occupied areas without can- areas between the Mayi-Mayi, who were better celling any concessions. equipped and coordinated than before, and the The Panel stated that the international com- Ugandan troops and the MLC rebel group were munity should assist in formulating a plan of ac- directly related to the control of coltan and gold. tion for rebuilding the DRC State institutions as a Similar battles were fought by the Mayi-Mayi with means of enabling it to control its territory and RPA over access to coltan. The Panel concluded to protect its natural resources. Such assistance that Zimbabwe’s arming of Burundian rebel should be linked to the convening of an interna- groups was contributing to sustaining the war by tional conference on peace and development in proxy, allowing the ceasefire to remain intact the Great Lakes region. The Panel recommended while creating a “controllable” conflict in the oc- that: all concessions, commercial agreements and cupied zone in the east that satisfied the interests contracts signed during the 1997-2001 era of Laurent- of many parties. With the low-intensity conflict Désiré Kabila and subsequently in the rebel-held dragging on, a certain status quo was maintained areas should be reviewed and revised to correct whereby many resources could continue to be ex- all irregularities, under the auspices of a Security tracted, traded and routed for export. Rwanda Council body; MONUC should accelerate the dis- and Zimbabwe had the most important commer- armament, demobilization and reintegration cial presence in the DRC as a result of their process in order to reduce the security concerns involvement in the war. It was thought that of regional States, including the DRC;atempo- Zimbabwe’s role in continuing the conflict might rary moratorium should ban the purchase of be shared with the DRC Government, or some ele- products such as coltan, diamonds, gold, copper, ments in it, as well as others. The profiteering of cobalt, timber and coffee originating in areas in private businesses of all kinds in illicit and crimi- the DRC under the control of foreign troops or nal activities gave them vested interests in seeing rebel groups; and countries involved in the con- the continuation of the conflict, in particular flict should investigate and prosecute illicit traf- businesses in Kenya, South Africa and the United fickers of high-value products from the DRC, Republic of Tanzania. and technical measures to control trade should The report described the military involvement be finalized, such as the standardization of cer- and economic interests in the DRC of the allied tificates of production, harmonization of tax re- countries—Angola, the DRC, Namibia and Zim- gimes and verification regulations, and analysis babwe—and the uninvited forces of Burundi, of diamond production and trade statistics. The Rwanda and Uganda. It explored the role in ex- Panel further recommended that the Council

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consider sanctions, depending on future trends —No external parties, or groups or individuals in exploitation of DRC natural resources and de- under their control, should benefit from the exploi- velopments in the Great Lakes region, and, in the tation of the natural resources of the Democratic Re- public of the Congo at the Democratic Republic of meantime, establish a monitoring mechanism to the Congo’s expense; report on progress in reducing exploitation. —The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s natu- Communications (November/December). Dur- ral resources should not serve as an incentive for any ing November and December, a number of coun- State, group or individual to prolong the conflict; tries transmitted comments on and/or reserva- —External parties, and groups or individuals under their control, must not use the natural re- tions with regard to the Expert Panel’s April sources of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to report and November addendum. On 5 and 6 finance the conflict in the country; December [S/2001/1156, S/2001/1175], the DRC com- —The resources should be exploited legally and mented on the report and expressed support for on a fair commercial basis to benefit the country and the Panel’s recommendations. Having con- people of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. ducted an inquiry on the reports, Uganda, on 14 The Council thanks the Expert Panel for its rec- and 21 November and 10 December [S/2001/1080, ommendations on the institutional, financial and technical aspects of the issue, and for its advice on S/2001/1107, S/2001/1163], commented on the find- possible measures to be imposed by the Security ings and recommendations, covering what it con- Council. It reaffirms its support to the Lusaka sidered to be both positive conclusions and areas Ceasefire Agreement, and reiterates its commitment of concern, including what it called false allega- to take any appropriate action to help put an end to tions against Uganda. On 23 November and 7 De- the plundering of the resources of the Democratic cember [S/2001/1102, S/2001/1161], Rwanda wel- Republic of the Congo, in support of the peace pro- comed many key elements of the report but cess, once it has been established that such actions denied any involvement by its armed forces in will have no serious and unmanageable negative im- pact on the disastrous humanitarian and economic commercial activities in the DRC. Burundi, on 13 situation of the country. December [S/2001/1197], welcomed the Panel’s The Council stresses the importance of continu- finding that Burundi was cleared of all suspicion ing the monitoring of the situation regarding the il- of illegally exploiting the wealth of the DRC and legal exploitation of the natural resources of the requested the international community to focus Democratic Republic of the Congo and the link be- efforts on obtaining a ceasefire. Namibia, on 14 tween the exploitation of these natural resources in December [S/2001/1212], listed its objections to the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the con- tinuation of the conflict, in order to keep the neces- specific claims about its involvement in exploita- sary pressure to put an end to the illegal exploitation tion. On the same date [S/2001/1214], Zimbabwe of the resources of the Democratic Republic of the forwarded the communiqué of the Southern Af- Congo, including the exploitation of human re- rican Development Community Ministerial Task sources, at the expense of the Congolese people and Force on Developments in Zimbabwe (Harare, of the peace process. 10-11 December) to counter misleading observa- Therefore, the Council, having heard the views tions concerning Zimbabwe raised in the Novem- expressed at its open debate on 14 December 2001, ber addendum. requests the Secretary-General to renew the man- date of the Expert Panel for a period of six months at the end of which the Expert Panel should report to SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (December) the Council. The panel should submit an interim re- The Security Council considered the Panel’s port after three months. The next reports of the panel should include the addendum on 14 [meeting 4437] and 19 [meeting 4441] following elements: December. FollowingconsultationsamongCoun- —An update of relevant data and an analysis of cil members on 19December, the President made further information from all relevant countries, in- statement S/PRST/2001/39 on behalf of the cluding in particular from those which thus far have Council: not provided the panel with the requested informa- tion; The Security Council notes with concern that the —An evaluation of the possible actions that could plundering of the natural resources and other forms be taken by the Council, including those recom- of wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo mended by the panel in its report and in its adden- continues unabated. The Council strongly con- dum, in order to help bring to an end the plundering demns these activities, which are perpetuating the of natural resources of the Democratic Republic of conflict in the country, impeding the economic de- the Congo, taking into account the impact of such ac- velopment of the Democratic Republic of the Congo tions on the financing of the conflict and their po- and exacerbating the suffering of its people, and re- tential impact on the humanitarian and economic affirms the territorial integrity, political indepen- situation of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; dence and sovereignty of the Democratic Republic —Recommendations on specific actions that the of the Congo, including over its natural resources. international community, in support of the Govern- The Council stresses that: ment of the Democratic Republic of the Congo,

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might take, working through existing international Burundi in protecting exiled political leaders organizations, mechanisms and United Nations once they returned to the country. bodies, to address the issues in the report and its ad- dendum; —Recommendations on possible steps that may be Political and military developments taken by transit countries as well as end-users to con- The intensification of fighting following the tribute to ending illegal exploitation of the natural August 2000 signing of the Arusha Agreement resources and other forms of wealth of the Demo- severely hampered efforts to carry out tasks of cratic Republic of the Congo. the transitional phase as stipulated in the Agree- The Council stresses the importance of the panel ment, including the return and resettlement of maintaining a high level of collaboration with all the Congolese players, governmental as well as non- refugees and displaced people, and the reform of governmental, throughout the national territory. military and security institutions. It also exacer- The Council once again urges the Governments bated the humanitarian situation in a country al- named in the previous reports to conduct their own ready afflicted with a malaria epidemic and inquiries, cooperate fully with the Expert Panel and widespread malnutrition and hunger. Efforts to take, on an urgent basis, the necessary steps to end reach a ceasefire were stymied by the fact that two all illegal exploitation of the natural resources of the main armed groups, the National Council for the Democratic Republic of the Congo, by their nation- Defence of Democracy–Front for the Defence of als or others under their control, and inform the Council accordingly. The Council also calls on those Democracy (CNDD-FDD) and the Party for the countries that have not yet provided the Panel with Liberation of the Hutu People–National Libera- the requested information to do so as a matter of ur- tion Forces (PALIPEHUTU-FNL), were not part of gency. the Arusha peace process. Communications (January). Burundi, on 16 January [S/2001/51], called on the Security Coun- Burundi cil to condemn the rebel groups in Burundi for Throughout the year, efforts to revive the Bu- the violence committed against the civilian popu- rundi peace process based on the 2000 Arusha lation, urge them to join the peace process, and Agreement on Peace and Reconciliation [YUN urge all countries bordering Burundi to ensure 2000, p. 146], a framework for political reform, were that their territories were not used by the Burun- led by former President Nelson Mandela of dian rebels against their country of origin. The South Africa, whom the Secretary-General ap- Council was also requested to welcome the 9 pointed in 1999 as Facilitator of the peace pro- January meeting in Libreville, Gabon, between cess. The main obstacles to implementation of Burundi President Pierre Buyoya and Jean Bosco the Agreement were the continued hostilities and Ndayikengurukiye, head of CNDD-FDD, to discuss the lack of agreement on leadership of a transi- the peace process. Annexed to the letter were a tional government. The conflict between armed communiqué issued after that meeting and a list groups and government forces intensified at sev- of armed attacks against civilians that occurred in eral points in 2001, despite the fact that most pol- December 2000 and January 2001. itical parties had signed the Agreement in The DRC drew the Council’s attention to the August 2000. Some of the main combatant rebel wider implications of the Burundi conflict in a 10 forces, however, were not parties to the Agree- January letter [S/2001/30]. Welcoming the Libre- ment although they had joined the negotiations. ville meeting, the DRC stated that President The Implementation Monitoring Committee, Laurent-Désiré Kabila had offered his good of- set up by the Arusha Agreement under the chair- fices in the resolution of the Burundian crisis, in manship of the Facilitator, met five times in 2001 the light of the consequences of Burundi’s ethnic to follow up on implementation, arbitrate on dis- conflicts on DRC territory. The DRC also wel- putes among signatories and consider draft legis- comed President Buyoya’s commitment to with- lation on political activity, among other things. draw his troops from Congolese territory. Although his efforts were complicated by on- Regional peace initiative. The fourteenth going civil conflict and lack of a formal ceasefire, Summit Meeting of the Regional Peace Initiative Mr. Mandela was successful in bringing the par- on Burundi (Arusha, United Republic of Tanza- ties together to agree on and install a broad-based nia, 26 February) [A/55/850-S/2001/265] was at- transitional government on 1 November under a tended by the Presidents of Burundi, the DRC, power-sharing formula, thus ushering in a new Kenya, Rwanda and the United Republic of Tan- and promising chapter in the search for lasting zania, and the Vice-Presidents of Gabon, South peace and stability in the country. Peacemaking Africa and Uganda. The meeting considered the efforts were also carried out by regional leaders Facilitator’s progress report on the Burundi ne- who met four times in 2001 as the Regional Peace gotiations and his recommendations on the out- Initiative and agreed to provide forces to assist standing issues, namely, cessation of hostilities

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 146 Political and security questions and leadership of the transition. It took note of calls on all the parties, including the armed groups, the establishment of the Arusha Agreement’s to engage in dialogue immediately so as to allow an Implementation Monitoring Committee and its early cessation of hostilities and to reach agreement on a permanent ceasefire. Executive Council and expressed support for the The Council stresses the importance of providing work of the Committee and its UN-appointed urgent humanitarian assistance to civilians dis- Chairman, Berhanu Dinka. placed by the hostilities, and calls upon all parties to In view of the absence of agreement on leader- guarantee safe and unhindered access by humanita- ship of the transition, the Summit recommended rian personnel to those in need. The Council reiter- a scheme by which the three-year period of tran- ates its request to the donor community to help the sition would be divided into two phases of 18 Government of Burundi, United Nations agencies and the humanitarian community to respond effec- months. In the first phase, the parties would tively to the needs of the population of Burundi. The agree on a Transitional President from the G-10 Council also urges donors to deliver on the commit- group of parties (Tutsi) and the Vice-President ments made at the Paris Donors Conference on 11 from the G-7 group (Hutu); in the second phase, and 12 December 2000. the positions would be reversed. The signatory The Council takes note of the scheme for power- parties would agree on the 26 ministerial posts in sharing arrangements among parties to the Arusha the proportions already agreed and the Security Agreement worked out by the fourteenth Summit Meeting of the Regional Peace Initiative on Bu- Council would provide assistance to the Regional rundi, held in Arusha on 26 February 2001, and calls Initiative and the Facilitator, in particular by dis- on all the parties to reach early agreement on the patching peacekeepers and protection aides to outstanding issues related to the transitional power- Burundi as soon as hostilities were suspended or sharing arrangements and to give their full co- by financing any countries willing to contribute operation to the Facilitator. peacekeepers. The Summit held three more The Council stresses that the key to achieving last- meetings in 2001 in efforts to arrange negotia- ing peace in Burundi lies with the Burundian par- ties. It is convinced that compromise is the only tions leading to a ceasefire. means to resolve the conflict, and to this end urges all parties to work towards settling outstanding dif- SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (March) ferences over the peace accord, and to proceed to its On 2 March [meeting 4285], following consulta- implementation. tions among Security Council members, the The Council reaffirms its full support for the con- President made statement S/PRST/2001/6 on tinuing efforts of the Facilitator, the Regional Peace Initiative and the Implementation Monitoring Com- behalf of the Council: mittee to bring peace to Burundi. The Council also The Security Council strongly condemns the re- emphasizes the role of the Implementation Monitor- cent attacks by armed groups in Burundi, particu- ing Committee in advancing the peace process. It larly those launched on Bujumbura by the Forces for takes note of the communiqué of the 14th Summit National Liberation. The timing of these actions is Meeting of the Regional Peace Initiative on Burundi of particular concern since they were launched dur- held in Arusha on 26 February 2001.It also reiterates ing the meeting of the parties to the Arusha Peace its readiness to consider practical ways in which it and Reconciliation Agreement (the Arusha Agree- can best support the peace process, and the imple- ment) on Burundi convened by the Facilitator, Nel- mentation of the Arusha Agreement. son Mandela, on 25 February 2001 in Arusha, The Council will remain seized of the matter. United Republic of Tanzania. The Council calls for the immediate cessation of these attacks. Communications (March-May). On 14 March The Council expresses its strong disapproval of all [S/2001/221], Burundi requested the Security acts aimed at undermining the peace process in Bu- Council to meet in order to condemn once again rundi. The Council urges all sides to exercise re- the recent attacks by PALIPEHUTU-FNL and straint and to refrain from any action that may exac- CNDD-FDD, supported by the other “negative erbate the situation. forces” fighting in the DRC, and call on the signa- The Council condemns the deliberate targeting of the civilian population by the armed groups and calls tories to the Arusha Agreement to give priority to upon all parties to abide by international humanita- a ceasefire instead of establishing the transi- rian law and in particular to refrain from any further tional institutions. Reviewing the evolution of attacks or any military action that endangers the ci- the peace process, Burundi said that progress was vilian population. currently hindered because of the ongoing offen- The Council reiterates its call on the Forces for sive by FDD in the south-east of the country on the National Liberation and the Forces for the Defence Tanzanian border and a two-week urban guer- of Democracy to cease hostilities immediately and to rilla warfare campaign in Bujumbura. The situa- join the peace process. The Council recalls the meet- ing in Libreville on 9 January 2001 between the tion in the DRC had brought about a realignment President of the Republic of Burundi and the leader of armed factions, Burundi said, which could of the Forces for the Defence of Democracy and cause grave danger not just for Burundi but also urges the continuation of this process. The Council for neighbouring countries, which would be

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 147 drawn into the conflict because of the Hutu-Tutsi border between Burundi and the United Repub- sensitivities that existed throughout the region lic of Tanzania, which could ignite a serious and in some Southern African countries. In Bu- deterioration in the crisis, and a joint commission rundi’s view, priority should be given to ensuring should be established to deal with refugee issues. security and combating the rebellion. Pending It also proposed the establishment of a perma- the ceasefire, activities could proceed on drafting nent negotiating mechanism involving the laws on provisional immunity, the transitional Secretary-General’s Representative in Bujum- legislature and political parties. The Govern- bura to deal with such issues as the reform of the ment supported the Facilitator’s request for in- armed forces and the judiciary, human rights ternational observation and protection forces. and refugees and displaced persons. The mission At a private meeting on 16 March, the Security observed that the movements of rebel fighters Council considered Burundi’s 14March letter. In from the DRC eastwards in order to evade being an official communiqué [S/PV.4297], the Council disarmed and demobilized might aggravate the stated that its members and the representative of Burundi crisis. The Council supported a global Burundi had had a constructive discussion. solution to restore peace to both countries and to On the eve of the Security Council’s mission to the region. the region (see below), Burundi, on 11 May The Security Council discussed the report on [S/2001/472], transmitted to the Council President 30 May [meeting 4323]. the “Memorandum on the peace process in Bu- Communications (June/July). In a joint com- rundi: the security challenge”, which stated that muniqué [S/2001/633] issued following consulta- the situation urgently required action by the in- tions in Dar es Salaam (23-24 June), the Defence ternational community because the regional Ministers of Burundi and the United Republic of efforts of Mr. Mandela were not enough. Bu- Tanzania expressed concern about the illegal rundi saw a correlation between developments in movements and criminal activities along the com- the DRC conflict and those in the Burundi con- mon border between the two countries and di- flict: the further the former moved towards rected local authorities to meet to solve the prob- peace, the more adversely the Burundi conflict lem of cross-border crimes. Concerning the was affected. The Burundi conflict was the work repatriation of refugees, they commended the of armed rebel groups (FDD and FNL) who signing of a tripartite agreement between Bu- trained in and operated from the DRC. Some rundi, Tanzaniaand UNHCR in May and directed rebel groups were also operating from the United that the meeting of the Technical Working Republic of Tanzania, but that Government had Group be held in early July in Kigoma, Tanzania, remained passive to the problem. Burundi be- as scheduled, so as to put in place the operational lieved the Arusha Agreement to be in jeopardy plan for repatriating refugees and to propose and made a number of suggestions for the Coun- further measures facilitating repatriation, in- cil mission, including calling for short-term sanc- cluding the creation of safe zones in Burundi. tions against the rebel groups, urging Tanzania On 26 June [S/2001/634], the DRC stated that the to look into Burundi’s security concerns, and preceding few weeks had seen a resurgence of urging the DRC to hold a bilateral dialogue with violence in Burundi and Rwanda, where govern- Burundi in a more positive spirit. mental sources were reportedly attributing the upsurge to infiltrations from Congolese territory Security Council mission of Interahamwe and ex-FAR, with the support of The Security Council, having agreed to dis- the DRC authorities. The DRC asserted that such patch a mission to the Great Lakes region in May claims were baseless. Burundi responded on 6 (see p. 116), informed the Secretary-General on July [S/2001/672], alleging Congolese support to 25 April of its terms of reference [S/2001/408]. factions opposing the Burundi authorities. Reporting to the Council on 29 May [S/2001/ The EU, in statements of 6 and 24 July [S/2001/ 521], the mission stated that it was struck by the 684, S/2001/739], noted the worsening of the politi- complexity and intractability of the situation in cal and security situation in Burundi, expressed Burundi and its potential for large-scale vio- support for Mr. Mandela’s efforts and condemned lence. It delivered a strong message to all its the coup attempt by a group of mutineers from Burundian interlocutors that peace could be the Burundian armed forces on 22-23 July. achieved only through negotiations within the framework of the Arusha Agreement. The mis- SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (July) sion suggested that the regional heads of State On 29 June [meeting 4341], following consulta- should remain involved and that the Govern- tions among Security Council members, the ment and FNL should hold a dialogue; urgent at- President made statement S/PRST/2001/17 on tention should be paid to the situation along the behalf of the Council:

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The Security Council calls for an immediate sus- representatives of the signatory parties in the pension of hostilities in Burundi. transitional government; full implementation of The Council calls on the armed groups to enter the Agreement; reforming the army and inte- into negotiations. grating the armed groups into it; collaborating The Council reiterates its profound concern at the with UNHCR on repatriation of refugees and re- continuation of the conflict in Burundi and its toll on the civilian population. In that context, the Coun- settlement of internally displaced persons; pro- cil stresses once again its support for the Arusha pro- tection of all political leaders; refraining from re- cess and the efforts of the Facilitator, Nelson Man- prisals against political opponents; release of dela. political prisoners; appealing for regional and in- The Council strongly emphasizes to the parties to ternational troops for maintaining peace and se- the Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement of curity; establishing a special protection unit for August 2000 (Arusha Agreement) the need to imple- political leaders consisting of an equal number ment all the immediately applicable provisions of the of soldiers/policemen and people appointed by Agreement, including the provisions for the estab- lishment of new institutions. the G-7 (Hutu) and G-10 groups; working towards The Council calls upon the parties to the Arusha an equitable representation of Burundian com- Agreement to continue searching, together with munities in all public offices; collaborating with all parties concerned, for solutions to outstanding the Implementation Monitoring Committee; issues in the Agreement. and ceasing the functions of President after the The Council expresses grave concern at continu- 18-month period. ing human rights abuses and violations of humanita- The fifteenth Summit Meeting of the Re- rian law, and stresses the need for all parties to en- sure respect for human rights and humanitarian law. gional Peace Initiative on Burundi (Arusha, 23 In particular, it urges the belligerents to commit July) took note of Mr. Mandela’s proposal on the themselves immediately to the protection of civil- transitional leadership and Mr. Buyoya signed a ians, in particular their life, physical integrity and document agreeing to fulfil all the conditions. the means necessary for their survival. It also reiter- The Summit agreed that a special protection unit ate its call for safe and unhindered access for the de- should be deployed in Burundi as soon as possi- livery of humanitarian aid to all people in need. ble to protect returning exiled leaders. Half of The Council encourages the Secretary-General the unit would be contributed by the G-7 group. through his Representatives to continue to engage the armed groups and contribute to coordinated It would be assisted by Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal efforts to bring about a political settlement of the and South Africa. Reform of the army would be- conflict. gin immediately after installation of the transi- The Council reiterates its call to the donor com- tional government. It was also decided that cabi- munity to increase its humanitarian and develop- net members would be nominated in accordance ment assistance to the people of Burundi, in keeping with the agreed quota of posts (60 per cent for with their pledges given at the Paris Donor Confer- G-7, 40 per cent for G-10) and the allocation of ence on 11-12 December 2000. those posts would be determined through nego- The Council remains actively seized of the situa- tiations among the participating signatories. tion in Burundi and, in this context, will continue to receive regular reporting from the Secretariat on de- Burundi, in a statement [S/2001/752] issued after velopments in and around the country. The Council the fifteenth Summit Meeting, described recent stands ready to consider, in the light of progress in developments and the next stages of the peace the above areas, further contributions to the peace process. It announced that the Facilitator and the process, and the implementation of the Arusha Summit, following a process of consultation with Agreement. the people, had designated the current President and Domitien Ndayizeye to serve as President Installation of Transitional Government and Vice-President, respectively, for the first 18 The Facilitator convened two meetings in July months of the transitional government. On in an effort to break the impasse in the transi- the issue of a ceasefire, contacts were made in tional arrangements: the first with leaders of the South Africa between the Government and Regional Peace Initiative in Lusaka on 8 July and CNDD-FDD to launch negotiations. However, Bu- the second with the signatories of the Arusha rundi acknowledged that difficulties stemmed Agreement in Johannesburg two days later not only from the persistence of the war in a num- [S/2001/1076]. At the first meeting, the Facilitator ber of localities but also from the issue of the proposed, due to the lack of consensus within the transitional leadership. The search for a cease- G-10 (Tutsi) group of parties and the position fire remained the top priority. The draft laws taken by the army, that Mr. Buyoya would be the necessary for the formation of a new Government transitional leader for the first phase. The lead- and Parliament would soon be adopted, which ers agreed, but insisted on certain conditions that would allow those institutions to be operational were also agreed to by Mr. Buyoya: inclusion of by 1 November.

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SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (September) The Council expresses its concern at the deterio- On 26 September [meeting 4383], following con- rating humanitarian situation and calls on all parties sultations among Security Council members, the to create the conditions for the voluntary return of President made statement S/PRST/2001/26 on refugees, and for the safe and unhindered activities of the humanitarian relief community. It also calls behalf of the Council: upon the donor community to increase their human- itarian assistance to Burundi and to accelerate its de- The Security Council reaffirms its strong support livery. for the Facilitation of Former President Nelson Man- dela, and urges all Burundians of goodwill to join in The sixteenth Summit of the Initiative was the cause of peace, democracy and national recon- ciliation in their country. It also calls upon all parties held on 1 October. In view of the disagreement to cooperate fully with the Implementation Moni- between the Burundian Government and the G-7 toring Committee. group on a number of issues, including the com- The Council looks forward to and strongly sup- position of the transitional government and the ports the 1 November 2001 installation of the transi- transitional constitution, as well as the composi- tional government in Burundi. The Council believes tion and size of the special protection unit, the that this event, the creation of a broad-based and in- Summit urged both parties to solve their differ- clusive government, will mark a critical turning ences and to report to the next Summit 10 days point in the Burundi peace process. It will also en- courage the donors to provide additional assistance, later. In a 10 October press statement [AFR/342- including by honouring fully the pledges they made SC/7170], the Security Council condemned the during the Paris Donors’ Conference in December continuing violence in Burundi and expressed 2000. concern at the appalling humanitarian situation The Council calls on the Burundian parties to there. The Council reiterated its strong support reach agreement swiftly on the establishment of a for the installation of the transitional govern- special protection unit entrusted solely with the po- ment on 1 November and called on the signato- lice function of providing personal security for poli- ries to the Arusha Agreement to cooperate fully ticians returning from exile. It welcomes the conven- ing by the Facilitation of a pre-implementation with the Facilitator and the Implementation stakeholders meeting in Arusha and urges the inter- Monitoring Committee. At the seventeenth Sum- national community to provide, on an urgent basis, mit (Pretoria, South Africa, 11 October), Mr. support for the training and deployment of this spe- Mandela reported that Mr. Buyoya and the G-7 cial protection unit. group had agreed on the legal framework of the Deeply concerned by the increase of violence re- transitional government, the composition of the cently, the Council recalls the urgent need to bring cabinet, the structure of government and the about a negotiated settlement of the conflict and composition of the Senate and the transitional calls upon the Facilitation, the Regional Peace Initia- tive for Burundi, the Government of Burundi, the National Assembly. With regard to the special signatory parties and the armed groups to devote protection unit, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal and their full attention to the achievement of a definitive South Africa offered to provide protection for the ceasefire. The Council once again calls on the Forces returning exiled political leaders until an all- pour la Défense de la Démocratie (FDD) and Forces Burundi unit was trained and deployed. South Nationales de Libération (FNL) to suspend hostili- Africa confirmed its offer on 25 October ties, to continue negotiations and to join the peace [S/2001/1013]. The first contingent of South Afri- process. The Council believes that the installation of can troops arrived in Bujumbura on 27 October. a broad-based government on the basis of an interna- tionally sanctioned peace process makes armed re- In a 9 October statement transmitted to the bellion an unacceptable means of political expres- Council on 15 October [S/2001/979], the EU com- sion. It calls on the FNL and FDD, together with the mented that the agreement reached in July on Burundi Government, to observe strictly the rights guiding the transition in Burundi led by the Fa- of the civilian population and other provisions of in- cilitator, Mr. Mandela, also opened up new pros- ternational humanitarian law. pects although they were still fragile in the ab- The Council calls on all States, in particular those sence of a ceasefire. in the region, to cease all forms of support to the FNL and FDD, and urges all Member States to encourage In a 16 October press statement [SC/7176], the the armed groups to join the peace process. Council welcomed the progress made at the sev- The Council calls on the States of the Regional enteenth Summit and called on the Burundian Initiative to mark the installation of the transitional parties to resolve outstanding issues so that the government by further enhancing their bilateral and installation of the transitional government could regional cooperation with the new government. The proceed on 1 November. Council believes that this cooperation is particularly important in the area of regional security and calls on the Governments of Burundi and its neighbour- SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (October) ing States to increase their cooperation in this re- On 29 October [meeting 4399], the Security gard. Council unanimously adopted resolution 1375

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(2001). The draft [S/2001/1016] was prepared in to the peace process and the implementation of the consultations among Council members. Arusha Agreement; 7. Urges the international community, with the in- The Security Council, stallation of the transitional government, to provide Recalling all its previous resolutions and statements additional assistance, including by honouring fully the by its President on the situation in Burundi, in particu- pledges made by donors during the Paris Conference lar the statement by its President of 26 September 2001 of December 2000; (S/PRST/2001/26), 8. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. Reaffirming that the Arusha Peace and Reconcilia- tion Agreement of August 2000 (Arusha Agreement) On 1 November, the Transitional Government remains the most viable basis for a resolution of the of national unity was installed in Burundi. The conflict together with the continued efforts to build an occasion was witnessed by the Presidents of Ma- internal political partnership in Burundi, lawi, Nigeria, Rwanda, the United Republic of Expressing deep concern at the ongoing violence and Tanzania and Zambia, the Deputy Presidents of insecurity in Burundi, South Africa and Uganda, the OAU Secretary- Noting with concern the implications of the situation in Burundi for the region as well as the consequences General and representatives of the United for Burundi of continued regional instability, Nations and the EU. Reiterating its strong support for the facilitation of former President Nelson Mandela in his efforts to SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (8 November) achieve a peaceful solution to the conflict in Burundi, On 8 November [meeting 4408], following con- Supporting the efforts of the Secretary-General to en- sultations among Security Council members, the hance the role of the United Nations in Burundi, and President made statement S/PRST/2001/33 on in particular the continued work of his Special Repre- behalf of the Council: sentative for the Great Lakes region, as well as in his capacity as Chairman of the Implementation Monitor- The Security Council welcomes the 1 November ing Committee, 2001 inauguration of Burundi’s Transitional Gov- Commending the continued efforts of and support ernment, and calls on all Burundians to support it from the Organization of African Unity/African and work together to ensure the success of this Union for a peaceful resolution of the conflict, broad-based and inclusive government’s fulfilling its Welcoming the agreement reached at the Summit of functions in accordance with the agreements that led the Regional Initiative on 11 October 2001 in Pretoria, to its establishment. South Africa, on the legal framework and the structure The Council welcomes the continued engagement of the transitional government, and the composition of of the Regional Initiative and, in this regard, also the cabinet, the senate and the transitional national as- welcomes the deployment of the first elements of the sembly, multinational security presence tasked with the pro- Also welcoming the letter from the Foreign Minister of tection of returning political leaders. The Council South Africa to the President of the Security Council of calls on all the Burundian parties to support this 23 October 2001 and the letter from the President of undertaking, and expresses its gratitude to the Gov- Burundi to the President of South Africa annexed ernment of South Africa for its contribution to the thereto, cause of peace in Burundi. The Council expresses its deep appreciation to 1. Reaffirms its strong support for the 1 November former President Nelson Mandela for his dedicated 2001 installation of the transitional government in Bu- service as Facilitator of the Arusha Peace Process, rundi; and reiterates its hope that the region and the inter- 2. Calls upon the parties to the Arusha Agreement national community may continue to rely on his and the armed groups, namely the Forces pour la moral leadership. The Council welcomes the efforts Défense de la Démocratie (FDD) and Forces Nationales of the Secretary-General and his Special Representa- de Libération (FNL), to put an end immediately to all tive for the Great Lakes, through the Implementa- acts of violence against civilians; tion Monitoring Committee. 3. Calls upon the FDD and FNL to cease immediately The Council condemns the recent attacks by the all hostilities, enter into negotiations and join the peace FDD and FNL on civilians, and is gravely concerned process, and calls upon all the States of the region to that the frequency of such attacks has increased. The support fully the process; Council once again states that the installation of a 4. Endorses the efforts of the Government of South broad-based government in accordance with an in- Africa and other member States to support the imple- ternationally supported peace process makes armed mentation of the Arusha Agreement, and strongly sup- rebellion an unacceptable means of political expres- ports in this regard the establishment of an interim sion. multinational security presence in Burundi, at the re- The Council reiterates its call for an immediate quest of its Government, to protect returning political suspension of hostilities in Burundi and for the leaders and train an all-Burundian protection force; armed groups to enter into negotiations to reach a 5. Requests the Government of Burundi to keep the definitive ceasefire, which is the priority issue. In Council informed of progress to establish an all- this regard, the Council welcomes the involvement of Burundian protection force; President Bongo of Gabon and Deputy President 6. Reiterates its willingness to consider, in the light Zuma of South Africa and expresses its full support of progress in the peace process, further contributions for their efforts.

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The Council expresses its concern at the human tor in the negotiations, addressed the fifteenth rights and humanitarian situation in Burundi and and sixteenth Summit Meetings of the Regional once again calls on the responsible parties to ensure Peace Initiative and asked the leaders to call on full compliance with the relevant international con- ventions. the armed groups to negotiate seriously. They The Council calls on the international community called on CNDD-FDD and PALIPEHUTU-FNL to to increase its humanitarian assistance, as well as to cease hostilities and to enter into negotiations on assist in Burundi’s economic recovery and develop- a ceasefire. Despite some positive indications that ment through, inter alia, honouring the pledges they would cooperate with the Transitional Gov- made at the Paris donors’ conference. ernment, both groups increased their attacks on civilians, killing more than 30 and forcing scores Report of Secretary-General. The Secretary- to flee. General, in his November interim report on the The prolonged conflict continued to disrupt situation in Burundi [S/2001/1076], said that the in- social and economic development. The gross do- defatigable efforts of the Facilitator and leaders mestic product (GDP) per capita, which averaged of the region had finally succeeded in bringing $240 from 1980 to 1985, was estimated at $120 about the installation of a broad-based Transi- in 2001. The external debt exceeded $1 billion tional Government of national unity, on 1 No- (175 per cent of GDP), while the debt service vember. Mr. Mandela announced that although amounted to 124 per cent of the total value of ex- his role as Facilitator had come to an end, and re- ports of goods and services. Those conditions sponsibility for ensuring the implementation of had had a devastating impact on social services, the Arusha Agreement rested with the Imple- national health, access to clean water and agricul- mentation Monitoring Committee, under the tural production. Life expectancy had declined chairmanship of the United Nations, he would from 53.8 years in 1993 to 42.8 years, and 58 per continue to act as moral guarantor to the Agree- cent of the population lived below the poverty ment and would be represented on the Com- line, compared with 39 per cent in 1993. The hu- mittee. manitarian situation suffered due to the in- The establishment of the Transitional Govern- creased hostilities. ment made it possible for the peace process to be repatriated from Arusha to Bujumbura where SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (15 November) Implementation Committee meetings would be held once adequate security measures were in Following a closed meeting on 15 November, place for the protection of Committee members the Security Council issued a communiqué and other returning exiled leaders. The primary [S/PV.4416], in which it stated that it had had a use- role of the United Nations Office in Burundi ful exchange of views with Mr. Mandela, Facilita- (UNOB), the mandate of which had been ex- tor of the Arusha Peace Process. The Council tended until December 2001 [YUN 2000, p. 147], thanked Mr. Mandela and commended his would need to be adjusted and refocused. The efforts on behalf of Burundi. Also on 15 Novem- Office’s staffing and resources would have to be ber [meeting 4417], following consultations among increased to provide it with the expertise and the Council members, the President made statement capability needed to support the work of the Im- S/PRST/2001/35 on behalf of the Council: plementation Committee and related activities. The Security Council expresses its deep gratitude The net additional staff requirements would to Madiba Nelson Mandela of South Africa for his amount to 16 international posts, including the dedicated service to the people of Burundi and the Committee Chairman, and a small number of cause of peace in Central Africa. Building on the military advisers and civilian police to plan for work of his predecessor, the late Mwalimu Julius possible deployment of a peacekeeping mission. Nyerere of the United Republic of Tanzania,Madiba has helped to give Burundi a chance for lasting The Secretary-General reported that the pro- peace, democracy, economic development and na- gress made on the Transitional Government tional reconciliation. highlighted the need to cease hostilities to allow The Council had, in the statement of its President the full implementation of the Arusha Agree- on 8 November 2001 (S/PRST/2001/33), welcomed ment, and he called for the international commu- the 1 November 2001 inauguration of Burundi’s nity to increase its contribution in support of that Transitional Government and expressed its appre- goal by providing assistance for humanitarian, ciation for the instrumental role played by Madiba development and reconstruction efforts. towards the creation of the Transitional Govern- ment. The Council had also expressed the hope that As the Transitional Government was being es- the region and the international community could tablished, negotiations on a cessation of hostili- continue to rely on his moral leadership and inge- ties/ceasefire continued. Deputy President Jacob nious spirit that are essential for progress towards Zuma of South Africa, who assisted the Facilita- peace in Burundi.

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The Council acknowledges the sterling contribu- Add.1] (see p. 124), President Paul Kagame stated tion of Madiba as Facilitator of the Arusha Peace that Rwandan troops were in the DRC because of Process in bringing together all the parties, includ- his Government’s concern about the security of ing the armed groups, to engage in dialogue in order to facilitate an early cessation of hostilities in accord- its borders. He mentioned recent cross-border ance with the Arusha Agreement. The Council com- incursions and said that some actors were taking mends Madiba for his tenacity and unwavering com- advantage of the peace process to push fighters mitment towards political reconciliation in Burundi. eastwards from the DRC towards Burundi and The Council expresses its appreciation to Madiba Rwanda. and the South African Government for initiating the deployment of the first elements of the multina- tional security presence tasked with the protection of Arms embargo returning political leaders, without which the condi- The Chairman of the Security Council Com- tions would not have been conducive for the mittee established pursuant to resolution 918 inauguration of the Burundi Transitional Govern- (1994) concerning the arms embargo against ment. These key successes have confirmed the trust Rwanda [YUN 1994,p. 285] submitted to the Council and confidence which the Council and the interna- tional community have always had in Madiba. a report on its 2001activities [S/2002/49]. In the ab- The Council expresses its concern about the re- sence of a specific monitoring mechanism to en- cent increase in violence and reiterates its call for an sure the implementation of the arms embargo, immediate cessation of hostilities in Burundi. The the Committee repeated its observation that it re- Council calls on all Burundians to reject violence lied solely on the cooperation of States and or- and to pursue their objectives through the institu- ganizations to provide it with information on vio- tions and mechanisms of the transition process. The lations of the arms embargo. No violations were Council appeals to all Burundians and United Nations Member States to build on the momentum brought to the Committee’s attention during the created through the efforts of Madiba and to support reporting period. the Regional Peace Initiative and the Transitional Government and the Implementation Monitoring Financing of UNAMIR Committee. The General Assembly, by decision 55/500 of Communications (December). On 7 Decem- 7 September, included in the draft agenda of its ber [S/2001/1207], the Security Council informed fifty-sixth (2001) session the item on financing the Secretary-General that it had taken note of of the United Nations Assistance Mission for his November report [S/2001/1076] and, in particu- Rwanda (UNAMIR). The Mission had been with- lar, the information on UNOB. The members sup- drawn from Rwanda in 1996 [YUN 1996, p. 62] and ported his proposal to strengthen the Office to the liquidation process was begun at that time. help implement the Arusha Peace Agreement. On 24 December, the Assembly decided that the The Netherlands, on 6 December [S/2001/1158], agenda item would remain for consideration at said that in view of the importance of supporting its resumed fifty-sixth (2002) session (decision the peace process, in particular the deployment 56/464) and that the Fifth Committee should of a multinational security force as recom- continue to consider the item at that session (de- mended by the Secretary-General, it would con- cision 56/458). tribute 1.8 million euros to the Burundi protec- tion force and would consider an additional contribution in 2002. Central African Republic The United Nations Peace-building Support Office in the Central African Republic (BO- Rwanda NUCA), established by Security Council presiden- Rwanda continued to undergo significant tial statement S/PRST/2000/5 [YUN 2000, p. 162] changes in 2001 in the areas of decentralization to take over from the United Nations Mission in of government and transition to democracy, the the Central African Republic, the peacekeeping drawing up of a new constitution, overhauling of mission that had been in place since 1998 [YUN the justice system, and the promotion of a culture 1998, p. 134], continued to support the Govern- of human rights, unity and reconciliation. Such ment’s efforts to consolidate peace and national strides were possible as Rwanda moved beyond reconciliation in the wake of a 1996 army rebel- the aftermath of the 1994 genocide [YUN 1994, lion [YUN 1996, p. 808]. Despite efforts to imple- p. 2991]. ment the 1997 Bangui Agreements [YUN 1997, p. 91] Those efforts were clouded by the insecurity in and the 1998 National Reconciliation Pact [YUN the region largely due to the ongoing conflict in 1998, p. 133], the Government, under President the DRC. During the Security Council’s mission Ange-Félix Patassé, and the numerous opposi- to the Great Lakes region in May [S/2001/521 & tion parties found little ground for cooperation

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 153 or dialogue, and the political situation was domi- try’s political stakeholders was a serious obstacle nated by considerable tension in their relation- to the sustainability of the democratic institu- ship. The situation was further clouded by social tions established barely a year before. Prolonged tension and a precarious economic and security civil service strikes, brought about by the accumu- situation. lation of unpaid salary arrears and current sala- In May, the political situation was exacerbated ries, increased the risk of social upheaval, and the by an attempted coup d’état led by General An- negative economic and social impact of the con- dré Kolingba, a former President. The Govern- flict in the DRC was compromising the progress ment quickly regained control and worked to re- made towards the consolidation of the fragile store security in the capital; many of the main peace and stability in the country. The economy instigators fled to the DRC. Most of the army re- as a whole had never recovered from the destruc- mained loyal and it therefore appeared unlikely tion of the socio-economic infrastructure that that the attempt would jeopardize the restructur- took place during the mutinies of 1996 and 1997 ing of the defence and security forces upon and, even more damaging, the continuing fuel which the Government had embarked. The secu- crisis that began in June 2000. rity situation contributed to the refugee problem and it was estimated that 20,000 people had fled SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (January) the Central African Republic for the DRC. The The Security Council met twice on 23 January presence of putschists among the refugees was a [meetings 4261, 4262] to consider the situation in the matter of concern for the Central African Repub- Central African Republic. At the second meeting, lic, which closed the border between the two following consultations among Council members, States on 17 July. the President made statement S/PRST/2001/2 In the light of the heightened tension in the on behalf of the Council: country, the Secretary-General, in September, The Security Council has considered the report of recommended strengthening the mandate of BO- the Secretary-General dated 11 January 2001, sub- NUCA to focus on activities to bring about politi- mitted in accordance with the statement by the Presi- cal dialogue and national reconciliation, to moni- dent of the Council of 10 February 2000 (S/PRST/ tor the security situation, to ensure respect for 2000/5). human rights, and to provide political support The Council commends the United Nations for the mobilization of resources for economic Peace-building Support Office in the Central Afri- reconstruction. The Security Council considered can Republic and the Representative of the those recommendations and noted the Secretary- Secretary-General for the efforts they have con- stantly made to contribute to peace and stability in General’s intention to extend BONUCA’s mandate the Central African Republic. In this connection, the for another year, until 31 December 2002. Council welcomes the additional progress made in The political situation, which had been pre- certain areas since the previous report of the carious since the attempted coup, suffered an- Secretary-General of 29 June 2000, particularly in other blow on 26 October when President Patassé the area of disarmament and the restructuring of the dismissed General François Bozizé, the Chief of security and defence forces, and as regards respect Staff of the Central African Republic armed for human rights by the police. forces, following the discovery of a cache of weap- The Council welcomes the mission to the region of the Special Envoy of the Secretary-General, to as- ons at his residence. As a result of the affair, the sess the impact of the conflict in the Democratic Re- situation in the Central African Republic, which public of the Congo on the Central African Republic was gradually returning to normal, encountered and the Republic of the Congo, in particular its hu- setbacks at the end of the year, further weakening manitarian, economic, social and security implica- the State’s economic recovery efforts. tions. The Council is looking forward to discussing the findings of that mission in the very near future. Political situation and BONUCA activities The Council expresses its concern at the political and social tensions which have recently resurfaced in Report of Secretary-General (January). The the Central African Republic, which threaten the na- Secretary-General, in response to a request con- tional reconciliation process undertaken four years tained in the Security Council’s presidential ago with the active support of the international com- statement S/PRST/2000/5 [YUN 2000, p. 162],re- munity. The Council notes with concern the absence ported on 11January on the situation in the Cen- of dialogue between the Government and the oppo- - tral African Republic and on BONUCA activities sition. The Council is also disturbed by the deterio ration of the economic situation, partly because of for the previous six months [S/2001/35]. He stated the repercussions of the conflict in the Democratic that late 2000 had been dominated by consider- Republic of the Congo and the resulting fuel crisis. able tension in the relationship between the rul- The Council welcomes the contributions already ing party and the 15 opposition parties [YUN 2000, received and calls upon bilateral and multilateral p. 164]. The lack of dialogue between the coun- donors to provide full support to the efforts of the

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Government of the Central African Republic. The were repulsed by loyalist forces and the coup at- Council appreciates the release by the World Bank of tempt failed, thanks to the support of Libyan the second tranche of credit for the consolidation of troops sent to Bangui and to the support of ele- public finances and welcomes the recent decision by the International Monetary Fund to release addi- ments of the Congolese rebel movement of Jean- tional funds. The Council calls upon Member States Pierre Bemba. The Secretary-General and the which made pledges at the special meeting in New President of the Council issued statements con- York co-chaired by the Secretariat, Germany and the demning the coup attempt. United Nations Development Programme in May On 30 May, General André Kolingba, a former 2000 to fulfil their commitments. The Council also President of the Republic, claimed responsibility stresses the importance of international assistance to for the attempted coup. The next day, President refugees and displaced persons in the Central Afri- can Republic and in the other countries of the region Patassé instituted charges against all those in- in order to contribute to regional stability. volved. On 1 June, General Kolingba called on The Council reaffirms that it is first up to the Cen- his supporters to cease fighting, but clashes con- tral Africans to summon the necessary political will tinued until 6 June. According to authorities, 59 for national reconciliation. The Council strongly en- persons were killed (25 military and 34 civilians) courages the Government of the Central African Re- and 88,765 displaced. The President announced public to do everything in its power to strengthen that the trial of the putschists would be held democratic institutions and broaden the scope of na- under transparent conditions and international tional reconciliation. The Council urges all political actors in the Central African Republic to contribute observers would be allowed to monitor it. each in their own way to the reduction of the existing The situation in Bangui was gradually return- tension between the Government and the opposi- ing to normal, and international organizations tion. In this respect, while it welcomes the release, on were mobilizing to provide appropriate humani- 8 January 2001, of 62 persons who had been arrested tarian assistance, which was estimated to cost during the prohibited demonstration of 19 Decem- $3.6 million. In view of the new crisis, the ber 2000, the Council nevertheless notes with con- Secretary-General dispatched General Amadou cern certain constraints on the peaceful public as- sembly of opposition and labour groups. Toumani Touré, former President of Mali, as his The Council calls upon the Government of the Special Envoy to the Central African Republic Central African Republic to take concrete measures from 12 June to 1 July to hold talks on the politi- to implement economic reforms and to ease social cal situation, assess the humanitarian conse- tensions. The Council stresses the priority need for quences of the fighting, consider how best the the payment of salary arrears in the civil service and needs of those affected could be met and encour- welcomes the recent announcement by the Govern- age a resumption of the political dialogue in the ment of the Central African Republic that it will take country. steps in this direction. The Council also encourages the Government of the Central African Republic to Despite the gradual return to normalcy in the take all the financial measures that are necessary to capital, a civil service strike had not ended as an relaunch the demobilization and reintegration pro- announced salary payment was interrupted by gramme. the attempted coup. The human rights situation The Council requests the Secretary-General to was markedly affected by the events following the continue to keep it regularly informed about the ac- attempted coup in that thousands of persons tivities of the United Nations Peace-building Sup- were displaced from one district to another in port Office, the situation in the Central African Re- Bangui. Cases of exactions and of the summary public, and in particular the progress made in the executions of civilian and military personnel political, economic and social reforms, and to sub- mit a report by 30 June 2001, in accordance with the were reported; the Government pledged to put statement of the President of the Council dated 10 an end to those acts. February 2000. Since the attempted coup was supported by only a small number of participants, roughly 100, Report of Secretary-General (July). In his it was unlikely that it had jeopardized the restruc- 2 July report to the Council on the situation in turing of the defence and security forces upon the Central African Republic and on BONUCA which the Government had embarked. The re- [S/2001/660], the Secretary-General stated that the porting period was marked by heightened inse- political situation was exacerbated by the com- curity in certain provinces where there were at- pletely unexpected attempted coup d’état on the tacks on travellers, military convoys and cattle night of 27-28 May when a group of soldiers at- farmers, and pillaging of refugee camps and vil- tempted to overthrow the regime of President lages. In Bangui itself, a number of acts of armed Ange-Félix Patassé and to seize power. The banditry were reported, thus highlighting the putschists simultaneously attacked the residence situation in respect of the proliferation of ille- of the head of State, the national radio and the gally owned weapons. BONUCA undertook a fact- headquarters of the Presidential Guard. They finding mission on the border between the Cen-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 155 tral African Republic and Cameroon in March, fice in the Central African Republic and the situa- following the tensions that had arisen between tion in the Central African Republic. the two countries in February. That initiative re- The Council expresses its appreciation to the Spe- cial Envoy of the Secretary-General, General Ama- sulted in an easing of tensions that led to the dis- dou Toumani Touré, for the mission he conducted cussion of the demarcation of the common bor- in Bangui from 9 June to 1 July 2001. It notes with der within the framework of their mixed satisfaction that the mission has contributed to eas- commission on cooperation. BONUCA’s civilian ing tensions in the Central African Republic. police organized a number of training pro- The Council welcomes the appointment of the grammes for the police and gendarmerie of the new Representative of the Secretary-General in the Central African Republic. The economic situa- Central African Republic. It looks forward to his as- tion suffered further as a result of the attempted suming the active leadership of the Peace-building Support Office at an early date. coup d’état, and the Government’s reform efforts The Council reiterates its condemnation of the re- were set back. The consequences for the Central cent attempted coup in the Central African Repub- African Republic of the crisis in the DRC were also lic. It recognizes the importance of the Central Afri- felt in the economic (interruption of traffic on can Republic to subregional stability. It expresses its the Ubangui River, supply difficulties), humani- deep concern at the precarious situation in the coun- tarian (refugee flows) and security (risk of illegal try and the persisting acts of violence, in particular circulation of weapons) areas. against certain ethnic groups. The Council notes that such a climate is not conducive to encouraging The Secretary-General concluded that the the continuation of the return home of the thou- Central African Republic was in a crisis situation sands of Central Africans that were displaced or took which was not fundamentally different from the refuge in neighbouring countries as a result of the situation caused by the 1996-1997 mutinies. The events at the end of May. It calls upon the Govern- attempted coup d’état had jeopardized the ment of the Central African Republic to take urgent efforts the international community had been steps to bring an end to all acts of violence. making for five years to restore and consolidate The Council strongly condemns the killing of the security coordinator for the United Nations system peace, and had endangered the democratic pro- in the Central African Republic. It takes note of the cess and economic recovery. The Secretary- condemnation of this act by the Central African General called on the international community authorities and of their intention to carry out an in- to provide support for the restructuring of the vestigation and urges them to bring those responsi- defence and security forces, the collection of ble to justice. weapons and the redeployment plan drawn up by The Council calls for respect for human rights, na- the Government. The continuation and comple- tional reconciliation and political dialogue in the tion of the restructuring of the armed forces was spirit of the 1998 National Reconciliation Pact. The Council requests the Secretary-General to a priority task. The efforts already made in that submit to it by 30 September 2001 recommendations sphere and the training provided by BONUCA had on how the United Nations might further contribute enabled the army to demonstrate its loyalty dur- to the recovery of the Central African Republic, pay- ing the attempt. The people of the Central Afri- ing particular attention to the following questions: can Republic were urged to re-establish political (a) Strengthening the Peace-building Support dialogue, restore confidence, foster consulta- Office, in particular in areas such as human rights tions and promote tolerance. monitoring, assistance to the judicial system and capacity-building, and enhancing the effectiveness Appointment. On 9 July [S/2001/690], the of its early warning capacity; Secretary-General informed the Security Coun- (b) Exploring with the Government of the Cen- cil of his intention to appoint General Lamine tral African Republic, in cooperation with the rele- Cissé (Senegal) as his Representative in the Cen- vant institutions, the provision of expertise in the tral African Republic and Head of BONUCA.He area of public administration and finances, in par- would succeed Cheikh Tidiane Sy (Senegal), who ticular by making available experts in such matters; resigned in May. The Council, on 12 July (c) The continued and improved restructuring of the Central African armed forces and the implemen- [S/2001/691] , took note of the Secretary-General’s tation of an effective arms-collection programme. intention. The Council expresses its willingness to study, in cooperation with the relevant institutions, particu- SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (July) larly the International Monetary Fund and World On 17 July [meeting 4347], following consulta- Bank, the recommendations of the Secretary-General. tions among Security Council members, the The Council stresses that an enhanced interna- President made statement S/PRST/2001/18 on tional effort will be necessary to help in the recovery behalf of the Council: of the Central African Republic. It urges all States that made pledges at the special donor meeting in The Security Council has examined the report of New York in May 2000 to fulfil them. It calls on the the Secretary-General of 2 July 2001 on the activities Bretton Woods institutions to take into account the of the United Nations Peace-building Support Of- specific nature of the situation in order to conclude

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programmes with the Central African authorities at partners to provide assistance in disarmament an early date. The Council stresses the crucial im- and redeployment, and in the restructuring of portance of poverty eradication, debt payment and the defence and security forces. payment of arrears of salary for civil servants which requires in the long term heightened efforts on the Due to the situation since the attempted coup part of the Government of the Central African Re- d’état, the Secretary-General, as the Council had public in the management of public finances and requested, proposed that BONUCA’s mandate, administration. originally set out in 1999 [YUN 1999, p. 128], should The Council again recalls that responsibility for be expanded in the areas of political support, se- national reconciliation, stability and the reconstruc- curity, civilian police, human rights and eco- tion of the country lies primarily with the political nomic recovery. Its tasks would include monitor- leaders and the people of the Central African Re- ing the political situation; supporting initiatives public. It emphasizes in this regard that the full effectiveness of the assistance of the international to strengthen national unity and reconciliation; community depends on the implementation in par- strengthening democratic institutions; monitor- allel of appropriate structural reforms. ing the military and security situation; promot- ing the restructuring of the defence and security Report of Secretary-General (September). On forces and the redeployment plan; promoting 18 September [S/2001/886], the Secretary-General, arms collection; promoting, within the armed in response to the Council’s request (above), sub- forces, a culture of peace and respect for national mitted a report on the situation in the Central Af- institutions; helping to mobilize external re- rican Republic, which, he said, was in a situation sources for restructuring of the defence and se- of crisis since the attempted coup d’état in May curity forces; monitoring the public security and required immediate and increased levels of situation; supporting the Government’s training external assistance. The repercussions of the of police and gendarmerie; providing technical fighting in the capital had been disastrous for the assistance to police and gendarmerie in public economy, and the World Bank had suspended order and crime control; monitoring the human disbursements for non-payment of amounts due. rights situation; contributing to national capacity- The State was unable to pay the salaries of its building in respect for human rights; supporting public servants on a regular basis. In addition, activities in strengthening the judicial system political dialogue no longer seemed to be on the and the rule of law; providing political support agenda. In the area of security, the chief instiga- for UN efforts to promote national reconstruc- tors of the attempted coup and a large number of tion, combat poverty and promote good govern- soldiers had fled to the DRC and posed a threat to ance; and contributing to mobilizing political stability in the country. For that reason, any solu- support and resources to implement social and tion to the DRC crisis should take into account the economic programmes agreed upon with the situation in the Central African Republic. The Bretton Woods institutions (the World Bank Central African Republic’s stability was threat- Group and the International Monetary Fund ened by the proliferation of weapons in the sub- (IMF)). Should the Council approve those new region and in areas adjacent to the DRC’s tasks, the Secretary-General suggested that BO- Equateur region under the control of the Front NUCA’s mandate be extended for an additional de libération du Congo of Jean-Pierre Bemba. year, until 31 December 2002. The refugee problem was a further illustration of the connection between the situations in the SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (September) DRC and the Central African Republic. At the The Security Council considered the time of the report, approximately 20,000 refu- Secretary-General’s report at two meetings, on 21 gees from the Central African Republic were and 26 September [meetings 4380, 4382]. At the sec- residing in the DRC, and the putschists were ond meeting, following consultations among Se- reportedly among them. The Central African curity Council members, the President made authorities closed the common border on 17July. statement S/PRST/2001/25 on behalf of the At the domestic level, the situation was gradu- Council: ally returning to normal. The investigation by The Security Council has considered the report of the Government into the killing of the security the Secretary-General of 19 September 2001 sub- coordinator for the UN system was under way. mitted in accordance with the statement of its Presi- The human rights situation was gradually im- dent on 17July 2001(S/PRST/2001/18),particularly proving, with a reduction in the number of exac- his recommendations on how the United Nations tions. might further contribute to the recovery of the Cen- tral African Republic. In order to ensure that security and peace were The Council expresses its appreciation of the con- restored in the Central African Republic, the tinuing work of the Secretary-General’s Representa- Secretary-General called on States and other tive, General Lamine Cissé, and of the United

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Nations Peace-building Support Office in the Cen- political dialogue, national reconciliation and tral African Republic. respect for human rights. The Council expresses its continued deep concern at the precarious situation in the Central African Re- At that meeting, the President informed the public. It reiterates its call on all parties for political Council that the Secretariat’s assessment of the dialogue, national reconciliation and respect for hu- cost of strengthening BONUCA would be $1.4 mil- man rights in the spirit of the 1998 National Recon- lion; extending its mandate for the year 2002 ciliation Pact. In this respect it has taken note of the appeals for national unity made by the Central Afri- would cost approximately $4.9 million. can authorities. Communications. On 19 November [S/2001/ The Council calls on the Central African authori- 1117 ] , the Sudan forwarded to the Secretary- ties to follow the internationally accepted standards General a Declaration issued by the meeting of for due process in the course of investigations and the Community of Sahelo-Saharan States on court trials of individuals involved in the coup at- Central Africa (New York, 15 November). Ex- tempt in May 2001. These procedures should be pressing concern about the deteriorating secu- transparent and should not be allowed to aggravate the inter-ethnic relations in the Central African Re- rity conditions in the Central African Republic, public. The refugees who left the country after the the Community emphasized solidarity with the failed coup should be able to return in safety without legitimate elected Government and commended fear of persecution on ethnic basis. efforts by Colonel Muammar Qaddafi, the Lib- The Council encourages the international com- yan Arab Jamahirya leader, to promote stability munity to make a substantial and urgent contribu- in Central Africa within the framework of the tion to the recovery of the Central African Republic mandate assigned to him by the Community as its and emphasizes that the efficiency of such a contri- coordinator for peace and security. bution will greatly depend on the efforts the Govern- ment of the Central African Republic itself makes to The Sudan, on 4 December [S/2001/1148], this end. The Council emphasizes that the crucial transmitted the final communiqué issued by the issues of external debt and payment of arrears of sal- African mini-summit on peace and stability in ary for civil servants need to be urgently addressed. the Central African Republic (Khartoum, 3 De- The Council encourages the United Nations De- cember). Attended by the heads of State of velopment Programme and the international finan- Chad, the Central African Republic, the Sudan cial institutions, particularly the World Bank, the and Zambia, and the Libyan Secretary of De- International Monetary Fund and the African De- fence, together with representatives of OAU and velopment Bank, to consider, in consultation with the Government of the Central African Republic the United Nations, the meeting decided to and the Secretary-General’s Representative, ways of establish, for an interim period, a peacekeeping strengthening the capacities of the Government of force to ensure security in the country and the Central African Republic in the management appealed to OAU, the United Nations, and of its economic and financial affairs, including friendly countries to support it. The mini- through secondment of high-level experts. The summit also decided to form a political committee Council invites the Secretary-General to keep it of foreign ministers of Burkina Faso, Chad, informed of actions taken in this regard when he presents his next report on the Central African Gabon, Libya and the Sudan, the OAU Secretary- Republic. In addition, the Council urges the Bretton General, the Representative of the UN Secretary- Woods institutions to show exceptional solicitude to- General and the Secretary-General of the Com- wards the Central African Republic. munity of Sahelo-Saharan States to maintain The Council takes note with interest of the inten- contacts with a view to achieving national con- tion of the Secretary-General, in coordination with ciliation in Central Africa. the Government of the Central African Republic, to Further developments. In a report covering extend the mandate of the Peace-building Support Office and to strengthen it in accordance with para- the situation in the Central African Republic in graph 29 of his report of 19 September 2001. the last three months of 2001 [S/2002/12], the The Council underlines the need to continue the Secretary-General said that the situation there restructuring of the Central African armed forces to continued to be marked by the repercussions of enable them to fulfil their role effectively, loyally and the attempted coup d’état in May. On 9 October, impartially,in the service of the Central African peo- the Joint Commission of Judicial Inquiry sub- ple. It also recalls the importance of implementing mitted its partial conclusions to President Patassé an effective arms-collection programme. In this re- and to the competent judicial authorities. It was gard, it supports the recommendations in para- graphs 17 and 18 of the report of the Secretary- expected that the trial of the putschists would General. commence in December and would involve about The Council requests the Secretary-General to 700 individuals, of whom 70 were in custody and continue to keep it regularly informed of the activi- 628 were fugitives. The political situation dete- ties of the Support Office and the situation in the riorated further on 26 October when the Presi- Central African Republic, particularly in the areas of dent relieved General François Bozizé of his du-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 158 Political and security questions ties as Chief of Staff of the Central African adverse consequences for the economy, as the Republic’s armed forces after a cache of weapons blocking of the main supply route for nearly a was discovered in his residence. When the Gen- week and the closure of offices, banks and busi- eral resisted arrest, the Secretary-General’s Rep- nesses led to a major loss of income for the State. resentative undertook a good offices mission. The Secretary-General observed that the pro- The President promised to appoint General cess of returning to normal in the Central African Bozizé to another position and to consider grant- Republic had been slowed down by the Bozizé af- ing a pardon once the judicial procedure was fair.Thenationalreconciliationthatwasexpected completed, while the General stated that he after the failed coup in May had still not taken would remove barricades that had a stranglehold place by the end of the year, partly because of the on Bangui. Despite the verbal agreement, gov- continuing judicial investigations. It was hoped ernment troops attacked the General’s positions, that President Patassé’s call for the return of refu- and the General and some of his supporters fled gees would contribute to an easing of tension. to Chad. The President of Chad refused to con- sider extraditing General Bozizé and proposed MINURCA financing negotiations, with OAU and UN involvement. The In March [A/55/849], the Secretary-General sub- General claimed to be willing to negotiate with mitted the financial performance report of the his country’s authorities, a claim supported by United Nations Mission in the Central African Re- Chad, which granted him political asylum. public (MINURCA) for the period 1 July 1999to 30 Efforts were made at the regional level, June 2000. The Mission, which at the end of its through the Community of Sahelo-Saharan States mandatein2000 [YUN2000,p.161],wasreplacedwith and OAU, to reach a negotiated solution to the BONUCA, remained in the process of liquidation. new crisis. Libya proposed sending international TheGeneralAssembly,byresolutions53/238 [YUN observers and an African peacekeeping force to 1999,p. 129] and 54/277 [YUN 2000, p. 166], had appro- the Central African Republic. priated a total amount of $41,098,075 gross Internally, the Bozizé affair contributed to the ($40,069,275net) for the maintenance and liquida- persistent tension between the majority and the tion of the Mission for that period, inclusive of opposition, who sought an amnesty for General $1,659,640 for the support account for peace- Bozizé and his men. A peaceful end to the affair keeping operations and $325,435 for the United was desired, and the Secretary-General sup- Nations Logistics Base in Brindisi, Italy. Expendi- ported all subregional initiatives that sought to tures for the period totalled $39,900,975 gross restore stability to the Central African Republic. ($38,916,875 net), resulting in an unencumbered Responding to calls for calm, the Central Afri- balance of $1,197,100 gross ($1,152,400 net). The can Republic authorities put an end, on 24 De- unencumbered balance resulted mainly from cember, to all judicial proceedings against lower actual costs for military contingents and former General Bozizé and his men. The former civilian personnel, as well as reduced operational General set a number of conditions for his return requirements under premises/accommodation, to Bangui, including the proclamation of a gen- air operations and other programmes. eral amnesty, the departure of foreign troops, ACABQ considered the financial performance cancellation of the sending of a peacekeeping report and made comments in two of its own re- force to the Central African Republic and the ports, both issued in April: one on financing of holding of a national dialogue. A meeting be- UN peacekeeping operations in general [A/55/ tween President Patassé and the opposition lead- 874] and the other on the financial report of ers was planned. With the assistance of UN agen- MINURCA [A/55/884]. cies, a committee was set up on 29 November to consider the modalities for receiving refugees re- GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION turning from the DRC. Only a few returned offi- On 14 June [meeting 103], the General Assembly, cially, but many returned to Bangui quietly. on the recommendation of the Fifth Committee During the reporting period, instances of ex- [A/55/960], adopted resolution 55/270 without trajudicial execution and arbitrary detention vote [agenda item 152]. were reported to BONUCA, and the situation in Financing of the United Nations Mission the prisons remained troubling. The failed coup in the Central African Republic and the Bozizé affair had a serious impact on the The General Assembly, country’s armed forces, with the army losing Having considered the report of the Secretary-General 1,300 soldiers. Most of the deserters fled to the on the financing of the United Nations Mission in the DRC and the remainder to Chad, leaving the army Central African Republic and the related reports of the in a state of disarray. The Bozizé affair led to a Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary worsening in the security situation and also had Questions,

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Bearing in mind Security Council resolution 1159 the Secretary-General to ensure their full implementa- (1998) of 27 March 1998, by which the Council estab- tion; lished the United Nations Mission in the Central Afri- 8. Requests the Secretary-General to take all neces- can Republic, and the subsequent resolutions by which sary action to ensure that the liquidation of the Mission the Council extended the mandate of the Mission, the is administered with a maximum of efficiency and last of which was resolution 1271(1999) of 22 October economy; 1999, 9. Decides that Member States that have fulfilled Recalling its resolution 52/249 of 26 June 1998on the their financial obligations to the Mission shall be cred- financing of the Mission and its subsequent resolutions ited their respective share of the unencumbered bal- thereon, the latest of which was resolution 54/277 of 15 ance of 1,197,100 dollars gross (1,152,400 dollars net) in June 2000, respect of the period ending 30 June 2000, in accord- Reaffirming that the costs of the Mission are expenses ance with the composition of groups set out in para- of the Organization to be borne by Member States in graphs 3 and 4 of General Assembly resolution 43/232 accordance with Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter of 1 March 1989, as adjusted by the Assembly in subse- of the United Nations, quent relevant resolutions and decisions for the ad hoc Recalling its previous decisions regarding the fact apportionment of peacekeeping appropriations, the that, in order to meet the expenditures caused by the latest of which were resolution 52/230 of 31 March Mission, a different procedure is required from that ap- 1998 and decisions 54/456 to 54/458 of 23 December plied to meet expenditures of the regular budget of the 1999for the period 1998-2000, and taking into account United Nations, the scale of assessments for the year 2000, as set out in Taking into account the fact that the economically its resolutions 52/215 A of 22 December 1997 and more developed countries are in a position to make 54/237 A of 23 December 1999; relatively larger contributions and that the economi- 10. Also decides that, for Member States that have not cally less developed countries have a relatively limited fulfilled their financial obligations to the Mission, capacity to contribute towards such an operation, their share of the unencumbered balance of 1,197,100 Bearing in mind the special responsibilities of the dollars gross (1,152,400 dollars net) in respect of the pe- States permanent members of the Security Council, as riod ending 30 June 2000 shall be set off against their indicated in General Assembly resolution 1874(S-IV)of outstanding obligations in accordance with the scheme 27 June 1963, in the financing of such operations, set out in paragraph 9 above; Noting with appreciation that voluntary contributions 11. Emphasizes that no peacekeeping mission shall be have been made to the Mission, financed by borrowing funds from other active peace- Mindful of the fact that it is essential to provide the keeping missions; Mission with the necessary financial resources to en- 12. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of able it to meet its outstanding liabilities, its fifty-sixth session the item entitled “Financing of 1. Takes note of the status of contributions to the the United Nations Mission in the Central African Re- United Nations Mission in the Central African Repub- public”. lic as at 30 April 2001, including the contributions out- standing in the amount of 36.7 million United States dollars, representing 32 per cent of the total assessed On 24 December, the Assembly decided that contributions, notes that some 44 per cent of the Mem- the item on MINURCA financing would remain ber States have paid their assessed contributions in full, for consideration during its resumed fifth-sixth and urges all other Member States concerned, in par- (2002) session (decision 56/464) and that the ticular those in arrears, to ensure payment of their out- Fifth Committee would continue to consider the standing assessed contributions in full; item at that session (decision 56/458). 2. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States which have paid their assessed contributions in full; 3. Expresses concern about the financial situation with regard to peacekeeping activities, in particular as West Africa regards the reimbursements to troop contributors that bear additional burdens owing to overdue payments by Member States of their assessments; 4. Also expresses concern at the delay experienced by In response to rising tensions in West Africa, the Secretary-General in deploying and providing ade- quate resources to some recent peacekeeping missions, particularly in the Mano River Union countries in particular those in Africa; (Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone), the Secretary- 5. Emphasizes that all future and existing peace- General, in March, sent an inter-agency mission keeping missions shall be given equal and non- to the subregion, led by Ibrahima Fall, Assistant discriminatory treatment in respect of financial and Secretary-General for Political Affairs. The mis- administrative arrangements; sion underscored the fragility of the political, se- 6. Also emphasizes that all peacekeeping missions curity, social and humanitarian situation, as well shall be provided with adequate resources for the effec- as the precarious governance and economic de- tive and efficient discharge of their respective man- dates; velopment conditions in West Africa, particu- 7. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations larly in the Mano River Union countries and Côte contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau and the Casamance re- Administrative and Budgetary Questions, and requests gion of Senegal. It recommended that the United

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Nations and the international community adopt of the West African Economic and Monetary an integrated and comprehensive regional ap- Union, the African Development Bank and the proach to prevent, manage and contribute to re- Central Bank of West African States, the idea of a solving the many conflicts in the region, and comprehensive and integrated approach to the made recommendations in political, security, priority needs and challenges of the subregion economic and humanitarian areas to that end. As was extensively discussed. Within that context, proposed by the mission, the Secretary-General views were exchanged on a range of issues, in- established the Office of the Special Representa- cluding peace and security, governance, national tive for West Africa, as of January 2002. reconciliation, promoting political dialogue, hu- Following the mission, some tangible improve- man rights, humanitarian issues, subregional in- ment in parts of West Africa was noted: the peace tegration, enhancing cooperation with ECOWAS process in Sierra Leone saw significant progress and other organizations, the HIV/AIDS epidemic, followed by an improvement in the humanitarian alleviating poverty and external debt, illegal situation; in Côte d’Ivoire, the Government or- arms trafficking and its connection to the sale of ganized a dialogue for national reconciliation, “conflict diamonds”, landmines, the prolifera- which was attended by all the major political tion of arms and militias, and issues affecting leaders; Guinea decided not to force through leg- children, including the problem of child sol- islative elections that could have escalated the in- diers. ternal political crisis following a controversial ref- Throughout the Mission’s visit, the gravity of erendum in November on the extension of the the political and security situation in West Africa President’s term of office; a UN mission was dis- and the potential for the rapid spread of insecu- patched to Guinea-Bissau to develop an overall rity and instability were repeatedly underscored. peace-building and development plan; and elec- Most interlocutors foresaw deterioration in the tions were held in the Gambia. There was also a Mano River Union countries, Côte d’Ivoire, reduction in tension among the Mano River Guinea-Bissau and the Casamance region of Union countries following progress in the minis- Senegal, and the possibility of a “domino effect”, terial dialogue among ministers for foreign with instability spreading from one country to affairs, defence and the interior, which began in another, which was a source of deep and wide- August. The ministers discussed restoring confi- spread concern. The importance of approaching dence at the highest political level, security prob- conflict resolution from a regional perspective lems along the common borders and prepara- was stressed. Likewise, humanitarian problems tions for a summit of heads of State, planned for within single countries could not be viewed as early 2002. Despite those improvements, the over- specific and internal. It was repeatedly noted that all political situation remained volatile, and the problems had been compounded by a lack of pol- threat of insecurity and instability remained real itical dialogue among leaders and a lack of na- in the Mano River Union and other countries. tional reconciliation, persistent economic de- cline and high levels of poverty, the trade in arms Inter-Agency Mission to West Africa and proliferation of militias, narcotics traffick- The Inter-Agency Mission to West Africa, led ing, disease, resource scarcity and the often vio- by Assistant Secretary-General for Political Af- lent and aggressive attempts at transnational con- fairs, Ibrahima Fall, visited 11West African coun- trol of natural resources by State and non-State tries (Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, actors. In some countries, the Mission noted wide Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, disparities in perception of the situation between Sierra Leone, Togo) from 6 to 27 March [S/2001/ the Government and other interlocutors. Ethnic 434]. The Secretary-General’s decision to dis- affinities, which transcended national bounda- patch the mission in response to security prob- ries in countries such as the Gambia, Guinea, lems in the subregion, particularly along the bor- Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Senegal and Sierra Le- ders between Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, one, had contributed to the spread of conflicts in had been welcomed by the Security Council in border areas, especially where militia groups and presidential statement S/PRST/2000/41 [YUN others had carved out territories for control. Of 2000, p. 182]. During the Mission’s meetings with particular concern were tensions between the high-level government officials, UN country Mano River Union countries and the alleged in- teams, members of the diplomatic corps, parlia- volvement of State and non-State actors in sup- mentarians, political party representatives, reli- porting the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra gious leaders, representatives of civil society Leone, among them dealers in conflict dia- groups, NGOs, and staff of the Economic Com- monds, mercenaries and international arms munity of West African States (ECOWAS), the dealers. Interlocutors stressed the importance of Mano River Union secretariat, the Commission efforts by ECOWAS leaders and the United

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Nations to promote reconciliation between the ECOWAS secretariat should be supported to en- leaders of the three Mano River Union countries. able it to provide electoral assistance to member ECOWAS had played a significant role in con- States. The United Nations needed to be more in- flict prevention and resolution and had sent volved in national reconciliation activities as soon peacekeeping forces to several of its member as signs of a potential crisis in the subregion were States where conflict had broken out. The possi- evident and should follow up on the efforts of ble deployment of an interposition force along national leaders, in particular those of Côte the borders between Guinea, Liberia and Sierra d’Ivoire, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia and Si- Leone to prevent further armed incursions re- erra Leone, to honour their commitments to rec- mained under consideration. While ECOWAS onciliation with opposition groups. Preventive countries were generally willing to contribute and post-conflict peace-building measures should peacekeeping forces to either an ECOWAS or UN be among primary activities in national and sub- force, they lacked equipment, training, logistical regional programmes, with particular emphasis and technical capacities. on the political dimensions of peace-building. The Mission found that reports of violations of Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration human rights, ranging from the broader rights of programmes should be implemented simultane- people to peace, security and development to ously in post-conflict situations, in particular in abuses against the rights of individuals, were the Mano River Union countries, Côte d’Ivoire widespread within the subregion. In addition, Guinea-Bissau and the Casamance area of Sene- the economies of West African countries were gal. The United Nations should assist ECOWAS in generally fragile, despite abundant natural re- implementing its peacekeeping programmes, in- sources, and the issue of the external debt burden cluding through strengthening ECOWAS head- was raised as a major concern by both govern- quarters arrangements and training centres, and ment and non-governmental interlocutors. As a providing logistical and technical support. Other result of the many conflicts, the subregion was recommendations concerned stopping the pro- confronted with a serious refugee problem, with liferation of arms in the subregion; ending well over half a million refugees and over 670,000 the use of child soldiers, child trafficking and internally displaced persons. Insecurity had, in a child labour; women and armed conflict; peace- number of areas, severely constrained humanita- keeping arrangements; implementing targeted rian operations and the prevalence of HIV/AIDS sanctions; governance; human rights; refugees; was increasing. ensuring safe access and safe passage for humani- The Mission recommended enhancement of tarian assistance; internally displaced persons institutional arrangements and mechanisms and host communities; funding; and economic within the UN system, including the establish- integration. ment of a UN office for West Africa to develop Security Council consideration. On 10 April, policies for activities and monitor political, secu- the Security Council received a briefing from rity, human rights, humanitarian and develop- Assistant Secretary-General Fall on the findings ment issues in the subregion; closer consultations of the Mission. The Council considered the Mis- between the United Nations, Governments and sion’s report on 14 May [meeting 4319], when it was ECOWAS; and a subregional UN development again briefed by Mr. Fall and other Mission mem- assistance framework to target issues of a cross- bers. The report was again considered by the border nature. In the area of peace and security, Council on 18 and 19 December [meetings 4439, the Mission proposed that the mandate of the 4440] when the President made a statement on the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone be ex- situation in West Africa (see p. 162). panded to cover Guinea and Liberia to take into account the interrelations between the imple- Communications. The ECOWAS heads of State mentation of the Lomé Peace Agreement [YUN and Government, at an extraordinary summit on 1999, p. 159] and implementation of UN sanctions the security situation in West Africa (Abuja, Ni- on Liberia and the monitoring of borders be- geria, 11 April) [S/2001/353], expressed concern at tween the three countries. As to conflict preven- the continuing tension along the common tion and resolution, it was recommended that the boundaries of Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, UN system and the international community and the presence of several irregular armed strengthen the ECOWAS Mechanism for Conflict groups in the region. They appealed to the Mano Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peace- River Union States to take individual and collec- keeping and Security. Cooperation with the UN tive measures to curb the activities of armed rebel system should be enhanced to develop the groups operating on their territories. They reaf- ECOWAS early warning system, including a cen- firmed their wish to deploy troops along the bor- tral observer office and zonal bureaux, and the ders.

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In a 24 September statement [S/2001/922], the ing to which these give rise. It stresses the need to EU expressed satisfaction about progress made in further strengthen the capacities of the Economic the dialogue among the Mano River Union coun- Community of West African States in the areas which should enable it to act as the engine of sub- tries, particularly recent meetings of their For- regional integration and increased cooperation with eign Ministers held in the three capitals. The EU the United Nations system. welcomed commitments concerning joint action The Council underlines the importance of taking against the groups involved in events destabiliz- steps to develop cooperation and coordination ing the region, the establishment of a joint patrol among the intergovernmental bodies and entities of along the borders of the three countries and com- the United Nations system which can influence the bating the proliferation of small arms. It wel- situation in West Africa, and expresses its intention comed the prospect of a meeting between the to consider measures to coordinate its action with these bodies and entities. heads of State of those countries in January 2002. The Council emphasizes the need to maintain re- gional peace and stability and, in that connection, Establishment of UN office for West Africa welcomes the progress made in the Mano River The Secretary-General informed the Security Union area. It also emphasizes the need to see to the effective implementation of the confidence-building Council President on 26 November [S/2001/1128] and cooperation measures agreed on by Guinea, Li- that he intended to establish the Office of the beria and Sierra Leone and strongly encourages Special Representative of the Secretary-General these three countries to do their utmost to hold a for West Africa. It would be entrusted with the summit meeting of their heads of State and to ensure functions of: promoting an integrated sub- its success. It commends the role of the civil society regional approach in the work of the United particularly the Mano River Union Women’s Peace Nations and other partners; liaising with and as- Network for their instrumental role in facilitating sisting ECOWAS and the Mano River Union; car- dialogue among the leaders of the region. The Council also emphasizes the need to rying out good offices roles and special assign- strengthen the capacity of the Economic Commu- ments, including in conflict prevention and nity of West African States to monitor and to stem peace-building; and reporting to Headquarters the illicit flows of small arms and the establishment on key developments. The Office, which would of militia. In this connection it welcomes the exten- have seven international staff headed by an sion for a period of three years, starting on 5 July Under-Secretary-General, would be established 2001, of the Moratorium on the Importation, Expor- in Dakar, Senegal, for three years from January tation and Manufacture of Small Arms and Light 2002, subject to a review after its first year. On 29 Weapons in West Africa. It appeals to the interna- tional community to provide appropriate financial November [S/2001/1129], the Council welcomed assistance to the Programme for Coordination and the Secretary-General’s intention. Assistance for Security and Development and to the national mechanisms involved in the fight against SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION the proliferation of small arms in West Africa. On 19 December [meeting 4440], following con- The Council also emphasizes the urgent need to sultations among Security Council members, the solve the problem of refugees and displaced persons President made statement S/PRST/2001/38 on in the subregion by permitting voluntary returns as soon as possible, under acceptable security condi- behalf on the Council: tions. The Security Council has considered, during its The Council reiterates its condemnation of the public meetings of 14 May and 18 December 2001, use, by State and non-State actors, of children as the report of the Inter-Agency Mission to West Af- combatants in violation of the relevant international rica. instruments on the rights of the child and the Accra The Council welcomes with satisfaction the above Declaration on War-Affected Children in West Af- report and fully supports initiatives taken with a rica and the related Plan of Action. It calls for the im- view to implementing its recommendations. It wel- mediate demobilization of all child soldiers. comes, in particular, the establishment of the Office The Council welcomes the holding in New York, of the Special Representative of the Secretary- on 16 November 2001, of the fifth meeting of the General for West Africa to ensure, inter alia, the United Nations–Economic Community of West Af- strengthening of harmonization and coordination rican States–Sierra Leone coordination mechanism of the activities of the United Nations system in an and the progress made in the peace process in Sierra integrated regional perspective and to the develop- Leone. It appeals to the international community for ment of a fruitful partnership with the Economic substantial financial assistance for the programme Community of West African States, other sub- for the disarmament, demobilization and reinte- regional organizations and international and na- gration of former combatants and other peace- tional actors, including civil society. consolidating activities in Sierra Leone. The Council emphasizes that greater subregional The Council welcomes the holding of the twenty- integration must remain a key goal for the United fifth conference of heads of State and of Govern- Nations system in the search for lasting solutions to ment of the Economic Community of West African the conflicts in West Africa and to the human suffer- States. It pays tribute to that organization for its ma-

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jor contribution to the restoration of peace, stability, poned to May 2002. RUF was permitted to regis- democracy and development in West Africa. ter as a political party and was invited to partici- The Council will remain actively seized of this pate in electoral discussions. Security in the matter. country remained a serious concern, and the Communication. The twenty-fifth session of Secretary-General noted that the establish- the Authority of Heads of State and Government ment of adequate disarmament, demobiliza- of ECOWAS (Dakar, 20-21 December) [A/56/849- tion and reintegration facilities remained an S/2002/219] reviewed the political and security urgent task. situation in West Africa and commended Sierra In January, the Security Council considered Leone for its progress in restoring peace and se- the 2000 report of the Panel of Experts estab- curity. It also took note of the evolution of the lished to investigate possible violations of the situation in the Mano River Union region and ap- sanctions against Sierra Leone—the arms em- pealed to member States of the Union to inten- bargo and the ban on rough diamond exports. sify the dialogue they had initiated. According to the Panel, the trade in rough dia- monds was a major source of income for RUF and had enabled it to sustain its military activities. Si- Sierra Leone erra Leone informed the Council of steps it had The United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone taken to end transactions of such “conflict” or (UNAMSIL) continued throughout 2001 to main- “blood” diamonds by, among other measures, es- tain its contacts with the Government of Sierra tablishing a certificate-of-origin regime to halt il- Leone and the main rebel group, the Revolution- licit mining and smuggling of diamonds, action ary United Front (RUF), to follow up on the imple- that was welcomed by the Council. mentation of the Agreement on the Ceasefire The Secretary-General pursued efforts to es- and Cessation of Hostilities (Abuja Agreement), tablish a Special Court for Sierra Leone to try signed in November 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 210].Al- crimes against humanity, war crimes and other though the situation in Sierra Leone had re- violations of international humanitarian law. He mained relatively stable since the signing of the raised questions concerning some aspects of the Agreement, concerns remained about continu- draft agreement between the United Nations and ing incursions and violence along the borders of Sierra Leone and the proposed statute, particu- Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone (see above). larly on the personal jurisdiction of the Special Progress towards implementing the terms of the Court and funding. Having received indications Abuja Agreement was slow but discernible in the of sufficient, if not total, funding for the first early months of the year, beginning with the dis- three years, the Secretary-General authorized the armament and demobilization of ex-combatants. commencement of the operation of the Court, UNAMSIL began patrols into RUF-held territory to beginning with a planning mission to Freetown carry out its aim of assisting the Government to in January 2002. extend its authority and restore law and order Initiatives were under way to establish a Truth throughout the country, to promote a political and Reconciliation Commission in Sierra Leone, process, and to renew the disarmament, demo- which was expected to begin work in 2002. bilization and reintegration programme. In March, the Security Council increased UNAMSIL UNAMSIL’s military component to 17,500 and wel- Report of Secretary-General (March). In a 14 comed the Mission’s revised concept of opera- March report [S/2001/228], his ninth on UNAMSIL, tions that foresaw a progressive expansion of its the Secretary-General described developments area of operations leading to eventual govern- in Sierra Leone since his December 2000 report ment control of the entire country and political [YUN 2000, p. 211]. The Secretary-General’s Special inclusion of opposing groups. Representative, Oluyemi Adeniji, and UNAMSIL By midyear, the pace of implementation of the representatives held several meetings and main- Abuja Agreement picked up and progress contin- tained contacts with the Government and RUF to ued to be made throughout the rest of 2001. The follow up on the implementation of the 2000 Secretary-General reported in September that Abuja Agreement. UNAMSIL discussed military there were grounds for cautious optimism on the issues with the rebel group, in particular the re- peace process. The ceasefire, although fragile, turn of weapons seized from UNAMSIL contin- was generally observed, and by December with- gents in May 2000 [ibid., p. 195] and the reopening drawal of forces and disarmament had been of roads to facilitate the free movement of people accomplished in 10 of the 12 districts. As disarm- and goods in RUF-held areas. RUF was also urged ament progressed, the Government began prepa- to disengage from the conflict at Sierra Leone’s rations for elections in December, later post- border with Guinea, to begin disarming and de-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 164 Political and security questions mobilizing its fighters and to accept the deploy- Guinea–Sierra Leone military body was set up to ment of government officials. Those contacts ensure that Guinean forces avoided causing civil- yielded some results—RUF reopened several roads, ian casualties during military operations against UNAMSIL was able to expand its patrol areas and RUF positions. In an effort to arrest further esca- RUF returned some of the UNAMSIL weapons and lation, the Special Representative met with the equipment it had seized. Presidents of Guinea and Liberia and the Chair- The Government established its own indirect man of ECOWAS to convey the Security Council’s contacts with RUF, but the slow pace at which RUF concern at the widening crisis. Liberia, under in- was implementing aspects of the Abuja Agree- creasing international pressure, on 12 January ment did not help to remove apprehension about publicly renounced its support for RUF and ex- the rebels’ intentions. The RUF leadership indi- pelled RUF elements. The Security Council, by cated that it would not disarm unless the Govern- resolution 1343(2001) of 7 March (see p. 181), ment was replaced by an inclusive interim gov- outlined the steps that Liberia had to take with a ernment when its term of office expired on 28 view to ending its support for RUF and other March. On 13February, the Parliament agreed to armed rebel groups in the region. extend the Government’s term so that it could As at 14March, the military strength of UNAM- work towards accelerating the disarmament, de- SIL was 10,356 personnel and was expected to mobilization and reintegration programme for reach 12,700 by the end of March. UNAMSIL had all combatants, with the exception of the Sierra consolidated its presence in the south and west of Leone Army,repatriating and resettling refugees the country and had begun patrolling into and internally displaced persons, extending gov- RUF-controlled areas. The Mission revised its ernment authority to all RUF-held areas and pre- concept of operations to take into account the paring for elections. The Electoral Commission Abuja Agreement, the changes in its military completed its plan for holding parliamentary structure and circumstances on the ground. and presidential elections by 31 December; how- UNAMSIL’s main objectives remained to assist the ever, there appeared to be consensus both among Government to extend its authority and restore Sierra Leoneans and in the international com- law and order throughout the country, and to munity that free and fair elections would not be promote a political process that would lead to a possible until security conditions were in place renewed disarmament, demobilization and rein- and the Government’s authority was extended tegration programme and the holding of free throughout the country. Other issues needed to and fair elections. The updated concept of opera- be addressed, such as the choice of an electoral tions integrated military and civilian aspects and system, a review of the electoral law, restructur- envisaged the deployment, in successive phases, ing of constituency boundaries, registration of into RUF-controlled areas of UNAMSIL troops, UN voters and printing of the electoral roll. civil affairs, civilian police and human rights per- During the reporting period, the ceasefire be- sonnel, representatives of humanitarian agencies tween the Government and the rebels continued and government personnel. The Mission’s rules to hold and the military situation remained rela- of engagement allowed it to respond robustly to tively calm. However, there was increased fight- any attack or threat of attack, including in a pre- ing at the border areas with Guinea, and the Si- emptive manner. In the first stage of forward de- erra Leone Army attempted to move towards RUF ployment, which was under way, UNAMSIL was ex- positions in some areas, which caused local ten- panding its area of operations by conducting sions. In the meantime, the Army continued its long-range patrols into RUF-controlled areas; it training and restructuring programme with the was continuing to maintain liaison with RUF.On assistance of the United Kingdom. UNAMSIL the arrival of significant reinforcements, UNAM- maintained liaison with the Army and the United SIL would enter its second phase of forward de- Kingdom Task Force. ployment by expanding into new areas to ensure As to the situation with neighbouring coun- freedom of movement along the east-west supply tries (see also above), fighting escalated in the routes and to create the conditions for the re- areas along Sierra Leone’s border with Guinea. sumption of organized disarmament and demo- In response to cross-border attacks, Guinean bilization by ex-combatants. In the third stage, forces intensified shelling and launched helicop- subject to the availability of troops, UNAMSIL ter gunship attacks on RUF positions deep inside would deploy further forward to the diamond- Sierra Leone, causing civilian casualties and producing regions and to some border areas, and flows of internally displaced persons. There were ensure the orderly conduct of the disarmament, also reports of incursions by armed elements into demobilization and reintegration programme Liberia, with Liberia accusing Guinea of provid- and the extension of government authority and ing support to those armed elements. A joint basic services. At the next stage, UNAMSIL might

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 165 need to establish a presence at all key towns and fidence. The decision by RUF to establish a areas to create the necessary conditions for hold- political body in Freetown was a step in the right ing elections. The Secretary-General continued direction, and the Secretary-General com- to seek contributions to UNAMSIL of additional mended the Government for consenting to the well-trained and well-equipped troops. When RUF presence in the capital, which should facili- new contingents were deployed, UNAMSIL’s total tate the opening of a meaningful political dia- military strength would reach 17,500. Once State logue. authority was extended, the international com- munity could shift its focus to development and SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (March) humanitarian assistance, and the establishment On 30 March [meeting 4306], the Security Coun- of security would facilitate the return of Sierra cil unanimously adopted resolution 1346(2001). Leonean refugees and internally displaced per- The draft [S/2001/293] was prepared in consulta- sons. tions among Council members. The disarmament programme continued, The Security Council, and at the time of the report some 20,000 ex- Recalling its previous resolutions and the statements combatants had been disarmed and demobilized, of its President concerning the situation in Sierra with some 28,000 ex-combatants, mainly RUF Leone, and Civil Defence Forces (CDF)—a militia group Affirming the commitment of all States to respect the allied to the Government—remaining to be dis- sovereignty, political independence and territorial in- tegrity of Sierra Leone, armed. Reintegration projects existed for some Expressing its continued concern at the fragile secu- ex-combatants, but thousands had not reported rity situation in Sierra Leone and neighbouring coun- to regional reintegration offices. UNAMSIL was tries, and in particular at the continued fighting on the expected to assume a broader responsibility in border regions of Sierra Leone, Guinea and Liberia those efforts. and at the grave humanitarian consequences for the While the situation in Sierra Leone had re- civilian, refugee and internally displaced populations in those areas, mained relatively stable since the signing of the Recognizing the importance of the progressive exten- Abuja Agreement, there were continuing incur- sion of State authority throughout the entire country, sions and violence at the borders of Guinea, Libe- political dialogue and national reconciliation, the full ria and Sierra Leone. The Secretary-General implementation of a disarmament, demobilization and called on those Governments to work with reintegration programme, the legitimate exploitation ECOWAS and the United Nations to end the crisis of the natural resources of Sierra Leone for the benefit of its people, full respect for the human rights of all and stated that it was imperative that RUF leaders and the rule of law, effective action on the issues of im- and their backers stop further incursions across punity and accountability, the voluntary and unhin- the borders. RUF, which continued to delay its dered return of refugees and internally displaced per- disarmament, was apparently ready to imple- sons, the holding by the Government of Sierra Leone ment only those aspects of the Abuja Agreement of free, fair and transparent elections, and the formula- that posed no threat to its military strength and tion of a long-term plan for the peace process in order to its exploitation of the country’s natural re- to achieve sustainable peace and security in Sierra Le- sources. In the Secretary-General’s view, the one, and stressing that the United Nations should con- tinue to support the fulfilment of these objectives, two-track approach continued to offer the best Having considered the report of the Secretary-General chances of achieving a durable peace through a of 14 March 2001, combination of a strong military deterrent and 1. Decides that the mandate of the United Nations a political dialogue between the parties. The Mission in Sierra Leone, established in its resolutions forward deployment of UNAMSIL in sufficient 1270(1999)of 22 October 1999and 1289(2000) of 7 Feb- strength was an important element in that ap- ruary 2000, shall be extended for a period of six proach; the Secretary-General recommended months from the date of the adoption of the present that the authorized strength of the Mission be in- resolution; 2. Further decides to increase the military compo- creased and that the mandate be extended for an- nent of the Mission to a strength of 17,500, including other six months, until 30 September 2001. It was the 260 military observers already deployed, as recom- also important for the Government and all other mended by the Secretary-General in paragraphs 99 parties involved to formulate more clearly their and 100 of his report; approaches to the peace process, including a 3. Welcomes the revised concept of operations for the clearer picture of the future status of members of Mission as set out in paragraphs 57to 67 of the report of armed groups, as well as the impact of the Truth the Secretary-General and the progress already made towards its implementation, and encourages the and Reconciliation Commission and of the Secretary-General to proceed to its completion; planned Special Court (see p. 179). The current 4. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States cessation of hostilities provided an opportunity providing additional troops and support elements to for the parties to restore dialogue and build con- the Mission and those who have made commitments to

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do so, encourages the Secretary-General to continue Guinea and Liberia, and underlines the importance of his efforts to seek, if necessary, further properly the political support that the United Nations can pro- trained and equipped forces to strengthen the military vide to these efforts in order to stabilize the region; components of the Mission in order to enable the Mis- 12. Takes note of the responsibilities to be under- sion to implement fully its revised concept of opera- taken by the Mission in support of the Government of tions, and requests the Secretary-General to inform the Sierra Leone’s disarmament, demobilization and rein- Council upon receipt of firm commitments to that end; tegration programme, notably the decision to provide 5. Requests the Secretary-General to inform the an enhanced management role as referred to in para- Council at regular intervals on progress made by the graphs 76 to 79 of the report of the Secretary-General, Mission in the implementation of key aspects of its con- commends the Government of Sierra Leone for the im- cept of operations, and further requests him to provide provements it has already brought about in the pro- an assessment in his next report on steps taken to im- gramme, encourages it to take the necessary urgent de- prove the effectiveness of the Mission; cisions to allow finalization of the programme and 6. Expresses its deep concern at the reports of human dissemination of information on its benefits and con- rights abuses committed by the Revolutionary United ditions to proceed expeditiously, and also encourages Front and others, including other military groups, international organizations and donor countries to against the civilian population, in particular the harass- support generously the efforts of the Government of ment and forced recruitment of adults and children for Sierra Leone in this regard; fighting and forced labour, demands that these acts 13. Emphasizes that the development and extension cease immediately, and requests the Secretary-General of the administrative capacities of Sierra Leone are to ensure all human rights monitoring positions within also essential to sustainable peace and development in the Mission are filled in order to address the concerns the country, and therefore urges the Government of Si- raised in paragraphs 44 to 51 of the report of the erra Leone to take the necessary practical steps to pre- Secretary-General; pare for and bring about the restoration of civil author- 7. Expresses also its deep concern that the Ceasefire ity and basic public services throughout its territory, Agreement signed in Abuja on 10 November 2000 be- including in the locations where the Mission is ex- tween the Government of Sierra Leone and the Revolu- pected to deploy in accordance with its concept of op- tionary United Front has not been fully implemented, erations, and encourages States, other international or- and demands that the Front take immediate steps to ganizations and non-governmental organizations to fulfil its commitments under that Agreement to ensure provide appropriate assistance in this regard; full liberty for the United Nations to deploy its troops 14 . Encourages the Government of Sierra Leone, to- throughout the country, the free movement of persons gether with the Secretary-General, the United Nations and goods, unimpeded movement of humanitarian High Commissioner for Human Rights and other rele- agencies, refugees and displaced persons and the im- vant international actors, to expedite the establishment mediate return of all seized weapons, ammunition and of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the other equipment, and to recommence active participa- Special Court envisaged by resolution 1315(2000) of 14 tion in the disarmament, demobilization and reinte- August 2000, bearing in mind in particular the need to gration programme; ensure the appropriate protection of children; 8. Requests, in this respect, the Mission to maintain 15. Welcomes the intention of the Secretary-General its support, within its capabilities and areas of deploy- to keep the security, political, humanitarian and hu- ment, for returning refugees and displaced persons man rights situation in Sierra Leone under close re- and to encourage the Revolutionary United Front to view and to report to the Council, after due consulta- cooperate to this end in fulfilment of its commitments tions with troop-contributing countries, with any under the Abuja Ceasefire Agreement; additional recommendations, including, if necessary, 9. Requests the Secretary-General to submit to the for a further strengthening of the military component Council his views on how to take forward the issue of of the Mission for the completion of the planned con- refugees and internally displaced persons, including cept of operations to fulfil the overall objective of as- their return; sisting the Government of Sierra Leone to re-establish 10. Calls upon all the parties to the Sierra Leone con- its authority throughout the country, including the flict to intensify their efforts towards the full and diamond-producing areas, and to create the necessary peaceful implementation of the Abuja Ceasefire conditions for the conduct of free, fair and transparent Agreement and the resumption of the peace process, elections in due course under the authority of the Gov- taking into account the basis of the Abuja Ceasefire ernment of Sierra Leone; Agreement and relevant Security Council resolutions, 16. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. and urges Governments and regional leaders con- cerned to continue their full cooperation with the Communications (March). In a 30 March let- Economic Community of West African States and the ter [S/2001/301], Guinea referred to the Secretary- United Nations to promote these efforts, and, in par- General’s 14 March report on UNAMSIL, in par- ticular, to use their influence with the leaders of ticular his statement on ensuring the conditions the Revolutionary United Front to obtain their for repatriating Sierra Leonean refugees. Such cooperation towards achievement of the above- mentioned goals; an operation would require the cooperation of 11. Encourages the efforts of the Economic Commu- UNAMSIL, Guinea said, and therefore the Mission nity towards a lasting and final settlement of the crisis should consider deploying its forces in the secu- in the Mano River Union region caused by the contin- rity zones that would receive the refugees. For a ued fighting in the border areas of Sierra Leone, decade Guinea had accepted refugees in its terri-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 167 tory and was determined to cooperate in order to of humanitarian assistance. He called on the in- ensure the success of a repatriation operation. ternational community to support UN and Sierra Leone, on 21 March [S/2001/253],ex- others’ efforts to assist in the protection, reloca- pressed its dismay at Liberia’s decision to expel tion and return of refugees and internally dis- Sierra Leone’s Ambassador to that country and placed persons. indicated that it had responded in kind. Sierra The Presidents of Guinea and Sierra Leone, Leone further noted Liberia’s closure of the bor- having met at Pamelap, Guinea, on 3 June, issued der between the two countries. a communiqué [S/2001/579] stating they had re- Refugee situation. In response to resolution viewed the security situation along the border. 1346(2001) (see p. 165), the Secretary-General re- They expressed satisfaction with the imposition ported, on 23 May, on refugees and internally of sanctions on Liberia and appealed for interna- displaced persons in and around Sierra Leone tional assistance in the repatriation and resettle- [S/2001/513 & Corr.1]. In total, there were over 1 mil- ment of refugees and displaced people from both lion refugees, internally displaced persons and countries. other war-affected victims in Guinea, Liberia and Report of Secretary-General (June). In his Sierra Leone. The crisis had its roots in the civil tenth report on UNAMSIL, dated 25 June [S/2001/ wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone, continuing RUF 627], the Secretary-General said that significant control over large areas of Sierra Leone, and the progress had been achieved in the Sierra Leone ongoing instability and violence on the borders peace process. On 10 April, the joint committee between the Mano River Union countries. The comprising ECOWAS, the Government and the movements and presence of large numbers of United Nations met in Abuja, and decided to refugees and internally displaced persons in the meet with RUF to review implementation of the subregion had serious humanitarian, political Abuja Agreement. That review meeting (Abuja, and security implications and had become a con- 2 May) concluded that the ceasefire had been tentious issue, especially in Guinea. The heavy largely observed, with the exception of some at- burden on Guinea as host State, the worsening se- tacks by CDF on RUF in eastern Sierra Leone. The curity situation on the border, and the suspicion Government and RUF agreed to remove all road- that refugee communities might be harbouring blocks in areas under their control. RUF pledged rebels had led to calls for their early repatriation. to return, by 30 May, all weapons and equipment Consequently, UNHCR had encountered prob- it had seized from UNAMSIL and the ECOWAS lems in providing protection to many refugees in Monitoring Group (ECOMOG). The meeting, Guinea. Also, a large number of Liberians had which led to an affirmation that CDF and RUF recently crossed into Sierra Leone to flee fight- should disarm simultaneously, called on the ing in northern Liberia. fighting groups to release all abductees, in par- With regard to the refugee situation in Guinea, ticular child combatants, and urged the parties to the Secretary-General stated that the High Com- create an atmosphere conducive to the return of missioner for Refugees had visited the region in refugees and internally displaced persons. The February. Since then, the security situation had Government declared its readiness to address improved, and UNHCR and other agencies had some of RUF’s political concerns, including re- accessed camps in the Parrot’s Beak area of leasing some detained RUF leaders and trans- Guinea to provide emergency relief and to com- forming RUF into a political party. Nearly all the mence the relocation of refugees to sites further meeting’s decisions were implemented, includ- inland. Since that relocation exercise began, ing withdrawal and disarmament plans in certain UNHCR had relocated some 43,600 Sierra Le- districts. However, RUF handed over only a negli- onean refugees from Parrot’s Beak to safer areas gible amount of UNAMSIL weapons. further north. UNHCR had also assisted volunta- ECOWAS leaders continued efforts to advance ry repatriation to Sierra Leone. With the deterio- the peace process in Sierra Leone and to address ration of the situation in Guinea and Liberia and the conflicts affecting the Mano River Union. At the gradual improvement of the security situa- a summit meeting on 11 April (see p. 161), a me- tion in Sierra Leone, Sierra Leonean refugees diation committee was established to encourage had begun to make their way back to Sierra Le- dialogue between the heads of State of Guinea, one. Since September 2000, more than 55,000 Si- Liberia and Sierra Leone. erra Leoneans had returned from Guinea. The overall military and security situation in The Secretary-General stated his opinion that Sierra Leone during March and April remained the conditions for the immediate return of all volatile, with reports of ceasefire violations by refugees to Sierra Leone did not exist at the cur- CDF, but the situation improved after the 2 May rent time. A large part of Sierra Leone remained Abuja meeting. UNAMSIL’s troop strength in- under RUF control and largely beyond the reach creased to 12,718 as at 21 June, enabling the Mis-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 168 Political and security questions sion to implement the second phase of its concept district, the ceasefire had continued to hold. The of operations and to prepare for the third by cross-border fighting between RUF and Guinean maintaining a patrol presence in Koidu, a forces in the northern and eastern border areas diamond-producing centre. The disarmament, had also ceased. The deployment of UNAMSIL demobilization and reintegration programme, to covered much of the country,including Kabala in be monitored by a mechanism with the participa- the north and Koidu in the east. Consequently, tion of CDF and RUF, was resumed on 18 May. more areas had become accessible to humanita- UNAMSIL worked with the Government to extend rian workers and the civilian population. The civil authority to all areas of the country. With the Government had begun to restore civil authority progress in disarmament, it appeared likely that in some areas formerly controlled by RUF. The the Government would be able to organize elec- joint committee on disarmament, demobiliza- tions during the next dry season (October 2001 to tion and reintegration had met twice and agreed May 2002), and it began preparations for elec- on a schedule for the programme. The Govern- tions in December. To plan for its involvement in ment and RUF took additional confidence- elections, the Secretariat sent an assessment mis- building measures, including RUF’s release of sion to Sierra Leone in May to discuss its partici- more abductees and child combatants, participa- pation. tion by both sides in sensitization and recon- The Secretary-General, while remarking on ciliation campaigns, enrolment of some RUF positive developments in the previous two ex-combatants in the military reintegration pro- months, cautioned that challenges remained, in gramme, the provisional registration of the RUF particular the need to establish security through- party by the National Electoral Commission and out the country. The security situation in the sub- an invitation to the party to participate in discus- region remained difficult, and he urged the sions on the electoral process. The Government Mano River Union countries to start a political announced its intention to seek six-month exten- dialogue. He also called on the international sions of its term of office and that of Parliament, community to contribute to the disarmament, which were due to expire on 30 September and demobilization and reintegration programme, 1 October, respectively. which was crucial to all aspects of the peace pro- The peace process in Sierra Leone had a posi- cess, including the creation of conditions condu- tive impact on the situation in the Mano River cive to holding free and fair elections. The most Union region. Since the relaunching of the dis- urgent tasks that needed to be addressed in the armament process in May, no further cross- short term were the establishment of adequate border fighting between RUF and Guinean disarmament, demobilization and reintegration armed forces had been reported. The Special facilities and the development of a realistic time- Representative, on 7 August, took part in a meet- table for implementing the programme in the re- ing of the Presidents of Mali, Nigeria and Sierra maining districts and for the timely creation of Leone and the Executive Secretary of ECOWAS. reintegration opportunities. UNAMSIL could The three Presidents met in Koidu on 3 Septem- play an enhanced role in providing training and ber [S/2001/838] with Issa Sesay,the RUF leader, the advice to Sierra Leonean law enforcement offi- first direct meeting between President Ahmad cials, in cooperation with the team of Common- Tejan Kabbah and Mr. Sesay. At the meeting, the wealth police advisers in the country. Tothat end, RUF leadership reiterated its commitment to the the Secretary-General intended to bring the civil- peace process but expressed concern for the per- ian police component of UNAMSIL to its author- sonal security of the movement’s members after ized strength of 60 and to assess further needs. disarmament. The Foreign Ministers of the The Security Council considered the Secretary- Mano River Union countries met in Monrovia, General’s report on UNAMSIL on 28 June [meeting Liberia, from 13 to 15 August. On 22 and 23 4340]. August, the Ministers, together with the Defence Report of Secretary-General (September). On and Security Ministers, met in Freetown to review 7 September, the Secretary-General, in his elev- the security situation in the subregion. Prepara- enth report on UNAMSIL [S/2001/857 & Add.1], said tions were begun for a summit meeting. that the Sierra Leone peace process had contin- The overall military and security situation re- ued to make encouraging progress during the pe- mained calm and stable, despite some clashes. riod since his last report. The disarmament of UNAMSIL visited trouble spots in Kono district RUF and CDF combatants had so far been com- where RUF and CDF combatants were disarmed. pleted in four districts, including the diamond- The Mission’s troop strength stood at 16,664 as producing Kono district. With the exception of at 5 September. UNAMSIL patrols reached most skirmishes between those two groups, which areas of the country and military observers marred the initial stages of disarmament in Kono played a role in the disarmament process by re-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 169 ceiving and processing combatants. Since the dis- the Abuja Agreement and support preparations armament, demobilization and reintegration for elections. process resumed on 18May,a total of 16,097 com- batants had been disarmed, out of an estimated SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (September) 25,000. A total of 6,502 weapons had been col- On 18 September [meeting 4374], the Security lected. The reintegration programme, operating Council unanimously adopted resolution 1370 from four regional offices, had provided assist- (2001). The draft [S/2001/874] was prepared in ance to over 10,600 ex-combatants. UNAMSIL per- consultations among Council members. sonnel were also involved in community recon- The Security Council, ciliation, rehabilitation of health, education and Recalling its resolutions 1270(1999) of 22 October local administration structures, human rights– 1999, 1289(2000) of 7 February 2000, 1313(2000) of related activities, HIV/AIDS sensitization and 4 August 2000, 1317(2000) of 5 September 2000, public information activities. 1321(2000) of 20 September 2000 and 1346(2001) of 30 On 5 September, the Government announced March 2001, and the statement of its President of 3 No- that the parliamentary and presidential elections vember 2000 (S/PRST/2000/31), and all other rele- vant resolutions and statements of its President con- would be held on 14 May 2002. In response to a cerning the situation in Sierra Leone, request from the Government, the Secretary- Affirming the commitment of all States to respect the General dispatched an electoral needs assess- sovereignty, political independence and territorial in- ment mission to Sierra Leone from 18 to 28 tegrity of Sierra Leone, August. The pre- and post-electoral period would Expressing its concern at the fragile security situation require security arrangements and coordination in the Mano River countries, in particular the contin- among all entities involved in the electoral pro- ued fighting in Liberia, and at the humanitarian conse- cess, including UNAMSIL, which would provide quences for the civilian, refugee and internally dis- security and logistical assistance. placed populations in those areas, Welcoming the progress made in the peace process In general, the Secretary-General found that aimed at achieving sustainable peace and security in Si- the continued progress achieved during the erra Leone and commending the positive role of the period under review, in particular in the disarm- United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone in advancing ament, demobilization and reintegration pro- the peace process, gramme and the eastward deployment of UNAM- Recognizing the importance of the progressive exten- SIL, including into the diamond-producing areas, sion of State authority throughout the entire country, political dialogue and national reconciliation, the gave grounds for cautious optimism concerning holding by the Government of Sierra Leone of free, the peace process. The potentially destabilizing fair and transparent elections, the transformation of clashes between RUF and CDF elements had been the Revolutionary United Front into a political party, addressed by UNAMSIL and the parties. The full respect for the human rights of all and the rule of shortfalls in the budget for disarmament, demo- law, effective action on the issues of impunity and bilization and reintegration under the multi- accountability,the voluntary and unhindered return of donor trust fund, some $5 million for 2001, re- refugees and internally displaced persons, the full im- plementation of a disarmament, demobilization and mained a source of concern, and long-term reintegration programme, the legitimate exploitation needs remained crucial to the entire process. The of the natural resources of Sierra Leone for the benefit Secretary-General urged the Government to re- of its people, and stressing that the United Nations store civil authority throughout the country, ex- should continue to support the fulfilment of these ob- tend services to long-neglected communities, de- jectives, ploy the police and the army, and increase its Having considered the report of the Secretary-General capacity to regulate better the diamond mining of 7 September 2001, industry. He welcomed the preparatory work for 1. Decides that the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone shall be extended for a period holding elections, but stressed that certain of six months from 30 September 2001; benchmarks should be achieved before then—the 2. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States completion of the disarmament, demobilization providing troops and support elements to the Mission and reintegration programme; the restoration of and those who have made commitments to do so; civil authority throughout the country; the trans- 3. Requests the Secretary-General to inform the formation of RUF into a political party; the de- Council at regular intervals on progress made by the ployment of UNAMSIL; and the guarantee of free- Mission in the implementation of key aspects of its con- dom of movement throughout the country. In cept of operations, and further requests him to provide an assessment in his next report on steps taken to im- that context, the Secretary-General recommended prove the effectiveness of the Mission; that the Mission’s mandate be extended for six 4. Expresses its continued deep concern at the reports of months. UNAMSIL would seek to complete the human rights abuses and attacks committed by the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration Revolutionary United Front, the Civil Defence Forces programme, continue to assist in implementing and other armed groups and individuals against the ci-

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vilian population, in particular the widespread viola- Mano River basin, including the recent ministerial tion of the human rights of women and children, in- meetings of the Mano River Union and the prospects cluding sexual violence, demands that these acts cease for a summit meeting of Mano River Union Presidents, immediately, and requests the Secretary-General to en- and in this regard, encourages the efforts of the Mano sure that all human rights monitoring positions within River Union Women’s Peace Network towards regional the Mission are filled in order to address the concerns peace; raised in paragraphs 40 to 43 of the report of the 13. Emphasizes the importance of a successful dis- Secretary-General; armament, demobilization and reintegration pro- 5. Welcomes the efforts made by the Government of gramme to long-term stability in Sierra Leone, wel- Sierra Leone and the Revolutionary United Front to- comes the progress made in that process and urges the wards full implementation of the Ceasefire Agreement Revolutionary United Front, the Civil Defence Forces signed in Abuja on 10 November 2000 between the and other groups to continue their commitment to, and Government of Sierra Leone and the Revolutionary active participation in, the programme; United Front and reaffirmed at the meeting of the Eco- nomic Community of West African States, the United 14 . Expresses concern at the serious financial shortfall Nations, the Government of Sierra Leone and the in the multi-donor trust fund for the disarmament, de- Revolutionary United Front at Abuja on 2 May 2001, mobilization and reintegration programme, and urges and encourages them to continue those efforts; international organizations and donor countries to 6. Urges, in particular, the Revolutionary United support generously and urgently the efforts of the Gov- Front to step up its efforts to fulfil its commitment ernment of Sierra Leone in this regard, as well as pro- under the Abuja Ceasefire Agreement to ensure full vide additional funds for the wide range of urgently liberty for the United Nations to deploy its troops needed post-conflict activities, including humanita- throughout the country and also, with a view to restor- rian and rehabilitation requirements; ing the authority of the Government of Sierra Leone 15. Emphasizes the importance of free, fair, trans- throughout the country, to ensure the free movement parent and inclusive elections for the long-term stabil- of persons, goods and humanitarian assistance, unim- ity of Sierra Leone and takes note of the Mission’s peded and safe movement of humanitarian agencies, readiness to provide support, within its capabilities, to refugees and displaced persons and the immediate re- facilitate the smooth holding of the elections; turn of all seized weapons, ammunition and other 16. Emphasizes that the development and extension equipment; of the administrative capacities of Sierra Leone are es- 7. Encourages the Government of Sierra Leone and sential to sustainable peace and development in the the Revolutionary United Front to continue to take country, and to the holding of free, fair and transpar- steps towards furthering of dialogue and national rec- ent elections, and therefore urges the Government of onciliation, and, in this regard, stresses the importance Sierra Leone, with the assistance of the Mission, in ac- of the reintegration of the Revolutionary United Front cordance with its mandate, to accelerate and coordi- into Sierra Leone society and the transformation of the nate efforts to restore civil authority and basic public Front into a political party, and demands that the Front services throughout the country (including in the dia- cease any effort at maintaining options for military ac- mond mining areas), including by the deployment of tion; key administrative officials and the Sierra Leone police 8. Requests the Mission to continue to support, and the progressive involvement of the Sierra Leone within its capabilities and areas of deployment, return- Army in providing border security against external ing refugees and displaced persons and urges the Revo- forces, and encourages States, other international or- lutionary United Front to cooperate to this end in ful- ganizations and non-governmental organizations to filment of its commitments under the Abuja Ceasefire provide appropriate assistance in this regard; Agreement; 17. Encourages the Government of Sierra Leone, to- 9. Requests the Secretary-General to provide the gether with the Secretary-General, the United Nations Council, further to his report of 23 May 2001, an up- High Commissioner for Human Rights and other rele- date of his views on how to take forward the issue of vant international actors, to expedite the establishment refugees and internally displaced persons, including of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the their return; Special Court envisaged by resolution 1315(2000) of 14 10. Urges Governments and regional leaders con- August 2000, bearing in mind in particular the need to cerned to continue their full cooperation with the Eco- ensure the appropriate protection of children, and nomic Community of West African States and the urges donors urgently to commit funds for the Truth United Nations to promote the efforts of all parties to and Reconciliation Commission and to disburse their the Sierra Leone conflict towards the full and peaceful financial pledges to the Trust Fund for the Special implementation of the Abuja Ceasefire Agreement, Court; and to provide assistance to that end; 11. Encourages the ongoing efforts of the Economic 18. Welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to Community of West African States towards a lasting keep the security, political, humanitarian and human and final settlement of the crisis in the Mano River rights situation in Sierra Leone under close review and Union region, and underlines the importance of the to report to the Council, after due consultations with continuing political and other support that the United troop-contributing countries, with any additional rec- Nations provides to these efforts in order to stabilize ommendations, including on how the Mission will pro- the region; vide support to the Government of Sierra Leone in 12. Welcomes the positive impact of progress made in holding elections; the Sierra Leone peace process on the situation in the 19 . Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.

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Report of Secretary-General (December). In and general security support for the electoral his twelfth report on UNAMSIL, issued on 13 De- process, and its public information section would cember [S/2001/1195 & Add.1], the Secretary- assist the National Electoral Commission in car- General stated that there had been further pro- rying out civic education on elections. gress in the Sierra Leone peace process. The The Mission’s human rights officers investi- ceasefire continued to hold and the disarmament gated allegations of abuses, confirming the exist- of RUF and CDF combatants was completed in ence of mass graves and attacks by RUF on a vil- 10 of the 12 districts. UNAMSIL’s troop strength lage in Koinadugu district. They facilitated the reached the authorized ceiling of 17,500, and the release of persons detained by RUF. At the begin- Mission was deployed in all districts. The Gov- ning of December, an estimated 510,000 Sierra ernment continued to take steps to extend its au- Leonean refugees were living in countries of the thority to areas formerly controlled by RUF. The subregion, with some 200,000 in Guinea and Li- joint committee on disarmament, demobiliza- beria. Within Sierra Leone, some 247,590 people tion and reintegration, comprising UNAMSIL, the were displaced. UNHCR registered 60,000 re- Government and RUF, held three meetings to re- turnees in Sierra Leone and thousands of others view the disarmament process. It declared the had spontaneously returned. disarmament exercise completed in the main The Secretary-General reported that the peace diamond-producing district of Kono and in process in Sierra Leone had reached an impor- Bonthe and agreed to a programme for collecting tant juncture. A secure environment with in- shotguns, which had been excluded from the creased freedom of movement, a gradual return original disarmament plan. Meanwhile, the pol- of refugees and a resurgence of economic activ- itical parties were preparing for elections. Eight ity in the provinces were emerging as a result of opposition parties held meetings and discussed UNAMSIL’s full deployment and progress in dis- the possibility of uniting. With the assistance of armament. At the same time, problems remained the Government, RUF acquired offices for its concerning the extension of the Government’s party in Freetown, Bo and Makeni. Although the authority throughout the country, the reintegra- overall security situation remained generally sta- tion of disarmed combatants and the return and ble, there were clashes between disarmed CDF resettlement of refugees and internally displaced and RUF cadres over mining claims in Kono dis- persons. Regrettably, RUF had slowed down the trict in September. In coordination with UNAM- disarmament of its combatants in the two re- SIL, the Sierra Leone Army deployed in key areas maining districts. The international community on the borders with Guinea and Liberia. needed to assist Sierra Leone in rehabilitating its As at 9 December, a total of 36,741 combatants infrastructure, establishing national reconcilia- had disarmed, a number that far exceeded the tion and addressing impunity and accountability, initial estimate; the final figure was expected to as well as in resettling returnees and internally reach 40,000. Some 13,500 weapons were col- displaced persons. The situation in the sub- lected during the reporting period. Payment of region, in particular within the Mano River reinsertion benefits, which were intended to en- Union, also deserved attention, and it was impor- able disarmed combatants to resettle in their tant to support the dialogue among Guinea, Li- communities while awaiting long-term reinte- beria and Sierra Leone. gration, started on 15 October, with over 17,000 former combatants receiving payments. Follow- UNAMSIL financing ing the deployment of UNAMSIL and the comple- The Secretary-General, in February [A/55/805 tion of disarmament, district and ministry offi- & Corr.1], presented to the General Assembly the cials returned to three districts, and a number of budget for UNAMSIL for 1 July 2000 to 30 June displaced chiefs returned to their districts. 2001, which had been revised following the Secu- Preparations were under way for national elec- rity Council’s expansion, by resolution 1299 tions on 14 May 2002. The National Electoral (2000) [YUN 2000, p. 196], of the military compo- Commission drew up an electoral plan and a Na- nent of the Mission to 13,000 military personnel tional Consultative Conference (13-15November) from the previously authorized strength of 11,100. addressed core electoral issues. The identifica- The revised budget amounted to $561,996,400 tion of voter registration centres was expected to gross ($558,128,000 net), exclusive of a budgeted be completed by the end of the year, to be fol- voluntary contribution in kind of $2,025,200, lowed by voter registration, including the regis- and represented an increase of $85,270,000 or tration of refugees and internally displaced per- 17.9 per cent in gross terms over the budget sons. It was proposed that 5,400 polling stations already appropriated for UNAMSIL. be established at about 3,000 locations. UNAMSIL In a March report [A/55/839], ACABQ reviewed would provide technical and logistical assistance the Secretary-General’s report on the revised

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budget and made recommendations for reduc- lars, representing some 41 per cent of the total assessed ing costs. It recommended that the Assembly ap- contributions, notes that some 11per cent of the Mem- prove an appropriation of $550,000,000 gross for ber States have paid their assessed contributions in full, and urges all other Member States concerned, in par- the maintenance of UNAMSIL for the same period, ticular those in arrears, to ensure the payment of their inclusive of the appropriation of $476,726,400 outstanding assessed contributions; gross already made by the Assembly in resolution 2. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States 54/241 B [YUN 2000, p. 213]. which have paid their assessed contributions in full; 3. Expresses concern about the financial situation GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION (April) with regard to peacekeeping activities, in particular as On 12 April [meeting 98], the General Assembly, regards the reimbursements to troop contributors that bear additional burdens owing to overdue payments by on the recommendation of the Fifth Committee Member States of their assessments; [A/55/891], adopted resolution 55/251 A without 4. Urges all other Member States to make every pos- vote [agenda item 132]. sible effort to ensure payment of their assessed contri- Financing of the United Nations Mission butions to the Mission in full and on time; in Sierra Leone 5. Expresses concern at the delay experienced by the Secretary-General in deploying and providing ade- The General Assembly, quate resources to some recent peacekeeping missions, Having considered the report of the Secretary-General in particular those in Africa; on the financing of the United Nations Mission in Si- 6. Emphasizes that all future and existing peace- erra Leone and the related report of the Advisory keeping missions shall be given equal and non- Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Ques- discriminatory treatment in respect of financial and tions, administrative arrangements; Bearing in mind Security Council resolution 1270 7. Also emphasizes that all peacekeeping missions (1999) of 22 October 1999, by which the Council estab- shall be provided with adequate resources for the effec- lished the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone, and tive and efficient discharge of their respective man- the subsequent resolutions by which the Council re- dates; vised and extended the mandate of the Mission, the lat- 8. Reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to est of which was resolution 1346(2001) of 30 March make the fullest possible use of facilities and equip- 2001, ment at the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, Recalling its resolution 53/29 of 20 November 1998 Italy, in order to minimize the costs of procurement on the financing of the United Nations Observer Mis- for the Mission, and for this purpose requests the sion in Sierra Leone and its resolutions 54/241 A and B Secretary-General to speed up the implementation of of 23 December 1999and 15June 2000, respectively,on the asset management system at all peacekeeping mis- the financing of the Observer Mission and the United sions in accordance with General Assembly resolution Nations Mission in Sierra Leone, 52/1 A of 15 October 1997; Reaffirming that the costs of the Mission are expenses 9. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations of the Organization to be borne by Member States in contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on accordance with Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter Administrative and Budgetary Questions, and requests of the United Nations, the Secretary-General to ensure their full implementa- Recalling its previous decisions regarding the fact tion; that, in order to meet the expenditures caused by the 10. Requests the Secretary-General to take all neces- Mission, a different procedure is required from that ap- sary action to ensure that the Mission is administered plied to meet expenditures of the regular budget of the with a maximum of efficiency and economy; United Nations, 11. Also requests the Secretary-General, in order to Taking into account the fact that the economically reduce the cost of employing General Service staff, to more developed countries are in a position to make continue efforts to recruit local staff for the Mission relatively larger contributions and that the economi- against General Service posts, commensurate with the cally less developed countries have a relatively limited requirements of the Mission; capacity to contribute towards such an operation, 12. Decides to appropriate to the Special Account for Bearing in mind the special responsibilities of the the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone the States permanent members of the Security Council, as amount of 73,273,600 dollars gross (73,784,400 dollars indicated in General Assembly resolution 1874(S-IV)of net) for the maintenance of the Mission for the period 27 June 1963, in the financing of such operations, from 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2001, in addition to the Noting with appreciation that voluntary contributions amount of 504,399,051 dollars gross (496,545,461 dol- have been made to the Mission, lars net) already appropriated under the terms of Gen- Mindful of the fact that it is essential to provide the eral Assembly resolution 54/241 B, inclusive of the Mission with the necessary financial resources to en- amount of 23,931,281 dollars gross (20,250,873 dollars able it to fulfil its responsibilities under the relevant net) for the support account for peacekeeping opera- resolutions of the Security Council, tions and the amount of 3,741,370 dollars gross 1. Takes note of the status of contributions to the (3,328,988 dollars net) for the United Nations Logistics United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone and Base; the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone as at 28 13. Decides also, as an ad hoc arrangement, taking February 2001, including the contributions outstand- into account the amount of 504,399,051 dollars gross ing in the amount of 242.1 million United States dol- (496,545,461 dollars net) already apportioned under

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 173 the terms of its resolution 54/241 B, to apportion among cumbered balance of $2,450,800 gross ($2,336,400 Member States an additional amount of 36,636,800 net). dollars gross (36,892,200 dollars net) for the period ACABQ reviewed the report and issued its com- from 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2001, in accordance with the composition of groups set out in paragraphs 3 and ments in April [A/55/869]. It recommended that 4 of General Assembly resolution 43/232 of 1 March the unencumbered balance be credited to Mem- 1989, as adjusted by its subsequent relevant resolutions ber States in a manner to be decided by the As- and decisions, for the apportionment of peacekeeping sembly. Also in April [A/55/874], ACABQ reported appropriations, the latest of which were its resolution on general aspects of financing of UN peace- 52/230 of 31 March 1998 and its decisions 54/456 to keeping operations. 54/458 of 23 December 1999for the period 1998-2000, and its resolutions 55/235 and 55/236 of 23 December GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION (June) 2000 for the period 2001-2003, the scale of assessments for 2000 to be applied against a portion thereof, that is, On 14 June [meeting 103], the General Assembly, 18,318,400 dollars gross (18,446,100 dollars net), which on the recommendation of the Fifth Committee is the amount pertaining to the period ending 31 De- [A/55/891/Add.1], adopted resolution 55/251 B cember 2000, and the scale of assessments for 2001 to without vote [agenda item 132]. be applied against the balance, that is, 18,318,400 dol- lars gross (18,446,100 dollars net) for the period from 1 Financing of the United Nations Mission January to 30 June 2001; in Sierra Leone 14 . Decides further that, in accordance with the provi- The General Assembly, sions of its resolution 973 A (X) of 15 December 1955, Having considered the report of the Secretary-General the apportionment among Member States, as provided on the financing of the United Nations Mission in Si- for in paragraph 13 above, shall take into consideration erra Leone and the related reports of the Advisory the decrease in their respective share in the Tax Equali- Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Ques- zation Fund of the estimated staff assessment income tions, of 255,400 dollars approved for the Mission for the pe- Bearing in mind Security Council resolution 1270 riod from 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2001, 127,700 dollars (1999) of 22 October 1999, by which the Council estab- being the amount pertaining to the period ending 31 lished the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone, and December 2000 and the balance, that is, 127,700 dol- the subsequent resolutions by which the Council re- lars, pertaining to the period from 1 January to 30 June vised and extended the mandate of the Mission, the lat- 2001; est of which was resolution 1346(2001) of 30 March 15. Emphasizes that no peacekeeping mission shall 2001, be financed by borrowing funds from other active Recalling its resolution 53/29 of 20 November 1998 peacekeeping missions; on the financing of the United Nations Observer Mis- sion in Sierra Leone and subsequent resolutions on the 16. Encourages the Secretary-General to continue to financing of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Le- take additional measures to ensure the safety and secu- one, the latest of which was resolution 55/251 A of 12 rity of all personnel under the auspices of the United April 2001, Nations participating in the Mission; Reaffirming the general principles underlying the 17. Invites voluntary contributions to the Mission in financing of United Nations peacekeeping operations cash and in the form of services and supplies accepta- as stated in General Assembly resolutions 1874(S-IV)of ble to the Secretary-General, to be administered, as 27 June 1963, 3101(XXVIII) of 11 December 1973 and appropriate, in accordance with the procedure and 55/235 of 23 December 2000, practices established by the General Assembly; Noting with appreciation that voluntary contributions 18. Decides to keep under review during its fifty- have been made to the Mission, fifth session the item entitled “Financing of the United Mindful of the fact that it is essential to provide the Nations Mission in Sierra Leone”. Mission with the necessary financial resources to en- able it to fulfil its responsibilities under the relevant In March, the Secretary-General reported on resolutions of the Security Council, the financial performance of UNAMSIL from 1. Reaffirms its resolution 49/233 A of 23 December 1 July 1999 to 30 June 2000 [A/55/853].UNAMSIL 1994, in particular those paragraphs regarding the peacekeeping budgetary cycles, which should be ad- had taken over the civilian and military compo- hered to in the future budgeting process, where possi- nents and functions of the United Nations Ob- ble; server Mission in Sierra Leone (UNOMSIL)inOc- 2. Takes note of the status of contributions to the tober 1999 [YUN 1999, p. 164]; accordingly, the United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone and report incorporated expenditures related to the the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone as at 30 operation of UNOMSIL. For the period covered by April 2001, including the contributions outstanding in the report, the General Assembly had appropri- the amount of 165.8 million United States dollars, rep- ated for the missions in Sierra Leone a total of resenting some 28 per cent of the total assessed contri- butions, notes that some 19 per cent of the Member $265,789,000 gross ($264,371,600 net), exclusive States have paid their assessed contributions in full, of voluntary contributions in kind of $1,550,020. and urges all other Member States concerned, in par- Expenditures for the period totalled $263,338,200 ticular those in arrears, to ensure payment of their out- gross ($262,035,200 net), resulting in an unen- standing assessed contributions;

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 174 Political and security questions

3. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States General Assembly resolution 55/235, as adjusted by which have paid their assessed contributions in full; the Assembly in its resolution 55/236 of 23 December 4. Expresses concern about the financial situation 2000, and taking into account the scale of assessments with regard to peacekeeping activities, in particular as for the year 2001, as set out in its resolution 55/5 B of 23 regards the reimbursements to troop contributors that December 2000; bear additional burdens owing to overdue payments by 16. Decides also that, in accordance with the provi- Member States of their assessments; sions of its resolution 973(X) of 15 December 1955, 5. Urges all other Member States to make every pos- there shall be set off against the apportionment among sible effort to ensure payment of their assessed contri- Member States, as provided for in paragraph 15 above, butions to the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of in full and on time; the estimated staff assessment income of 812,500 dol- 6. Expresses concern at the delay experienced by the lars approved for the Mission for the period from 1 July Secretary-General in deploying and providing ade- to 30 September 2001; quate resources to some recent peacekeeping missions, 17. Decides further to apportion among Member in particular those in Africa; States the amount of 137.5 million dollars gross 7. Emphasizes that all future and existing peace- (136,687,500 dollars net) for the period from 1 October keeping missions shall be given equal and non- to 31 December 2001, at a monthly rate of 45,833,333 discriminatory treatment in respect of financial and dollars gross (45,562,500 dollars net) in accordance administrative arrangements; with paragraph 15 above, and taking into account the 8. Also emphasizes that all peacekeeping missions scale of assessments for the year 2001 as set out in Gen- shall be provided with adequate resources for the effec- eral Assembly resolution 55/5 B, subject to the decision tive and efficient discharge of their respective man- of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the dates; Mission beyond 30 September 2001; 9. Reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to make the fullest possible use of facilities and equip- 18. Decides that, in accordance with the provisions of ment at the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, its resolution 973(X), there shall be set off against the Italy, in order to minimize the costs of procurement for apportionment among Member States, as provided for the Mission; in paragraph 17above, their respective share in the Tax 10. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations Equalization Fund of the estimated staff assessment in- contained in the reports of the Advisory Committee on come of 812,500 dollars approved for the Mission for Administrative and Budgetary Questions, and requests the period from 1 October to 31 December 2001; the Secretary-General to ensure their full implementa- 19 . Decides also to apportion among Member States tion; the amount of 16,634,763 dollars gross (14,598,640 dol- 11. Requests the Secretary-General to take all neces- lars net) for the support account and the amount of sary action to ensure that the Mission is administered 1,737,712 dollars gross (1,560,456 dollars net) for the with a maximum of efficiency and economy; United Nations Logistics Base for the period from 12. Also requests the Secretary-General, in order to 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002 in accordance with para- reduce the cost of employing General Service staff, to graph 15 above, and taking into account the scale of continue efforts to recruit local staff for the Mission assessments for the years 2001 and 2002, as set out in against General Service posts, commensurate with the General Assembly resolution 55/5 B, the scale of as- requirements of the Mission; sessments for the year 2001 to be applied against a por- 13. Approves, on an exceptional basis, the special tion thereof, that is, 8,317,382 dollars gross (7,299,320 arrangements for the Mission with regard to the appli- dollars net) for the support account and 868,856 dol- cation of article IV of the financial regulations of the lars gross (780,228 dollars net) for the Logistics Base for United Nations, whereby appropriations required in the period from 1 July to 31 December 2001, and the respect of obligations owed to Governments providing scale of assessments for the year 2002 to be applied contingents and/or logistic support to the Mission against the balance, that is, 8,317,381 dollars gross shall be retained beyond the period stipulated under fi- (7,299,320 dollars net) for the support account and nancial regulations 4.3 and 4.4, as set out in the annex 868,856 dollars gross (780,228 dollars net) for the Lo- to the present resolution; gistics Base for the period from 1 January to 30 June 14 . Authorizes the Secretary-General to enter into 2002; commitments in the amount of 275 million dollars 20. Decides further that, in accordance with the pro- gross (273,375,000 dollars net) for the maintenance of visions of its resolution 973(X), there shall be set off the Mission for the period from 1 July to 31 December against the apportionment among Member States, as 2001, and decides to appropriate the amount of provided for in paragraph 19 above, their respective 16,634,763 dollars gross (14,598,640 dollars net) for the share in the Tax Equalization Fund of the estimated support account for peacekeeping operations and the staff assessment income of 2,036,123 dollars for the amount of 1,737,712 dollars gross (1,560,456 dollars support account and 177,256 dollars for the United net) for the United Nations Logistics Base representing Nations Logistics Base approved for the period from the prorated share of the Mission in the support 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002, 1,018,062 dollars for the account and Logistics Base requirements for the pe- support account and 88,628 dollars for the Logistics riod from 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002; Base, being amounts pertaining to the period from 15. Decides to apportion among Member States the 1 July to 31 December 2001, and the balance, that is, amount of 137.5 million dollars gross (136,687,500 dol- 1,018,061 dollars for the support account and 88,628 lars net) for the Mission for the period from 1 July to 30 dollars for the Logistics Base pertaining to the period September 2001, in accordance with the levels set out in from 1 January to 30 June 2002;

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21. Decides that, for Member States that have ful- (c) At the end of the additional four-year period, filled their financial obligations to the Mission, there any unliquidated obligations shall be cancelled and the shall be set off against the apportionment, as provided then remaining balance of any appropriations retained for in paragraph 15 above, their respective share of the therefor shall be surrendered. unencumbered balance of 2,450,800 dollars gross (2,336,400 dollars net) in respect of the period ending The Secretary-General, in October [A/56/487], 30 June 2000, in accordance with the composition of proposed a budget for UNAMSIL for 1 July 2001 to groups set out in paragraphs 3 and 4 of General Assem- 30 June 2002 of $722,134,800gross ($716,498,400 bly resolution 43/232 of 1 March 1989, as adjusted by the Assembly in subsequent relevant resolutions net), exclusive of budgeted voluntary contribu- and decisions, for the ad hoc apportionment of peace- tions in kind amounting to $1,350,133. His pro- keeping appropriations, the latest of which were reso- posal was based on an authorized force strength lution 52/230 of 31 March 1998 and decisions 54/456 of 17,500 military personnel, including 260 mili- to 54/458 of 23 December 1999 for the period 1998- tary observers, as authorized by the Security 2000, and taking into account the scale of assessments Council in resolution 1346(2001)(see p. 165). The for the year 2000, as set out in its resolutions 52/215 A Secretary-General recommended that the Assem- of 22 December 1997 and 54/237 A of 23 December 1999; bly appropriate the total amount for the mainte- 22. Decides also that, for Member States that have not nance of UNAMSIL for that period, inclusive of fulfilled their financial obligations to the Mission, $275 million gross ($273,375,000 net) already as- their share of the unencumbered balance of 2,450,800 sessed under resolution 55/251 B (see p. 173) for dollars gross (2,336,400 dollars net) in respect of the 1 July to 31 December 2001. period ending 30 June 2000, shall be set off against In November [A/56/621], ACABQ recommended their outstanding obligations in accordance with the that the Assembly approve an appropriation of scheme set out in paragraph 21 above; 23. Emphasizes that no peacekeeping mission shall $692 million gross for UNAMSIL for 1 July 2001 to be financed by borrowing funds from other active 30 June 2002, inclusive of the amount already ap- peacekeeping missions; propriated. 24. Encourages the Secretary-General to continue to take additional measures to ensure the safety and secu- GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION (December) rity of all personnel under the auspices of the United On 24 December [meeting 92], the General As- Nations participating in the Mission; sembly,on the recommendation of the Fifth Com- 25. Invites voluntary contributions to the Mission in cash and in the form of services and supplies accepta- mittee [A/56/712], adopted resolution 56/251 ble to the Secretary-General, to be administered, as without vote [agenda item 141]. appropriate, in accordance with the procedure and Financing of the United Nations Mission practices established by the General Assembly; in Sierra Leone 26. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its fifty-sixth session the item entitled “Financing of The General Assembly, the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone”. Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the financing of the United Nations Mission in Si- ANNEX erra Leone and the related report of the Advisory Special arrangements with regard to the application Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Ques- of article IV of the financial regulations of the tions, United Nations 1. At the end of the twelve-month period provided for Bearing in mind Security Council resolution 1270 in financial regulation 4.3, any unliquidated obliga- (1999) of 22 October 1999, by which the Council estab- tions of the financial period in question relating to lished the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone, and goods supplied and services rendered by Governments the subsequent resolutions by which the Council re- for which claims have been received or which are cov- vised and extended the mandate of the Mission, the lat- ered by established reimbursement rates shall be trans- est of which was resolution 1370(2001) of 18 September ferred to accounts payable; such accounts shall remain 2001, recorded in the Special Account for the United Nations Recalling its resolution 53/29 of 20 November 1998 Mission in Sierra Leone until payment is effected. on the financing of the United Nations Observer Mis- 2. In addition: sion in Sierra Leone and subsequent resolutions on the (a) Any other unliquidated obligations of the finan- financing of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Le- cial period in question owed to Governments for provi- one, the latest of which was resolution 55/251 B of 14 sion of goods and services rendered but not yet veri- June 2001, fied, as well as other obligations owed to Governments, Reaffirming the general principles underlying the for which claims have not yet been received shall re- financing of United Nations peacekeeping operations, main valid for an additional period of four years fol- as stated in General Assembly resolutions 1874(S-IV)of lowing the end of the twelve-month period provided for 27 June 1963, 3101(XXVIII) of 11 December 1973 and in financial regulation 4.3; 55/235 of 23 December 2000, (b) Claims received during this four-year period as Noting with appreciation that voluntary contributions well as approved verification reports shall be treated as have been made to the Mission, provided for under paragraph 1 of the present annex, Mindful of the fact that it is essential to provide the if appropriate; Mission with the necessary financial resources to en-

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able it to fulfil its responsibilities under the relevant amount of 275 million dollars gross (273,375,000 dol- resolutions of the Security Council, lars net) authorized by the Assembly in resolution 1. Takes note of the status of contributions to the 55/251 B; United Nations Observer Mission in Sierra Leone and 12. Decides also, taking into account the amount of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone as at 15 275 million dollars gross (273,375,000 dollars net) al- November 2001, including the contributions outstand- ready apportioned for the period from 1 July to 31 De- ing in the amount of 317.1 million United States dollars, cember 2001 and the amount of 18,372,475 dollars representing, regrettably, some 30 per cent of the total gross (16,159,096 dollars net) already apportioned for assessed contributions, notes that some 11 per cent of the period from 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002, in accord- Member States have paid their assessed contributions ance with the provisions of its resolution 55/251 B, to in full, and urges all other Member States concerned, apportion among Member States the amount of in particular those in arrears, to ensure payment of 251,230,584 dollars gross (248,140,985 dollars net) for their outstanding assessed contributions; the period from 1 July 2001 to 31 March 2002, in ac- 2. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States cordance with the levels set out in General Assembly which have paid their assessed contributions in full and resolution 55/235, as adjusted by the Assembly in its on time, and urges all other Member States to make ev- resolution 55/236 of 23 December 2000, and taking ery possible effort to ensure the payment of their as- into account the scale of assessments for the years 2001 sessed contributions to the United Nations Mission in and 2002 as set out in its resolution 55/5 B of 23 De- Sierra Leone in full and on time; cember 2000, the scale of assessments for the year 2001 3. Expresses concern about the financial situation to be applied against a portion thereof, that is, 71 mil- with regard to peacekeeping activities, in particular as lion dollars gross (69,845,400 dollars net) for the pe- regards the reimbursements to troop contributors that riod from 1 July to 31 December 2001, and the scale of bear additional burdens owing to overdue payments by assessments for the year 2002 to be applied against the Member States of their assessments; balance, that is, 180,230,584 dollars gross (178,295,585 4. Also expresses concern at the delay experienced by dollars net) for the period from 1 January to 31 March the Secretary-General in deploying and providing ade- 2002; quate resources to some recent peacekeeping missions, 13. Decides further that, in accordance with the provi- in particular those in Africa; sions of its resolution 973(X) of 15 December 1955, 5. Emphasizes that all future and existing peace- there shall be set off against the apportionment among keeping missions shall be given equal and non- Member States, as provided for in paragraph 12 above, discriminatory treatment in respect of financial and their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of administrative arrangements; the estimated staff assessment income of 3,089,599 6. Also emphasizes that all peacekeeping missions dollars approved for the Mission for the period from shall be provided with adequate resources for the effec- 1 July 2001 to 31 March 2002, 1,154,600 dollars being tive and efficient discharge of their respective man- the amount pertaining to the period from 1 July to 31 dates; December 2001, and the balance, that is, 1,934,999 dol- 7. Reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to lars pertaining to the period from 1 January to 31 make the fullest possible use of facilities and equip- March 2002; ment at the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, 14 . Decides to apportion among Member States the Italy, in order to minimize the costs of procurement for amount of 132 million dollars gross (130,938,600 dol- the Mission; lars net) for the period from 1 April to 30 June 2002, at 8. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations a monthly rate of 44 million dollars gross (43,646,200 contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on dollars net) in accordance with the scheme set out in Administrative and Budgetary Questions, and requests the present resolution and taking into account the scale the Secretary-General to ensure their full implementa- of assessments for the year 2002 as set out in General tion; Assembly resolution 55/5 B, subject to the decision of 9. Requests the Secretary-General to take all neces- the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mis- sary action to ensure that the Mission is administered sion beyond 31 March 2002; with a maximum of efficiency and economy; 15. Decides also that, in accordance with the provi- 10. Also requests the Secretary-General, in order to sions of its resolution 973(X), there shall be set off reduce the cost of employing General Service staff, to against the apportionment among Member States, as continue efforts to recruit local staff for the Mission provided for in paragraph 14 above, their respective against General Service posts, commensurate with the share in the Tax Equalization Fund of the estimated requirements of the Mission; staff assessment income of 1,061,400 dollars approved 11. Decides to appropriate the amount of 699,230,584 for the Mission for the period from 1 April to 30 June dollars gross (693,126,185 dollars net) for the mainte- 2002; nance of the Mission for the twelve-month period from 16. Emphasizes that no peacekeeping mission shall 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002, inclusive of the amount of be financed by borrowing funds from other active 7,230,584 dollars gross (6,685,385 dollars net) for the peacekeeping missions; support account for peacekeeping operations, in addi- 17. Encourages the Secretary-General to continue to tion to the amount of 16,634,763 dollars gross take additional measures to ensure the safety and secu- (14,598,640 dollars net) already appropriated for the rity of all personnel under the auspices of the United support account, and the amount of 1,737,712 dollars Nations participating in the Mission; gross (1,560,456 dollars net) already appropriated for 18. Invites voluntary contributions to the Mission in the United Nations Logistics Base by the General As- cash and in the form of services and supplies accepta- sembly in its resolution 55/251 B, inclusive also of the ble to the Secretary-General, to be administered, as ap-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 177 propriate, in accordance with the procedure and prac- authorities in arms trafficking in Sierra Leone tices established by the General Assembly; and in the subregion and that the imposition of 19 . Decides to keep under review during its fifty- sanctions against Liberia was justified (see sixth session the item entitled “Financing of the United p. 181); Guinea also announced its decision to es- Nations Mission in Sierra Leone”. tablish a certificate-of-origin regime for the dia- On 24 December, the Assembly decided that monds it exported. On 29 March [S/2001/303], the agenda item on UNAMSIL financing would re- Saudi Arabia said that it had taken measures to main for consideration during its resumed fifty- prohibit the direct or indirect import of all rough sixth (2002) session (decision 56/464) and that diamonds from Sierra Leone except those con- the Fifth Committee should continue to consider trolled through the certificate-of-origin regime. the item at that session (decision 56/458). Sierra Leone informed the Security Council Sanctions Committee on Sierra Leone (see p. 178) Sanctions and justice system that it had made efforts to comply with the terms of resolution 1306(2000). On 7 February [S/2001/127], Efforts by the United Nations to find a peace- Sierra Leone submitted a 90-day review of its ful solution to the Sierra Leone conflict included new certificate-of-origin regime for trade in Security Council action to control the illicit trade Sierra Leone diamonds, the main objective of in diamonds from that country, which it found which was to end transactions in what were de- was linked to the trade in arms and related ma- scribed as “conflict” or “blood” diamonds by teriel. The Council considered the report of the halting illicit mining and smuggling. The Gov- Panel of Experts to investigate possible violations ernment outlined steps it had taken to strength- of the arms embargo and the ban on rough dia- en regulations in the mining and marketing sec- mond exports and welcomed the establishment tors, as well as revision of related banking of the certificate-of-origin regime for trade in guidelines for diamond exports. As at 31January, rough diamonds in and their export from Sierra the Government’s buying office had issued 34 Leone. certificates of origin under the new regulations. The Council’s arms sanctions against non- Control mechanisms included an electronic data- governmental forces in Sierra Leone, imposed by base on exports and digital photographs of resolution 1132(1997) [YUN 1997, p. 135] and revised rough diamonds. The Government believed the by resolution 1171(1998) [YUN 1998, p. 169],re- regime, though still in its infancy, was a modest mained in force and were monitored by the success and that it had demonstrated the poten- Council Committee established for that purpose. tial of serving as a model for other national certi- The Secretary-General continued his efforts to fication systems, particularly in other areas of establish a Special Court to bring to justice those conflict in Africa. The real success of the certifi- responsible for committing serious crimes cation regime would depend on implementation against the people of Sierra Leone and to estab- of resolution 1306(2000) by all States, in particu- lish a Truth and Reconciliation Commission. lar the diamond-importing States. On 28 March [S/2001/ 300], the Security Council Sanctions Com- Role of diamonds in conflict mittee stated that Sierra Leone’s new certificate- On 25 January [meeting 4264], the Security of-origin regime for trade in diamonds was effec- Council considered the 2000 report of the Panel tively in operation. The Committee would of Experts on Sierra Leone Diamonds and Arms pursue several issues relating to the operation of [YUN 2000, p. 204]. The Panel, established by the the certification regime directly with the Govern- Secretary-General in accordance with resolution ment of Sierra Leone. 1306(2000) [ibid., p. 201], examined how and why Sierra Leone conducted a second 90-day re- Sierra Leone’s conflict diamonds were able to view of the certificate-of-origin regime, which find their way into the legitimate diamond trade was forwarded to the Council on 13 August with relative ease and how weapons reached RUF [S/2001/794]. The review stated that a total of 113 in Sierra Leone, in spite of UN arms embargoes certificates had been issued and further meas- being in place. The Panel made recommenda- ures had strengthened controls. After nine tions on control of the illegal diamond trade and months in operation, $19.1 million in diamonds a ban on weapons trade and transport. had been exported and the certification system In letters to the Council, the Gambia was considered a major success; by the end of the [S/2001/74], Liberia [S/2001/78] and the Libyan year, the export total had reached $24 million Arab Jamahiriya [S/2001/421] rejected some find- [S/2002/38]. The Government shared the Coun- ings or methods of work of the Panel. Guinea, in cil’s view that the peace process in Sierra Leone letters of 26 February [S/2001/173, S/2001/279], said was entering a crucial phase as UNAMSIL and the that the report rightly implicated the Liberian Government moved into the main diamond-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 178 Political and security questions

producing areas. It believed that the positive Determining that the situation in Sierra Leone contin- trends in the peace process augured well for fur- ues to constitute a threat to international peace and se- ther success for the certification system. Sierra curity in the region, Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the Leone welcomed the establishment of a similar United Nations, certification system in Guinea (see p. 177), and it 1. Welcomes the establishment and implementation supported efforts to establish standards for an in- of the Certificate of Origin regime for trade in dia- ternational certification system to break the link monds in Sierra Leone, and the export of rough dia- between the illicit transaction of rough and uncut monds from Sierra Leone certified under that regime; diamonds and armed conflict. On 27 August 2. Welcomes reports that the Certificate of Origin re- [S/2001/827], the Council received a statement gime is helping to curb the flow of conflict diamonds from Sierra Leone on a police investigation of out of Sierra Leone; suspected transactions in illicit diamonds in the 3. Decides that the measures imposed by paragraph1 of resolution 1306(2000) shall remain in force for a new Freetown area. The action, Sierra Leone said, period of 11 months from 5 January 2002, except that, demonstrated the Government’s commitment pursuant to paragraph 5 of resolution 1306(2000), to ensuring implementation of resolution 1306 rough diamonds controlled by the Government of (2000). Sierra Leone under the Certificate of Origin regime shall continue to be exempt from these measures, and SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (December) affirms that, in addition to its six-monthly review in ac- cordance with paragraph 15 of resolution 1306(2000), On 19 December [meeting 4442], the Security at the end of this period it will review the situation in Si- Council unanimously adopted resolution 1385 erra Leone, including the extent of the Government’s (2001). The draft [S/2001/1216] was prepared in authority over the diamond-producing areas, in order consultations among Council members. to decide whether to extend these measures for a fur- ther period and, if necessary, to modify them or adopt The Security Council, further measures; Recalling its previous resolutions and the statements 4. Decides also that the measures imposed by para- of its President concerning the situation in Sierra Le- graph 1 of resolution 1306(2000), as extended by para- one, and in particular its resolutions 1132(1997) of 8 graph 3 above, shall be terminated immediately if the October 1997, 1171(1998) of 5 June 1998, 1299(2000) of Council determines that it would be appropriate to do 19 May 2000 and 1306(2000) of 5 July 2000, so; Affirming the commitment of all States to respect the 5. Requests the Secretary-General to publicize the sovereignty, political independence and territorial in- provisions of the present resolution and the obligations tegrity of Sierra Leone, imposed by it; Welcoming the significant progress made in the peace 6. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. process in Sierra Leone, including in the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programme, and the efforts of the Government to extend its authority over Sanctions Committee the diamond-producing areas, with the assistance of The Chairman of the Security Council Com- the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone, but not- mittee established pursuant to resolution 1132 ing that it has not yet established effective authority (1997) [YUN 1997, p. 135] concerning Sierra Leone over those areas, reported to the Council several times in 2001 on Expressing its continued concern at the role played by the illicit trade in diamonds in the conflict in Sierra the arms embargo and the question of the export Leone, of rough diamonds (see p. 177). By four letters Welcoming General Assembly resolution 55/56 of [S/2001/105, S/2001/261, S/2001/493, S/2001/718], the 1 December 2000, as well as ongoing efforts by inter- Chairman forwarded information he had re- ested States, the diamond industry, in particular the ceived from the United Kingdom on arms and World Diamond Council, and non-governmental or- related materiel sent to Sierra Leone for use by ganizations to break the link between illicit trade in the Sierra Leone Army or by UNAMSIL. Three rough diamonds and armed conflict, particularly through the significant progress made by the Kimber- other letters [S/2001/126, S/2001/492, S/2001/664] con- ley Process, and encouraging further progress in this veyed reports from Sierra Leone on weapons it regard, had imported for use by its Army and police. On Welcoming the establishment of a certification regime 7 August [S/2001/771, S/2001/772], the Chairman in relation to Guinea’s exports of rough diamonds and forwarded lists of countries that had responded the continued efforts of the Economic Community of since December 2000 to the Security Council’s West African States as well as West African countries to- request for information on implementation of wards developing a region-wide certification regime, certain aspects of resolution 1306(2000). Emphasizing the responsibility of all member States, including diamond importing countries, for fully im- On 29 November [S/2001/1130], the President of plementing the measures in resolution 1306(2000), the Council affirmed that the members had Taking note of the views of the Government of Sierra elected the Chairman and Vice-Chairmen of the Leone on the extension of the measures imposed by Committee for a term ending on 31 December paragraph 1 of resolution 1306(2000), 2001. The Chairman was Iftekhar Ahmed Chowd-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 179 hury (Bangladesh), who succeeded Anwarul to seek the Council’s intervention with regard to Karim Chowdhury (Bangladesh), and the Vice- intervening with third States on surrendering ac- Chairmen were from Mali and Singapore. cused individuals. The Council agreed with the In a summary of the Committee’s activities for Secretary-General’s proposal to seek information the year [S/2002/50], the Chairman said that five from States on their preparedness to contribute meetings were held in 2001, at which the Com- resources before the entry into force of the Agree- mittee reviewed trade and transfer of both arms ment with the Government of Sierra Leone. and diamonds with Sierra Leone and considered The Secretary-General informed the Council travel requests for leaders of rebel groups. The on 12 July [S/2001/693] that he consulted with Committee received a total of 23 replies from Sierra Leone on the changes to the proposed States on implementation of paragraph 17(on the Agreement and draft Statute of the Court. He arms embargo) and 43 replies on implementa- provided details of financing for the Court, not- tion of paragraph 8 (on restrictions on diamond ing that the requirements for the first three years trade) of resolution 1306(2000). The report of operation amounted to $114.6million. Having noted that the President of the Council, in a state- appealed to States for possible contributions, he ment to the press on 13 December, welcomed the stated that, as at 6 July,$15million would likely be efforts of the West African countries to develop a available for the first year—a shortfall of approxi- region-wide certification regime for diamonds, mately $1.8 million—and pledges for the follow- and the establishment of the certificate-of-origin ing two years of $20.4 million—a shortfall of regime by Sierra Leone, and the effect of those $19.6 million. Considering that the amount actions on curbing the flow of illicit diamonds pledged was sufficient to commence the estab- out of Sierra Leone. The President had added, lishment and operation of the Special Court, he however, that RUF and CDF continued to mine dia- would seek payment of those pledges; when monds illegally, giving them access to funds that funds were deposited, he would ask the Legal might be used to buy weapons. He indicated the Counsel to conclude on behalf of the United readiness of the Council to extend the ban on the Nations the Agreement on the Establishment of export of Sierra Leone diamonds. In the absence the Special Court with the Government of Sierra of a specific monitoring mechanism to ensure Leone. On 23 July [S/2001/722], the President of the implementation of the sanctions regime, the the Council said that the members welcomed the Committee urged States and organizations in a developments as described by the Secretary- position to provide it with pertinent information General as a step towards bringing justice to the to do so. people of Sierra Leone and supported informal consultations between the Secretariat and inter- Proposal for Special Court ested States to plan for the Court. The Secretary-General in 2001 pursued efforts On 26 December [S/2001/1320], the Secretary- to establish a Special Court for Sierra Leone to General recalled that the Council and the Secre- try crimes against humanity, war crimes and tariat had an understanding that the implemen- other serious violations of international humani- tation of the Agreement would commence only tarian law, as well as crimes under relevant Sierra after sufficient contributions were in hand to fi- Leonean law. The Court was first proposed by Si- nance the Court’s establishment and 12 months erra Leone and recommended by the Security of operation and pledges had been received to Council in resolution 1315(2000) [YUN 2000, p. 205]. cover expenses for the following 24 months. He In a January letter [S/2001/40], the Secretary- stated that, while the first year of the Court’s op- General commented on the Council’s proposed eration was virtually funded, the shortfall in the amendments [YUN 2000, p. 206] to the draft Agree- pledges for the second and third years of opera- ment between the United Nations and the Gov- tion remained high. He was persuaded, however, ernment of Sierra Leone and the proposed Stat- of the political will of States to the success of the ute. He also presented his understanding of the Court, and therefore had decided to authorize meaning, scope and legal effect of some propo- the commencement of its operation, beginning sals pertaining to the personal jurisdiction of the with the dispatch of a planning mission to Free- Special Court, its funding and the reduced size town from 7 to 18 January 2002 to discuss practi- of the Court. On 31January [S/2001/95], the Coun- cal arrangements, including premises, the provi- cil said it agreed in general with the Secretary- sion of local personnel and services, and the General’s views on personal jurisdiction and his launching of the investigative and prosecutorial analysis of the importance and role of the phrase process. The Secretary-General remarked that “persons who bear the greatest responsibility”. the last pending issue between the Secretariat However, Council members did not agree that and the Government—the question of the tempo- the President of the Court should be empowered ral jurisdiction of the Court—had been resolved,

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 180 Political and security questions with the two parties agreeing to the temporal ju- Liberia, sanctions against importing diamonds risdiction set as of 30 November 1996. It was ex- from Liberia and a travel ban on senior members pected that the Agreement would be signed at the of the Government and armed forces. conclusion of the mission, thus establishing the By December, the tension among Guinea, Li- legal framework for the establishment and opera- beria and Sierra Leone had decreased following tion of the Court. The Secretary-General ex- ministerial meetings beginning in August to pressed concern about the difficulties inherent consider security problems along the common in securing funds on the basis of voluntary con- borders (see p. 168). The United Nations Peace- tributions. Once the Court was established, he building Support Office in Liberia (UNOL) noted, the United Nations would assume certain continued to work towards peace in the country obligations, including vis-à-vis persons detained and to monitor the situation. under the Court’s authority or in regard to con- tractual relationship. Border situation In early 2001, the Security Council received let- Truth and Reconciliation Commission ters alerting it to the deteriorating security situa- Preparations for the establishment of the tion along the borders of the Mano River Union Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Sierra countries (Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone) Leone continued throughout 2001. (see also p. 161) and particularly between Guinea By December [S/2001/1195], the United Nations and Liberia. On 5 February [S/2001/106], Ger- High Commissioner for Human Rights and the many noted that the border situation between the Special Representative had selected the four na- two countries was characterized by armed cross- tional and three international members of the border incursions and a deteriorating humanita- Commission; their names were being forwarded rian situation. It expressed its readiness to con- to President Kabbah for approval. UNAMSIL en- tribute to the efforts of the Council, ECOWAS and gaged the RUF leadership on the issue of the other States to maintain international peace and Commission and began a sensitization campaign security in the region. in the Northern Province in August. Although President Charles Taylor of Liberia, in a 23 RUF appeared receptive to the Commission, lead- February letter to the Secretary-General [S/2001/ ers expressed concern over its independence and 167], complained of remarks attributed to Guinea’s the relationship between it and the Special Court. Army Chief of Staff about intended aggressive The budget for the planned 15 months of action against Liberia. Liberia had been the vic- operation of the Commission was estimated at tim of five armed incursions by Guinean-based $8.5 million. The Commission was expected to Liberian dissidents supported by the Govern- commence operations in the first half of 2002. ment of President Lansana Conteh, according to President Taylor. Liberia called on the United Nations to urge Guinea to exercise restraint and Liberia to support the deployment of ECOWAS monitor- In early 2001, fighting in the north-east and ing forces along the Liberian-Guinean border. north-west of Liberia intensified, threatening On 26 February [S/2001/173], Guinea said that it peace not only internally but also in the border agreed with the Expert Panel report [YUN 2000, regions with Guinea and Sierra Leone. The p. 204] that implicated the Liberian authorities in situation was complicated by Liberian support to arms trafficking in Sierra Leone and in the the RUF rebels in Sierra Leone, as reported in subregion, which was fuelled by diamonds being 2000 by the Panel of Experts established to inves- exploited by RUF. Guinea added that the recent tigate violations of the arms embargo and the ban rebel attacks on Guinea’s borders by rebel groups on rough diamond exports in relation to Sierra from Liberia and Sierra Leone were part of the Leone [YUN 2000, p. 204]. According to the Panel, destabilization of the countries of the subregion, the bulk of RUF diamonds left Sierra Leone which had been organized by the Government of through Liberia, which would not be possible Liberia and the RUF rebels. In Guinea’s view, the without the involvement of Liberian government imposition of sanctions against Liberia would be officials at the highest levels. The illicit trade in justified. Guinea, on 20 March [S/2001/283], said diamonds represented a major source of income that its Ambassador in Monrovia had been de- for RUF. clared persona non grata by Liberia and that the In March, the Security Council demanded that movement of its diplomatic personnel had been Liberia take certain specific measures to cease its restricted. Liberia had already withdrawn its support of RUF in its opposition struggle with the Ambassador in Guinea. Nevertheless, Guinea re- Government of Sierra Leone (see p. 181). The mained committed to improving relations with Council also imposed an arms embargo against Liberia.

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Sierra Leone informed the Council President and Manufacture of Small Arms and Light Weapons in on 27 February [S/2001/176] that Liberia had uni- West Africa adopted in Abuja on 31 October 1998, laterally taken control of operations over the air- Taking note of the measures announced by the Gov- space of the Roberts Flight Information Region, ernment of Liberia since the publication of the report of the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolu- of which Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone were tion 1306(2000), and welcoming the intention of the the members, by expelling the Guinean and Economic Community of West African States to moni- Sierra Leonean telecommunications operators tor their implementation in close cooperation with the from Liberia. United Nations and to report thereon after a period of two months, Imposition of sanctions Recalling its concern already expressed in resolution 1306(2000) at the role played by the illicit diamond Sierra Leone, on 23 February [S/2001/166], not- trade in fuelling the conflict in Sierra Leone and at ing that the Security Council had discussed the reports that such diamonds transit neighbouring coun- 2000 report of the Panel of Experts on Sierra Le- tries, including Liberia, one Diamonds and Arms [YUN 2000, p. 204] almost Reiterating its call made in the statement of its Presi- a month earlier (see p. 177), listed the reasons why dent of 21 December 2000 (S/PRST/2000/41) on all it believed that sanctions should be imposed States in West Africa, particularly Liberia, immediately against Liberia without further delay. For in- to cease military support for armed groups in neigh- bouring countries and prevent armed individuals from stance, Liberia had failed to show that it had using their national territory to prepare and commit taken steps to disengage itself from RUF, it contin- attacks in neighbouring countries, ued to harbour senior RUF members and their Determining that the active support provided by the families and it also continued to violate the arms Government of Liberia for armed rebel groups in embargo imposed by Council resolution 788 neighbouring countries, and in particular its support (1992) [YUN 1992, p. 192]. for the Revolutionary United Front in Sierra Leone, constitutes a threat to international peace and security SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION in the region, Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the On 7 March [meeting 4287], the Security Council United Nations, unanimously adopted resolution 1343(2001). The draft [S/2001/188] was prepared in consulta- A tions among Council members. Recalling its resolutions 788(1992) of 19 November 1992 and 985(1995) of 13 April 1995, The Security Council, Noting that the conflict in Liberia has been resolved, Recalling its resolutions 1132(1997) of 8 October 1997, that national elections have taken place within the 1171(1998) of 5 June 1998, 1306(2000) of 5 July 2000 framework of the Yamoussoukro IV Agreement of 30 and its other resolutions and statements of its Presi- October 1991 and that the final communiqué of the in- dent on the situation in Sierra Leone and the region, formal consultative group meeting of the Economic Welcoming General Assembly resolution 55/56 of Community of West African States Committee of Five 1 December 2000, in particular its call for measures en- on Liberia issued in Geneva on 7 April 1992 has been gaging all concerned parties including diamond pro- implemented, and determining therefore that the em- ducing, processing, exporting and importing countries bargo imposed by paragraph 8 of resolution 788(1992) as well as the diamond industry to break the link be- should be terminated, tween diamonds and armed conflict, and its call upon 1. Decides to terminate the prohibitions imposed by all States to implement fully Security Council measures paragraph 8 of resolution 788(1992) and to dissolve the targeting the link between the trade in conflict dia- Committee established under resolution 985(1995); monds and the supply to rebel movements of weapons, fuel or other prohibited materiel, B Taking note of the report of the United Nations Panel 2. Demands that the Government of Liberia immedi- of Experts established pursuant to paragraph 19 of ately cease its support for the Revolutionary United resolution 1306(2000) in relation to Sierra Leone, Front in Sierra Leone and for other armed rebel Taking note of the findings of the Panel of Experts groups in the region, and in particular take the follow- that diamonds represent a major and primary source ing concrete steps: of income for the Revolutionary United Front, that the (a) Expel all Revolutionary United Front members bulk of Revolutionary United Front diamonds leave from Liberia, including such individuals as are listed Sierra Leone through Liberia, and that such illicit by the Committee established by paragraph 14 below, trade cannot be conducted without the permission and and prohibit all Revolutionary United Front activities involvement of Liberian government officials at the on its territory,provided that nothing in this paragraph highest levels, and expressing its deep concern at the shall oblige Liberia to expel its own nationals from its unequivocal and overwhelming evidence presented by territory; the report of the Panel of Experts that the Government (b) Cease all financial and, in accordance with reso- of Liberia is actively supporting the Revolutionary lution 1171(1998), military support to the Revolution- United Front at all levels, ary United Front, including all transfers of arms and Recalling the Economic Community of West African ammunition, all military training and the provision of States Moratorium on the Importation, Exportation logistical and communications support, and take steps

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to ensure that no such support is provided from the ter- 6. Decides further that all States shall take the neces- ritory of Liberia or by its nationals; sary measures to prevent the direct or indirect import (c) Cease all direct or indirect import of Sierra Le- of all rough diamonds from Liberia, whether or not one rough diamonds which are not controlled through such diamonds originated in Liberia; the Certificate of Origin regime of the Government 7. (a) Decides also that all States shall take the neces- of Sierra Leone, in accordance with resolution 1306 sary measures to prevent the entry into or transit (2000); through their territories of senior members of the Gov- (d) Freeze funds or financial resources or assets that ernment of Liberia and its armed forces and their are made available by its nationals or within its terri- spouses and any other individuals providing financial tory directly or indirectly for the benefit of the Revolu- and military support to armed rebel groups in coun- tionary United Front or entities owned or controlled tries neighbouring Liberia, in particular the Revolu- directly or indirectly by the Revolutionary United tionary United Front in Sierra Leone, as designated by Front; the Committee established by paragraph 14below, pro- (e) Ground all Liberia-registered aircraft operating vided that nothing in this paragraph shall oblige a State within its jurisdiction until it updates its register of air- to refuse entry into its territory to its own nationals, craft pursuant to Annex VII to the Chicago Convention and provided that nothing in this paragraph shall im- on International Civil Aviation of 1944 and provides to pede the transit of representatives of the Government the Council the updated information concerning the of Liberia to United Nations Headquarters to conduct registration and ownership of each aircraft registered United Nations business or the participation of the in Liberia; Government of Liberia in the official meetings of the 3. Stresses that the demands in paragraph 2 above Mano River Union, the Economic Community of West are intended to lead to further progress in the peace African States and the Organization of African Unity; process in Sierra Leone, and, in that regard, calls upon (b) Decides that the measures imposed by subpara- the President of Liberia to help ensure that the Revolu- graph (a) above shall not apply where the Committee tionary United Front meet the following objectives: established by paragraph 14 below determines that (a) Allow the United Nations Mission in Sierra such travel is justified on the grounds of humanitarian Leone free access throughout Sierra Leone; need, including religious obligation, or where the Committee concludes that exemption would otherwise (b) Release all abductees; promote Liberian compliance with the demands of the (c) Enter their fighters in the disarmament, demo- Council, or assist in the peaceful resolution of the con- bilization and reintegration process; flict in the subregion; (d) Return all weapons and other equipment seized 8. Further decides that the measures imposed by from the Mission; paragraphs 6 and 7 above shall come into force at 0001 4. Demands that all States in the region take action to eastern daylight time two months after the date of prevent armed individuals and groups from using their adoption of this resolution, unless the Security Council territory to prepare and commit attacks on neighbour- determines before that date that Liberia has complied ing countries and refrain from any action that might with the demands in paragraph 2 above, taking into contribute to further destabilization of the situation on account the report of the Secretary-General referred to the borders between Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone; in paragraph 12 below, inputs from the Economic Com- 5. (a) Decides that all States shall take the necessary munity of West African States, relevant information measures to prevent the sale or supply to Liberia, by provided by the Committee established by paragraph their nationals or from their territories or using their 14 below and the Committee established pursuant to flag vessels or aircraft, of arms and related materiel of resolution 1132(1997) and any other relevant informa- all types, including weapons and ammunition, military tion; vehicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment and 9. Decides that the measures imposed by paragraph spare parts for the aforementioned, whether or not 5 are established for 14 months and that, at the end of originating in their territories; the period, the Council will decide whether the Gov- (b) Decides that all States shall take the necessary ernment of Liberia has complied with the demands in measures to prevent any provision to Liberia by their paragraph 2 above, and, accordingly,whether to extend nationals or from their territories of technical training these measures for a further period with the same con- or assistance related to the provision, manufacture, ditions; maintenance or use of the items in subparagraph (a) 10. Decides further that the measures imposed by above; paragraphs 6 and 7 above are established for a period (c) Decides that the measures imposed by subpara- of 12 months, and that at the end of this period the graphs (a) and (b) above shall not apply to supplies of Council will decide whether the Government of Libe- non-lethal military equipment intended solely for hu- ria has complied with the demands in paragraph 2 manitarian or protective use, and related technical above, and, accordingly, whether to extend these meas- assistance or training, as approved in advance by the ures for a further period with the same conditions; Committee established by paragraph 14 below; 11. Decides also that the measures imposed by para- (d) Affirms that the measures imposed by subpara- graphs 5 to 7 above shall be terminated immediately if graph (a) above do not apply to protective clothing, in- the Council, taking into account, inter alia, the reports cluding flak jackets and military helmets, temporarily of the Panel of Experts referred to in paragraph 19 be- exported to Liberia by United Nations personnel, rep- low and of the Secretary-General referred to in para- resentatives of the media and humanitarian and devel- graph 12 below, inputs from the Economic Community opment workers and associated personnel, for their of West African States, any relevant information pro- personal use only; vided by the Committee established by paragraph 14

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 183 below and the Committee established pursuant to reso- posed by paragraphs 5 to 7 above and on ways to limit lution 1132(1997) and any other relevant information, unintended effects, if any, of these measures on the Li- determines that the Government of Liberia has com- berian population; plied with the demands in paragraph 2 above; (h) Tocooperate with other relevant Security Coun- 12. Requests the Secretary-General to submit a first cil Sanctions Committees, in particular that established report to the Council by 30 April 2001 and thereafter at pursuant to resolution 1132(1997) and that established six-month intervals from that date, drawing on infor- pursuant to resolution 864(1993); mation from all relevant sources, including the United (i) To establish a list of Revolutionary United Front Nations Office in Liberia, the United Nations Mission members present in Liberia as referred to in paragraph in Sierra Leone and the Economic Community of West 2 (a) above; African States, on whether Liberia has complied with 15. Calls upon the Government of Liberia to estab- the demands in paragraph 2 above and on any progress lish an effective Certificate of Origin regime for trade made towards the objectives set out in paragraph 3 in rough diamonds that is transparent and internation- above, and calls on the Government of Liberia to sup- ally verifiable and has been approved by the Committee port United Nations efforts to verify all information on established by paragraph 14above, to come into opera- compliance which is brought to the United Nations no- tion after the measures imposed by paragraphs 5 to 7 tice; above have been terminated in accordance with this 13. Requests the Secretary-General to provide to the resolution; Council six months from the date of the adoption of 16. Urges all diamond-exporting countries in West this resolution: Africa to establish Certificate of Origin regimes for the (a) A preliminary assessment of the potential eco- trade in rough diamonds similar to that adopted by the nomic, humanitarian and social impact on the Liberian Government of Sierra Leone, as recommended by the population of possible follow-up action by the Council Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution in the areas of investigation indicated in paragraph 19 1306(2000), and calls upon States, relevant interna- (c) below; tional organizations and other bodies in a position to (b) A report on the steps taken by the Government do so to offer assistance to those Governments to that of Liberia to improve its capacity in air traffic control end; and surveillance in accordance with the recommenda- tions of the Panel of Experts established pursuant to 17. Calls upon the international community to pro- resolution 1306(2000) and any advice which may be vide the necessary assistance to reinforce the fight provided by the International Civil Aviation Organiza- against the proliferation and illicit trafficking of light tion; weapons in West Africa, in particular the implementa- 14 . Decides to establish, in accordance with rule 28 tion of the Economic Community of West African of its provisional rules of procedure, a Committee of States Moratorium on the Importation, Exportation the Security Council, consisting of all the members of and Manufacture of Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Council, to undertake the following tasks and to re- West Africa, and to improve air traffic control in the port on its work to the Council with its observations West African subregion; and recommendations: 18. Requests all States to report to the Committee es- (a) To seek from all States information regarding tablished by paragraph 14 above, within 30 days of the the actions taken by them to implement effectively the promulgation of the list referred to in paragraph 14 (e) measures imposed by paragraphs 5 to 7 above, and above, on the actions they have taken to implement the thereafter to request from them whatever further in- measures imposed by paragraphs 5 to 7 above; formation it may consider necessary; 19 . Requests the Secretary-General to establish, (b) To consider, and to take appropriate action on, within one month from the date of adoption of the information brought to its attention by States concern- present resolution, in consultation with the Committee ing alleged violations of the measures imposed by para- established by paragraph 14 above, a Panel of Experts graphs 5 to 7 above, identifying where possible persons for a period of six months consisting of no more than or entities, including vessels or aircraft, reported to be five members, drawing, as much as possible and as ap- engaged in such violations, and to make periodic re- propriate, on the expertise of the members of the ports to the Council; Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution (c) To promulgate expeditiously such guidelines as 1306(2000), with the following mandate: may be necessary to facilitate the implementation of (a) Toinvestigate any violations of the measures im- the measures imposed by paragraphs 5 to 7 above; posed by paragraphs 5 to 7 above; (d) To give consideration to and decide upon re- (b) To collect any information on the compliance by quests for the exemptions set out in paragraphs 5 (c) the Government of Liberia with the demands in para- and 7 (b) above; graph 2 above, including any violations by the Govern- (e) To designate the individuals subject to the meas- ment of Liberia of the measures imposed by paragraph ures imposed by paragraph 7 above, and to update this 2 of resolution 1171(1998) and paragraph 1 of resolu- list regularly; tion 1306(2000); (f) To make information it considers relevant, in- (c) To further investigate possible links between the cluding the list referred to in subparagraph (e) above, exploitation of natural resources and other forms of publicly available through appropriate media, includ- economic activity in Liberia, and the fuelling of con- ing through the improved use of information technol- flict in Sierra Leone and neighbouring countries, in ogy; particular those areas highlighted by the report of the (g) To make recommendations to the Council on Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution ways of increasing the effectiveness of the measures im- 1306(2000);

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(d) To collect any information linked to the illegal Liberia, on 22 March [S/2001/264], called on the activities of the individuals referred to in paragraph 21 United Nations to put in place a credible mecha- below and to any other alleged violations of this resolu- nism to verify Liberia’s compliance with resolu- tion; tion 1343(2001), including establishing a UNAM- (e) To report to the Council through the Committee established by paragraph 14 above no later than six SIL presence in Liberia. It also requested the months from the date of adoption of this resolution United Nations to provide technical assistance to with observations and recommendations in the areas set up a diamond certification regime and to en- set out in subparagraphs (a) to (d) above; gage ECOWAS in a partnership in conflict man- (f) To keep the Committee established by para- agement in West Africa, and in particular Sierra graph 14 above updated on their activities as appro- Leone. Consistent with the Council’s demands in priate; resolution 1343(2001), Liberia had taken the fol- and further requests the Secretary-General to provide lowing measures: all RUF fighters had been ex- the necessary resources; pelled from Liberian territory; the border with 20. Requests the Panel of Experts referred to in para- Sierra Leone had been closed; the entry of uncer- graph 19 above, as far as possible, to bring any relevant tified rough diamonds from countries with certi- information collected in the course of its investigations conducted in accordance with its mandate to the atten- fication regimes had been banned; systems were tion of the States concerned for prompt and thorough being put in place to freeze RUF financial assets; investigation and, where appropriate, corrective ac- and Liberian-registered aircraft had been or- tion, and to allow them the right of reply; dered grounded. 21. Calls upon all States to take appropriate measures Liberia expressed concern about the threat to to ensure that individuals and companies in their juris- its security being posed by former combatants of diction, in particular those referred to in the report of the United Liberation Movement for Democracy the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution in Liberia (ULIMO), dissidents who were waging 1306(2000), act in conformity with United Nations em- bargoes, in particular those established by resolutions war against Liberia from Guinea and whose pres- 1171(1998),1306(2000) and the present resolution, and, ence in Guinea was a destabilizing force in the as appropriate, take the necessary judicial and adminis- Mano River Union countries. Liberia claimed trative action to end any illegal activities by those indi- that its territorial integrity was again under at- viduals and companies; tack from Guinea. 22. Calls upon all States and all relevant interna- Report of Secretary-General (April). On 30 tional and regional organizations to act strictly in ac- April, the Secretary-General issued his first re- cordance with the provisions of the present resolution notwithstanding the existence of any rights or obliga- port pursuant to Security Council resolution tions entered into or any licence or permit granted 1343(2001) regarding Liberia [S/2001/424],in prior to the date of adoption of this resolution; which he listed steps taken by Liberia to comply 23. Decides to conduct reviews of the measures im- with that text, as reported by UNOL, UNAMSIL, posed by paragraphs 5 to 7 above not more than sixty ECOWAS and other sources. Among measures re- days after the adoption of this resolution, and every six ported by UNAMSIL were that Liberia issued a months thereafter; statement renouncing all support for RUF and 24. Urges all States, relevant United Nations bodies calling on RUF to lay down its arms and an- and, as appropriate, other organizations and interested nounced the expulsion of the former RUF field parties to cooperate fully with the Committee estab- commander, Sam Bockarie, and all persons asso- lished by paragraph 14 above and the Panel of Experts referred to in paragraph 19above, including by supply- ciated with RUF from Liberia and the closure of ing information on possible violations of the measures the RUF office in Monrovia. However, the where- imposed by paragraphs 5 to 7 above; abouts of Mr. Bockarie was not known and there 25. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. were reports he was in RUF-held territory in Si- erra Leone. UNAMSIL was informed that the Gov- The Council, on 12 March [S/2001/215], elected ernment of Liberia continued to maintain rela- Kishore Mahbubani (Singapore) as Chairman tions with RUF.UNAMSIL reported that it had and Ireland and Mauritius as Vice-Chairmen of been able to deploy to some RUF-held areas as the Council Committee established pursuant to called for in resolution 1343(2001). resolution 1343(2001) (Sanctions Committee for ECOWAS reported that it had sent a mission of Liberia). On 23 March [S/2001/268], the Secretary- its Mediation and Security Council (19-24 April) General informed the Council that, in accord- to verify Liberia’s compliance with resolution ance with resolution 1343(2001), he had estab- 1343(2001). The mission expressed doubts about lished a five-member Panel of Experts to investi- the departure of all RUF members. It considered gate violations of measures imposed by that the United Nations should accept Liberia’s paragraphs 5 to 7 of that resolution, among other request to deploy UNAMSIL monitors and observ- things. The Panel would be chaired by Martin ers on Liberia’s side of the border with Sierra Chungong Ayafor (Cameroon). Leone and at all points of entry into Liberia. As

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 185 to the banning of rough uncertified diamonds with Liberia. On 9 July [S/2001/704], the Gambia into Liberia and the 120-day ban on the export of protested the inclusion of a Gambian national on Liberian diamonds, the mission stated that Libe- the travel ban list. Bulgaria notified the Council ria’s efforts to institute its own certification-of- President on 14 August [S/2001/795] that it had origin regime were commendable and warranted tightened the arms embargo against Liberia. UN assistance. The Secretary-General said that Reports of Secretary-General (October). In the Secretariat had received information indicat- October, the Secretary-General issued three re- ing that Mr. Bockarie was still living in Liberia ports in response to resolution 1343(2001). and that the Liberian Government had not sev- On 5 October [S/2001/939], he provided a pre- ered relations with RUF in Sierra Leone. He liminary assessment of the potential economic, noted the ECOWAS mission’s comment that the humanitarian and social impact on the Liberian United Nations could not demand that Liberia population of possible covert action with regard expel RUF and at the same time request it to influ- to the timber extraction industry, rubber produc- ence RUF to cooperate with UNAMSIL. In conclu- tion and the Liberian ship register. The report sion, the Secretary-General urged the inter- described the current economic and social condi- national community to remain engaged with tions in the country,which was classified as a least Liberia and the Security Council to continue to developed country due to its low average per cap- work with ECOWAS. ita GDP ($177 in 2000, less than half the value in Communications. Between April and Novem- the 1980s), lack of economic diversification and ber, Liberia raised with the Secretary-General poor prospects for sustained economic develop- and the Security Council President a number of ment. Since sanctions were imposed by resolu- concerns or objections about the terms of resolu- tion 1343(2001), the Liberian dollar had weak- tion 1343(2001) [S/2001/429, S/2001/474, S/2001/516, ened markedly and public confidence in the S/2001/519, S/2001/562, S/2001/593, S/2001/595, S/2001/ Liberian economy had declined. The timber in- 675, S/2001/727, S/2001/851, S/2001/924, S/2001/1035].It dustry generated about 9 per cent of the total na- protested that the arms embargo was unfair at a tional budget. If that revenue was lost, all sectors time when Liberia was coming under attack and of the budget would come under further pres- needed to defend itself; that Guinea was aiding sure, income taxes might be increased, salary ULIMO rebels in their war against Liberia; that payment arrears would grow, the prices of im- the attackers had occupied portions of Liberia’s ported goods would rise and new taxes on petty northern territory; that certain RUF members traders and foreigners would probably be intro- named by the Sanctions Committee for Liberia duced. International sanctions on Liberian rub- were not in Liberia despite claims to the contrary; ber would directly affect more Liberians than that Guinea, Sierra Leone and the United King- sanctions on timber, and the effects of reduced dom were supplying arms to the ULIMO rebels; revenues to the Government would be similar to that there was no justification for the Sanctions those of the timber industry. Although the Libe- Committee to have banned many persons from rian ship register generated 20 per cent of the na- international travel; and that Liberia’s humanita- tional budget, its staff numbered only 100 people rian situation was suffering as a result of the sanc- and little direct impact on the Liberian popula- tions. tion was anticipated from possible restrictions on On 9 May [S/2001/467], Sierra Leone said that it the register. In general, any restrictions would was taking measures to comply with resolution probably have negative effects on the financial en- 1343(2001), by preventing the import through vironment, with worsening exchange rates, in- Sierra Leone of all rough diamonds from Libe- creasing prices for essential commodities, de- ria, and banning the travel into or transit through creased savings and more capital flight. Sierra Leone of Liberian individuals and their In an 11 October report [S/2001/965], the spouses who supported armed rebel groups. The Secretary-General described steps taken by Libe- United Kingdom, on 18 June [S/2001/625], stated ria to improve its capacity in air traffic control that it had not supplied any arms to dissident and surveillance and to obtain assistance in that movements in the Mano River Union region. The regard from the International Civil Aviation Or- British Government was supplying equipment ganization (ICAO). Liberia, as a member of the and training to the Sierra Leone Army. Roberts Flight Information Region, adhered to The Sanctions Committee established pursu- the African–Indian Ocean air navigation plan ant to resolution 1343(2001), by a 13 September and other navigational and air traffic operation letter to the Council President [S/2001/867],re- requirements and protocols. The Government jected Liberia’s request [S/2001/593] that the travel had decided, however, as a result of cross-border ban list be suspended. It affirmed its willingness incursions by dissident forces and increased na- to continue its policy of constructive engagement tional security concerns, to assume temporarily

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 186 Political and security questions independent management of Liberian airspace, isted, however, in Lofa County in Liberia, and pending an improvement in relations among the there remained a possibility of Sierra Leone Mano River Union countries. That plan required gravitating back into conflict if RUF did not re- the installation of equipment at the Roberts In- lease its hold on some of the best diamond areas. ternational Airport Air Traffic Control Centre in There had been a proliferation of the use of Monrovia, reactivation of telecommunication non-State actors in the conflicts in the Mano equipment and a team of exclusively Liberian air River Union area, and their actions could desta- control technicians under the supervision of the bilize the region again. Those groups obtained Liberian Civil Aviation Authority. The Authority weapons from State supporters, from their trade remained in contact with ICAO to seek assistance in diamonds, gold, cocoa and coffee or from their in reforming its air traffic management within military action. The junction of the borders of the Roberts Flight Information Region and held Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone had been the informal talks with ICAO in Dakar on 26 and 27 fault zone where those groups had thrived. RUF’s March to discuss the implications of Liberia’s relationship with Liberia, as described in the decision. 2000 Panel of Experts report on Sierra Leone On 31 October [S/2001/1025], the Secretary- [YUN 2000, p. 204], continued, although a split was General issued his second report on steps Liberia reported among RUF units that were willing to had taken to cease support for RUF and other disarm in Sierra Leone and others that continued rebel groups, based on information from UNOL, to fight in the war that had shifted to the Guinean UNAMSIL, ECOWAS and other sources. According and Liberian borders. Throughout 2001, RUF to Liberia, it remained disengaged from RUF,its units were fighting with Liberian units in Lofa border with Sierra Leone remained closed, the County. ban on import of Sierra Leone rough diamonds The Panel proposed, among other things, that remained in force and RUF funds remained the Security Council: lift the grounding order frozen. UNAMSIL reported that it had free access against all Liberian-registered aircraft; extend throughout the country and that RUF continued the arms embargo on Liberia; impose an arms to release abducted persons, including child embargo on the armed non-State actors in the combatants. RUF cooperation with the disarma- three Mano River Union countries; and impose a ment programme since 18 May had been encour- ban on all round log exports from Liberia from aging and was expected to be completed on 31 July 2002. The Liberian Government was urged October. However, RUF had returned only 87 to: consolidate revenues in a central account be- weapons, 10 vandalized vehicles and 20 stripped fore allocating money to authorized agencies for armoured personnel carriers of the equipment approved expenditures; with IMF agreement, taken from UNAMSIL. The Secretary-General commission an independent report on revenue noted the remark by ECOWAS that even though from timber concessions from January 2001 to some of the socio-economic problems being ex- July 2002; put in place a credible and transparent perienced by the Liberian people predated the certification scheme for rough diamonds, which sanctions, they had been aggravated by their im- would be independently audited; and agree with position. He reported that Liberia had actively IMF on auditing revenues generated from the participated in recent ministerial meetings of the shipping and corporate registry, and on using Mano River Union, and he reiterated his appeal those funds for development purposes. The to the Council to remain engaged with Liberia Panel further suggested that information about whatever decision it might take with regard to the travel ban on certain individuals should be sanctions. made available on the Internet; the UN Secre- tariat should monitor compliance with resolu- Panel of Experts tion 1343(2001) and develop databases on viola- On 26 October [S/2001/1015], the Chairman of tions; and the Panel should conduct assessment the Sanctions Committee for Liberia submitted missions to Liberia and neighbouring States in to the Council the report of the Panel of Experts April and September 2002. appointed by the Secretary-General, in response With regard to other countries of the region, to resolution 1343(2001), to investigate violations the Panel, noting that there were fraudulent air- of the measures imposed by paragraphs 5 to 7 of craft registrations in the Central African Repub- that resolution. In the six months since its forma- lic and Equatorial Guinea, as well as in Liberia, tion, the Panel noted significant signs of im- recommended that those countries and ICAO take provement in the Mano River Union region. Re- action to cancel or ground such aircraft. gional diplomatic efforts were currently under In the context of the travel ban, the Panel way to further improve bilateral relations among noted that most violations were through Abidjan; the three members of the Union. Conflict still ex- it urged the Council to encourage the Côte

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 187 d’Ivoire authorities to adopt a less passive atti- UNOMIL financing tude to implementing the ban. By decision 55/499 of 7 September, the Gen- Singapore, in a 2 November letter [S/2001/1043], eral Assembly included in the draft agenda of its requested additional information about a fifty-sixth (2001) session the item on financing of Singapore-registered company mentioned in the the United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia Panel’s report in connection with alleged weap- (UNOMIL), whose mandate ended in 1997 [YUN ons deliveries. 19 97, p . 123 ] . On 24 December, the Assembly de- cided that the item would remain for considera- Sanctions Committee tion during its resumed fifty-sixth (2002) session (decision 56/464) and that the Fifth Committee The Security Council Committee established should continue to consider the item at that ses- pursuant to resolution 1343(2001) concerning Li- sion (decision 56/458). beria, reporting on its activities from 7 March to 31 December [S/2002/83], stated that it had re- ceived 13 notifications of travel and considered Guinea-Bissau 35 requests for travel ban waivers, of which 28 were granted. It also received 13 requests for de- The political situation in Guinea-Bissau re- letion from the list of persons banned; it retained mained volatile throughout 2001. Early in the 7 names, deleted 5 and deferred 1 to its next year, the authorities foiled an assassination plot quarterly review. The Committee received infor- against President Kumba Yala, elected in January mation from 42 countries on action taken to im- 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 183], to topple his Government, plement the ban. which was formed in accordance with the 1998 The Committee received information from Abuja Peace Accord [YUN 1998, p. 153], ending the only one State regarding a possible violation of internal conflict in the country. In addition, the sanctions regime. However, its Chairman armed confrontations took place between gov- would seek information from States cited in the ernment forces and rival factions of the separatist Panel of Experts report as having committed al- Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance leged violations. (MFDC) in the north-west of the country. Prior to the imposition of the sanctions regime The United Nations Peace-building Support on 7 May, the Committee Chairman conducted a Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNOGBIS) continued to fact-finding mission to the region (13-20 April) to report on developments in the country as well as ascertain its possible impact. the situation along the border with Senegal. The Secretary-General described its activities and de- velopments in the country in four reports issued Extension of UNOL during the year. The Secretary-General informed the Security Council on 12 October [S/2001/981] that the man- date of the United Nations Peace-building Sup- Developments and UNOGBIS activities port Office in Liberia would end on 31 Decem- The democratic transition in Guinea-Bissau ber. Despite the difficult political and security failed to yield tangible results in early 2001, ac- circumstances prevailing in the country and the cording to the inter-agency mission sent to West subregion and the limited resources available to Africa in March by the Secretary-General [S/2001/ it, the Office continued to make worthwhile con- 434] (see p. 160). With little technical expertise tributions in the areas of national reconciliation, within government institutions, deep levels of respect for human rights and the rule of law poverty, an undeveloped private sector with few through good offices and training programmes. prospects for investment, few avenues for employ- It provided a useful political link between Liberia ment and an oversized army dependent on the and the international community, particularly State for resources, the situation remained frag- since the imposition of sanctions, and gave sup- ile. The mission said that collapse of the State was port to the Sierra Leone peace process. In that possible, with security and humanitarian impli- light and following consultations with the Gov- cations for neighbouring countries, specifically ernment of Liberia, the Secretary-General rec- Guinea, the Gambia and the Casamance area of ommended that UNOL’s mandate be extended for Senegal. another year, to 31 December 2002. He intended Report of Secretary-General (March). In re- to conduct a review of the Office during 2002 and sponse to resolution 1233(1999) [YUN 1999, p. 140], make proposals to the Council. the Secretary-General, in a 16 March report On 18 October [S/2001/982], the Council took [S/2001/237], provided to the Security Council an note of his recommendation. update of developments in Guinea-Bissau and

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 188 Political and security questions

UNOGBIS activities since his previous report in January to 9 February to assess the implementa- September 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 186]. tion of the economic rehabilitation and recovery Following the attempted coup d’état in Novem- credit. ber 2000 [ibid.], which ended in the death of the The Security Council considered the report head of the former military junta, General An- during informal consultations on 29 March and soumane Mane, the direct challenge to the con- received a briefing by the Secretariat on eco- stitutional order by the military appeared to nomic, social and security matters and the con- decrease in early 2001. However, the overall situa- solidation of democratic institutions and pro- tion in the country grew more unstable. Frictions cesses in Guinea-Bissau. In a statement to the within the coalition Government intensified, re- press that day, the President, on behalf of the sulting in a mass resignation from the Govern- members, welcomed the authorities’ efforts to ment, on 23 January, of all members of the form a broad-based Government and called on Guinea-Bissau Resistance, the coalition partner all parties to cooperate to that end. While noting of the Party of Social Renewal (PRS) of President the tense situation along Guinea-Bissau’s border Yala. The President’s subsequent appointment of with Senegal, the President welcomed the sign- a minority PRS Cabinet created further political ing of the peace agreement between the Govern- uncertainty, since that party lacked the parlia- ment of Senegal and MFDC and expressed the mentary majority to rule alone. hope that the situation would be addressed Against a background of ethnic and religious through peaceful means within Senegal, and discontent, the President attempted to form a would no longer be a destabilizing factor in new coalition Government following demands to Guinea-Bissau. replace Prime Minister N’Chama. On 18 Febru- Report of Secretary-General (June). On 22 ary, the authorities said they had foiled another June, the Secretary-General submitted another plot to assassinate President Yala. Despite the cli- report on developments in Guinea-Bissau and mate of tension, Guinea-Bissau continued efforts on UNOGBIS activities [S/2001/622 & Corr.1]. The to consolidate its fragile democratization process. political situation was dominated in the period The National Assembly, which resumed its an- since his March report by strong and prolonged nual session on 28 February, focused on the revi- friction between the executive and legislative sion of the Constitution. Tofacilitate that debate, branches of government over the choice of Prime UNOGBIS organized a seminar that included dis- Minister. Faustino Imbali, whom President Yala cussion of such issues as norms and principles of appointed on 20 March, was opposed by parlia- constitutions in multiparty systems. The Na- mentarians, mainly from opposition parties but tional Assembly was preparing the necessary leg- also including members of the President’s party, islation for holding municipal elections in June. PRS. The National Assembly repeatedly refused The United Nations provided the services of an to confirm Mr. Imbali and his Government, and electoral expert. the country practically operated without a gov- The situation along Guinea-Bissau’s border ernment throughout April and May. Another with Senegal became more tense as fighting foiled coup attempt took place in mid-April. Dur- between rival factions of the separatist MFDC ing that unstable period, civil society, led by the increased in the north-west of Guinea-Bissau, Bishop of Bissau, called on political actors to en- and those fighters pursued their rebellion in gage in dialogue in order to stabilize the country. Casamance province, Senegal. MFDC’s cross- The Secretary-General’s Representative, Samuel border infiltration into Guinea-Bissau led to C. Nana-Sinkam (Cameroon), continued to pro- armed clashes with that country’s forces, and vide his good offices to facilitate compromise. On there were charges that MFDC was involved in a 17May,the National Assembly approved the work failed plot to assassinate Mr. Yala. The situation programme of Mr. Imbali’s Government. UNOG- was further complicated by the presence in the BIS, in a follow-up to a previous meeting, organ- border area of some 3,460 registered Casamance ized a seminar on the consolidation of multiparty refugees. With much international assistance, democracy in collaboration with the country’s 17 the Government continued its mine-clearing pro- political parties and the parliament (Bissau, 28 gramme and commenced its demobilization, re- May–1 June). insertion and reintegration programme by com- The activities of the MFDC rebels remained the pleting a census of ex-combatants and paramilitary most serious security challenge to Guinea- forces and demobilizing 948 of them. Bissau. Since Guinea-Bissau forces launched a The economy of Guinea-Bissau was in dire military offensive against the separatist rebels in straits, and the Government was unable to meet March to force them from the north-west region, the most basic social needs of the population. A the border situation remained tense and skir- World Bank mission visited the country from 26 mishes between rival MFDC factions continued,

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 189 sometimes within Guinea-Bissau territory. The his controversial decisions, which also provoked presence of an estimated 3,000 refugees from strong resistance from major political actors, es- Casamance, some alleged to have links with the pecially the judiciary. Despite the difficult politi- rebels, complicated the situation further. UNHCR cal climate, the National Assembly continued sent a mission to Guinea-Bissau in April to assess efforts to assert its role as a check on the execu- the refugee situation. Tensions within the armed tive, including its oversight responsibilities in the forces contributed to delays in implementing the management of the national treasury. The report demobilization, reinsertion and reintegration of its commission to investigate the alleged em- programme. However, with World Bank assist- bezzlement of $17 million and to recommend ance, 571 former combatants were demobilized in procedures on fiscal control of the national treas- May. ury was completed, but not made public. The Na- The volatility of the political and military tional Assembly approved draft revisions to the situation was both a cause and a consequence of Constitution and the revised Constitution was the country’s economic deterioration; foreign awaiting the President’s approval. All political assistance accounted for some 80 per cent of the parties agreed that municipal elections should be national budget. The United Nations Develop- held in early 2002. Electoral preparations contin- ment Programme (UNDP), on 17 April, signed a ued, although planning was hampered by finan- three-year financial assistance agreement in the cial constraints. The Secretary-General’s Repre- amount of $3.7 million to support the Govern- sentative continued to promote dialogue and to ment’s governance programme, and other UN mobilize civil society groups and individuals, es- agencies provided aid. UNOGBIS continued to pecially the Bishop of Bissau, to lessen tensions promote respect for human rights and the rule of and stabilize the situation. law. During the period under review, it focused Along the border with Senegal, the situation on supporting the Government’s efforts to en- remained precarious, as the withdrawal of regu- sure due process for persons detained on suspi- lar Guinea-Bissau troops from the border region, cion of complicity in the failed 2000 coup at- with only border guards left in place to provide tempt. By 13 June, only 11 of the original 169 security, left the situation there tense and deli- persons detained remained in detention, the rest cate. The volatility of the border regions contin- having been released pending trial. ued to hamper progress in the reorganization of The Secretary-General expressed relief that the army and caused delays in the demobiliza- the governmental impasse had been overcome, tion, reinsertion and reintegration programme. and he called for continued financial support for The census for that programme was completed, the country’s newly restored democratic institu- with 23,803 candidates counted. The next stage tions in order to enable them to function effec- would be demobilization of 5,000 persons. The tively. mine-clearing process continued; 1,600 mines The Security Council considered the report on were removed, with an estimated 5,000 remain- 10 July, following which the President, in a state- ing. ment to the press, reaffirmed the Council’s sup- The country’s widespread economic and social port for efforts to promote national reconcilia- problems prevented the few democratic advances tion and strengthen democratic institutions and achieved over the previous months from taking the rule of law. The Council also expressed con- root. The Secretary-General explored with cern about the unstable situation in the country ECOWAS and others ways to assist the Government and called for assistance to Guinea-Bissau in its to stabilize the political situation, and he ap- economic rehabilitation and reconstruction pealed to the international community for ur- efforts. gent technical and financial assistance to the Report of Secretary-General (September). In weak judiciary. a 27 September report on developments in The Security Council members, having con- Guinea-Bissau and on UNOGBIS [S/2001/915], the sidered the report on 22 October, issued a state- Secretary-General stated that the overall situa- ment to the press in which they called on all gov- tion in the country remained volatile. The Gov- ernment institutions to engage in dialogue, to ernment faced an institutional crisis resulting respect the Constitution and to promote national from differences among various institutions, reconciliation. They also called for an integrated representing different branches of power, over and coordinated approach by the UN system, in- their constitutional responsibilities. The opposi- cluding the Bretton Woods institutions, and tion continued to demand the resignation of both called on bilateral donors to help Guinea-Bissau the Government and Prime Minister Imbali. By create income-generating capacity. mid-September, a rift had formed between Presi- Report of Secretary-General (December). On dent Yala and his own party, due to a number of 14 December [S/2001/1211], the Secretary-General

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 190 Political and security questions submitted his fourth and last report of the year Government established a Centre for Anti-Mine on developments in Guinea-Bissau and UNOG- Action, which estimated that 2,500 mines had BIS. The political situation continued to be diffi- been removed and about 20,000 remained in the cult and volatile. The Government reported that country. it had foiled a coup attempt on 3 December, and The political instability continued to affect the opposition called repeatedly for the Presi- economic performance, including the flow of dent’s resignation and for the dismissal of Prime aid. Widespread poverty added to social instabil- Minister Imbali. The Foreign Minister was re- ity and generated scepticism about the dividends moved from office on 21 November, and the of democracy. As the principal employer in the Prime Minister was dismissed on 7 December. country, the Government’s inability to pay civil The new 24-member Cabinet of Prime Minister service salaries on time, including months of ac- Alhamara N’Tchia Nhasse took office on 11 De- cumulated arrears, generated enormous social cember. The political process continued to be and economic hardship and tensions. The drop marked by multiple crises among various institu- in price of the principal cash crop, cashew nuts, tions. According to the opposition, the arrest and and reported corruption at different levels of detention of the President of the Supreme Court State administration were also factors. Against on allegations of misappropriation of funds were that backdrop, President Yala threatened to dis- politically motivated and should be rescinded. miss 60 per cent of civil servants for corruption The executive insisted that National Assembly and fraud, and the Government decided to set up rules and procedures did not allow parliament to an anti-corruption unit in the Ministry of Justice. declare executive acts as unconstitutional. The UNOGBIS organized a seminar on ways to im- different perceptions of the constitutionality or prove the functioning of anti-corruption mecha- otherwise of executive decisions had engendered nisms. The Bretton Woods institutions remained harsh rhetoric in parliament, including initia- engaged with Guinea-Bissau in such areas as de- tives from the opposition for the removal of the mobilization, reintegration, education, health President from office. The executive sought to and public finances. The human rights area strip some opposition legislators of their parlia- showed signs of improvement. By late November, mentary immunity in order to bring them to trial all detainees linked to the attempted military up- on charges of corruption and misappropriation rising in 2000 had reportedly been released. of funds, which opposition parties said were However, following a coup attempt on 3 Decem- false. Meanwhile, UNOGBIS continued to pro- ber, a number of people, including military offi- mote dialogue and national reconciliation, in- cers, were said to have been detained. Relations cluding through a television forum and seminars between the Government and the media, which to enhance the capacity of civil society to play a had been strained, improved as discussions on a more active role in building a stable political en- draft press code began. UNOGBIS prepared a ref- vironment. The Secretary-General discussed the erence document on principles and practices of situation in Guinea-Bissau with heads of State in journalism in a democratic society, and, with the region and with ECOWAS. The Community of assistance from Germany, made available mod- Portuguese-speaking Countries and ECOWAS ex- ern broadcasting equipment to State television plored the possibility of embarking on a joint ini- and to government and private radio services. tiative to contribute to the quest for peace in UNOGBIS also continued to organize training Guinea-Bissau. programmes for military and police staff, with a Although security along the border with Sene- view to sensitizing them with regard to respect gal improved during the reporting period, occa- for human rights; it also organized courses for sional forays into Guinea-Bissau’s territory by magistrates and Ministry of Justice staff mem- MFDC continued. Although no major factional bers. In an effort to enhance coordination among fighting by rival MFDC groups was reported in UN bodies, UNOGBIS and the UN country team Guinea-Bissau territory, armed attacks against ci- developed a “strategic vision” to assist Guinea- vilian vehicles continued, resulting in theft and Bissau’s peace-building process in the short to civilian casualties. Internally, the military medium term. The immediate goal was to help authorities continued to pledge loyalty to the con- prevent the country from relapsing into armed stitutional order, although there were growing conflict by addressing the root causes of its crises. indications of concern about the apparent inabil- By the end of the year, the situation in ity of the Government to move the democratic Guinea-Bissau remained a source of deep con- process forward. Military personnel to be cern due to lack of stability and little progress in demobilized in early 2002 were identified, fol- democratization. Appealing to political actors to lowing the completion of the census of the armed resolve their differences through dialogue and forces. Demining activities continued, and the within the framework of the Constitution, the

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Secretary-General said that consolidation of militarily. In addition, Eritrea failed to provide peace would help to create conditions in which the Mission with information on its militia and economic growth and better living conditions police or to allow UNMEE complete freedom of could take place. He urged the international movement in areas adjacent to the Zone. Other community to remain engaged with and support- outstanding issues included the release of pris- ive of Guinea-Bissau, and specifically to contrib- oners of war, establishment of a direct air corri- ute to the round-table conference of donors, dor between Addis Ababa and Asmara, and the scheduled for early 2002. conclusion of a status-of-forces agreement be- tween Eritrea and the United Nations. UNMEE’s Extension of UNOGBIS mandate mandate was extended twice by the Security Council in 2001, the second time until March The Secretary-General, on 5 October [S/2001/ 2002. 960], proposed that the UNOGBIS mandate, which was due to expire on 31 December 2001, be ex- The Boundary Commission began its work on tended until 31 December 2002. The Security delimitation and demarcation of the border, a complex and costly enterprise that required ex- Council, on 10 October [S/2001/961], took note of the proposal. tensive demining. On 5 December [S/2001/1180], the Secretary- Implementation of Algiers agreement General informed the Council of his intention to appoint David Stephen (United Kingdom) as his The Secretary-General, in response to Secu- Special Representative for Guinea-Bissau and rity Council resolution 1320(2000) [YUN 2000, Chief of UNOGBIS as from 1 February 2002. Mr. p. 176], submitted five reports on Ethiopia and Eri- Stephen would succeed Samuel C. Nana-Sinkam trea in 2001. He provided updated information (Cameroon). The Council, on 12 December on political and humanitarian developments and [S/2001/1181], took note of that intention. on the status of UNMEE. Report of Secretary-General (January). In his report of 12 January [S/2001/45], the Secretary- General welcomed the Peace Agreement between Horn of Africa Eritrea and Ethiopia, which was signed in Algiers on 12 December 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 180], and de- scribed it as a major achievement for Africa. He stated that the strength of UNMEE’s military com- Eritrea-Ethiopia ponent stood at 3,432 personnel as at 11 January, During the year, Eritrea and Ethiopia gener- including 153 observers. UNMEE expected to be ally continued to abide by the terms of the Algiers fully deployed and operational by the end of Feb- Peace Agreement that they had signed in Decem- ruary, with a total strength of 4,200 troops. Civil- ber 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 180] and made efforts to im- ian staff members totalled 194. plement it, even though progress in the peace The presence of landmines and unexploded process was slow and marked by disagreement, in ordnance in the future Temporary Security Zone particular on demarcation of the boundary be- and adjacent areas was a threat not only to UN- tween the two countries. The border dispute was MEE personnel but also to the populations con- the original cause of the conflict, which had first cerned. UNMEE was establishing a mine-action erupted in 1998 [YUN 1998, p. 144]. priority-setting coordination group at its Asmara The United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and office. Eritrea (UNMEE), which was established in July The Secretary-General said that the Algiers 2000, continued to monitor the ceasefire Peace Agreement underlined the commitment throughout 2001. The formal declaration of the of both countries to the consolidation of the Temporary Security Zone in April, as called for peace process. He was encouraged by the fact that in the 2000 Agreement on Cessation of Hostili- the parties had already taken steps towards im- ties [YUN 2000, p. 173], gave momentum to the peace plementation. Noting that the Algiers Agree- process and made possible the return of civilians ment required the parties to respect and imple- to their places of origin in that area. While the ment fully the Agreement on Cessation of parties had reservations regarding the Zone’s Hostilities of 18 June 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 173], the boundaries, they respected it on the ground. Secretary-General, while acknowledging UNMEE’s UNMEE continued to patrol and observe through- rapid deployment, expressed concern about the out the Zone, contributing to stability there. delay in establishing the Temporary Security However, in the last few months of the year, ten- Zone. He recalled that disagreements between sion rose considerably in the Mission area, with the parties in that regard had arisen during each party accusing the other of building up the second meeting of the Military Coordina-

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tion Commission (MCC) in December 2000 [ibid., limitation and demarcation of the common border p. 181]. A few matters pertaining to UNMEE’s de- and for addressing claims and compensation, and ployment also remained to be resolved, including that the parties are cooperating with the Secretary- General in these matters in accordance with agreed the status-of-forces agreements between the schedules. It draws the urgent attention of Member United Nations and Ethiopia and Eritrea. The States to the fact that funds provided to date for bor- Secretary-General hoped that the parties would der delimitation and demarcation, through the work towards establishing the Boundary Com- United Nations Trust Fund established under reso- mission, which, under the Algiers Agreement, lution 1177(1998) of 26 June 1998, remain clearly had been entrusted with the delimitation and de- inadequate to meet the expenses of the Boundary marcation of the border, and would provide the Commission for the work entrusted to it under the Algiers Agreement. While expressing appreciation required financing as soon as possible. He also to those Member States that have already contributed called for contributions to the trust fund estab- financially, the Council calls upon Member States to lished under Security Council resolution 1177 consider providing further support to the peace pro- (1998) [YUN 1998,p. 147] for establishing the border. cess, including through contributions to the volunta- Subject to the availability of the resources, the ry Trust Fund in order to assist the parties in rapid United Nations was prepared to assist the delimitation and demarcation of the common bor- Boundary Commission. der in accordance with resolution 1312(2000) of 31 July 2000 and in accordance with the Algiers Agree- ment. SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (February) The Council notes with appreciation the expedi- On 9 February [meeting 4275], following consul- tious deployment of the United Nations Mission in tations among Security Council members, the Ethiopia and Eritrea allowing the parties to redeploy President made statement S/PRST/2001/4 on and rearrange their forces as scheduled. It expresses behalf of the Council: appreciation to the troop-contributing countries and to those Member States that have provided the Mis- The Security Council, recalling all previous reso- sion with additional assets. lutions and statements of its President regarding the situation in Eritrea and Ethiopia, notes with appre- The Council urges the parties to cooperate fully ciation the Secretary-General’s progress report of 12 and expeditiously with the Mission in the implemen- January 2001 and subsequent update pertaining to tation of its mandate, including through the com- the matter. plete redeployment of troops consistent with the Al- The Council reaffirms the commitment of all giers Agreement, the establishment of a direct air Member States to the sovereignty,independence and corridor between Addis Ababa and Asmara to ensure territorial integrity of Eritrea and Ethiopia, and fur- freedom of movement for Mission flights, and the ther reaffirms its continued commitment to a peace- conclusion of the necessary status-of-forces agree- ful definitive settlement of the conflict. ments, including identifying suitable accommoda- The Council, reiterating its strong support for the tion sites for the Mission. Agreement of Cessation of Hostilities signed by the The Council further urges the parties to facilitate parties in Algiers on 18 June 2000, strongly wel- mine action in coordination with the United Nations comes and supports the subsequent Peace Agree- Mine Action Service, including through exchanging ment between the Government of the State of Eritrea and providing existing maps and any other relevant and the Government of the Federal Democratic Re- information to the United Nations. It notes with con- public of Ethiopia signed in Algiers on 12 December cern that mines and unexploded ordnance remain 2000 (“Algiers Agreement”). It commends the the pre-eminent threat to the safety and security of efforts of the Organization of African Unity, the Mission troops and the population in and around the President of Algeria and his Special Envoy, as well as future Temporary Security Zone. It calls upon the the United States of America and the European Un- international community to support generously ion for their role in achieving the Algiers Agree- non-governmental organizations with resources, ment. skills and expertise in demining so that, in coordina- The Council encourages both parties to continue tion with the Mission and the United Nations coun- working towards the full and prompt implementa- try teams, they can assist both Governments in this tion of the Algiers Agreement. In this connection, it undertaking. further welcomes the agreement reached by the par- The Council encourages both parties to continue ties on 6 February 2001 to move forward with the es- to exercise restraint and to implement confidence- tablishment of the Temporary Security Zone on 12 building measures, to continue the release and vol- February 2001. untary and orderly return under the auspices of the The Council expresses its strong support for the International Committee of the Red Cross of civil- Secretary-General’s role in continuing to help imple- ians that remain interned, to release remaining pris- ment the Algiers Agreement, including through his oners of war and facilitate their return under the own good offices, for the efforts of his Special Repre- auspices of the International Committee of the Red sentative and for the contributions of relevant Cross, and to fulfil their commitments under the Al- United Nations entities. giers Agreement to afford humane treatment to each The Council notes with satisfaction that the Al- other’s nationals and persons of each other’s na- giers Agreement includes mechanisms for the de- tional origin.

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The Council calls on the parties to ensure the con- a halt in the repositioning of its forces, due to tinued safe and unhindered access of humanitarian objections to adjustments to the original map. It assistance to those in need, to guarantee the safety still maintained a substantial military presence in and security of all Mission, International Commit- all three sectors of the Zone. Consequently, as at tee of the Red Cross and other humanitarian person- nel and to respect strictly the relevant provisions of 6 March, UNMEE was not in a position to declare international humanitarian law. the formal establishment of the Zone, thus creat- The Council recognizes that the effects of the war ing a potentially dangerous vacuum of authority have exacted a heavy toll on the civilian populations in the Zone areas. UNMEE was also concerned of Eritrea and Ethiopia, including through the inter- about restrictions on its freedom of movement by nal displacement and outflow of refugees. It urges thetwoparties;severalrequestsforlowflightsover the respective Governments to continue to redirect the Zone were denied, and some patrols in the their efforts towards the reconstruction and develop- Zone and adjacent areas were restricted. During ment of both economies, to work towards reconcilia- the reporting period, the military situation be- tion with a view to normalizing their relations, and to tween the two armed forces generally remained engage in constructive cooperation with the other neighbouring States in the Horn of Africa, with a calm, despite some small-arms firings and de- view to achieving stability in the subregion. It fur- struction of property by one or the other party. ther urges contributions from the international com- Some progress was made on the boundary de- munity, including the United Nations agencies and marcation issue, with both countries submitting the international financial institutions, in support of to the Boundary Commission’s Secretary, who the reconstruction efforts of both countries. was the Chief of the Cartographic Section of the The Council remains seized of the matter. UN Secretariat, their claims and supporting evi- dence. However, Ethiopia challenged one of the Report of Secretary-General (March). In a 7 Eritrea-appointed Commissioners. In addition March report [S/2001/202], the Secretary-General to the arbitral proceedings to be held by the Com- updated the Council on political and humanita- mission, the delimitation and demarcation of the rian developments in Eritrea and Ethiopia and border would require on-site technical work for recommended an extension of UNMEE’s man- which UNMEE would provide support. With re- date. He stated that major strides towards estab- gard to detained persons, Ethiopia had released a lishing the Temporary Security Zone envisaged total of 614 prisoners of war and 989 civilian in- in the Agreement on Cessation of Hostilities ternees, and Eritrea had released 628 of the were made by the parties at the third MCC meet- former and 4,357 of the latter since December ing (Nairobi, Kenya, 6 February). The Zone, 2000. which was temporary and in no way prejudged As at 1 March, the strength of UNMEE stood at the final status of any contested areas, was a first 4,143 military personnel and 273 civilian staff. step to instil confidence, disengage troops and al- Negotiations between Ethiopia and the Secre- low both Governments to arrange for the return tariat over a few outstanding issues, particularly of refugees and internally displaced persons. It exemption from taxation and freedom of move- would also enable humanitarian organizations to ment to and from the Temporary Security Zone, begin their activities in the area. The parties ac- were still ongoing. The Mission’s public infor- cepted in general terms UNMEE’s proposal for the mation programme initiated radio broadcasts on southern boundary of the Zone, although both recent developments and the peace process. expressed reservations about its location. The UNMEE continued to receive frequent reports of Force Commander translated the agreed map landmine explosions on both sides of the border. into a larger-scale operational map for use by the However, neither side had provided complete in- United Nations and the parties on the ground. formationonminefields.TheMineActionCoor- Ethiopia began redeploying its forces on 12 Feb- dination Centre began training 150 local person- ruary and Eritrea began to rearrange its forces nel. The difficult humanitarian situation caused northward on 17 February, while registering by the impact of three years of drought was com- strong objections to the operational map. UNMEE pounded by the effects of the war. Eritrea and the established control of all sensitive locations in- UN country team launched a humanitarian ap- side the Zone and monitored the redeployment peal for $217 million to stabilize the situation of and repositioning of the armed forces of both the most vulnerable, in particular internally dis- parties. At the fourth MCC meeting on 28 Febru- placed persons and recently returned refugees ary, held for the first time inside the Zone, the (see p. 831).It was estimated that 6,240,000people parties agreed to cooperate with the UNMEE veri- were affected by the drought and needed assist- fication process and to allow UNMEE complete ance and 400,000 had been displaced as a conse- freedom of movement for that purpose. quence of the war. Despite Eritrea’s stated intention to abide by The Secretary-General proposed that the costs earlier understandings, on 1 March it announced related to the work of the Secretary of the Bound-

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ary Commission, who was a UN staff member, as Reaffirming the commitment of all Member States to well as any support required from UNMEE,be the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity included in the Mission’s budget. To reduce the of Ethiopia and Eritrea, risks associated with mines for displaced persons Further reaffirming the need for both parties to fulfil all of their obligations under international humanita- returning to their homes, adequate mine-clearance rian, human rights and refugee law, and mine-awareness programmes would be re- Recalling the relevant principles contained in the quired. The Secretary-General appealed to do- Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Asso- nors to contribute to the Mine Action Coordina- ciated Personnel adopted by the General Assembly in tion Centre established by UNMEE. Noting that its resolution 49/59 of 9 December 1994, UNMEE had achieved significant progress since Reaffirming its strong support for the Agreement of its establishment, the Secretary-General recom- Cessation of Hostilities signed between the Govern- mended that its mandate be extended for six ment of the State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia in Algiers on months, until 15 September 2001. 18 June 2000 and the subsequent Comprehensive Communications. On 8 March [S/2001/204], Peace Agreement signed by the parties in Algiers on 12 Eritrea transmitted to the Security Council a December 2000, press release in which it called on the United Welcoming the progress made thus far in the imple- Nations to rectify the alleged mistakes made in mentation of these agreements, the location of the southern boundary of the Reaffirming its strong support for the Secretary- Temporary Security Zone. Japan announced on General’s role in continuing to help implement the Agreements, including through his good offices, for 15 March [S/2001/240] a pledge of $1,083,000 for the continuing efforts of his Special Representative and the Trust Fund in Support of the Delimitation for the contributions of relevant United Nations enti- and Demarcation of the Ethiopia/Eritrea Bor- ties, der. Eritrea, on 15March [S/2001/229], said that al- Expressing its strong support for the role played by the though it broadly concurred with the Secretary- United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea in the General’s report, in particular the recommenda- implementation of its mandate, tion for the extension of UNMEE’s mandate, it felt Having considered the report of the Secretary-General that a number of points had not been addressed of 7 March 2001, adequately and took exception to the implication 1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea at the troop that a consensus was reached at MCC for an ad- and military observer levels authorized by its resolu- justment of the Zone to take account of reserva- tion 1320(2000) until 15 September 2001; tions expressed by both parties. Also, Eritrea did 2. Calls upon the parties to continue working not receive a larger-scale operational map as towards the full and prompt implementation of their stated, but received a second map that put addi- Agreements, including an expeditious completion of tional areas of sovereign Eritrean territory out- the remaining steps, in particular the rearrangement side the Zone and under the military occupation of forces necessary for the establishment of the Tempo- of Ethiopia without consulting Eritrea; there- rary Security Zone, and to fulfil the following obliga- tions: fore, Eritrea had stopped its rearrangement of (a) To ensure freedom of movement and access for troops after having informed UNMEE. Ethiopia, the Mission; on 20 March [S/2001/250], also commended the re- (b) To establish a direct air corridor between Addis port and stated its willingness to resolve the is- Ababa and Asmara in the interests of the safety of sues of freedom of movement for the United United Nations personnel; Nations and sign a status-of-forces agreement; it (c) To conclude status-of-forces agreements with called on Eritrea to do likewise. Ethiopia also re- the Secretary-General; butted some claims made by Eritrea. (d) To facilitate mine action in coordination with the United Nations Mine Action Service, in particular through exchanging and providing existing maps and SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (March) any other relevant information to the United Nations; On 15 March [meeting 4294], the Security Coun- 3. Stresses that the Agreements link the termination cil unanimously adopted resolution 1344(2001). of the United Nations peacekeeping mission with the The draft [S/2001/233] was prepared in consulta- completion of the process of delimitation and demar- tions among Council members. cation of the Ethiopia-Eritrea border, which is a key element of the peace process; The Security Council, 4. Notes the primary responsibility of the parties Recalling resolutions 1298(2000) of 17 May 2000, under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement to fund 1308(2000) of 17July 2000, 1312(2000) of 31 July 2000, the Boundary Commission and urges them to fulfil and 1320(2000) of 15 September 2000, the statement of their financial obligations in this regard; its President of 9 February 2001 (S/PRST/2001/4), 5. Stresses the importance of the close relationship and all relevant previous resolutions and statements of between the Mission and the Boundary Commission its President pertaining to the Ethiopia-Eritrea con- and, noting the recommendations contained in para- flict, graphs 50 and 53 of the Secretary-General’s report, en-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 195 courages the Mission to provide appropriate support to the Ethiopian Army on an Eritrean police station the Boundary Commission; inside the Temporary Security Zone. Another 6. Decides to consider the recommendations in para- protest was made by Eritrea on 28 June [S/2001/ graphs 50 and 53 of the Secretary-General’s report upon receipt of more detailed information; 648], when it accused Ethiopia of having de- 7. Calls upon all States and international organiza- ported 722 Eritreans and one Ethiopian on 25 tions to consider providing further support to the June. It added that over the past years, Ethiopia peace process, including through contributions to the had deported over 76,000 Eritreans and Ethiopi- voluntary Trust Fund to facilitate the rapid delimita- ans of Eritrean origin. tion and demarcation of the common border, as well as to assist and participate in the longer-term tasks of re- construction and development, and the economic and Establishment of Temporary Security Zone social recovery of Ethiopia and Eritrea; The Temporary Security Zone was established 8. Decides to remain seized of the matter. on 18April, marking the formal separation of the The Security Council, on 16 March [S/2001/ Ethiopian and Eritrean forces, as the UN Under- 233], informed the Secretary-General that it Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, shared his views on the importance of the Bound- Jean-Marie Guéhenno, announced to the Secu- ary Commission to the successful implementa- rity Council the following day [S/PV.4310 & Corr.1]. tion of the UNMEE mandate. In order to make de- Mr. Guéhenno stated that that step, as called for cisions on that matter, the Council requested in the Algiers Agreement, was an important stage quantified and detailed proposals on the recom- that would allow for the restoration of the Eri- mendations contained in his March report (see trean civil administration, including police and p. 194). local militia, and the return of displaced persons Communications. Ethiopia and Eritrea, in let- to the Zone. In his announcement of the event, ters to the Council, accused each other of imped- the Secretary-General’s Special Representative, ing progress towards a peaceful settlement. On Legwaila Joseph Legwaila, had said that UNMEE continued to work with both countries to resolve a 29 March [S/2001/312], Eritrea transmitted a press release, which stated that the mines that had ex- number of problems concerning the southern ploded around Tserona that resulted in an injury boundary of the Zone. The Special Representa- to an UNMEE peacekeeper had been laid by Ethio- tive reminded the parties that it was their obliga- pia, which continued to reject appeals to provide tion to ensure that all returnees were able to go UN- minefield information to UNMEE. On 4 April back to their villages of origin. In addition, MEE reported that some Ethiopian military [S/2001/327], Ethiopia countered that it had sub- mitted information on minefields to UNMEE. Eri- forces had moved forward slightly in the Zone trea’s claims were an effort to divert attention from the confirmed redeployment position and from its not having signed the status-of-forces discussions on the subject with the Ethiopian agreement and its refusal to allow UNMEE to fly authorities were ongoing. directly between Asmara and Addis Ababa. On 17 April, Mr. Guéhenno informed the Ethiopia, on 7 May [S/2001/448], said that Eri- Council, UNMEE and Eritrea had signed a proto- trea was violating the Algiers Agreement by rein- col that would govern relations between the Mis- troducing its troops into the Temporary Security sion and the police and militia units that would Zone under the guise of militia. Eritrea, on 14 return to the Zone. That protocol established May [S/2001/477], denied that claim and said that that police and militia should be clearly identifi- Ethiopia’s objective was to destabilize Eritrea; it able and allowed to carry only personal weapons. had done so by using terrorist armed groups to The most immediate challenge, he said, was the harass the population in the occupied areas and return of displaced persons to the Zone, and Eri- to loot property. Meanwhile, Ethiopia refused to trea was anxious that the move should be com- redeploy its troops from certain areas in the Tem- pleted prior to the rainy season. Accordingly,Eri- porary Security Zone, refused to provide UNMEE trea was planning for the return of 300,000 with information on landmines and impeded displaced persons within the next six to eight agreement on high-altitude flights. Also on 14 weeks. UNMEE made clear that a precipitous re- May [S/2001/480], Eritrea reported the results of turn could put returnees in a dire humanitarian an inquiry into an incident in which its forces had situation. Linked to those returns was the threat turned back an UNMEE vehicle travelling on a posed by landmines and unexploded ordnance road in Eritrea. It maintained that movement in the areas of return, where only limited mine- outside the Temporary Security Zone and within clearance activities were being carried out. The restricted military zones required observance of issue of direct flights between Addis Ababa and notification procedures. On 18 June [S/2001/609], Asmara was still unresolved, and UNMEE faced Eritrea protested what it described as an attack by repeated restrictions of movement.

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Mr. Guéhenno noted that the Boundary Com- proposal of 1 May 2001, on the composition of the mission held its first informal meeting (The Boundary and Claims Commissions, critical compo- Hague, Netherlands, 25-26 March), with the par- nents to the peaceful definitive settlement of the conflict. It now calls on the parties to fully cooperate ticipation of agents for both Ethiopia and Eritrea, with the Boundary Commission and to fulfil their fi- at which a tentative time line of activities was pre- nancial responsibilities regarding the Boundary sented. The Commission was drawing up a plan Commission’s work. of action for the on-site activities required for de- The Council stresses that the parties must provide limitation and demarcation of the border. How- free movement and access for the Mission and its sup- ever, the formal orders to commence the work of plies as required throughout the territories of the the Commission could be issued only after Ethio- parties, without any restrictions, including within the pia’s objection to one of the Commissioners was Temporary Security Zone and the 15-kilometre-wide resolved. The President of the Commission had adjacent area. Free and unhindered access for the asked the Secretary-General to resolve Ethiopia’s Mission is a fundamental condition for the success of the peacekeeping operation. The Council empha- challenge, and he had a similar responsibility sizes further that the purpose of the Temporary Se- with regard to objections posed by both parties to curity Zone is to separate the parties’ armed forces. three out of five members of the Claims Commis- The Temporary Security Zone must be completely sion. The Presidents of both Commissions had demilitarized. The civilian populations inside the requested the parties to make deposits to cover Temporary Security Zone should be supported by an the initial costs of those two bodies, pursuant to appropriate but limited number of Eritrean civilian commitments made in the Algiers Agreement. militia and police. Some contributions were made to the Claims The Council calls on the parties to cooperate fully Commission, but the parties had not made any to and expeditiously with the Mission in the implemen- tation of its mandate and to abide scrupulously by the Boundary Commission. the letter and spirit of their agreements, particularly regarding the inviolability of the Temporary Secu- SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (May) rity Zone. It also calls on both parties to exercise re- On 15 May [meeting 4320], following consulta- straint in their public statements. tions among Security Council members, the The Council further calls on the parties to con- President made statement S/PRST/2001/14 on tinue to facilitate mine action in coordination with behalf of the Council: the United Nations Mine Action Service. It encour- ages the parties to exercise caution in returning civil- Recalling all previous resolutions and statements ians to the Temporary Security Zone before it has of its President regarding the situation between been adequately demined. The Council further calls Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Security Council empha- for the immediate establishment of a secure air cor- sizes the importance of the commitments under- ridor between Addis Ababa and Asmara that does taken by the Government of the State of Eritrea and not require a detour through other countries. It also the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic calls on Eritrea to conclude the necessary status-of- of Ethiopia to the Agreement of Cessation of Hos- forces agreement for the Mission. tilities signed in Algiers on 18June 2000 and the sub- The Council notes that, in accordance with para- sequent Peace Agreement between the parties signed graph 16 of resolution 1298(2000) of 17 May 2000, in Algiers on 12 December 2000 (“Algiers Agree- the arms embargo on the parties expires on 16 May ments”). 2001.The Council recognizes that the Algiers Agree- The Council reiterates its strong support for the ments are consistent with paragraphs 2 through 4 of Secretary-General’s role in helping to implement resolution 1298(2000). Under the current circum- the Agreements, including through his own good of- stances, the measures imposed by paragraph 6 of the fices, and for the efforts of his Special Representa- same resolution have not been extended by the tive. It further expresses its appreciation for the con- Council beyond 16 May 2001. tinued role of the Organization of African Unity in helping to implement the Algiers Agreements. The Council urges the parties to ensure that efforts are redirected from weapons procurement The Council also reiterates its appreciation for the and other military activities towards the reconstruc- continued deployment of the United Nations Mis- tion and development of both economies, and re- sion in Ethiopia and Eritrea both to the troop- gional reconciliation, with a view to achieving stabil- contributing countries and to those Member States ity in the Horn of Africa. The Council reiterates its that have provided the Mission with additional as- encouragement of Member States to exercise the sets. highest degree of responsibility in discouraging The Council encourages both parties to continue arms flows to countries and regions emerging from working towards the full and prompt implementa- armed conflicts. tion of the Agreements and, in this context, to take concrete confidence-building measures. The Coun- The Council remains vigilant and expresses its in- cil further reaffirms its continued commitment to a tention to take appropriate measures if the situation peaceful definitive settlement of the conflict. In this between Eritrea and Ethiopia again threatens re- connection, the Council notes with satisfaction that gional peace and security. the parties have agreed to the Secretary-General’s The Council will remain seized of the matter.

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Report of Secretary-General (June). In his 19 ceived good cooperation from both police and June progress report on Ethiopia and Eritrea militia. [S/2001/608], the Secretary-General welcomed the Ethiopia, on 21 April, issued a statement in establishment of the Temporary Security Zone as which it rejected key elements of the Protocol a milestone in the peace process, making possible Agreement on police and militia. It objected to the return of civilians seeking to resume their the number of Eritrean militia to be deployed in lives in their places of origin. Despite differing the Zone, the type of weapons they would be al- views concerning the exact boundaries and its re- lowed to carry and the fact that militia members gime, in particular as it referred to the restora- would wear distinctive uniforms; Ethiopia said tion of Eritrean militia and police, the situation that was evidence that the Zone had not been on the ground remained generally calm. None- demilitarized. It expressed similar concerns on theless, there was a growing concern at the possi- 7May[S/2001/448]. Eritrea said that its deploy- bility of incidents resulting from the proximity ment of police and militias, dispersed over such a between the Eritrean militia and police and the vast area, could not pose a cause of concern to Ethiopian forces in the area of the southern Ethiopia [S/2001/477]. In the absence of any infor- boundary of the Zone. mation on the pre-conflict strength and configu- UNMEE had attempted to define a precise ration of Eritrean local militia and police, UN- southern boundary of the Zone that took into MEE was attempting to determine what would account the concerns of the parties of an admin- constitute an appropriate but limited number of istrative, military or humanitarian nature. It in- Eritrean civilian police and militia. vestigated the situation along several segments of Freedom of movement for UNMEE, as required that boundary,including clarification of the loca- in the ceasefire Agreement, remained a problem; tion and status of over a hundred villages in the as at 13 June, the Mission had recorded and pro- area, resulting in a number of mutually accepta- tested 113 restrictions on its movement by Eritrea ble adjustments of the boundary. Given the need and 30 by Ethiopia. Eritrea argued that UNMEE’s for operational clarity, UNMEE had completed a freedom of movement should be limited to the finalized map showing the southern and north- Zone and to the main supply/access routes, and ern boundaries of the Zone. UNMEE was con- that it should not extend to the 15-kilometre-wide cerned at the continued presence of Ethiopian area adjacent to the Zone. Those restrictions im- troops inside the Zone in one location, despite peded the Mission’s monitoring mandate, which Ethiopian assurances that those troops would be required the United Nations to monitor both the withdrawn. UNMEE had received recent indica- Zone and the forces of the two parties after rede- tions that Ethiopia considered that the redeploy- ployment and repositioning in the vicinity of the ment position corresponded to the 6 May 1998 Zone. There had been no progress regarding line. That was not acceptable to the Mission, long the establishment of a direct high-altitude flight after an understanding had been reached on the route between Asmara and Addis Ababa for UN- Ethiopian troops’ redeployment positions in that MEE aircraft. area. Eritrea had not informed UNMEE of past or The United Nations continued to build confi- planned redeployment numbers, despite re- dence between the parties through MCC, which peated requests and the fact that it was required remained the only channel for direct contacts be- to do so under the 2000 ceasefire Agreement. As tween them. Meetings were held on 6 April and at 13 June, UNMEE estimated that over 5,500 Eri- 21 May in Djibouti and Nairobi, respectively. The trean militia and 3,100 police had already de- meetings discussed the restoration of Eritrean ployed inside the Zone. Both militia and police militia and police in the Zone, freedom of move- were apparently being organized along the lines ment, mine information, and the need for cus- of a military structure. toms and immigration control along the south- On 16 April, the Special Representative and ern boundary of the Zone. The parties agreed in the Eritrean Commissioner signed a Protocol principle to establish a joint mechanism, with the Agreement on the functioning of local militia participation of OAU and UNMEE, to repatriate re- and police inside the Zone. The Protocol out- mains of soldiers from the Zone. They also lined the terms under which Eritrean militia and agreed to establish three sector-level MCCs. police were expected to operate and limited the On 22 March, Ethiopia signed the status-of- types of weapons that they could carry. It also forces agreement (SOFA)forUNMEE; however, the provided for the storage of certain types of weap- SOFA with Eritrea remained under negotiation. ons in predetermined locations. As at 13 June, The landmine and unexploded ordnance UNMEE had lodged 31 protests with the Eritrean situation in the Zone was slowly but steadily be- authorities concerning violations of the Protocol. coming clearer since more information was pro- Notwithstanding those problems, UNMEE had re- vided by the parties and on-site surveying pro-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 198 Political and security questions gressed. In March, Eritrea handed over to General appealed to Eritrea to pay attention to UNMEE 313 mine records covering 175,000 anti- the deployment of an excessive number of militia personnel mines and 45,000 anti-tank mines. and police in the Zone and to the fact that a SOFA Ethiopia provided 17 reports to the Mine Action had not been signed, and expressed concern to Coordination Centre and maintained that it had Ethiopia over the continued presence of its troops no central records of mines laid in the Zone. The in parts of the eastern sector of the Zone. The Centre entered the relevant information on its continuing restrictions on UNMEE’s freedom of database. The threat to both Mission personnel movement and the establishment of a direct and the civilian population was great. Mine- high-altitude route between Asmara and Addis awareness leaflets were distributed throughout Ababa were mentioned in both letters. The the Zone and adjacent areas. Secretary-General regretted that neither Govern- The Boundary Commission and the Claims ment had displayed publicly much openness to a Commission had begun their work, the initial normalization of relations between them. difficulties regarding the nomination of some of Report of Secretary-General (September). On the Commissioners having been resolved. Infor- 5 September [S/2001/843], the Secretary-General mation on the main activities of the two Commis- issued an update of his previous report on Ethio- sions was annexed to the Secretary-General’s re- pia and Eritrea; he recommended that the Coun- port. cil extend UNMEE’s mandate for six months. In the humanitarian area, significant numbers On 21 and 22 June, UNMEE presented its final of internally displaced persons had moved back map of the Temporary Security Zone to the Eri- to their home areas, either spontaneously or trean and Ethiopian authorities. The Special through returns organized by the Government Representative urged the parties to accept the with UNHCR assistance. Approximately 160,000 map despite their objections to some parts of the such persons were in camps and another 100,000 boundary. Ethiopia stated that the map was unac- to 150,000 were living in host communities. Eri- ceptable because of two “errors”. It asserted that trea drew up plans for the second phase of an 8-kilometre-wide pocket at the eastern end of government-organized returns, and UNMEE par- Sector East should be returned to Ethiopia, and ticipated in village assessments of infrastructure that the Zone should be uniformly 25 kilometres in preparation for their arrival. Following a wide, which was not the case in Sector Centre. For March agreement among Eritrea, the Sudan its part, Eritrea indicated that it could not accept and UNHCR on the voluntary repatriation of Eri- the map as it was a departure from the proposals trean refugees from the Sudan, the first group of originally presented to the parties on 30 January; 900 Eritrean refugees returned to their home vil- in particular, the Zone could not be considered as lages in May. The Sudan estimated that 174,000 “fully established” until Eritrea’s concerns re- Eritrean refugees remained there. During the garding the southern boundary had been ad- period under review, Ethiopia released 242 Eri- dressed. The Secretary-General noted that, while trean prisoners of war, and Eritrea released one neither party had formally accepted the map, Ethiopian prisoner of war, on health grounds. they had in fact based their operations on it and According to the International Committee of the cooperated with UNMEE in the management of Red Cross (ICRC), some 400 prisoners of war re- the Zone, in accordance with the parameters es- mained in Eritrea and some 1,300 in Ethiopia. tablished in the map. However, on several occa- The human rights component of UNMEE became sions, Eritrea invoked its disagreement with the operational with the arrival of five of the ex- southern boundary by refusing to cooperate on pected seven human rights officers. They began other issues, thus delaying resolution of matters investigating allegations of violations in the Zone such as restrictions on UNMEE’s freedom of area and monitoring the return of displaced per- movement, signing a SOFA, convening sector- sons. level meetings of MCC and providing information The Secretary-General commended the two on the number of militia and police inside the Governments for their commitment to the peace Zone. With regard to the last, UNMEE had not process and their overall compliance with their been able to determine whether the number of obligations under the Algiers Agreement, in Eritrean police and militia deployed in the Zone spite of the fact that serious difficulties re- was commensurate with the size of the popula- mained. It was imperative, he said, for the parties tion. Nevertheless, UNMEE estimated that 6,800 to resolve the outstanding issues, in particular Eritrean militia and 3,000 police were deployed those pertaining to the Temporary Security inside the Zone, a significant rise in militia since Zone, so as to ensure that it was clearly defined June (5,500), but the police number was un- and effectively demilitarized. In letters to the changed. Despite appeals from UNMEE not to de- leaders of the two countries, the Secretary- ploy police and militia close to the southern

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 199 boundary of the Zone, on at least one occasion completed, and a report on the Boundary Com- their deployment in that area led to increased mission’s activities was annexed to the Secretary- tensions between the parties in some sections of General’s report. The parties had made initial the boundary. In addition, UNMEE protested sev- contributions towards the expenses of the eral violations by the police and militia of the Boundary Commission, and voluntary contribu- Protocol Agreement on the Presence of Police tions from various Member States to the Trust and Militia in the Temporary Security Zone, Fund for the Delimitation and Demarcation of signed between UNMEE and Eritrea on 16 April. the Border totalled $5.4 million. In particular, the Eritrean militia and police con- As a result of UNMEE’s patrolling, the return of travened the provisions of the Protocol relating to civilian administration, police and militia to the the type of weapons they could carry and to Zone, and the efforts of the humanitarian com- stockpiling of weapons in the Zone. Despite those munity, security conditions in the Zone im- concerns, cooperation and communication be- proved. A total of 170,000 internally displaced tween UNMEE and the police at the field level persons had returned to their villages from were relatively good. camps by the time of the report. A total of 70,000 Eritrea continued to hamper UNMEE’s free- persons still lived in camps, as their home areas dom of movement, thereby reducing its ability to remained inaccessible because of mines and un- monitor the area north of the Zone where Eri- exploded ordnance, insecurity caused by the trean Defence Forces were positioned. On a few proximity of villages to the southern boundary of occasions, movement was restricted by the Ethio- the Zone, or the fact that some villages were in pian Armed Forces owing to insufficient coordi- areas under Ethiopian administration. UN agen- nation among some of their elements. cies, NGOs and the Eritrean Relief and Refugee The seventh meeting of MCC (Nairobi, 27 Committee began programmes to provide hous- June) discussed plans for opening the Mereb ing materials to villages. The release and repat- River Bridge, the challenges faced by civilians re- riation of prisoners of war came to a halt, despite turning to their homes and UNMEE’s freedom of the commitment made by both parties under the movement. Eritrea continued to maintain that it Algiers Agreement. According to ICRC, some was premature to hold sector MCC meetings until 1,800 prisoners of war remained in Ethiopia and the Zone was “fully established”, and its repre- 400 in Eritrea. During the reporting period, sentative questioned the holding of future MCC ICRC assisted the repatriation of 3,522 persons of meetings in either Addis Ababa or Asmara. The Ethiopian descent from Eritrea. Since December parties continued discussions on a draft proce- 2000, a total of 19,853 persons had been repatri- dure for collecting and exchanging the remains ated to Ethiopia. On 25 June, 704 persons of Eri- of soldiers killed during the conflict. The eighth trean descent, mostly long-term residents of the MCC meeting (Nairobi, 8 August) focused on bor- Tigray region in Ethiopia, were sent to Eritrea in der security and the return of internally dis- a manner, which ICRC determined was not in ac- placed persons. As at 31 August, the strength of cordance with international humanitarian law and UNMEE’s military component stood at 3,870 mili- which UNMEE protested. The Secretary-General tary personnel. expressed his concern over those circumstances Landmines remained a major threat in the in a letter of 2 August to the Prime Minister. In a Zone and adjacent areas, with eight civilians reply of 8 August, the Government of Ethiopia killed and 24 injured from 1 June to 31 August. maintained that the persons were repatriated to On 18 August, eight Jordanian peacekeepers Eritrea of their own free will. UNMEE inter- were injured when their truck hit a mine. A posi- viewed individuals repatriated by both countries tive step in mine action was Eritrea’s 27 August and found serious human rights concerns, in- signature of the 1997 Convention on the Prohibi- cluding the issue of long-term detention without tion of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and due process, allegations of ill-treatment, dis- Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and on Their crimination in access to social services and em- Destruction [YUN 1997, p. 503]. Ethiopia, which said ployment, and harassment. UNMEE carried out it did not possess centralized mine records, human rights monitoring activities within the agreed to facilitate an UNMEE-organized infor- Zone and adjacent areas. The Secretary-General mation collection project in three sectors. How- appealed to both countries to reconsider their po- ever, the project was tested in Sector East and sitions on the eviction of each other’s nationals. found to be unsatisfactory. Mine-clearance teams The three-month period under review, which continued their work, and training of humanita- completed the first year of the Mission’s opera- rian demining teams progressed. tions, had seen the gradual consolidation of pro- The composition of the Boundary Com- gress achieved earlier. For the first time in three mission and of the Claims Commission was years, the armies of Eritrea and Ethiopia had

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been fully separated and some of their soldiers mandate and to abide scrupulously by the letter and were beginning to return home. The outstand- spirit of their agreements, including regarding co- ing issues remained freedom of movement for operation with the Boundary Commission and facilita- tion of its work; UNMEE, high-altitude flights between Asmara 3. Emphasizes that the Algiers Agreements link the and Addis Ababa, the unconditional release of termination of the Mission with the completion of the prisoners of war, Eritrea’s non-acceptance of a work of the Boundary Commission related to delimita- SOFA, the presence of landmines and the human tion and demarcation of the Ethiopia-Eritrea border; rights and humanitarian situations. 4. Further emphasizes that the Temporary Security Zone must be completely demilitarized; SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (September) 5. Calls upon the parties to urgently resolve the out- On 14 September [meeting 4372], the Security standing issues in accordance with the Algiers Agree- Council unanimously adopted resolution 1369 ments and fulfil the following obligations: (a) The parties must provide freedom of movement (2001). The draft [S/2001/862] was prepared in and access for Mission personnel and its supplies as re- consultations among Council members. quired for the performance of the Mission’s duties; The Security Council, Eritrea must without restrictions allow the Mission to Recalling resolutions 1298(2000) of 17 May 2000, monitor the 15-kilometre area north of the Temporary 1308(2000) of 17July 2000, 1312(2000) of 31 July 2000, Security Zone, and Ethiopia must avoid creating re- 1320(2000) of 15 September 2000 and 1344(2001) of 15 strictions on the freedom of movement of the Mission March 2001, the statements of its President of 9 Feb- in the 15-kilometre area south of the Temporary Secu- ruary 2001 (S/PRST/2001/4) and of 15 May 2001 rity Zone; (S/PRST/2001/14) and all relevant previous resolu- (b) The parties must facilitate the establishment of tions and statements pertaining to the situation be- a secure and practicable air corridor between Addis tween Ethiopia and Eritrea, Ababa and Asmara, which does not require a detour Reaffirming the commitment of all Member States to through other countries, by accepting the proposal the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity made in this regard by the Special Representative of the of Ethiopia and Eritrea, Secretary General; Further reaffirming the need for both parties to fulfil (c) Eritrea must provide the Mission with informa- their obligations under international law, international tion on the local militia and police inside the Tempo- humanitarian law, human rights law and refugee law, rary Security Zone, including their weapons, necessary and to ensure the safety of all personnel of the United for the mission to verify that the functions and configu- Nations, the International Committee of the Red Cross ration of the militia and police do not exceed that and other humanitarian organizations, which prevailed before the outbreak of the conflict; Reaffirming its strong support for the Comprehen- (d) Ethiopia must provide the Mission with full in- sive Peace Agreement between the Government of the formation and maps concerning all minefields so as to State of Eritrea and the Government of the Federal facilitate the work of the Mine Action Coordination Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, signed in Algiers on Centre with a view, inter alia, to allow internally dis- 12 December 2000, and the preceding Agreement of placed persons to return safely to homes within the Cessation of Hostilities, signed in Algiers on 18 June Temporary Security Zone; 2000 (hereafter referred to collectively as the Algiers (e) Eritrea must, without further delay, conclude Agreements), the status-of-forces agreement with the Secretary- Further reaffirming its strong support for the help in General; implementing the Algiers Agreements continuously (f) The parties must, unconditionally and without provided by the Secretary-General and his Special Rep- further delay, and in accordance with the 1949 Geneva resentative, including through their good offices, and Conventions, release and return the remaining prison- by the Organization of African Unity, ers of war and detainees under the auspices of the In- Reaffirming its strong support for the role played by ternational Committee of the Red Cross; the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea in (g) The parties must fulfil their financial responsi- the implementation of its mandate, as well as by the bilities regarding the Boundary Commission; Organization of African Unity Liaison Mission in 6. Further calls upon the parties, where relevant in Ethiopia-Eritrea, cooperation with the Mission, to explore and pursue a Welcoming the progress made thus far in implement- range of confidence-building measures, including the ing the Algiers Agreements, including in the establish- following: ment and functioning of the Temporary Security Zone (a) Affording humane treatment to each other’s na- and the constitution of the Boundary and Claims Com- tionals and persons of each other’s national origin and missions, respectively, allowing each other’s nationals to remain, without dis- Having considered the report of the Secretary-General crimination, in locations where they have decided to of 5 September 2001, settle; 1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United (b) Assisting relevant initiatives and contacts be- Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea at the troop tween organizations and groups, including those of the and military observer levels authorized by its resolu- civil society, in the two countries; tion 1320(2000) until 15 March 2002; (c) Exercising restraint in public statements; 2. Calls upon the parties to cooperate fully and expe- 7. Encourages all States and international organiza- ditiously with the Mission in the implementation of its tions to support the peace process, including through:

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(a) Contributions to the voluntary Trust Fund to Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, in letters to the Support the Peace Process in Ethiopia and Eritrea to fa- Secretary-General and the Security Council, al- cilitate quick-impact projects for emergency recon- leged that Eritrea was accelerating the “further struction and confidence-building measures; (b) Contributions to the voluntary Trust Fund for militarization” of the Zone and was building up the Delimitation and Demarcation of the Border be- its troops along the border, and claimed that UN- tween Ethiopia and Eritrea; MEE might have adopted a “policy of appease- (c) Contributions to the United Nations country ment to secure Eritrea’s compliance”. Ethiopia, teams’ consolidated appeals for humanitarian assist- he said, reserved the right of self-defence in the ance to Eritrea and Ethiopia; face of what it perceived as a growing threat. (d) Assistance to facilitate sustainable reintegration President Isaias Afwerki of Eritrea reacted in a of demobilized soldiers, internally displaced persons letter of 20 November to the Secretary-General, and refugees; asserting that Ethiopia’s allegations were ground- (e) Assistance in the longer-term tasks of recon- struction and development, and the economic and so- less and that its motive was to influence the de- cial recovery of Ethiopia and Eritrea; limitation process. The Special Representative (f) Exercising the highest degree of responsibility ordered an investigation of the entire northern in discouraging arms flows to the region; boundary and determined that the allegations 8. Urges the parties to ensure that efforts are redi- were unfounded. On 30 November, Prime Minis- rected from weapons procurement and other military ter Zenawi expressed concern to the Secretary- activities towards the reconstruction and development General over Eritrea’s non-compliance with the of their economies and encourages both countries to ceasefire, stating that Eritrea continued to violate continue and enhance the efforts to improve their rela- tions in order to promote regional peace and security; the Zone and that its troops were present under 9. Expresses its intention to continue to monitor the guise of police and militia. closely progress by the parties in implementing the pro- Despite repeated requests, Eritrea had not visions of the Algiers Agreements and the require- provided UNMEE with the necessary information ments of the present resolution, and to consider a mis- (strength, disposition and structure before the sion to the two countries before agreeing to a further outbreak of the conflict and currently) on its mi- mandate renewal in order to monitor progress and dis- cuss possible further steps towards reconciliation; litia and police deployed inside the Zone, but had 10. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. offered to provide overall numbers of militia and police against a guarantee of confidentiality, The Security Council held private meetings which UNMEE was unable to do given its policy of separately with the Foreign Ministers of Eritrea transparency. UNMEE estimated that there were and Ethiopia on 16 November [meetings 4420 & 6,400 Eritrean militia and 3,000 police currently 4421]. inside the Zone, and those numbers had re- Report of Secretary-General (December). On mained roughly constant since the Secretary- 13 December [S/2001/1194], the Secretary-General General’s September report. In certain areas, mi- submitted his last progress report of the year on litia and police checkpoints, observation posts Ethiopia and Eritrea. He described the situation and other installations were located close to the as having remained calm and said that both par- southern boundary of the Zone. UNMEE in- ties had generally respected the Zone, even creased the number of its observation posts on though Eritrea disputed the southern boundary the southern boundary. and therefore considered that the Zone was “not UNMEE continued to enjoy good access to the fully established”. There were isolated instances positions of the redeployed Ethiopian forces in of small units or patrols of both parties crossing the area south of the Zone. At the same time, into the Zone, but they did not have a negative im- there had been an increase in restrictions on free- pact on its overall integrity. UNMEE, which had dom of movement by the Eritrean authorities reached a military strength of 4,117, patrolled north of the Zone where Eritrean forces were po- and observed effectively throughout the Zone, sitioned, in violation of the ceasefire Agreement. contributing an important element of stability to After long discussions between UNMEE and the the situation. However, during the period under Eritrean authorities, Eritrea began to allow UN- review, UNMEE experienced increased restric- MEE to visit locations in the area north of the tions on its freedom of movement in the area Zone upon 24 hours’ prior notification. No pro- north of the Zone, hindering its ability to moni- gress was made on establishing a direct high- tor the Eritrean Defence Forces in their redeploy- altitude flight between Asmara and Addis Ababa. ment positions. The Mission refined its monitor- Eritrea continued to maintain that UNMEE ing activities to overcome those restrictions. should fly the most direct route, while Ethiopia Compounding those problems, a series of allega- insisted that UNMEE should make a brief devia- tions in late November contributed to an escala- tion to steer clear of anti-aircraft installations. At tion in tensions. On 14 November, Ethiopian MCC meetings on 29 October (Djibouti) and 28

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November (Mereb River Bridge), outstanding briefings in the capitals of both countries and fa- issues were discussed but little progress was made. cilitated access to the Zone for media members. It Minefields continued to be a problem in the had not yet gained access to Ethiopian radio for Zone and caused the death of six people, mostly its own broadcasts, and its weekly transmissions civilians, and injured many more. Ethiopia, in on Radio Eritrea were suspended by the Eritrean October, handed over to the United Nations authorities in October. Radio UNMEE posted its maps of minefields inside the Zone and in adja- programmes on UN web sites in English and cent areas. UNMEE was seeking further details on six local languages. The UNMEE HIV/AIDS Task the types of mines used and more specific infor- Force continued to pursue its programme, and mation on minefields already cleared by the training of the Mission’s military contingents was Ethiopian Armed Forces. Demining operations ongoing. continued to expand during the reporting pe- The Secretary-General observed that the ab- riod, by UNMEE and a number of other organiza- sence of mutual confidence left the relationship tions. UNMEE also continued its mine-risk educa- between the two countries in a potentially volatile tion programmes. situation. He appealed to Eritrea to cooperate Since the last report, the Boundary Commis- with UNMEE by giving it freedom of movement in sion’s work had proceeded in accordance with the areas north of the Zone and urged both par- the programme adopted soon after its establish- ties to exercise restraint, as recent public allega- ment. Information on its activities was contained tions of major military preparations and further in an annex to the Secretary-General’s report. rhetoric did not help the cause of peace. He The demarcation process was expected to be called on them to facilitate the establishment of a complex, large and costly and required extensive direct air corridor between the capitals and re- mine clearance, and the Secretary-General ap- lease all prisoners of war. The Secretary-General pealed for contributions to the UN Trust Fund again urged Eritrea to conclude a SOFA. established for that purpose. The humanitarian situation throughout the Arms embargo Zone and adjacent areas in Eritrea and Ethiopia On 9 January [S/2001/23], Ethiopia protested to remained stable, and many of the internally dis- the Security Council that the arms embargo the placed persons and refugees who had returned Council had imposed against Ethiopia and Eri- were rebuilding their lives. At the time of the re- trea under resolution 1298(2000) [YUN 2000, p. 170] port, an estimated 55,000 internally displaced was unfair because it denied Ethiopia the means persons remained in nine camps; that figure in- to defend itself and hindered the demining cluded 9,300 persons living outside camps. The effort. On 26 January [S/2001/100], Malta in- voluntary repatriation of Eritrean refugees from formed the Secretary-General of measures it had the Sudan, which was suspended owing to heavy taken to implement the arms embargo. rains, resumed on 20 October. As at the end of The Chairman of the Security Council Com- November, over 26,700 refugees had returned mittee established pursuant to resolution 1298 with UNHCR and Eritrean assistance. UN agen- (2000) concerning the situation between Eritrea cies assisted with the reintegration of returning and Ethiopia, on 16 May [S/2001/503], transmitted refugees by providing aid for agricultural, water the Committee’s report describing its activities and sanitation, health, education and commu- from 1 January to 16 May, during which time it nity services projects. had held one informal meeting and one formal Eritrea and Ethiopia both released a number meeting. On 7 March, the Committee adopted of prisoners of war on health grounds. Since De- guidelines for conducting its work. In accord- cember 2000, a total of 879 Eritrean and 653 ance with provisions of resolution 1298(2000), Ethiopian prisoners of war had been repatriated the Committee expected to receive further re- under ICRC auspices. ICRC continued to assist the plies from States concerning measures they had repatriation of persons of Ethiopian descent instituted to meet their obligations set out in that from Eritrea; since December 2000, 21,255 such resolution. Two replies were received, from persons had been repatriated to Ethiopia. Follow- France and New Zealand. During the reporting ing the forced repatriation of persons of Eritrean period, the Committee received no reports from descent by Ethiopia in June, no further such re- international/regional organizations on viola- patriations were reported. UNMEE continued to tions of the established prohibitions. It did, how- carry out human rights monitoring activities ever, receive press reports that a Ukrainian air- within the Zone and adjacent areas and investi- craft carrying eight people and 30 tons of rifles gated some allegations of abductions by militia, and ammunition, originating from the Czech Re- police or military personnel. UNMEE’s public in- public and officially destined for Georgia, had formation component conducted regular press been seized by the Bulgarian authorities at Bour-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 203 gas Airport after the pilot requested permission Reaffirming that the costs of the Mission are expenses to take off for Eritrea. The Committee requested of the Organization to be borne by Member States in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Eritrea, Georgia, accordance with Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations, Israel and Ukraine to undertake investigations. Recalling its previous decisions regarding the fact On 10 May, the Committee received letters from that, in order to meet the expenditures caused by the Bulgaria and Ukraine informing it of the current Mission, a different procedure is required from that ap- stage of their investigations. plied to meet expenditures of the regular budget of the The Committee observed that it did not have United Nations, any specific monitoring mechanism to ensure the Taking into account the fact that the economically implementation of the arms embargo and relied more developed countries are in a position to make relatively larger contributions and that the economi- solely on the cooperation of States and organiza- cally less developed countries have a relatively limited tions to provide pertinent information. capacity to contribute towards such an operation, Bearing in mind the special responsibilities of the UNMEE financing States permanent members of the Security Council, as indicated in General Assembly resolution 1874(S-IV)of 27 June 1963, in the financing of such an operation, 2000-2001 budget Mindful of the fact that it is essential to provide the ACABQ report (March). In a March report Mission with the necessary financial resources to en- [A/55/688/Add.1], ACABQ reviewed the report of able it to fulfil its responsibilities under the relevant resolutions of the Security Council, the Secretary-General on the financing of UN- 1. Takes note of the status of contributions to the MEE for the period from 31 July 2000 to 30 June United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea as at 28 2001 [A/55/666 & Corr.1].ACABQ had first reviewed February 2001, including the contributions outstand- the Secretary-General’s report in 2000 [YUN 2000, ing in the amount of 101.9 million United States dol- p. 179] and had decided to resume consideration lars, representing 92 per cent of the total assessed con- in 2001. Having received further information tributions, notes that some 13 per cent of the Member from the Secretariat on the structure of UNMEE States have paid their assessed contributions in full, and on financial requirements based on revised and urges all other Member States concerned to ensure the payment of their outstanding assessed contribu- staffing estimates, ACABQ recommended that the tions; General Assembly approve an appropriation and 2. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States assessment of $180 million gross for 31 July 2000 which have paid their assessed contributions in full; to 30 June 2001, inclusive of the commitment au- 3. Expresses concern about the financial situation thority of $150 million gross approved by the As- with regard to peacekeeping activities, in particular as sembly in resolution 55/237 [YUN 2000, p. 179]. The regards the reimbursements to troop contributors that Committee expected to examine resources for bear additional burdens owing to overdue payments by the period 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002 during the Member States of their assessments; 4. Urges all other Member States to make every pos- autumn of 2001, based on actual experience dur- sible effort to ensure the payment of their assessed con- ing the period ending 30 June 2001. tributions to the Mission in full and on time; 5. Expresses concern at the delay experienced by the GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION (April) Secretary-General in deploying and providing ade- On 12 April [meeting 98], the General Assembly, quate resources to some recent peacekeeping missions, on the recommendation of the Fifth Committee in particular those in Africa; 6. Emphasizes that all future and existing peace- [A/55/711/Add.1], adopted resolution 55/252 A keeping missions shall be given equal and non- without vote [agenda item 176]. discriminatory treatment in respect of financial and Financing of the United Nations Mission administrative arrangements; in Ethiopia and Eritrea 7. Also emphasizes that all peacekeeping missions shall be provided with adequate resources for the effec- The General Assembly, tive and efficient discharge of their respective man- Having considered the report of the Secretary-General dates; on the financing of the United Nations Mission in 8. Reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to Ethiopia and Eritrea and the related reports of the Ad- make the fullest possible use of facilities and equip- visory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary ment at the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, Questions, Italy, in order to minimize the costs of procurement Bearing in mind Security Council resolution 1312 for the Mission, and for this purpose requests the (2000) of 31 July 2000, regarding the establishment of Secretary-General to speed up the implementation of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea, the asset management system at all peacekeeping mis- and the subsequent resolutions by which the Council sions in accordance with its resolution 52/1 A of 15Oc- extended the mandate of the Mission, the latest of tober 1997; which was its resolution 1344(2001) of 15 March 2001, 9. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations Recalling its resolution 55/237 of 23 December 2000 contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on on the financing of the Mission, Administrative and Budgetary Questions, and requests

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the Secretary-General to ensure their full implementa- propriate, in accordance with the procedure and tion; practices established by the General Assembly; 10. Requests the Secretary-General to take all neces- 19 . Decides to keep under review during its fifty- sary action to ensure that the Mission is administered fifth session the item entitled “Financing of the United with a maximum of efficiency and economy; Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea”. 11. Also requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at the earliest possible time on ACABQ report (April). ACABQ reported in how the concept of operations affects and can justify April on financing of the UN peacekeeping op- the proposed structure of the Mission, including its se- erations [A/55/874] (see p. 93). With regard to UN- nior staff component; MEE and four other missions, the Secretariat had 12. Further requests the Secretary-General, in order informed the Committee that, although it was to reduce the cost of employing General Service staff, possible to prepare initial maintenance level bud- to continue efforts to recruit local staff for the Mission gets for the period from 1 July 2001 to 30 June against General Service posts, commensurate with the requirements of the Mission; 2002 for submission to the Assembly during the 13. Decides to appropriate the amount of 180 million resumed fifty-fifth (2001) session, the initial bud- dollars gross (177,866,900dollars net) for the operation gets would be overtaken by events and would have of the Mission for the period from 31 July 2000 to 30 to be prepared anew, recosted and resubmitted at June 2001, inclusive of the amount of 150 million dol- a later date. The UNMEE budget would be sub- lars gross (148,220,200 dollars net) authorized by the mitted to the Assembly during its fifty-sixth ses- General Assembly in its resolution 55/237; sion, later in the year. ACABQ therefore recom- 14 . Decides also, as an ad hoc arrangement, taking mended that the Assembly approve bridging into account the amount of 150 million dollars gross action for UNMEE for 1 July to 31December 2001, (148,220,200 dollars net) already apportioned under the terms of its resolution 55/237, to apportion the based on the authorized budget of $180 million additional amount of 30 million dollars gross gross ($177,866,900net) for 1 July 2000 to 30 June (29,646,700 dollars net) for the period from 31 July 2001, in the amount of $90 million gross 2000 to 30 June 2001 among Member States in accord- ($88,933,450 net). ance with the composition of groups set out in para- graphs 3 and 4 of its resolution 43/232 of 1 March GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION (June) 1989, as adjusted by subsequent relevant resolutions On 14 June [meeting 103], the General Assembly, and decisions, for the apportionment of peacekeeping on the recommendation of the Fifth Committee appropriations, the latest of which were its resolution 52/230 of 31 March 1998 and its decisions 54/456 to [A/55/711/Add.2], adopted resolution 55/252 B 54/458 of 23 December 1999for the period 1998-2000, without vote [agenda item 176]. and its resolutions 55/235 and 55/236 of 23 December Financing of the United Nations Mission 2000 for the period 2001-2003, the scale of assessments in Ethiopia and Eritrea for 2000 to be applied against a portion thereof, that is, The General Assembly, 13,791,045 dollars gross (13,628,632 dollars net), which Having considered the report of the Advisory Commit- is the amount pertaining to the period ending 31 De- tee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, cember 2000, and the scale of assessments for 2001 to Security Council resolution 1312 be applied against the balance, that is, 16,208,955 dol- Bearing in mind (2000) of 31 July 2000, regarding the establishment of lars gross (16,018,068 dollars net) for the period from the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea, 1 January to 30 June 2001; and the subsequent resolutions by which the Council 15. Decides further that, in accordance with the provi- extended the mandate of the Mission, the latest of sions of its resolution 973 A (X) of 15 December 1955, which was resolution 1344(2001) of 15 March 2001, there shall be set off against the apportionment among Recalling its resolutions 55/237 of 23 December 2000 Member States, as provided for in paragraph 14 above, and 55/252 A of 12 April 2001 on the financing of the their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of Mission, the estimated additional staff assessment income of Reaffirming the general principles underlying the 353,300 dollars approved for the Mission for the period financing of United Nations peacekeeping operations, from 31July 2000 to 30 June 2001, 162,413dollars being as stated in General Assembly resolutions 1874(S-IV)of the amount pertaining to the period ending 31Decem- 27 June 1963, 3101(XXVIII) of 11 December 1973 and ber 2000 and the balance, that is, 190,887 dollars, per- 55/235 of 23 December 2000, taining to the period from 1 January to 30 June 2001; Mindful of the fact that it is essential to provide the 16. Emphasizes that no peacekeeping mission shall Mission with the necessary financial resources to en- be financed by borrowing funds from other active able it to fulfil its responsibilities under the relevant peacekeeping missions; resolutions of the Security Council, 17. Encourages the Secretary-General to continue to 1. Reaffirms its resolution 49/233 A of 23 December take additional measures to ensure the safety and secu- 1994, in particular those paragraphs regarding the rity of all personnel under the auspices of the United peacekeeping budgetary cycles, which should be ad- Nations participating in the Mission; hered to in the future budgeting process, where possi- 18. Invites voluntary contributions to the Mission in ble; cash and in the form of services and supplies accepta- 2. Takes note of the status of contributions to the ble to the Secretary-General, to be administered, as ap- United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea as at 30

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April 2001, including the contributions outstanding in Logistics Base requirements for the period from 1 July the amount of 127.8 million United States dollars, rep- 2001 to 30 June 2002; resenting some 81 per cent of the total assessed contri- 15. Decides to apportion among Member States the butions, notes that some 10 per cent of the Member amount of 37.5million dollars gross (37,055,604 dollars States have paid their assessed contributions in full, net) for the period from 1 July to 15 September 2001, in and urges all other Member States concerned to ensure accordance with the levels set out in General Assembly payment of their outstanding assessed contributions; resolution 55/235 and adjusted by the Assembly in its 3. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States resolution 55/236 of 23 December 2000, and taking which have paid their assessed contributions in full; into account the scale of assessments for the year 2001, 4. Expresses concern about the financial situation as set out in its resolution 55/5 B of 23 December 2000; with regard to peacekeeping activities, in particular as 16. Decides also that, in accordance with the provi- regards the reimbursements to troop contributors that sions of its resolution 973(X) of 15 December 1955, bear additional burdens owing to overdue payments by there shall be set off against the apportionment among Member States of their assessments; Member States, as provided for in paragraph 15 above, 5. Urges all other Member States to make every pos- their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of sible effort to ensure payment of their assessed contri- the estimated staff assessment income of 444,396 dol- butions to the Mission in full and on time; lars approved for the Mission for the period from 1 July 6. Expresses concern at the delay, in general, experi- to 15 September 2001; enced by the Secretary-General in deploying and pro- 17. Decides further to apportion among Member viding adequate resources to some recent peace- States the amount of 52.5 million dollars gross keeping missions, in particular those in Africa, and (51,877,846 dollars net) for the period from 16 Septem- notes with satisfaction the comments of the Advisory ber to 31December 2001, at a monthly rate of 15million Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Ques- dollars gross (14,822,242 dollars net), in accordance tions in paragraph 24 of its report, regarding the quick with paragraph 15 above, subject to the decision of the and efficient deployment of the military contingents of Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission the Mission; beyond 15 September 2001; 7. Emphasizes that all future and existing peace- 18. Decides that, in accordance with the provisions of keeping missions shall be given equal and non- its resolution 973(X), there shall be set off against the discriminatory treatment in respect of financial and apportionment among Member States, as provided for administrative arrangements; in paragraph 17above, their respective share in the Tax 8. Also emphasizes that all peacekeeping missions Equalization Fund of the estimated staff assessment in- shall be provided with adequate resources for the effec- come of 622,154 dollars approved for the Mission for tive and efficient discharge of their respective man- the period from 16 September to 31 December 2001; dates; 19 . Decides also to apportion among Member States 9. Reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to the amount of 5,444,104 dollars gross (4,777,737 dol- make the fullest possible use of facilities and equip- lars net) for the support account and the amount of ment at the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, 568,706 dollars gross (510,695 dollars net) for the Italy, in order to minimize the costs of procurement for United Nations Logistics Base for the period from the Mission; 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002, in accordance with para- 10. Endorses the recommendation contained in graph 15 above, and taking into account the scale of paragraph 10 (b) of the report of the Advisory Commit- assessments for the years 2001 and 2002, as set out in tee; General Assembly resolution 55/5 B, the scale of as- 11. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the sessments for the year 2001 to be applied against a por- General Assembly at the earliest possible time on how tion thereof, that is, 2,722,052 dollars gross (2,388,869 the concept of operations affects and can justify the dollars net) for the support account and 284,353 dollars proposed structure of the Mission, including its senior gross (255,348 dollars net) for the Logistics Base for the staff component; period from 1 July to 31 December 2001, and the scale 12. Also requests the Secretary-General to take all of assessments for the year 2002 to be applied against necessary action to ensure that the Mission is adminis- the balance, that is, 2,722,052 dollars gross (2,388,868 tered with a maximum of efficiency and economy; dollars net) for the support account and 284,353 dollars 13. Further requests the Secretary-General, in order gross (255,347 dollars net) for the Logistics Base for the to reduce the cost of employing General Service staff, period from 1 January to 30 June 2002; to continue efforts to recruit local staff for the Mission 20. Decides further that, in accordance with the pro- against General Service posts, commensurate with the visions of its resolution 973(X), there shall be set off requirements of the Mission; against the apportionment among Member States, as 14 . Authorizes the Secretary-General to enter into provided for in paragraph 19 above, their respective commitments in the amount of 90 million dollars gross share in the Tax Equalization Fund of the estimated (88,933,450 dollars net) for the maintenance of the Mis- staff assessment income of 666,367 dollars for the sup- sion for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2001, port account and 58,011dollars for the United Nations and decides to appropriate the amount of 5,444,104 Logistics Base approved for the period from 1 July 2001 dollars gross (4,777,737 dollars net) for the support to 30 June 2002, 333,183 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and the amount account and 29,005 dollars for the Logistics Base being of 568,706 dollars gross (510,695 dollars net) for the amounts pertaining to the period from 1 July to 31 De- United Nations Logistics Base, representing the pro- cember 2001and the balance, that is, 333,184dollars for rated share of the Mission in the support account and the support account and 29,006 dollars for the Logis-

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tics Base, pertaining to the period from 1 January to 30 Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary June 2002; Questions, 21. Emphasizes that no peacekeeping mission shall Bearing in mind Security Council resolution 1312 be financed by borrowing funds from other active (2000) of 31 July 2000, by which the Council estab- peacekeeping missions; lished the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eri- 22. Encourages the Secretary-General to continue to trea, and the subsequent resolutions by which the take additional measures to ensure the safety and secu- Council extended the mandate of the Mission, the lat- rity of all personnel under the auspices of the United est of which was resolution 1369(2001) of 14September Nations participating in the Mission; 2001, 23. Invites voluntary contributions to the Mission in Recalling its resolution 55/237 of 23 December 2000 cash and in the form of services and supplies accepta- on the financing of the Mission and its subsequent ble to the Secretary-General, to be administered, as ap- resolutions thereon, the latest of which was resolution propriate, in accordance with the procedure and prac- 55/252 B of 14 June 2001, tices established by the General Assembly; Reaffirming the general principles underlying the 24. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of financing of United Nations peacekeeping operations, its fifty-sixth session the item entitled “Financing of as stated in General Assembly resolutions 1874(S-IV)of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea”. 27 June 1963, 3101(XXVIII) of 11 December 1973 and 55/235 of 23 December 2000, Noting with appreciation that voluntary contributions 2001-2002 budget have been made to the Mission, On 8 November, the Secretary-General sub- Mindful of the fact that it is essential to provide the mitted to the General Assembly the proposed Mission with the necessary financial resources to en- able it to fulfil its responsibilities under the relevant UNMEE budget for the period from 1 July 2001 to resolutions of the Security Council, 30 June 2002 [A/56/610], which amounted to 1. Takes note of the status of contributions to the $208,879,800 gross ($204,969,700 net). Addition- United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea as at 15 ally, non-budgeted voluntary contributions in November 2001, including the contributions outstand- kind amounted to $200,000. The Secretary- ing in the amount of 100.3 million United States dol- General recommended that the Assembly ap- lars, representing, regrettably, 36 per cent of the total prove an appropriation for the proposed budget, assessed contributions, notes that some 12 per cent of the Member States have paid their assessed contribu- assess the additional amount of $14,439,900 tions in full, and urges all other Member States con- gross ($13,551,400 net) for 1 July to 31 December cerned, in particular those in arrears, to ensure pay- 2001, assess $43,516,625 gross ($42,702,021 net) ment of their outstanding assessed contributions; for 1 January to 15 March 2002, and assess 2. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States $60,923,275 gross ($59,782,829 net) for 16 March that have paid their assessed contributions in full and to 30 June 2002, should the Security Council de- on time and urges all other Member States to make ev- cide to continue the Mission’s mandate. ery possible effort to ensure payment of their assessed contributions to the Mission in full and on time; Having reviewed the Secretary-General’s pro- 3. Expresses concern about the financial situation posed budget, ACABQ, on 28 November [A/56/ with regard to peacekeeping activities, in particular as 661], taking into consideration the pattern of ex- regards the reimbursements to troop contributors, that penditure for 1 July to 31 December 2001, which bear additional burdens owing to overdue payments by showed an unspent balance of $38.6 million, Member States of their assessments; compared with the apportionment of $90 mil- 4. Also expresses concern at the delay experienced by lion, recommended that the Assembly approve the Secretary-General in deploying and providing ade- quate resources to some recent peacekeeping missions, an appropriation and assessment of $198.4 mil- in particular those in Africa; lion gross for 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002, inclu- 5. Emphasizes that all future and existing peace- sive of $90 million gross appropriated and as- keeping missions shall be given equal and non- sessed by the Assembly in resolution 55/252 B discriminatory treatment in respect of financial and (above) for 1 July to 31 December 2001. administrative arrangements; 6. Also emphasizes that all peacekeeping missions GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION shall be provided with adequate resources for the effec- tive and efficient discharge of their respective man- On 24 December [meeting 92], the General As- dates; sembly, on the recommendation of the Fifth 7. Reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to Committee [A/56/714& Corr.1], adopted resolution make the fullest possible use of facilities and equip- 56/250 without vote [agenda item 137]. ment at the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, Italy, in order to minimize the costs of procurement for Financing of the United Nations Mission the Mission; in Ethiopia and Eritrea 8. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations The General Assembly, contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on Having considered the report of the Secretary-General Administrative and Budgetary Questions, and requests on the financing of the United Nations Mission the Secretary-General to ensure their full implementa- in Ethiopia and Eritrea and the related report of the tion;

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9. Requests the Secretary-General to take all neces- the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mis- sary action to ensure that the Mission is administered sion beyond 15 March 2002; with a maximum of efficiency and economy; 15. Decides also that, in accordance with the provi- 10. Also requests the Secretary-General, in order to sions of its resolution 973(X), there shall be set off reduce the cost of employing General Service staff, to against the apportionment among Member States, as continue efforts to recruit local staff for the Mission provided for in paragraph 14 above, their respective against General Service posts, commensurate with the share in the Tax Equalization Fund of the estimated requirements of the Mission; staff assessment income of 1,140,446 dollars approved for the Mission for the period from 16 March to 30 June 11. Decides to appropriate the amount of 2002; 200,279,308 dollars gross (196,227,505 dollars net) for the maintenance of the Mission for the twelve-month 16. Emphasizes that no peacekeeping mission shall period from 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002, inclusive of be financed by borrowing funds from other active the amount of 1,879,308 dollars gross (1,737,605 dollars peacekeeping missions; net) for the support account for peacekeeping opera- 17. Encourages the Secretary-General to continue to tions, in addition to the amount of 5,444,104 dollars take additional measures to ensure the safety and secu- gross (4,777,737 dollars net) already appropriated for rity of all personnel under the auspices of the United the support account, and the amount of 568,706 dol- Nations participating in the Mission; lars gross (510,695 dollars net) already appropriated for 18. Invites voluntary contributions to the Mission in the United Nations Logistics Base by the General cash and in the form of services and supplies accepta- Assembly in its resolution 55/252 B, and inclusive of ble to the Secretary-General, to be administered, as the amount of 90 million dollars gross (88,933,450 dol- appropriate, in accordance with the procedure and lars net) authorized by the Assembly in resolution practices established by the General Assembly; 55/252 B; 19 . Decides to keep under review during its fifty- 12. Decides also, taking into account the amount of sixth session the item entitled “Financing of the United 90 million dollars gross (88,933,450 dollars net) already Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea”. apportioned for the period from 1 July to 31December 2001 and the amount of 6,012,810 dollars gross Also on 24 December, the Assembly decided (5,288,432 dollars net) already apportioned for the pe- that the agenda item on UNMEE financing would riod from 1 July 2001 to 30 June 2002 in accordance remain for consideration during its resumed with the provisions of its resolution 55/252 B, to appor- fifty-sixth (2002) session (decision 56/464) and tion among Member States the amount of 52,412,641 that the Fifth Committee should continue its con- dollars gross (50,567,834 dollars net) for the period sideration of the item at that session (decision from 1 July 2001 to 15 March 2002 in accordance with the levels set out in General Assembly resolution 56/458). 55/235, as adjusted by its resolution 55/236 of 23 De- cember 2000, and taking into account the scale of as- sessments for the years 2001 and 2002 as set out in its Somalia resolution 55/5 B of 23 December 2000, the scale of as- In 2001, Somalia continued to struggle for na- sessments for the year 2001 to be applied against a por- tional reconciliation and restoration in the wake tion thereof, that is, 9.2 million dollars gross (8,311,500 of the Arta (Djibouti) Peace Conference, which dollars net) for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2001, and the scale of assessment for the year 2002 to be took place in 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 215]. The Confer- applied against the balance, that is, 43,212,641 dollars ence, an initiative of the Government of Djibouti, gross (42,256,334 dollars net) for the period from 1 brought together the Somali factions, with the ex- January to 15 March 2002; ception of Puntland and Somaliland, and re- 13. Decides further that, in accordance with the provi- sulted in the formation of a Transitional Na- sions of its resolution 973(X) of 15 December 1955, tional Assembly and the election of President there shall be set off against the apportionment among Abdikassim Salad Hassan to head Somalia’s Member States, as provided for in paragraph 12 above, Transitional National Government (TNG). Presi- their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of dent Hassan continued his efforts to bring on the estimated staff assessment income of 1,844,807 dollars approved for the Mission for the period from board the factions that had remained outside the 1 July 2001 to 15March 2002, 888,500 dollars being the Arta process, including those that formed the So- amount pertaining to the period from 1 July to 31 De- mali Reconciliation and Restoration Council in cember 2001, and the balance, that is, 956,307 dollars, March. He was also instrumental in initiating pertaining to the period from 1 January to 15 March conferences with faction leaders in Kenya, under 2002; the auspices of President Daniel arap Moi. In Oc- 14 . Decides to apportion among Member States the tober, the Security Council reiterated its support amount of 57,866,667 dollars gross (56,726,221 dollars for the Arta peace process, which, it believed, was net) for the period from 16 March to 30 June 2002, at a the most viable basis for peace and national rec- monthly rate of 16,533,333 dollars gross (16,207,492 dollars net) in accordance with the scheme set out in onciliation in Somalia. the present resolution and taking into account the scale Having completed a security assessment of of assessments for the year 2002 as set out in General Mogadishu, as requested by the Council in Janu- Assembly resolution 55/5 B, subject to any decision by ary, the Secretary-General was unable to recom-

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mend the deployment of a post-conflict peace- all groups, in particular armed movements, to sup- building mission in Somalia. However, he did port and participate in the demobilization efforts propose that the mandate of the United Nations undertaken by the Transitional National Govern- ment. It encourages the Transitional National Gov- Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS), with its ernment to continue, in a spirit of constructive dia- headquarters in Nairobi, be renewed for the bien- logue, the process of engaging all groups in the nium 2002-2003. country, including in the north-eastern and north- The humanitarian situation in Somalia contin- western areas, with the view to preparing for the in- ued to be of concern, due to poor harvests and in- stallation of permanent governance arrangements ternal conflict. Despite efforts by the United through the democratic process. Nations and other humanitarian and develop- The Council underlines the massive challenges facing Somalia with respect to reconstruction and ment agencies, the unfavourable security condi- development, and the immediate need for urgent tions prevented assistance from reaching the assistance, particularly in the areas of demobiliza- needy on a continuous and unimpeded basis. In tion (with special attention to measures to combat December, the General Assembly, in resolution HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases), dis- 56/106, called on the Secretary-General to con- armament and rehabilitation of basic infrastructure. tinue to mobilize international humanitarian, re- It calls upon the United Nations, its Member States habilitation and reconstruction assistance for and specialized agencies, non-governmental organi- zations as well as the Bretton Woods institutions to Somalia (see p. 834). assist in addressing these challenges. The Council, emphasizing the importance of SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (January) respect for human rights and international humani- On 11 January [meeting 4254], the Security tarian law, notes with concern that the humanitarian Council held a private meeting to consider the and security situation remains fragile in several parts Secretary-General’s 19 December 2000 report on of Somalia, including Mogadishu. It strongly con- demns attacks by armed groups on civilians and hu- the situation in Somalia [YUN 2000, p. 217]. It also manitarian personnel and calls upon all Somalis to heard a briefing by the Prime Minister of the respect fully the security and safety of personnel of Transitional Government of Somalia, Ali Khalif the United Nations and its specialized agencies, the Galaydh. The Prime Minister responded to ques- International Committee of the Red Cross and of tions posed by Council members. non-governmental organizations, and to guarantee On the same day [meeting 4255], following con- their complete freedom of movement and safe access sultations among Council members, the Presi- throughout Somalia. The Council reiterates to all States their obliga- dent made statement S/PRST/2001/1 on behalf tion to comply with the measures imposed by resolu- of the Council: tion 733(1992) of 23 January 1992 and urges each The Security Council notes with appreciation the State to take the necessary steps to ensure full imple- Secretary-General’s report of 19 December 2000 on mentation and enforcement of the arms embargo. It the situation in Somalia and reaffirms its commit- strongly condemns the illegal supply of weapons to ment to a comprehensive and lasting settlement of recipients in Somalia. It reiterates its call upon all the situation in Somalia, consistent with the princi- States, the United Nations and other international ples of the Charter of the United Nations, bearing in organizations and entities to report to the Commit- mind respect for the sovereignty,territorial integrity, tee established by resolution 751(1992) of 24 April political independence and unity of Somalia. 1992 information on possible violations of the arms The Council welcomes and supports the outcome embargo. of the Arta peace conference, the establishment of The Council insists that all States should refrain the Transitional National Assembly and the Transi- from any military intervention in the internal situa- tional National Government. It expresses gratitude tion in Somalia and that the territory of Somalia for the efforts undertaken by the Government and should not be used to undermine the stability in the people of Djibouti in convening the peace confer- subregion. ence. Furthermore, it recognizes with appreciation The Council welcomes the Secretary-General’s in- the impetus provided to the process by the Intergov- tention to put in place a trust fund for peace- ernmental Authority on Development, including the building in Somalia. It notes that despite the recent mandate extended by the ministerial meeting in Dji- positive developments in Somalia, the security situa- bouti in March 2000. tion in the country is still a cause for serious concern. The Council further welcomes the efforts of the The Council therefore invites the Secretary-General Transitional National Government to promote rec- to prepare a proposal for a peace-building mission onciliation within Somalia. It strongly urges all pol- for Somalia. Such a proposal should, with specific at- itical groups in the country,in particular those which tention to the security situation in the country, out- have remained outside the Arta peace process, to en- line possible ways to advance the peace process fur- gage in peaceful and constructive dialogue with the ther. Transitional National Government in order to pro- The Council remains seized of the matter. mote national reconciliation and facilitate the demo- cratic elections scheduled for 2003 as called for in the Communications. On 8 January [S/2001/19], Transitional National Charter. It further calls upon Ethiopia informed the Security Council of its

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 209 concern regarding the situation in Somalia. As a Ethiopia’s backing, allegations that Ethiopia de- country sharing a 2,000-kilometre border with nied. On 18 June, the Chairman of the Lower Somalia and a haven for tens of thousands of So- Juba Alliance announced the formation of an malian refugees, Ethiopia would be the second 11-member inter-clan council which allied itself greatest beneficiary from a stable and peaceful with TNG. However, several faction leaders who Somalia. It would be a tragedy if an effort was not attended the Arta Conference subsequently made to build on the momentum for peace and joined those opposed to TNG. The Mogadishu national reconciliation created at the Arta Peace faction leaders and the others hostile to the Arta Conference. On 10 January [S/2001/27], Ethiopia peace process announced on 23 March the for- referred to an 8 January British Broadcasting mation of the Somali Reconciliation and Resto- Corporation report that Somalia’s Prime Minis- ration Council, which aimed to hold an all- ter had criticized Ethiopia for interfering in the inclusive national reconciliation conference, affairs of Somalia. It observed that there was real within six months, to form a representative Tran- hope for peace in Somalia but only if TNG ceased sitional Government of National Unity. That trying to create artificial enemies. conference was postponed until 2002. In a 21 March letter to the Security Council On 17 April, the Djibouti Government closed President [S/2001/263], Somalia’s Prime Minister its border with “Somaliland”, which claimed to described some actions taken to engage the fac- have separated from the rest of Somalia, follow- tions that were not part of the Arta Conference. ing its administration’s destruction of a consign- He also listed activities by Ethiopia that he viewed ment of cigarettes allegedly belonging to a Dji- as interferences in Somalia’s internal affairs and bouti businessman. Since then there had been no as posing a threat to Somalia’s unity, territorial air, land or sea communications between Dji- integrity and political independence. bouti and Somaliland, despite an attempt by In a 4 April response [S/2001/325], Ethiopia re- Mohamed Ibrahim Egal, Somaliland’s leader, to jected Somalia’s portrayal of it as a State bent on improve relations. On 31 May, the Somaliland “destabilizing” Somalia and stated that its spirit administration carried out a referendum on a of goodwill towards Somalia would continue. new constitution, the first article of which On 10 August [S/2001/792], the EU Presidency asserted the region’s independence. Officials expressed concern about the recent outbreak of claimed that 97 per cent of 1.3 million voters conflict in Mogadishu and other parts of Soma- endorsed the new constitution. Mr. Egal then lia. It welcomed the creation of the National called on the international community to recog- Commission for Reconciliation and Property Set- nize Somaliland. The “Puntland” administration tlement (NCRPS) and drew the attention of all and TNG opposed the referendum, citing the parties involved to the need for guaranteed safety 1960 Act of Union. In July, Mr. Egal announced of all humanitarian agencies and their personnel the formation of a new political party, the Allied operating in Somalia. People’s Democratic Party (UDUB), in prep- Report of Secretary-General (October). In an aration for parliamentary and presidential elec- 11 October report [S/2001/963], submitted in re- tions in 2002. Elders remained divided on sponse to a request contained in Security Council UDUB’s constitutionality. presidential statement S/PRST/1999/16 [YUN The “Puntland” administration’s mandate ex- 1999, p. 171], the Secretary-General described pired on 30 June. The administration, headed by events in Somalia since his December 2000 report Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf, rather than undertake [YUN 2000, p. 217]. presidential and parliamentary elections as TNG, led by President Hassan, appointed a stipulated in the 1998 Transitional Charter of 25-member NCRPS, and the Transitional Na- Puntland, requested and received a three-year tional Assembly approved a Chief Justice of the extension from the House of Representatives. Supreme Court. It also succeeded in bringing on The Chairman of the Supreme Court declared board two of the five faction leaders in Moga- the extension unconstitutional and, as provided dishu who had originally opposed the Arta peace for in the Charter, assumed office as the legal in- process. Although TNG negotiated with the mili- terim President of Puntland. That decision was tias holding the Mogadishu seaport in early 2001, upheld by a meeting of elders despite Colonel it remained closed because some faction leaders Yusuf’s attempt to unseat the Chairman by sus- would not agree to its reopening. TNG also sent pending him from the Supreme Court. The in- delegations to various parts of Somalia for talks terim President organized a conference (Garowe, with clan leaders; while they met with some suc- 26 August) to set the future course of Puntland. cess in the Hiran region, they were ambushed by Meanwhile, Colonel Yusuf announced on 12 opposition militia in Gedo and Bakool. TNG August that he was still President of Puntland claimed that the attacks were carried out with and declared the Garowe conference to be illegal.

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Regional and other peace initiatives on Soma- drawing attention to Somalia’s needs and to help lia included a call by the summit meeting of mobilize funds. the League of Arab States (Amman, Jordan, 26-27 March) for funding of $54 million for the SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (October) absorption and resettlement of militias and the On 31 October [meeting 4401], following consul- restoration of State institutions. In early April, tations among Security Council members, the President Omar Hassan al-Bashir of the Sudan, President made statement S/PRST/2001/30 on as Chairman of the Intergovernmental Authority behalf of the Council: on Development (IGAD), appointed a Special The Security Council, having considered the re- Envoy for Somalia, renewing expectations that port of the Secretary-General of 11October 2001and the IGAD mechanism for the peace process in having held a public meeting on 19 October 2001 Somalia would be put in place. The OAU (S/PV.4392 and S/PV.4392 resumption 1), reaffirms Secretary-General, following OAU’s thirty-seventh its commitment to a comprehensive and lasting set- summit (Lusaka, Zambia, 2-7 July), announced tlement of the situation in Somalia, consistent with his intention to field a mission to consult with all the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, parties to the conflict. While attending that sum- and bearing in mind its respect for the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political independence and mit, the UN Secretary-General took the opportu- unity of Somalia. nity to meet President Hassan and encouraged The Council reiterates its support for the out- him to make further efforts towards the comple- come of the Arta peace conference, the establish- tion of the Arta process. The Secretary-General’s ment of the Transitional National Assembly and the Representative continued to meet with all parties Transitional National Government. It encourages in Somalia and with regional actors. the Transitional National Government to continue, in the spirit of constructive dialogue, the process of Economic and social systems sustaining lives engaging all groups in the country, including in the and livelihoods in Somalia continued to be dis- north-eastern and north-western areas, with the rupted by more than a decade of conflict, exacer- view to preparing for the installation of permanent bated by recurrent drought and flooding. UN governance arrangements through the democratic agencies adopted a four-part humanitarian and process. development strategy, the accomplishment of The Council believes that the Arta peace process continues to be the most viable basis for peace and which, the Secretary-General stated, was possible national reconciliation in Somalia. It urges the Tran- only if adequate financial and material resources sitional National Government, political and tradi- were available. To support the humanitarian, re- tional leaders and factions in Somalia to make every covery and development activities, the consoli- effort to complete, without preconditions, the peace dated inter-agency appeal for 2001, requesting and reconciliation process through dialogue and in- $129.6 million, was launched (see p. 834). volvement of all parties in a spirit of mutual accom- modation and tolerance. It calls on all parties to re- The security situation in Somalia remained frain from actions that undermine the Arta peace tenuous and included a militia attack on the process. The Council emphasizes that while the Spanish Médecins sans frontières (MSF-Spain) search for a national solution continues, unwavering compound that resulted in the abduction of six attention must be paid to achieving local political set- tlements as well. UN staff and the MSF-Spain workers, who were The Council expresses its support for the Transi- later released. Numerous clashes took place be- tional National Government’s ongoing efforts to en- tween militias, and fighting in Puntland and hance security in the Mogadishu area and to make Somaliland resulted in the temporary suspen- operational the National Commission for Recon- sion of UN activities in those regions. The ciliation and Property Settlement, which should United Nations conducted two more security as- be independent, as foreseen in the Transitional Na- sessments in Mogadishu in August and Septem- tional Charter. The Council emphasizes the neces- sity for efforts against international terrorism in ber, which showed that the situation had im- accordance with resolution 1373(2001) of 28 Septem- proved somewhat and that there were fewer ber 2001 and welcomes the stated intention of the weapons in the streets. However, the Secretary- Transitional National Government to take steps in General concluded that the security situation did this regard. The Council urges the international not make it possible to deploy a post-conflict community, including through the Counterterror- peace-building mission in Somalia at that time. ism Committee established pursuant to resolution He recommended that the mandate of UNPOS be 1373(2001), to provide assistance to Somalia for the extended for a further two years (2002-2003) (see implementation of the aforementioned resolution. The Council calls on the concerned States in the p. 212). The Secretary-General stated his inten- Horn of Africa to contribute constructively to the tion to consult all concerned on the feasibility peace efforts in Somalia. It emphasizes that the situa- and usefulness of setting up a Committee of tion in Somalia and the objective of long-term re- Friends of Somalia to focus on ways and means of gional stability can most effectively be addressed if

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neighbouring States play a positive role, including in Committee of the Red Cross and non-governmental the process of rebuilding national institutions in So- organizations, and to guarantee their complete free- malia. dom of movement and access throughout Somalia. The Council acknowledges Djibouti’s major con- The Council calls on Member States to respond ur- tribution to the Arta peace process and welcomes its gently and generously to the United Nations consoli- continued role in this regard. It encourages the In- dated inter-agency appeal for 2001, for which only 16 tergovernmental Authority on Development, the Or- per cent of the identified needs have been financially ganization of African Unity/African Union and the provided thus far. League of Arab States to enhance their efforts to pro- The Council requests the Secretary-General to mote peace in Somalia. take the following steps in support of the peace pro- The Council calls on all States and other actors to cess in Somalia: comply scrupulously with the arms embargo estab- (i) Dispatch a headquarters-led inter-agency mis- lished by resolution 733(1992) of 23 January 1992. sion to carry out a comprehensive assessment, based The Council insists that all States, in particular those on the existing general United Nations standards, of of the region, should not interfere in the internal the security situation in Somalia, including in Moga- affairs of Somalia. Such interference could jeopard- dishu; ize the sovereignty, territorial integrity, political (ii) Prepare proposals for how the United Nations independence and unity of Somalia. may further assist in the demobilization of militia The Council insists that the territory of Somalia members, and the training of police personnel from should not be used to undermine stability in the sub- the Transitional National Government; region. (iii) Invite donors to make contributions to the The Council strongly condemns the attack on 13 trust fund for peace-building in Somalia, to be put in October 2001 on a police station in Mogadishu, in place as proposed in the 19December 2000 report of which a number of officers and civilians were killed. the Secretary-General, with a view to facilitate tar- It reiterates its condemnation of the attack on 27 geted activities in line with proposals developed pur- March 2001 on the compound of Médecins sans suant to paragraph (ii) above; Frontières in Mogadishu and the subsequent abduc- (iv) Consider the scope for adjustments, as ap- tion of international personnel, and demands that propriate, to the mandate for the United Nations those responsible must be brought to justice. The Political Office for Somalia; Council notes that these attacks were launched at the (v) Consult all concerned on finding practical same time as the consideration of a possible United and constructive ways of achieving the following ob- Nations peace-building mission for Somalia. jectives: The Council emphasizes that no measure of vio- (a) Promoting coherency of policy ap- lence can alleviate the plight of the Somali people proaches towards Somalia and consolidating sup- nor bring stability, peace or security to their country. port for peace and reconciliation in the country; It calls for an immediate end to all acts of violence in (b) Facilitating exchange of information; and Somalia. Deliberate acts of violence should not be al- (c) Finding ways and means of drawing at- lowed to prevent the rehabilitation of Somalia’s gov- tention to Somalia’s needs related to national recon- erning structures and the restoration of the rule of ciliation and development. law throughout the country. In this context, the The effort to achieve the objectives stated in sub- Council condemns the leaders of those armed fac- paragraphs (a), (b) and (c) above should have a focus tions who remain outside the peace process and con- in the region and include close interaction with the tinue to be obstacles to peace and stability in Soma- Intergovernmental Authority on Development and lia. its Partners Forum, the Organization of African The Council expresses concern about the human- Unity/African Union, the League of Arab States itarian situation in Somalia, in particular in south- and the Security Council; ern areas, and in the Bay, Bakool, Gedo and Hiran (vi) Intensify, through urgent contacts with do- regions due to the expected food insecurity and lack nor countries and relevant non-governmental or- of rainfall in the October-December period. It draws ganizations, the efforts for humanitarian and devel- attention to the urgent need for international assist- opment assistance in Somalia; and ance, inter alia, in covering food and water shortfalls, (vii) Submit reports, at least every four months, thereby also combating potentially further destabi- on the situation in Somalia and the efforts to pro- lizing stress migration and prevalence of disease. mote the peace process, including updates on the Noting that problems in livestock exports have also scope and contingency planning for launching a been a major influence in worsening the economic peace-building mission for Somalia. The next re- and humanitarian situation, the Council calls on all port, due on 31 January 2002, should provide an up- States and on all authorities within Somalia to co- date on the activities undertaken pursuant to para- operate in efforts to allow the resumption of such graphs (i) to (vi) above. exports. The Council remains seized of the matter. The Council notes with satisfaction that the United Nations, the Red Cross movement and non- Communication. On 6 November [S/2001/1063], governmental organizations continue to provide hu- manitarian and development assistance to all areas Somalia transmitted to the Security Council of Somalia. The Council calls upon all parties in So- President the communiqué that was issued fol- malia to respect fully the security and safety of per- lowing the Somalia Reconciliation Meeting (Nai- sonnel of the United Nations, the International robi, 1-4 November), which was attended by TNG

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 212 Political and security questions and the Somali Reconciliation and Restoration individuals linked to terrorism, including Al- Council. The two parties adopted an agenda as Itihaad al-Islamiya, a Somali organization. The the basis for future deliberations. list was further expanded to include a number of Later developments. In a later report that cov- Somali individuals and Al-Barakaat Group of ered developments in Somalia towards the end of Companies Somalia, Ltd. On 31 October, Presi- 2001 [S/2002/189], the Secretary-General stated dent Hassan met with the Secretary-General’s that, on 12 October, the Transitional National As- Representative for Somalia and denied any link- sembly put forward a motion of no-confidence in age between his administration and Al-Itihaad TNG, accusing it of failing to move the national al-Islamiya. When the United States Treasury reconciliation process forward. The motion shut down the Al-Barakaat Group offices in the passed on 28 October and, on 12 November, Has- United States, on 7 November, claiming the san Abshir Farah was named the new Prime Min- Group to be a principal source of funding for ister. With regard to the political crisis in “Punt- Osama bin Laden, President Hassan set up a land”, the protracted Garowe conference of commission to look into the Group’s records. elders finally elected Jama Ali Jama as the new President of the “Puntland State of Somalia” on UNPOS 14 November. Colonel Yusuf rejected the out- On 16 November [S/2001/1097], the Secretary- come and returned with his forces to Garowe. Mr. General proposed to the Security Council that Jama retreated to Bosasso claiming that Ethio- the mandate for UNPOS, established in 1995 [YUN pian troops had crossed into Somalia in support 1995, p. 400], be renewed for the biennium 2002- of Colonel Yusuf, an allegation that Ethiopia dis- 2003, pending an improvement in the security missed as baseless. situation that would allow him to submit a propo- As to the situation in “Somaliland”, Mr. Egal sal for a peace-building office in Somalia. continued to state that he was not interested in On 21 November [S/2001/1098], the Council participating in any reconciliation talks on Soma- President informed the Secretary-General that lia. His administration had attempted to institute his decision concerning UNPOS had been noted a multiparty system, as opposed to governance by the Council. under the guidance of the traditional council of elders, an effort that was being resisted. Seven Arms embargo registered political organizations were expected The Security Council Committee established to compete in municipal elections, which were to pursuant to resolution 751(1992) [YUN 1992, p. 202] have been held on 20 December following the concerning Somalia continued throughout 2001 passing of an electoral law on 17November. How- to monitor the arms embargo against Somalia ever, the elections were postponed, and Mr. Egal imposed by resolution 733(1992) [ibid., p. 199].In was given a one-year extension by the upper June, the Council decided that the embargo house of the “Somaliland Parliament”. would not apply to non-lethal military equip- President Moi of Kenya convened two rounds ment intended solely for humanitarian or protec- of meetings (Nairobi, 1-4 November and 13-24 tive use. December) between TNG and some factions out- In a 6 June note [S/2001/564], the Council Presi- side the Arta process. Agreements signed in De- dent announced the election of Noureddine cember called for an all-inclusive government to Mejdoub (Tunisia) as Chairman of the Commit- be formed. As a result, TNG proposed to the tee, with Jamaica and Norway as Vice-Chairmen. Transitional National Assembly that the number Their terms were to end on 31 December 2001. of cabinet members and parliamentarians be in- creased to facilitate a broader-based government, SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION and the Kenyan authorities announced their in- On 19 June [meeting 4332], the Security Council tention to establish an international secretariat on Somalia. unanimously adopted resolution 1356(2001). The draft [S/2001/589] was prepared in consulta- Following the Joint IGAD Partners Forum (Ad- tions among Council members. dis Ababa, 20 November), the Special Envoy of the President of the Sudan on Somalia led a joint The Security Council, IGAD mission to Somalia and Addis Ababa (20-31 Reaffirming its resolutions 733(1992) of 23 January December). Its recommendations included a call 1992 and 751(1992) of 24 April 1992, for a national reconciliation conference. Expressing its desire to see peace and security return to Somalia, In the wake of the 11 September terrorist at- Recognizing the ongoing efforts of the United tacks in the United States, the United States Nations, its specialized agencies and humanitarian or- President signed an executive order on 23 Sep- ganizations to deliver humanitarian assistance to So- tember blocking the assets of organizations and malia,

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Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, North Africa 1. Reiterates to all States their obligation to comply with the measures imposed by resolution 733(1992), and urges each State to take the necessary steps to en- sure full implementation and enforcement of the arms Western Sahara embargo; In 2001, the United Nations considered new al- 2. Decides that the measures imposed by paragraph ternatives to holding a referendum for the people 5 of resolution 733(1992) shall not apply to protective of Western Sahara, a Non-Self-Governing Terri- clothing, including flak jackets and military helmets, tory,to choose between independence or integra- temporarily exported to Somalia by United Nations tion with Morocco, as outlined in the 1990 settle- personnel, representatives of the media and humanita- ment plan. That plan, approved by Security rian and development workers and associated person- nel for their personal use only; Council resolution 658(1990) [YUN 1990, p. 920], outlined terms for a referendum and was agreed 3. Decides also that the measures imposed by para- to by Morocco and the Frente Popular para la graph 5 of resolution 733(1992) shall not apply to sup- plies of non-lethal military equipment intended solely Liberación de Saguia el-Hamra y de Río de Oro for humanitarian or protective use, as approved in ad- (POLISARIO). Progress on its implementation vance by the Committee established pursuant to reso- over the following decade had been slow, despite lution 751(1992) (the Committee); the continuous efforts of the United Nations. 4. Requests the Committee to give consideration to The United Nations Mission for the Referendum and decide upon requests for the exemptions set out in in Western Sahara (MINURSO), established by paragraph 3 above; Council resolution 690(1991) [YUN 1991, p. 794] to 5. Decides to remain seized of the matter. implement the plan, continued to monitor the 1991 ceasefire between Morocco and POLISARIO Security Council Committee. On 21 Decem- [ibid., p. 796] and to report on developments. ber, the Chairman of the Security Council Com- Tension in Western Sahara mounted in the mittee concerning Somalia submitted to the early months of the year when POLISARIO re- Council a report covering its activities in 2001 stricted the movement of MINURSO patrols in [S/2001/1259]. Following the adoption of Council western areas of the Territory. resolution 1356(2001), the Committee approved In May, the Secretary-General’s Personal En- draft new consolidated guidelines for the con- voy, James A. Baker III (United States), proposed duct of its work. On 20 July, the Committee ap- a draft framework agreement on the status of proved a United Kingdom request to export spe- Western Sahara, by which the population of cialized demining equipment to Somalia. The Western Sahara, through their executive, legisla- Committee reiterated that, in the absence of a tive and judicial bodies, would have competence specific monitoring mechanism to ensure the over local issues while Morocco would be respon- effective implementation of the arms embargo, it sible for foreign relations, national security and relied solely on the cooperation of States and or- defence. The executive powers would be held by ganizations in a position to provide information an Executive, elected by a vote of those identified on violations of the embargo. by the MINURSO Identification Commission, and an Assembly. Morocco indicated its support for UNOSOM II financing the plan, while POLISARIO objected to it on the grounds that it provided for the integration of The United Nations Operation in Somalia Western Sahara into Morocco. Algeria also pro- (UNOSOM), established by Security Council reso- tested that it would confirm the illegal occupa- lution 751(1992) [YUN 1992, p. 202], was withdrawn tion of the Territory by Morocco and would from Somalia in March 1995 [YUN 1995, p. 400]. violate the right of the Saharan people to self- On 7 September, the General Assembly de- determination. cided to include in the draft agenda of its fifty- The Identification Commission continued its sixth session the item entitled “Financing of the work on establishing a list of voters by consider- United Nations Operation in Somalia II” (deci- ing appeals following the issuance in 1999 and sion 55/496). 2000 of provisional parts of the list. On 24 December, the Assembly decided that On 29 June, the Council extended MINURSO’s the item would remain for consideration at its re- mandate until 30 November in order to allow the sumed (2002) fifty-sixth session (decision 56/464) Secretary-General’s Personal Envoy to meet with and that the Fifth Committee should continue its Morocco, POLISARIO, Algeria and Mauritania to consideration of the item at that session (decision discuss the proposed draft framework agree- 56/458). ment. On 27 November, MINURSO’s mandate was

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 214 Political and security questions extended until 28 February 2002 to allow the Per- Commission who were bringing new evidence. sonal Envoy more time for those consultations. Most of those appellants had listed one or two Report of Secretary-General (February). The witnesses to support their claims, with only lim- Secretary-General, in response to Security Coun- ited documentary evidence, especially regarding cil resolution 1324(2000) [YUN 2000, p. 227],on20 appellants from tribal groupings H41, H61 and February submitted a report on the situation J51/52. The remaining appeals were based on concerning Western Sahara [S/2001/148], which claims that the Commission failed to convoke or covered developments since his previous report to identify them (1,260), that they were blocked of 25 October 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 225]. He observed by force majeure (5,079), or that they were not that the reporting period was marked by a dete- identified although they were on the 1991 revised rioration in relations between the two parties and census list (643). Another category of appellants there was no progress in implementing the settle- included those who were contesting the inclusion ment plan. of other persons on the provisional voter list The crossing, in early January, of the Paris- (15,393). Regarding potential additional appel- Dakar car rally into Western Sahara contributed lants, Morocco estimated that those who reached to an increase in tensions. On previous occasions, 18 years of age after 31 December 1993 might the rally had crossed Western Sahara with prior number about 30,000, while POLISARIO esti- consultations by the organizers with the two mated that number at 11,000, including 5,000 in parties. For the 2001 crossing, however, only Tindouf, Algeria. Morocco was contacted for permission. In a com- As at 16 February, the strength of MINURSO’s muniqué of 22 December 2000, POLISARIO indi- military component stood at 230 military person- cated that the passage of the rally would consti- nel. It continued to monitor the 1991 ceasefire be- tute a violation of the ceasefire and that it would tween the Royal Moroccan Army and POLISARIO resume military activities. Morocco responded military units and to implement the military with an equally strong statement. As the rally agreements between MINURSO and the two par- date neared, MINURSO reported a partial mobili- ties on the marking and disposal of mines and zation and military movements by POLISARIO.In unexploded ordnance, and the exchange of re- a 5 January statement, the Secretary-General’s lated information, until December 2000. On 31 Special Representative, William Eagleton (United December, POLISARIO liaison officers advised States), emphasized that any military action by ei- MINURSO that it would not be allowed within 800 ther party would constitute a violation of the metres of POLISARIO unit locations. On 17 Janu- ceasefire. On 7 January, the rally crossed into the ary, POLISARIO announced restrictions on the Territory and POLISARIO stated that the event movement of MINURSO air and ground recon- was a breach of the ceasefire, for which it held naissance patrols and, since 3 January,all POLISA- Morocco responsible, but it would suspend its de- RIO units had deployed outside their confine- cision regarding the resumption of military ac- ment locations without prior notification to tivities. While no action was taken, the event in- MINURSO. Both decisions were in violation of the creased animosity between the parties and raised military agreements between MINURSO and the tensions in the area. two parties. On 6 January, POLISARIO protested The Identification Commission continued its to MINURSO that a Royal Moroccan Army unit work on establishing a list of voters, specifically had entered the buffer zone (a 5-kilometre strip on consolidation of files and data quality control, from the berm), thus violating the military agree- with particular attention to preparations for the ments pertaining to the ceasefire. Morocco re- technical review of the appeals admissibility and jected the allegation. The MINURSO civilian po- for appeal hearings on substance. The Commis- lice component, at a strength of 47 officers, sion had received a total of 131,038 appeals, fol- protected files and other materials at the Iden- lowing the issuance of the first part of the provi- tification Commission centres at Laayoune and sional voter list in July 1999 (containing the Tindouf. names of 84,251 applicants identified as eligible The Secretary-General regretted that he could to vote, out of 144,369 interviewed by the Com- not report any progress in implementing the set- mission) and of the second part of the list in Janu- tlement plan or towards determining whether ary 2000 (containing the names of 2,161 eligible Morocco, as administering Power, was prepared applicants, out of 51,220 interviewed). The over- to support some devolution of authority for all whelming majority of the appeals filed (115,645) inhabitants and former inhabitants of Western was against exclusion from the provisional voter Sahara. On the advice of his Personal Envoy, list, with most of the appeals (108,708) falling the Secretary-General recommended that the under the article of the Appeals Procedures deal- MINURSO mandate be extended for two months, ing with applicants rejected by the Identification until 30 April 2001, to see whether Morocco was

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 215 prepared to support some devolution of author- tions contained therein, and expressing full support ity. Failing such support, MINURSO would be di- for the role and work of the Personal Envoy, rected to begin hearing the pending appeals Reiterating full support for the continued efforts from the identification process on an expedited exerted by the United Nations Mission for the Referen- dum in Western Sahara to implement the settlement basis. The Personal Envoy also advised the plan and agreements adopted by the parties to hold a Secretary-General that that was the last request free, fair and impartial referendum for the self- he would support for a mandate extension to pro- determination of the people of Western Sahara, vide extra time for Morocco to decide on devolu- Noting that fundamental differences between the tion of authority. parties over the interpretation of the main provisions of Communications (February/March). In a 21 the settlement plan remain to be resolved, 1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United February letter to the Security Council President Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sa- [S/2001/155], Algeria said that since there had not hara until 30 April 2001, with the expectation that the been any progress in the quest for a mutually parties, under the auspices of the Personal Envoy of the acceptable political solution, MINURSO should Secretary-General, will continue to try to resolve the begin hearing the pending appeals from the multiple problems relating to the implementation of identification process, thereby resuming the im- the settlement plan and try to agree upon a mutually ac- plementation of the settlement plan. Algeria be- ceptable political solution to their dispute over West- lieved that the question of the appeals should and ern Sahara; 2. Requests the Secretary-General to provide an as- could be settled if the United Nations decided to sessment of the situation before the end of the present mobilize the necessary resources, thereby ena- mandate; bling the holding of a referendum. 3. Decides to remain seized of the matter. Morocco, on 27 February [S/2001/178], said that since the beginning of the referendum process, Report of Secretary-General (April). In re- the adversaries of Morocco’s territorial integrity sponse to Council resolution 1342(2001), the had waged a campaign against the identification Secretary-General submitted a 24 April report of Saharans who were not in the Territory at the on the situation concerning Western Sahara time of the 1974 Spanish census, though they [S/2001/398]. During the period since his February were aware that many were in northern Morocco, report, the Secretary-General’s Personal Envoy Mauritania and other places. However, it was un- consulted with the two parties and other inter- realistic to attempt to reduce to the appeals pro- ested parties and his Special Representative also cess alone the many problems that had hampered pursued consultations. the implementation of the settlement plan. Following the passage of the Paris-Dakar car Cuba, in its capacity as Chairman of the Group rally, tensions remained high and the integrity of of Latin American and Caribbean States, on 30 the ceasefire was called into question by unmoni- March [A/55/867-S/2001/308], commenting on tored deployment of POLISARIO forces and their Western Sahara, reaffirmed that the settlement restrictions on the movement of MINURSO mili- plan, including the holding of a referendum, was tary observers. MINURSO ground patrols contin- the only choice accepted by both parties to ensure ued to be restricted to areas not closer than 800 the right to self-determination and achieve a just metres to POLISARIO combat units and observa- and lasting peace. tion posts, and its air reconnaissance was limited to the 30-kilometre area immediately east of the SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (February) berm. On 15 March, Moroccan military authori- MINURSO On 27 February [meeting 4284], the Security ties informed of plans to begin con- Council unanimously adopted resolution 1342 struction of an asphalt road in the south-west cor- ner of the Territory,across the 5-kilometre buffer (2001). The draft [S/2001/165] was prepared in consultations among Council members. strip and into Mauritania near Nouadhibou. On the same day, the Royal Moroccan Army de- The Security Council, ployed troops in the Guerguerat area, allegedly to Reaffirming all its previous resolutions on Western provide security for contractors working on the Sahara, in particular resolutions 1108(1997) of 22 May road. The Special Representative and the Force 1997, 1292(2000) of 29 February 2000, 1301(2000) of 31 Commander warned Morocco that the proposed May 2000, 1309(2000) of 25 July 2000 and 1324(2000) road building could be in violation of the cease- of 30 October 2000, and also its resolution 1308(2000) of 17 July 2000, fire agreement. At the time of the report, there Recalling the relevant principles contained in the was no evidence of road construction. Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Asso- The Identification Commission completed the ciated Personnel of 9 December 1994, consolidation and quality control of the files re- Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 20 ceived during the second round of appeals and February 2001 and the observations and recommenda- corrected some minor errors on the provisional

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 216 Political and security questions voter list. The first draft of a manual on hearings Noting that fundamental differences between the on the substance was produced, and its useful- parties over the interpretation of the main provisions of ness and practicability tested in simulation ses- the settlement plan remain to be resolved, sions with actual appeal files. 1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sa- UNHCR continued to carry out its responsibili- hara until 30 June 2001, with the expectation that the ties for the Saharan refugees in the four Tindouf parties, under the auspices of the Personal Envoy of the camps in Algeria, monitoring their welfare and Secretary-General, will continue to try to resolve the coordinating activities with the host Government multiple problems relating to the implementation of and implementing partners. It held a meeting on the settlement plan and try to agree upon a mutually ac- 22 February with the World Food Programme ceptable political solution to their dispute over West- ern Sahara; and the European Community Humanitarian 2. Requests the Secretary-General to provide an as- Office in Geneva on redressing the basic food sessment of the situation before the end of the present situation in the camps. UNHCR held a workshop mandate; in Algiers from 1 to 4 April to discuss its 2001 and 3. Decides to remain seized of the matter. 2002 implementation and operations plan with the host Government, NGO partners, donor Report of Secretary-General (June). On 20 countries, UN agencies and refugees. June [S/2001/613], the Secretary-General de- The Secretary-General saw no progress to- scribed developments in Western Sahara since wards overcoming the obstacles to implementa- his April report. During that period, his Personal tion of the settlement plan during the reporting Envoy met with officials of Morocco to determine period. However, he believed that substantial if it was prepared to offer or support some devo- progress had been made towards determining lution of authority for all inhabitants and former whether Morocco, as the administering Power in inhabitants. He also met with President Abdel- Western Sahara, was prepared to offer or support aziz Bouteflika and other Algerian officials to some devolution of authority for all the inhabi- present a draft “Framework agreement on the tants and former inhabitants of the Territory. Be- status of Western Sahara”, which was annexed to cause of that progress, his Personal Envoy recom- the Secretary-General’s report. The draft stated mended that MINURSO’s mandate be extended that the population of Western Sahara, through for two months, until 30 June, to provide time to their executive, legislative and judicial bodies, consult further with the parties concerning both would have exclusive competence over internal is- a possible devolution of authority and a possible sues, while Morocco would have exclusive compe- solution to implementation of the settlement tence over external matters, such as foreign rela- plan. The Secretary-General shared those views. tions, national security,defence, weapons and the preservation of territorial integrity. The flag, SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (April) currency, customs, postal and telecommunica- On 27 April [meeting 4315], the Security Council tion systems of Morocco would be the same for unanimously adopted resolution 1349(2001). Western Sahara. The executive authority would The draft [S/2001/413] was prepared in consulta- be vested in an Executive, who would be elected tions among Council members. by individuals identified by the Identification Commission as qualified, for a term of four years, The Security Council, and thereafter by majority vote of the Assembly. Reaffirming all its previous resolutions on Western Assembly members would be directly elected for Sahara, in particular resolutions 1108(1997) of 22 May terms of four years. Judges would be from West- 1997, 1292(2000) of 29 February 2000, 1301(2000) of 31 ern Sahara. All laws and court decisions would May 2000, 1309(2000) of 25 July 2000, 1324(2000) of 30 October 2000 and 1342(2001) of 27 February 2001, and comply with the Moroccan constitution. Within also its resolution 1308(2000) of 17 July 2000, five years, a referendum on the final status of the Recalling the relevant principles contained in the Territory would be held. Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Asso- On 22 May, President Bouteflika transmitted ciated Personnel of 9 December 1994, Algeria’s comments on the proposed agreement, Welcoming the report of the Secretary-General of 24 which were also annexed to the Secretary- April 2001 and the observations and recommendations General’s report. In Algeria’s view, the proposal contained therein, and expressing full support for the presented certain weaknesses and imbalances. role and work of the Personal Envoy, The UN Secretariat, in a statement annexed to Reiterating full support for the continued efforts ex- the report, analysed Algeria’s remarks. The Al- erted by the United Nations Mission for the Referen- dum in Western Sahara to implement the settlement gerian memorandum made three points: that the plan and agreements adopted by the parties to hold a proposed agreement favoured and prepared the free, fair and impartial referendum for the self- ground for eventual integration of Western Sa- determination of the people of Western Sahara, hara with Morocco; that the framework went

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 217 against the principle of self-determination; and near Smara. In total, 7.5 tons of mines and explo- that the Personal Envoy was not following his sives were destroyed. mandate but was focusing instead solely on a po- UNHCR continued its activities in the Tindouf litical solution. camps for Western Saharan refugees. It under- The Personal Envoy met with the POLISARIO took an assessment of their humanitarian welfare Secretary-General, Mohamed Abdelaziz, and and concluded that their overall situation was other members of his party in Tindouf to review precarious, particularly for the weak, the elderly, the proposed agreement. Mr. Abdelaziz stated that women and children. anything other than independence meant integra- The Secretary-General reviewed the imple- tion with Morocco and that he would not discuss mentation process since the 1991 adoption of the the proposal. In a letter of 28 May to the Personal settlement plan. With the exception of the moni- Envoy, also annexed to the Secretary-General’s toring of the ceasefire, none of the main provi- report, he offered some proposals to overcome sions of the plan had been fully implemented be- obstacles preventing the implementation of the cause of fundamental differences between the settlement plan, dealing with the appeals issue, parties over its interpretation. The establishment the repatriation of refugees, respect for the out- of the electorate body for the referendum in come of the referendum, humanitarian issues Western Sahara had been, and remained, the and confidence-building measures, and post- most contentious issue. The difficulties in deter- referendum guarantees. The UN Secretariat ana- mining who was eligible to take part in the refer- lysed the proposals in comments annexed to the endum were due in large part to the nomadic tra- Secretary-General’s report, stating that they raised dition of the Saharan people and the tribal three kinds of difficulties: some proposals, while structure of the society. offering concessions, attached conditions; other The Secretary-General observed that the proposals would require action by the Security United Nations had gone through an arduous Council; and others would require clarification. process over 10 years to implement the settlement Overall, some of them sought to provide technical plan, involving his efforts and those of two pre- solutions, but they did not address the main prob- vious Secretaries-General, five Special Represen- lem with the implementation of the settlement tatives and his Personal Envoy. Because of the plan as a whole, namely the inability of the United parties’ unwillingness to work together to resolve Nations to implement any measures unless both problems, the United Nations had submitted parties agreed to cooperate. proposals to bridge their differences, which the The Secretary-General reported that Morocco parties revised or diluted through long negotia- had resumed construction of an asphalt road in tions. The process had become a zero-sum game, the south-western corner of the Territory. In which each side felt it had to win since the refer- mid-May, MINURSO and several Member States endum would produce only one winner. That re- contacted the Moroccan authorities and re- sulted in successive deadlocks in the identifica- quested them to suspend the road construction. tion process, which was the only substantial Subsequent MINURSO patrols confirmed that no element of the settlement plan after the establish- roadwork was under way. ment of the ceasefire in 1991 that the United Nations began to try to implement. All other The Identification Commission continued key issues remained unresolved, namely: the re- with simulation workshops, and feedback from lease of prisoners of war and Saharan political those sessions was used in preparing a manual on detainees; the repatriation of refugees, including the hearings on the substance. A meeting in Aga- security concerns; the code of conduct for the ref- dir (26-27 May) evaluated the Commission’s ac- erendum campaign; and the lack of an enforce- tivities and adopted the Manual on Hearings on ment mechanism for the results of the referen- the Substance. dum. More significantly, implementation of the Discussions continued between MINURSO and settlement plan required the cooperation of the POLISARIO on easing or lifting the restrictions on two parties and the two neighbouring countries, the Mission’s freedom of movement east of the Algeria and Mauritania. After four years of at- berm, but no progress was reported. On the west- tempting to find ways to implement the settle- ern side of the berm, MINURSO patrols continued ment plan, and confronted with the failure of the to visit Royal Moroccan Army ground units parties to come up with any concrete proposals greater than company size. From 7 to 22 May, during the three rounds of consultations held MINURSO confirmed the destruction, by the from June to September 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 223], Royal Moroccan Army, of about 3,000 anti-tank the Personal Envoy concluded that there were se- mines, 37,000 anti-personnel mines and 27,000 rious doubts as to whether the settlement plan detonators and munitions in the Ankesh area, could be implemented in its current form, and

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 218 Political and security questions the Secretary-General concurred with that view. missed in such a cavalier manner and that the Adjustments to the plan proved just as conten- POLISARIO proposals for relaunching its imple- tious as other provisions and did not resolve the mentation should be set aside without serious long-term problems. consideration by Morocco and the Council. Alge- The Secretary-General and his Personal Envoy ria called on the Council to reaffirm its commit- hoped that Morocco, POLISARIO, Algeria and ment to the settlement plan and reiterate Mauritania would agree to meet, either directly MINURSO’s mandate in the same terms it had or through proximity talks under the auspices of used for a year. the Personal Envoy, to discuss with specificity the elements of the proposed framework agreement, SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (June) which aimed at reaching a resolution of the On 29 June [meeting 4342], the Security Council Western Sahara conflict in a way that did not unanimously adopted resolution 1359(2001). foreclose self-determination, but provided for it. The draft [S/2001/641] was prepared in consulta- The Secretary-General especially invited Alge- tions among Council members. ria, which had indicated its willingness to offer The Security Council, clarifications on the imbalances it found in the Recalling all its previous resolutions on Western proposed framework agreement, to engage in Sahara, in particular resolution 1108(1997) of 22 May those discussions and to negotiate changes. As 1997, and the statement by its President of 19 March the Personal Envoy had informed the parties, 1997 (S/PRST/1997/16), should they agree to discuss a political solution Recalling also its resolution 1308(2000) of 17 July other than the settlement plan, they would not 2000, and the relevant principles contained in the Con- prejudice their final positions since nothing vention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated would be agreed until everything had been Personnel of 9 December 1994, Reaffirming the provisions contained in paragraph 2 agreed. While the discussions on the proposed of Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations, framework went on, the settlement plan would Having considered the report of the Secretary-General not be abandoned, but put on hold. The Identifi- of 20 June 2001, cation Commission would suspend its activities, Expressing full support for the role and work of the after safely storing all records. Personal Envoy, Over the next five months, the Personal Envoy Reiterating full support for the ongoing efforts of the would invite the two parties, Algeria and Mauri- United Nations Mission for the Referendum in West- ern Sahara to implement the settlement plan and tania, to discuss the proposed framework agree- agreements adopted by the parties to hold a free, fair ment. Should he decide to continue those discus- and impartial referendum for the self-determination sions after that period, the Secretary-General of the people of the Western Sahara, would recommend to the Security Council that Taking into consideration the official proposals sub- MINURSO’s mandate be extended. If the Personal mitted by the Polisario Front in order to overcome the Envoy concluded otherwise, the Council could obstacles preventing the implementation of the settle- review the Mission’s mandate and consider its ment plan contained in annex IV to the report of the future role under the circumstances. The Secretary-General, Secretary-General therefore recommended that Taking into consideration also the draft Framework Agreement on the Status of Western Sahara contained the Council extend MINURSO’s mandate for five in annex I to the report of the Secretary-General, months, until 30 November. which would provide for a substantial devolution of au- Communication (June). Algeria, on 21 June thority, which does not foreclose self-determination, [S/2001/623], forwarded comments to the Security and which indeed provides for it, Council on the Secretary-General’s report, Taking into consideration further the memorandum of claiming that the Secretariat had deliberately set the Government of Algeria on the draft status for West- ern Sahara contained in annex II to the report of the out to prove that the settlement plan, which had Secretary-General, been accepted by the parties and was supported Reaffirming its commitment to assist the parties to by the international community, was not work- achieve a just and lasting solution to the question of able. The Secretariat had taken it upon itself to Western Sahara, champion an autonomy plan and had decided to 1. Decides, as recommended by the Secretary- reject Algeria’s objections. By those actions, the General in his report of 20 June 2001, to extend the Secretariat was taking sides and intruding in an mandate of the United Nations Mission for the Refer- area that was strictly within the competence of endum in Western Sahara until 30 November 2001; Member States and the Council. On the sub- 2. Supports fully the efforts of the Secretary-General to invite all the parties to meet directly or through prox- stance of the recommendations in the report, Al- imity talks, under the auspices of his Personal Envoy, geria, while it had indicated its willingness to and encourages the parties to discuss the draft Frame- support the Personal Envoy’s efforts, could not work Agreement and to negotiate any specific changes accept that the settlement plan should be dis- they would like to see in this proposal, as well as to dis-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 219 cuss any other proposal for a political solution, which 3. Decides to remain seized of the matter. may be put forward by the parties, to arrive at a mutu- ally acceptable agreement; Further developments. The Personal Envoy 3. Affirms that while discussions referred to above held talks on the draft framework agreement go on, the official proposals submitted by the Polisario Front to overcome the obstacles preventing implemen- with delegations of Algeria, Mauritania and tation of the Settlement Plan will be considered; POLISARIO in Pinedale, Wyoming, United States, 4. Recalls that according to the rules of the consulta- from 27 to 29 August [S/2002/41]. Morocco was not tions established by the Personal Envoy nothing would invited to the meeting, since it had indicated its be agreed until everything had been agreed, and there- support of the document. The Personal Envoy fore emphasizes that by engaging in these negotiations had sought clarification from POLISARIO on its the parties will not prejudice their final positions; proposals of 28 May (see p. 217) and pointed out 5. Urges the parties to solve the problem of the fate that Morocco’s concurrence would be required of people unaccounted for, and calls on the parties to abide by their obligations under international humani- for some proposals to be implemented and Coun- tarian law to release without further delay all those cil action would be required for others. held since the start of the conflict; On 4 October, POLISARIO submitted a memo- 6. Requests the Secretary-General to provide an as- randum containing its position on the draft sessment of the situation before the end of the present framework agreement, objecting to it on the mandate, and, as appropriate, recommendations on grounds that it set the stage for integrating West- the future mandate and composition of the Mission; 7. Decides to remain seized of the matter. ern Sahara into Morocco. It urged the United Nations to continue trying to implement the set- Communications (October/November). The tlement plan at all costs. Three days later, Presi- Secretary-General, on 30 October [S/2001/1041], dent Bouteflika forwarded Algeria’s comments informed the Security Council of his intention to on the draft, stating its view that the draft frame- appoint William Lacy Swing (United States) as work would confirm the illegal occupation of the his Special Representative for Western Sahara, Territory by providing for its integration into with effect from 1 December. Mr. Swing would Morocco and would thereby constitute a viola- succeed William Eagleton (United States). On 2 tion of the right of the Saharan people to self- November [S/2001/1042], the Council took note of determination. In order to overcome the dis- his intention. agreements between the two parties, and rather In a 12 November letter [S/2001/1067], the than resort to a period of so-called autonomy, Al- Secretary-General briefly described the activities geria said it would be better for the United of his Personal Envoy pursuant to Council resolu- Nations to take sovereign responsibility for the tion 1359(2001) (above). Mr. Baker informed the implementation of its own settlement plan for Secretary-General that he would need additional Western Sahara. It could do that by initiating a time for his consultations with the parties; ac- short transition period leading up to a referen- cordingly, the Secretary-General proposed that dum, during which the Territory would be the Council authorize a technical extension of placed under its exclusive authority and adminis- MINURSO’s mandate for two months, to 31 Janu- tration. Before such a transition period, certain ary 2002. The Secretary-General would report to conditions would have to be met, including the the Council before that date. withdrawal of Moroccan troops from the Terri- tory and the cantonment of the personnel SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (November) authorized to remain there under the supervi- On 27 November [meeting 4427], the Security sion of MINURSO, along with the cantonment of Council unanimously adopted resolution 1380 POLISARIO military forces. Morocco, in com- (2001). The draft [S/2001/1109] was prepared in ments submitted on 10 November, stated that the consultations among Council members. legality of its presence and the legal grounds for its sovereignty had been well established for over The Security Council, 25 years. Algeria, it said, was attempting to esca- Reaffirming its resolution 1359(2001) of 29 June 2001 and its previous resolutions on the question of Western late the situation by, among other things, entrust- Sahara, ing the administration and security of the Terri- Taking note of the letter of the Secretary-General of tory to the United Nations instead of actively 12 November 2001, pursuing a peaceful settlement. 1. Decides to extend the mandate of the United The situation of prisoners of war, persons un- Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sa- accounted for and detainees remained a serious hara until 28 February 2002; 2. Requests the Secretary-General to keep the Coun- concern towards the end of 2001. In November, cil informed of all significant developments in an an ICRC representative interviewed 23 former interim report by 15 January 2002 and to provide an as- POLISARIO combatants in Laayoune who had sessment of the situation by 18 February 2002; been unaccounted for, and the spouse of an-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 220 Political and security questions

other. On 6 November, Morocco released 25 Sa- Noting that, despite the progress achieved, difficul- haran detainees, including 24 civilians arrested ties remain in the implementation of the settlement since 1999 and one military person arrested in plan which must be overcome, Taking note of the resolutions of the Security Council 1979 and serving a life sentence. From 20 Novem- relating to the question, including resolution 1359 ber to 3 December, an ICRC team visited the re- (2001) of 29 June 2001, maining 1,477 prisoners of war held by POLISA- Taking note also of the efforts of the Secretary- RIO, providing them with medical and mail General and his Personal Envoy in search of a mutually services. POLISARIO informed the team that one acceptable political solution on the question of West- prisoner had recently died and another had es- ern Sahara, caped. Welcoming the acceptance by the two parties of the de- tailed modalities for the implementation of the Secretary-General’s package of measures relating to GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION the identification of voters and the appeals process, On 10 December [meeting 82], the General As- Having examined the relevant chapter of the report of sembly, having considered the Secretary- the Special Committee on the Situation with regard to General’s report summarizing developments in the Implementation of the Declaration on the Grant- Western Sahara from 31 August 2000 to 30 June ing of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peo- ples, 2001 [A/56/159], on the recommendation of the Having also examined the report of the Secretary- Fourth (Special Political and Decolonization) General, Committee [A/56/557], adopted resolution 56/69 1. Takesnote of the report of the Secretary-General; without vote [agenda item 18]. 2. Commends the Secretary-General and his Per- sonal Envoy for their outstanding efforts and the two Question of Western Sahara parties for the spirit of cooperation they have shown in The General Assembly, the support they provide for those efforts; Having considered in depth the question of Western 3. Takes note of the agreements reached between the Sahara, Kingdom of Morocco and the Frente Popular para la R Reaffirming the inalienable right of all peoples to Liberación de Saguia el-Hamra y de R o de Oro for the self-determination and independence, in accordance implementation of the settlement plan during their with the principles set forth in the Charter of the private direct talks under the auspices of James Baker United Nations and in General Assembly resolution III, the Personal Envoy of the Secretary-General, and 1514(XV)of 14December 1960,containing the Declara- urges the parties to implement those agreements fully tion on the Granting of Independence to Colonial and in good faith; Countries and Peoples, 4. Urges the two parties to continue their co- operation with the Secretary-General and his Personal Recalling its resolution 55/141 of 8 December 2000, Envoy, as well as with his Special Representative, and to Recalling also the agreement in principle given on 30 refrain from undertaking anything that would under- August 1988 by the Kingdom of Morocco and the mine the implementation of the settlement plan and Frente Popular para la Liberación de Saguia el-Hamra the agreements reached for its implementation and the ydeRRo de Oro to the proposals of the Secretary- continued efforts of the Secretary-General and his Per- General of the United Nations and the Chairman of sonal Envoy; the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the 5. Calls upon the two parties to cooperate fully with Organization of African Unity in the context of their the Secretary-General, his Personal Envoy and his Spe- joint mission of good offices, cial Representative in implementing the various phases Recalling further Security Council resolutions of the settlement plan and in overcoming the difficul- 658(1990) of 27 June 1990 and 690(1991) of 29 April ties that remain despite the progress so far achieved; 1991, by which the Council approved the settlement 6. Encourages the parties to continue their discus- plan for Western Sahara, sions under the auspices of the Personal Envoy of the Reaffirming the responsibility of the United Nations Secretary-General with a view to reaching a mutually towards the people of Western Sahara, as provided for acceptable agreement on the question of Western Sa- in the settlement plan, hara; 7. Urges the two parties to implement faithfully and Recalling all Security Council and General Assembly loyally the Secretary-General’s package of measures re- resolutions relating to the question of Western Sahara, lating to the identification of voters and the appeals Noting with satisfaction the entry into force of the process; ceasefire in accordance with the proposal of the 8. Reaffirms the responsibility of the United Nations Secretary-General, and stressing the importance it at- towards the people of Western Sahara, as provided for taches to the maintenance of the ceasefire as an inte- in the settlement plan; gral part of the settlement plan, 9. Reiterates its support for further efforts of the Noting also with satisfaction the agreements reached by Secretary-General for the organization and supervi- the two parties during their private direct talks aimed at sion by the United Nations, in cooperation with the Or- the implementation of the settlement plan, and stress- ganization of African Unity, of a referendum for self- ing the importance it attaches to a full, fair and faithful determination of the people of Western Sahara that is implementation of the settlement plan and the agree- impartial and free of all constraints, in conformity with ments aimed at its implementation, Security Council resolutions 658(1990) and 690(1991),

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 221 by which the Council approved the settlement plan for GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION Western Sahara; On 14 June [meeting 103], the General Assembly, 10. Takesnote of the relevant resolutions of the Secu- on the recommendation of the Fifth Committee rity Council, including resolutions 1349(2001) of 27 [A/55/966], adopted resolution 55/262 without April 2001 and 1359(2001) of 29 June 2001; vote [agenda item 135]. 11. Urges the parties to solve the problem of the fate of people unaccounted for, and calls on the parties to Financing of the United Nations Mission for abide by their obligations under international humani- the Referendum in Western Sahara tarian law to release without further delay all those The General Assembly, held since the start of the conflict; Having considered the reports of the Secretary- 12. Requests the Special Committee on the Situation General on the financing of the United Nations Mis- with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration sion for the Referendum in Western Sahara and the on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Coun- related reports of the Advisory Committee on Admin- tries and Peoples to continue to consider the situation istrative and Budgetary Questions, in Western Sahara, bearing in mind the positive on- Bearing in mind Security Council resolution 690 going implementation of the settlement plan, and to (1991) of 29 April 1991, by which the Council estab- report thereon to the General Assembly at its fifty- lished the United Nations Mission for the Referendum seventh session; in Western Sahara, and the subsequent resolutions by which the Council extended the mandate of the Mis- 13. Invites the Secretary-General to submit to the sion, the latest of which was resolution 1349(2001) of General Assembly at its fifty-seventh session a report 27 April 2001, on the implementation of the present resolution. Recalling its resolution 45/266 of 17May 1991 on the financing of the Mission and its subsequent resolutions MINURSO and decisions thereon, the latest of which was resolu- tion 54/268 of 15 June 2000, The military component of the United Reaffirming the general principles underlying the Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western financing of United Nations peacekeeping operations, Sahara (MINURSO), under the command of Gen- as stated in General Assembly resolutions 1874(S-IV)of eral Claude Buze (Belgium), continued to moni- 27 June 1963, 3101(XXVIII) of 11 December 1973 and tor the ceasefire between the Royal Moroccan 55/235 of 23 December 2000, Army and the POLISARIO military forces that Noting with appreciation that voluntary contributions came into effect in 1991 [YUN 1991, p. 796]. The Mis- have been made to the Mission, sion’s military strength remained at the author- Mindful of the fact that it is essential to provide the Mission with the necessary financial resources to en- ized figure of 230 throughout the year. The civil- able it to fulfil its responsibilities under the relevant ian police, under the command of Inspector resolutions of the Security Council, General Om Prakash Rathor (India), fell from 47 1. Takes note of the status of contributions to the officers to 26 at the end of the year. MINURSO ci- United Nations Mission for the Referendum in West- vilian police officers continued to protect files ern Sahara as at 30 April 2001, including the contribu- and materials at the Identification Commission tions outstanding in the amount of 89 million United centres in Laayoune and Tindouf and to under- States dollars, representing some 20 per cent of the to- tal assessed contributions, notes that some 10 per cent take training and planning activities. of the Member States have paid their assessed contribu- tions in full, and urges all other Member States con- MINURSO financing cerned, in particular those in arrears, to ensure pay- ment of their outstanding assessed contributions; In February [A/55/764], the Secretary-General 2. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States reported to the General Assembly on MINURSO’s which have paid their assessed contributions in full; financial performance for the period 1 July 3. Expresses concern about the financial situation 1999 to 30 June 2000. Expenditures totalled with regard to peacekeeping activities, in particular as $49,211,511 gross ($45,860,511 net), resulting regards the reimbursements to troop contributors that in an unutilized balance of $2,913,400 gross bear additional burdens owing to overdue payments by ($2,312,800 net). Member States of their assessments; 4. Urges all other Member States to make every pos- In another February report [A/55/794], the sible effort to ensure payment of their assessed contri- Secretary-General presented the proposed bud- butions to the Mission in full and on time; get to maintain MINURSO from 1 July 2001 to 30 5. Expresses concern at the delay experienced by the June 2002, which amounted to $48,849,600 gross Secretary-General in deploying and providing ade- ($45,280,800 net). In April [A/55/874/Add.7], ACABQ quate resources to some recent peacekeeping missions, reviewed the proposed budget and recom- in particular those in Africa; mended that the Assembly assess the requested 6. Emphasizes that all future and existing peace- keeping missions shall be given equal and non- amount at a monthly rate of $4,070,800 gross discriminatory treatment in respect of financial and ($3,773,400 net), should the Security Council de- administrative arrangements; cide to extend MINURSO’s mandate beyond 30 7. Also emphasizes that all peacekeeping missions April 2001. shall be provided with adequate resources for the effec-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 222 Political and security questions

tive and efficient discharge of their respective man- riod ending 30 June 2000 shall be set off against their dates; outstanding obligations in accordance with the scheme 8. Reiterates its request to the Secretary-General to set out in paragraph 14 above; make the fullest possible use of facilities and equip- 16. Emphasizes that no peacekeeping mission shall ment at the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, be financed by borrowing funds from other active Italy, in order to minimize the costs of procurement for peacekeeping missions; the Mission; 17. Encourages the Secretary-General to continue to 9. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations take additional measures to ensure the safety and secu- contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on rity of all personnel under the auspices of the United Administrative and Budgetary Questions, and requests Nations participating in the Mission; the Secretary-General to ensure their full implementa- 18. Invites voluntary contributions to the Mission in tion; cash and in the form of services and supplies accepta- 10. Requests the Secretary-General to take all neces- ble to the Secretary-General, to be administered, as ap- sary action to ensure that the Mission is administered propriate, in accordance with the procedure and prac- with a maximum of efficiency and economy; tices established by the General Assembly; 11. Also requests the Secretary-General, in order to 19 . Decides to include in the provisional agenda of reduce the cost of employing General Service staff, to its fifty-sixth session the item entitled “Financing of continue efforts to recruit local staff for the Mission the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in against General Service posts, commensurate with the Western Sahara”. requirements of the Mission; 12. Decides to appropriate the amount of 50,481,396 On 24 December, the Assembly decided that dollars gross (46,716,010 dollars net) for the mainte- the item on MINURSO financing would remain nance of the Mission for the period from 1 July 2001 to for consideration at its resumed fifty-sixth (2002) 30 June 2002, inclusive of the amount of 1,477,457 dol- lars gross (1,296,614 dollars net) for the support session (decision 56/464) and that the Fifth account for peacekeeping operations and the amount Committee should continue its consideration of of 154,339 dollars gross (138,596 dollars net) for the the item at that session (decision 56/458). United Nations Logistics Base, to be apportioned among Member States at a monthly rate of 4,206,783 dollars gross (3,893,001 dollars net) in accordance with Libyan Arab Jamahiriya the levels set out in General Assembly resolution 55/235, as adjusted by resolution 55/236 of 23 Decem- In January, the Scottish Court sitting in the ber 2000, and taking into account the scale of assess- Netherlands concluded the trial of two Libyan ments for the years 2001 and 2002, as set out in its reso- Arab Jamahiriya nationals accused of plotting lution 55/5 B of 23 December 2000, subject to the the 1988 bombing of Pan Am flight 103 over decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate Lockerbie, Scotland, which caused the deaths of of the Mission beyond 30 June 2001; 259 passengers and crew and 11 Lockerbie resi- 13. Decides also that, in accordance with the provi- dents. The verdict was that one of the accused was sions of its resolution 973(X) of 15 December 1955, guilty and the other was not. A number of re- there shall be set off against the apportionment among Member States, as provided for in paragraph 12 above, gional organizations made comments on the case their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of in letters to the Security Council and called on the estimated staff assessment income of 3,765,386 dol- the Council to lift entirely the sanctions against lars approved for the Mission for the period from 1 July Libya imposed by resolution 748(1992) [YUN 1992, 2001 to 30 June 2002; p. 55] and suspended in 1999 [YUN 1999, p. 149]. 14 . Decides further that, for Member States that have fulfilled their financial obligations to the Mission, there shall be set off against the apportionment, as pro- Trial of Pan Am 103 bombing suspects vided for in paragraph 12 above, their respective share The Scottish Court sitting in the Netherlands of the unencumbered balance of 2,913,400 dollars gave its verdict on 31 January in the case against gross (2,312,800 dollars net) in respect of the period Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi and Al ending 30 June 2000, in accordance with the composi- Amin Khalifa Fhimah, both nationals of the Lib- tion of groups set out in paragraphs 3 and 4 of General yan Arab Jamahiriya, accused of the Lockerbie Assembly resolution 43/232 of 1 March 1989, as ad- justed by subsequent relevant resolutions and deci- crime. The three judges of the Court, by a unani- sions, for the ad hoc apportionment of peacekeeping mous decision, found the former guilty and the appropriations, the latest of which were resolution latter not guilty. On the same date, the United 52/230 of 31 March 1998 and decisions 54/456 to Kingdom forwarded to the Security Council 54/458 of 23 December 1999for the period 1998-2000, President a copy of the Opinion of the Court on and taking into account the scale of assessments for the the case [S/2001/94]. year 2000, as set out in its resolutions 52/215 A of 22 [S/2001/118] December 1997 and 54/237 A of 23 December 1999; On 7 February , the Movement of 15. Decides that, for Member States that have not ful- Non-Aligned Countries expressed its satisfaction filled their financial obligations to the Mission, their that Libya had fulfilled its commitments in ac- share of the unencumbered balance of 2,913,400 dol- cordance with the relevant Council resolutions lars gross (2,312,800 dollars net) in respect of the pe- and requested the Council to lift the sanctions

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 223 against Libya. On 13 November [S/2001/1108], the Sudan Movement’s six-member committee established During 2001, the Sudan continued the efforts it to follow up the Lockerbie question reiterated began in 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 218] to cooperate with that request. The African Group, on 14February the international community,among other things, [S/2001/140], also called on the Council to lift acceding to anti-terrorism conventions, improv- the sanctions, as did the Community of Sahel ing relations with neighbouring countries and Saharan States in a 13 February resolution discharging its obligations under various Secu- [S/2001/182]. The Community also requested the rity Council resolutions. As a result, the Council, immediate release of Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed Al in September, terminated the sanctions it had Megrahi, who, it said, had been sentenced on imposed against the Sudan in 1996. political grounds unrelated to law or justice. In letters of 21 March and 9 April [S/2001/257, Sanctions S/2001/349], the League of Arab States transmitted On 9 April [S/2001/341], the League of Arab resolutions by its Foreign Ministers and its Coun- States transmitted to the Security Council Presi- cil, respectively, demanding the release of the dent a resolution, adopted by the thirteenth Arab Libyan citizen convicted for political reasons un- Summit Conference (Amman, Jordan, 28-29 related to the law, demanding that the Security March), which endorsed the call made by the Su- Council lift the sanctions, urging the Arab States dan in 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 218] for the sanctions to declare the sanctions null and void, and ex- against it to be lifted. That call had also been en- pressing support for Libya’s right to obtain com- dorsed by several other groups in 2000 [ibid., pensation for damage and suffering caused by p. 219]. Those sanctions, imposed under Council the sanctions. In November [S/2001/1074], the resolutions 1044(1996) [YUN 1996, p. 129],1054 League’s Committee of Seven entrusted with (1996) [ibid., p. 130] and 1070(1996) [ibid., p. 131], monitoring the Lockerbie issue reaffirmed those called for States to reduce the level of diplomatic resolutions. In similar action, the heads of State staff in the Sudan and restrict travel of Sudanese of OAU adopted an 11 July resolution [S/2001/769] government officials and armed forces into or calling on the Council to lift sanctions against through their territories, and to deny Sudanese Libya, demanding the release of the unjustly con- aircraft the right to use other countries’ airspace. victed Libyan citizen and reaffirming Libya’s right to compensation. The OAU committee es- SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION tablished to follow up the Lockerbie issue reiter- On 28 September [meeting 4384], the Security ated that position on 4 December [S/2001/1152]. Council adopted resolution 1372(2001) by vote (14-0-1). The draft [S/2001/916] was submitted by Bangladesh, Colombia, Jamaica, Mali, Mauri- 1986 attack against Libya tius, Singapore, Tunisia and Ukraine. The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, on 21 June The Security Council, [S/2001/624], protested to the Security Council that Recalling its resolutions 1044(1996) of 31 January it had failed to take action against the United 1996, 1054(1996) of 26 April 1996 and 1070(1996) of 16 States when it attacked Libya on 15 April 1986 August 1996, [YUN 1986, p. 252]. In contrast, the Council had Noting the steps taken by the Government of the Su- acted speedily when the United States made de- dan to comply with the provisions of resolutions 1044 mands regarding the Lockerbie affair, despite a (1996) and 1070(1996), lack of any legal basis or any evidence. Libya Noting in that respect the communications from the Permanent Representative of South Africa on behalf of stated that the case of the United States attack the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Permanent Rep- would remain open before the Council until it resentative of Algeria on behalf of the League of Arab adopted a resolution calling for those responsi- States and the Permanent Representative of Gabon on ble to be brought to trial and the victims’ families behalf of the African Group, and from the Secretary- compensated. General of the Organization of African Unity dated 20 June 2000, The General Assembly, by decision 56/449 of Noting further the letter of the Acting Minister for 21 December, deferred consideration of the item Foreign Affairs of the Federal Democratic Republic of “Declaration of the Assembly of Heads of State Ethiopia, dated 5 June 2000, and the letter of the Min- and Government of the Organization of African ister for Foreign Affairs of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Unity on the aerial and naval military attack dated 9 June 2000 supporting the lifting of sanctions imposed on the Republic of the Sudan, against the Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jama- Noting also the contents of the letter dated 1 June hiriya by the present United States Adminis- 2000 from the Minister of External Relations of the Re- tration in April 1986” and included it in the pro- public of the Sudan addressed to the Secretary-General visional agenda of its fifty-seventh (2002) session. of the United Nations,

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Welcoming the accession of the Republic of the Sudan wealth—gold, diamonds and hardwoods—by to the relevant international conventions for the elimi- members of the corrupt clique in Uganda. nation of terrorism, its ratification of the 1997 Interna- tional Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombing and its signing of the 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of Financing of Ter- rorism, Southern Africa Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, Decides to terminate, with immediate effect, the measures referred to in paragraphs 3 and 4 of resolu- Angola tion 1054(1996) and paragraph 3 of resolution 1070 The armed conflict in Angola between the (1996). Government and the National Union for the To- VOTE ON RESOLUTION 1372(2001): tal Independence of Angola (UNITA) continued In favour: Bangladesh, China, Colombia, France, Ireland, Jamaica, Mali, Mauritius, Norway, Russian Federation, Singapore, Tunisia, unabated in 2001, causing further population Ukraine, United Kingdom. displacement. The estimated number of dis- Against: None. placed persons rose to 4.1 million by the end of Abstaining: United States. the year as guerrilla attacks forced people from Speaking after the vote, the United States said their homes and into neighbouring countries, that, although the Sudan had taken substantial creating serious humanitarian situations. In late steps to meet the specific demands of Security 2001, the Government was apparently gaining the upper hand in the struggle; it reported that Council resolution 1054(1996) [YUN 1996, p. 130],it was concerned that the suspects wanted in con- UNITA’s strength was weakened and the area nection with the 1995 assassination attempt on under its control greatly reduced. UN officials Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in Addis expressed the view that there was a window of op- portunity for the United Nations to advance the Ababa [YUN 1995, p. 412] had not been turned over to the appropriate authorities; however, the peace process. In talks with the United Nations, United States believed, as did Egypt and Ethio- the Government said it would seek UN assistance pia, that the suspects were no longer in the Su- in the electoral process for elections in 2002 and dan. The United States welcomed the Sudan’s re- humanitarian aid. cent efforts to apprehend extremists within the There was no progress in implementing the country who might have contributed to interna- 1994 Lusaka Protocol [YUN 1994, p. 348], by which tional terrorism and welcomed the fact that the the Government and UNITA had agreed that the Sudan was engaged in discussions with the State administration would be extended. How- United States Government on ways to combat ter- ever, by the end of the year both sides indicated a rorism. However, the United States had continu- willingness to reopen discussions on achieving its ing concerns about the civil war in the Sudan, terms. The Security Council held UNITA and its which had lasted some 18 years, and the abuse of leader primarily responsible for the failure to im- human rights. For those reasons, the United plement the Protocol, which it regarded as the States had abstained in the vote. only viable basis for a political settlement of the The Sudan said that resolution 1372(2001) pro- conflict. vided an impetus for it to cooperate further in Sanctions against UNITA remained in force in efforts to eliminate terrorism and to engage in 2001 and violations were investigated by the the work of the international community. Monitoring Mechanism established by resolu- tion 1295(2000) [YUN 2000, p. 155]. That body Sudan-Uganda issued two reports in 2001on sanctions-busting in On 25 January [S/2001/84], Uganda, in com- such areas as arms brokering and transport, pe- ments on the interim report of the United troleum sales, diamond trading and travel and Nations Expert Panel on the Illegal Exploitation residence of senior UNITA officials and their of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth families. On three occasions during the year, the of the DRC (see p. 140), stated it had become in- Security Council extended the mandate of the volved in the DRC in order to protect its legitimate Mechanism. Angola affirmed that the sanctions national security interests against Sudanese- had been effective in reducing UNITA’s capacity backed rebels in the DRC. Responding to those to wage war. comments on 4 February [S/2001/113], the Sudan The United Nations Office in Angola (UNOA) stated that the excuses advanced by Uganda for continued to monitor the situation in the country its invasion of the DRC represented an attempt to and to urge the parties to carry out their obliga- distract attention from the plunder of the DRC’s tions under the Lusaka Protocol.

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Political and military developments provisions. He expressed doubts about the sin- Report of Secretary-General (April). The cerity of the Government in granting him Secretary-General, in response to Security Coun- amnesty. He indicated that UNITA had no objec- cil resolution 1294(2000) [YUN 2000, p. 152], sub- tions to the disarmament plan under the Protocol mitted an April report on developments in An- but would like to discuss its modalities before- gola [S/2001/351]. The security situation remained hand. tense in the early part of the year as government The Secretary-General’s representative in An- troops pursued residual UNITA forces and took gola and head of UNOA, Mussagy Jeichande, met control of municipalities previously under with President dos Santos and other officials, UNITA control. Reports indicated that UNITA sol- who reaffirmed the continuing validity of the diers were deserting in large numbers, taking ad- Lusaka Protocol and called on UNOA to seek the vantage of the amnesty law announced in No- completion of its implementation. The represen- vember 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 154] and transmitted to tative also maintained contacts with opposition the Security Council President on 11 January parties and other civil society groups. 2001 [S/2001/36]. Nevertheless, UNITA retained The human rights situation continued to be the capacity to attack government positions, was undermined by the direct consequences of the still the dominant power in some localities in the ongoing conflict and structural weaknesses in north and north-east of the country and had safe government institutions. Civilians, in particular havens in the Malange and Cuango basins. villagers and farmers, were often victims of seri- On 15 March, the Government announced a ous and recurring human rights abuses, and four-point plan for the completion of the peace abuses and attacks were perpetrated by both process. It called for an unconditional cessation UNITA members and soldiers and policemen act- of hostilities by UNITA, the handover of its weap- ing outside the parameters of the official code of ons to the United Nations, the conclusion of tasks conduct. pending under the Lusaka Protocol and UNITA The humanitarian situation in Angola re- participation in the general elections to be held mained precarious due to the large number of in- in 2002. ternally displaced persons. By the end of Febru- Another opposition group, the Front for the ary, the number of those displaced since the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda, reiterated resumption of hostilities in January 1998 its call for negotiations with the Governments reached 2.9 million, of whom 2.2 million lived in of Angola and Portugal, both for the right of areas accessible to humanitarian agencies. the people of the Cabinda enclave to self- Efforts were made to increase the registration of determination and for the release of seven Portu- the internally displaced persons for humanita- guese nationals taken hostage in May 2000 and rian assistance. Increases in cases of malaria, res- March 2001. Angolan authorities were reported piratory infections and diarrhoea were reported. to be making contacts with the various separatist Significant efforts were made to resettle dis- movements of Cabinda province, aimed at initiat- placed populations in safe areas in order to pro- ing discussions on how to resolve the concerns of tect them from guerrilla and counter-insurgency the population. activity. Relations between Angola and Zambia, which The Secretary-General welcomed the positive had deteriorated due to the military offensive of measures taken by the Government of Angola. the Angolan Armed Forces in the eastern region He said that it was imperative that UNITA aban- and the resulting influx of refugees into Zambia, don its military option and seek a resolution of improved in early 2001. On 10 February, Presi- the conflict in the context of the Lusaka Protocol. dents Frederick Chiluba of Zambia and Sam Nu- He appealed to all concerned to facilitate the de- joma of Namibia attended a mini-summit with livery of emergency relief assistance and urged President José Eduardo dos Santos in Luanda the donor community to respond as generously and discussed border security issues. They as possible to the 2001 UN consolidated inter- agreed to set up a tripartite security mechanism agency appeal for Angola (see p. 831). He noted to prevent the illegal circulation of people and encouraging signs of a nascent democratic pro- goods and the unlawful trade in diamonds and cess involving broad segments of Angolans, in- ivory, as well as illicit arms trafficking. cluding civil society, and the need for drafting a Breaking a long period of silence, UNITA new constitution and holding free and fair elec- leader Jonas Savimbi, in an interview on 22 tions. UNOA would continue to report on devel- March, said that his movement was ready for dia- opments in the country and to provide assistance logue, reiterated the validity of the Lusaka Proto- to Angola in human rights and capacity- col and noted that both parties still had to con- building. The Secretary-General therefore rec- clude the implementation of some of its key ommended that the Security Council extend

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UNOA’s mandate for a further six months, until ment of Angola on how to conclude the implementa- 15October. The Council, on 19April [S/2001/387], tion of the Lusaka Protocol on this basis. informed the Secretary-General that it con- The Council condemns in the strongest terms the curred with his recommendation. terrorist attacks by UNITA forces on the civilian population of Angola. It stresses that such attacks are Communications (June-August). Côte d’Ivoire, unacceptable and cannot be justified by any political in an 18 June letter to the Secretary-General goals. The Council reminds their perpetrators that [S/2001/607], said that, although in the past it had such acts are in violation of international law and maintained contacts with UNITA leaders, it had may have further implications. frozen its relations with that organization; that The Council reaffirms that the failure by the message had been conveyed by President Laurent armed faction of UNITA to implement its obligations under the “Accordos de Paz”, the Lusaka Protocol, Gbagbo during an official visit to Angola in late and its relevant resolutions remains the reason for May. the Security Council sanctions against UNITA. The On 15 August [S/2001/793], Angola reported Council is determined to keep sanctions in place un- that on 10 August UNITA forces had attacked a til it is convinced that the conditions in its relevant train, killing 252 people and injuring more than resolutions are met. It reiterates its call on all States to implement strictly the sanctions regime against 165. UNITA had begun to pursue a policy of UNITA and urges them to strengthen, where appro- avoiding confrontations with government mili- priate, their internal legislation related to applica- tary forces and had resorted to violence against tion of sanction measures imposed by the Council. defenceless communities. Angola called on the The Council reaffirms its intention to keep sanc- United Nations to take action. tions under close monitoring and periodic review in Security Council consideration. On 20 Sep- order to raise their effectiveness, including as they tember, the Security Council met in private and relate to UNITA activity abroad. The Council notes with satisfaction that, at their was briefed by Angola’s Minister of the Interior. recent summit, the heads of State and Government The Council issued a communiqué [S/PV.4376] of the Southern African Development Community stating that it had had a constructive interactive countries undertook to prepare a report on how the discussion with the Minister. The United States Community countries implement Security Council transmitted to the Council President a statement resolution 1295(2000). The Council encourages the it had made on behalf of the Troika of Observer Community countries to cooperate fully in their States to the Lusaka Protocol (Portugal, Russian efforts to implement the Security Council’s meas- Federation, United States) to the Council meet- ures against UNITA. The Council encourages the Government of An- ing [S/2001/908]. The Troika condemned the 10 gola to promote the peace process and in this regard August attack on the passenger train, called on welcomes the initiatives by the Government of An- UNITA to re-enter the dialogue on implementing gola, as well as by the Angolan people, including the the Lusaka Protocol, and expressed support for civil society and the churches. It calls on the Angolan further work on a judicial framework in advance authorities to continue efforts aimed at national rec- of Angola’s next election. onciliation and stabilization of the situation in the country in consultation with all segments of the An- golan society, including the civil society and the SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (September) churches. These should focus on re-establishment of On 20 September [meeting 4377], following con- the State administration, improvement of the social sultations among Security Council members, the and economic situation of the population, promo- President issued statement S/PRST/2001/24 on tion of the rule of law, protection of human rights, behalf of the Council: and the activity of the Inter-Agency Committee and of the Peace and Reconciliation Fund. The Security Council remains concerned at the The Council supports the intention of the Gov- continuing conflict in Angola. It reiterates its posi- ernment of Angola to hold elections as a part of the tion that the primary responsibility for the continued ongoing democratization process in Angola in con- fighting lies with the leadership of the armed faction formity with the universally accepted democratic of the União Nacional para a Independência Total principles and standards. It stresses the need to cre- de Angola (UNITA) headed by Mr. J. Savimbi which is ate the necessary conditions for elections to be free refusing to fulfil its obligations under the “Accordos and fair. The Council requests the Secretary- de Paz”, the Lusaka Protocol and relevant resolu- General to provide appropriate support, in coordi- tions of the Security Council, which remain the only nation with the Government of Angola, in prep- viable basis for political settlement of the conflict in aration of elections, including through the work of Angola. the ongoing United Nations technical assistance The Council considers the four-point agenda for mission. peace proposed by the Government of Angola a use- The Council notes the positive contribution that ful indication of areas where an agreement or pro- the United Nations Office in Angola is making to- gress should be reached. It calls on the UNITA armed wards finding the solution to the Angolan conflict. It faction headed by Mr. J. Savimbi to cease all military reiterates its full support for the work of the Office action and to enter into a dialogue with the Govern- and the Representative of the Secretary-General.

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The Council is seriously concerned with the and sought the assistance of the United Nations plight of the Angolan population particularly the in- for the forthcoming electoral process, a pilot proj- ternally displaced persons and, in order to alleviate ect for the resettlement of former combatants, its suffering, calls again on all parties concerned to facilitate the delivery of emergency relief assistance. and the Fund for Peace and National Reconcilia- The work of the United Nations agencies and other tion. international organizations delivering assistance to Relations between the Angolan Government those in the affected areas is of the utmost impor- and neighbouring countries improved, with the tance and must continue unobstructed with the fi- Côte d’Ivoire President proposing to respect the nancial support of the international community. sanctions against UNITA (see p. 226). There were a number of exchange visits by the Foreign Af- Communication (September). On 24 Septem- fairs and Defence Ministers of Angola and Zam- ber [S/2001/904], Burkina Faso categorically de- bia and, at a tripartite summit meeting of An- nied an assertion by the Angolan Minister of De- gola, Namibia and Zambia on 26 June, President fence that Mr. Savimbi was in Burkina Faso. dos Santos expressed satisfaction with the situa- Report of Secretary-General (October). The tion along the Angolan-Zambian border and Secretary-General, in an October report on An- acknowledged the contributions of Namibia and gola [S/2001/956], provided an update on the situa- Zambia towards peace in Angola. tion there since his previous (April) report. Dur- The human rights situation continued to be ing that six-month period, deep animosity and undermined by the ongoing conflict. Humanita- distrust had persisted between the Government rian principles were largely ignored, with civil- and UNITA. Despite increasing pressure from the ians subjected to a wide range of human rights civil society for a political settlement of the con- abuses. Ambushes on roads and landmines en- flict, fighting continued unabated with dire hu- dangered the lives of civilians and limited free- manitarian consequences. UNITA guerrilla ac- dom of movement. UNITA had begun to target tivities included the killing of 150 persons and civilians with greater intensity. Through partner- the kidnapping of 60 children in Bengo province ships with government authorities and civil soci- (north-east of Luanda), shooting at a World Food ety, the UNOA human rights programme helped Programme (WFP) plane near Kuito in June, and establish a mechanism to enable Angolans to ex- the attack on a passenger train in Kwanza Norte ercise their rights while supporting the govern- province in August. In both the train and plane ment institutions that were responsible for their attacks, UNITA alleged that government forces protection. and war materiel were being transported, charges The humanitarian situation remained serious, denied by the Government. particularly in inaccessible regions. At the end of In a speech in Luanda during the opening of a August, the number of persons reportedly dis- peace conference on 2 May [S/2001/470], President placed since the resumption of hostilities in De- dos Santos explained that his Government had cember 1998 reached over 3 million, of whom opted for a military solution to the conflict as a 1.3 million had been confirmed by humanitarian matter of legitimate self-defence. He affirmed organizations. More than 165,000 persons had that the Government’s four-point peace plan (see been displaced since March by war-related activ- p. 225) reinforced the Lusaka Protocol and its de- ity and food insecurity. April floods in southern termination to hold general elections. He added Angola and attacks during May led to the tempo- that Mr. Savimbi, having declared that he ac- rary displacement of about 100,000 people dur- cepted the Lusaka Protocol, needed to announce ing a three-month period. In addition, growing how he intended to implement its terms. insecurity in Uíge province in July and August In a June interview with the British Broadcast- forced at least 10,000 Angolan refugees to flee to ing Corporation, Mr. Savimbi said UNITA could the DRC. Malnutrition was a serious problem in neither declare a unilateral ceasefire nor disarm several provinces and was compounded by lack because there were no verification mechanisms of health facilities and water and sanitation. De- in place. UNITA proposed the establishment of a spite intermittent insecurity, a new corridor was transitional government and the creation of a opened into Camacupa and a major humanita- High Council of Peace to include many political rian operation was launched. Although plans and civil society leaders. Meanwhile, the Govern- were made to relocate 500,000 internally dis- ment maintained its intention to hold general placed persons during the year, only 67,000 peo- elections in the second half of 2002, and the ple were resettled between March and September President said he would be a candidate again. because of deteriorating security conditions. Replying on 15 May to a message from the Despite the intensification of guerrilla attacks, Secretary-General, Mr. dos Santos acknowledged the Secretary-General noted encouraging signs the positive impact of sanctions against UNITA towards the resolution of the conflict led by civil

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 228 Political and security questions society’s call for a political settlement. Both the the Lusaka Protocol, particularly the disarma- Government and UNITA had reaffirmed the va- ment of UNITA forces and the extension of State lidity of the Lusaka Protocol as a basis for peace, authority throughout the national territory. The although they differed with respect to the ways sanctions imposed by the international commu- its provisions should be implemented. The nity had been effective in reducing the capacity Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on Africa, of UNITA’s military wing to wage war and, conse- Ibrahim Gambari, having visited Angola in early quently, a number of UNITA members had been May, led UN efforts to search for a solution and persuaded to lay down their weapons. Angola ways in which the United Nations could assist the called on the international community to tighten Government. UNOA, in addition to promoting the sanctions, particularly in the area of telecom- a peaceful resolution of the conflict, provided munications. assistance in humanitarian aid, human rights and capacity-building, and also monitored the SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (November) situation. For those reasons, the Secretary- On 15 November [meeting 4419], following con- General recommended that the Security Council sultations among Security Council members, the extend the UNOA mandate for another six President made statement S/PRST/2001/36 on months, until 15 April 2002. The Council, on 16 behalf of the Council: October [S/2001/973], informed the Secretary- General that it concurred with that recommen- The Security Council remains deeply concerned dation. about the ongoing conflict in Angola. It holds Mr. Jonas Savimbi and the armed faction of the União Security Council consideration. The Secretary- Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola General’s Special Adviser on Africa, Mr. Gam- (UNITA) primarily responsible for the failure to im- bari, addressed the Security Council on 15 No- plement the Lusaka Protocol. It expresses its deep vember [meeting 4418] as it considered the situation concern at the resulting human rights and interna- in Angola. He stated that the Angolan Govern- tional humanitarian law violations, and the humani- ment had recently launched a number of military tarian crisis. offensives, especially in the eastern province of The Council reaffirms that the Lusaka Protocol Moxico, where it reportedly destroyed UNITA’s remains the only viable basis for a political settle- ment of the conflict in Angola. The failure by UNITA operational command centres and took hun- to implement the Lusaka Protocol, the “Accordos de dreds of prisoners. A total of 4.1 million people Paz” and the relevant resolutions of the Security were estimated to be displaced and a tenth of all Council are the basis for the continuation of the Se- Angolans depended on food assistance to sur- curity Council sanctions against UNITA. vive. The Council once again reaffirms its intention to Concerning the peace process, the Govern- keep sanctions under close and ongoing monitoring ment had reaffirmed its commitment to peace with a view to improving their effectiveness until it is within the framework of the Lusaka Protocol. convinced that the conditions in the relevant resolu- tions are met. It welcomes, in this regard, the on- The UNITA leadership, while appearing to accept going review by the Sanctions Committee of the rec- the validity of the Protocol, had made a number ommendations of the Monitoring Mechanism on of specific proposals to solve the conflict that ap- sanctions against UNITA. peared to lie outside the Protocol’s framework. The Council reiterates its call on Member States to Both the Church and the National Assembly were comply fully with the implementation of the sanc- actively involved in the search for a settlement. In tions regime against UNITA. The Council notes the a speech on 23 August, President dos Santos an- positive contribution of the Security Council Sanc- nounced his intention not to stand as a candidate tions Committee established pursuant to resolution in the next general elections; however, he also in- 864(1993) and, in this regard, calls upon the Member dicated that there were several preconditions be- States to cooperate fully with the Security Council Committee and the Monitoring Mechanism on sanc- fore elections could take place, including revi- tions against UNITA. sion of the electoral law, a new constitution, a The Council supports the Government of Angola census, resettlement of displaced populations in its efforts to implement the Lusaka Protocol in- and security guarantees. cluding through the Fund for Peace and National Addressing the Council, Angola affirmed that Reconciliation. The Security Council supports the it was working towards peace and national recon- Government’s intention to hold free and fair elec- ciliation, a process that included meetings with tions when appropriate conditions are in place. It en- political parties and civil society, including courages the Angolan authorities to continue, in consultation with all the political parties and the full churches, NGOs and civic associations, as well as participation of the civil society, their efforts for with representatives of the international commu- peace, stability and national reconciliation. The nity. In the military arena, the Government had Council further encourages the Government of An- taken forceful measures to complete the terms of gola to work for economic reform and to ensure

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transparent and accountable governance to provide that it should not be used as a platform to obtain a positive climate for peace. UNITA’s surrender and that a final decision still The Council expresses its concern that the con- lay in the hands of Mr. Savimbi. tinuing conflict in Angola is leading to a large num- The Government had indicated that the ber of internally displaced persons and a dire hu- manitarian situation. It welcomes the efforts of the United Nations should assume responsibility for Government of Angola to improve the humanitarian the collection and destruction of weapons; that situation and the resettlement of the displaced would involve an adjustment to UNOA’s mandate, population and calls upon it to increase its efforts to which was to promote humanitarian assistance this end. It also calls upon the international commu- and capacity-building in human rights. Mr. nity to continue to provide necessary humanitarian Gambari said there was a window of opportunity assistance. It stresses that humanitarian assistance to advance the peace process in Angola, which should be provided to the population in need, throughout Angola. the United Nations should explore; under the The Council supports the efforts of the civil soci- guidance of the Secretary-General, he would ety and the churches to alleviate the humanitarian seek to accelerate the peace process in the context situation and to facilitate national reconciliation. of the Lusaka Protocol. The Council welcomes the upcoming visit of the With regard to the proposed national elec- Secretary-General’s Special Adviser on Africa to An- tions, the Government continued to express its gola for consultations with the Government, politi- commitment to hold them soon. In Mr. Gam- cal parties and civil society representatives on how bari’s view, however, that was not realistic, as the the United Nations could help in the advancement discussions of the fundamental principles for a of the peace process. It also reiterates its support for the work of the United Nations Office in Angola in new constitution appeared deadlocked. The hu- finding the solution to the Angolan conflict. manitarian situation had worsened in a number of areas, and the number of internally displaced The Russian Federation requested that the persons and refugees was estimated to have statement it had made to the Council on 15 No- reached 4.1 million out of a total population of vember on behalf of the Troika of Observer about 12 million. The rapid increase was due to States to the Lusaka Protocol be circulated the “mop-up” operation by the Angolan Armed [S/2001/1116]. The Troika pointed out that one of Forces, a strategy of moving people from their the new voices in Angola calling for dialogue in areas of origin into camps for internally dis- pursuit of peace was that of the growing civil soci- placed persons with the aim of depriving UNITA ety movement within government-controlled of its support base. Nevertheless, the Govern- areas of the country, which should be encour- ment had made enormous efforts to improve the aged. The Troika believed that the principles of humanitarian situation by, among other things, the Lusaka Protocol should remain intact: the increasing funds to provide for the humanitarian State administration should be extended to all needs of displaced persons who had moved into areas of the country; UNITA should disarm and urban areas. be demobilized; and UNITA should be able to en- ter politics as a political party. Sanctions Later developments. Following a mission to In 2001, the Security Council continued to Angola from 8 to 14 December, Mr. Gambari re- monitor sanctions against UNITA through the ported to the Security Council on 21 December Committee established pursuant to resolution [meeting 4444] that progress was being made on all 864(1993) [YUN 1993, p. 256] and the Monitoring fronts. With regard to the peace process, he re- Mechanism on Sanctions against UNITA, which ported that, for the first time, there was a conver- was established by resolution 1295(2000) [YUN gence of opinion among those consulted that the 2000, p. 155] to investigate violations of the sanc- United Nations should play a more proactive tions. The first set of sanctions under resolution role. The Government had no objection to the 864(1993)—arms and petroleum embargoes—was role of the churches in facilitating contacts with expanded several times in the following years to UNITA, but said that should be done through the include bans on diamond trading and travel by United Nations as mediator. According to the high UNITA officials and their families. Government, UNITA’s military capacity had been In January and February, the Council consid- nearly destroyed, it controlled no territory and ered the December 2000 report of the Monitor- was facing numerous defections. However, the ing Mechanism [YUN 2000, p. 158], which presented Government recognized that UNITA was still findings on countries involved in arms and mili- capable of conducting terror attacks. UNITA par- tary equipment shipments, travel by UNITA rep- liamentarians reiterated the organization’s com- resentatives and trade in illegal diamonds and fi- mitment to peace through a dialogue within the nancial assets. In January, the Council extended framework of the Lusaka Protocol, but cautioned the Mechanism’s mandate for three months and,

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 230 Political and security questions in April, extended it for a further six months, un- tions against UNITA, which, in Angola’s view, til 19October. On that date, the Council again ex- constituted the most effective means to maintain tended the Mechanism’s mandate for six months, pressure on UNITA’s armed wing. Angola re- until 19 April 2002. mained concerned over the systematic violations of sanctions, noting in particular the diamond Monitoring Mechanism traffic that sustained rebel groups in Africa, espe- cially in Angola. Angola stressed the need to SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (January) strengthen the sanctions against UNITA, enlarge On 23 January [meeting 4263], the Security the Monitoring Mechanism’s mandate to bring Council unanimously adopted resolution 1336 about judicial prosecution of companies and in- (2001). The draft [S/2001/69] was prepared in con- dividuals violating the sanctions, adopt measures sultations among Council members. to combat the support of diamond and arms traf- fickers, and adopt measures against countries in- The Security Council, volved in violating sanctions. Reaffirming its resolution 864(1993) of 15 September 1993 and all subsequent relevant resolutions, in par- Security Council consideration (February). ticular resolutions 1127(1997) of 28 August 1997, 1173 On 22 February [meeting 4283], the Council again (1998) of 12 June 1998, 1237(1999) of 7 May 1999 and considered the Monitoring Mechanism’s report 1295(2000) of 18 April 2000, and heard a statement by the Chairman of the Reaffirming also its commitment to preserve the sov- Committee established pursuant to resolution ereignty and territorial integrity of Angola, 864(1993) [YUN 1993, p. 256] to monitor sanctions Expressing its continued concern regarding the human- itarian effects of the present situation on the civilian against UNITA. He noted that the recommenda- population of Angola, tions of the Monitoring Mechanism required ac- Determining that the situation in Angola constitutes a tion by and financial support from the United threat to international peace and security in the region, Nations, individual States and the international Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the community. The findings of the Monitoring United Nations, Mechanism and of the Panel of Experts [YUN 1. Takes note of the final report of the Monitoring 2000, p. 154] had demonstrated the involvement of Mechanism established pursuant to resolution 1295 the same people, organizations and corporations (2000); 2. Expresses its intention to give full consideration to in two and probably more of the major conflicts the final report pursuant to paragraph 5 of resolution in Africa. The United Nations lacked the neces- 1295(2000); sary permanent capacity for following up on 3. Decides to extend the mandate of the Monitoring those findings. The UN sanctions regime against Mechanism as set out in resolution 1295(2000) for a pe- UNITA was working; it was currently more expen- riod of three months; sive and difficult for UNITA to conduct business 4. Requests the Monitoring Mechanism to report pe- with the suppliers of essential materials, and it riodically to the Committee established pursuant to resolution 864(1993), and to provide a written adden- was riskier for State and commercial suppliers to dum to the final report, by 19 April 2001; engage in business with UNITA. With the Coun- 5. Requests the Secretary-General, upon adoption of cil’s support, the Committee would work with this resolution and acting in consultation with the others to erode UNITA’s remaining military ca- Committee, to reappoint up to five of the experts ap- pacity. pointed by him pursuant to resolution 1295(2000) to Expressing support for the Committee’s re- serve on the Monitoring Mechanism, and further re- port, Angola said that the primary impact of the quests the Secretary-General to make the necessary fi- nancial arrangements to support the work of the Moni- sanctions was reflected in the significant reduc- toring Mechanism; tion of the military capacity of the rebels. Former 6. Requests the Chairman of the Committee estab- rebels had accepted the Government’s amnesty lished pursuant to resolution 864(1993) to submit the offer and joined national reconciliation efforts. written addendum to the final report to the Council by Angola called on the Council to reinforce the 19 April 2001; Monitoring Mechanism and to adopt concrete 7. Calls upon all States to cooperate fully with the measures to combat transnational organized Monitoring Mechanism in the discharge of its man- date; crime networks in Africa. 8. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. April report. In an April addendum [S/2001/ 363] to its December 2000 report, submitted in re- The Secretary-General, on 29 January [S/2001/91], sponse to resolution 1336(2001), the Monitoring informed the Council that he had reappointed Mechanism provided information obtained dur- the five experts to the Monitoring Mechanism in ing its visit to a number of countries, from print- accordance with resolution 1336(2001). outs from captured UNITA computers and from Angola, in an 8 February letter [S/2001/123], responses to questionnaires sent to Member urged the Security Council to uphold the sanc- States.

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The Mechanism identified a number of com- The Security Council, panies that had played a key role in brokering Reaffirming its resolution 864(1993) of 15 September arms transactions between Bulgaria and Roma- 1993 and all subsequent relevant resolutions, in par- ticular resolutions 1127(1997) of 28 August 1997, 1173 nia and UNITA and observed that there was an ur- (1998) of 12 June 1998, 1237(1999) of 7 May 1999, gent need to tighten the regulations governing 1295(2000) of 18 April 2000 and 1336(2001) of 23 Janu- the activities and operations of such companies. ary 2001, It recommended that the establishment of an in- Reaffirming also its commitment to preserve the sov- ternational register of dubious companies in- ereignty and territorial integrity of Angola, volved in sanctions-busting should be consid- Expressing once again its concern regarding the hu- ered. As to the travel of senior UNITA officials, manitarian effects of the present situation on the civil- the Mechanism stated that, in addition to carry- ian population of Angola, ing out public relations activities and political Recognizing the importance attached, inter alia, to lobbying, UNITA representatives were also essen- the monitoring, for as long as it is necessary, of the im- plementation of the provisions contained in resolu- tial to UNITA supply lines, diamond sales and lo- tions 864(1993), 1127(1997) and 1173(1998), gistics. The Mechanism had been informed Determining that the situation in Angola continues to about UNITA links/branches in Latin America constitute a threat to international peace and security and Scandinavia. With regard to diamond trad- in the region, ing, the Mechanism observed that many coun- Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the tries had not passed national laws enacting the United Nations, implementation of Security Council resolution 1. Takesnote of the written addendum provided pur- 1173(1998) [YUN 1998, p. 108] as it related to dia- suant to paragraph 4 of resolution 1336(2001) to the monds from Angola. Even in countries that had final report of the Monitoring Mechanism established enacted laws and strengthened diamond-trading pursuant to resolution 1295(2000); 2. Expresses its intention to give full consideration to controls, illicit diamonds were still reaching the the written addendum and to the final report, pursu- market. However, the sanctions had brought ant to paragraph 5 of resolution 1295(2000); about reform of official Angola diamond-trading 3. Decides to extend the mandate of the Monitoring structures and produced a novel approach to re- Mechanism for a further period of six months, ending solving problems on the ground, which should be on 19 October 2001; considered for application in other African 4. Requests the Monitoring Mechanism to report pe- diamond-mining countries. In the area of petrol- riodically to the Committee established pursuant to eum and petroleum products, the Mechanism resolution 864(1993), and to provide a supplementary was informed by Namibia that 32 full 5,000-litre report by 19 October 2001; petroleum containers had been unearthed in 5. Requests the Secretary-General, upon adoption of the present resolution and acting in consultation with southern Angola. However, their source was un- the Committee, to appoint up to five experts to serve on known. The Mechanism also learned that small the monitoring mechanism, and further requests the UNITA guerrilla groups still used trucks for rapid Secretary-General to make the necessary financial ar- deployment, which highlighted the need for con- rangements to support the work of the monitoring tinued vigilance by the Government of Angola mechanism; and countries in the subregion to ensure that fuel 6. Requests the Chairman of the Committee estab- was not smuggled to UNITA. lished pursuant to resolution 864(1993) to submit the supplementary report to the Council by 19 October As a result of the vigilance and systematic in- 2001; vestigations undertaken by the Mechanism, Gov- 7. Calls upon all States to cooperate fully with the ernments that had violated the sanctions in the Monitoring Mechanism in the discharge of its man- past were distancing themselves from UNITA and date; taking measures to implement the sanctions. 8. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. Companies and individuals were under pressure and constant scrutiny. The Mechanism believed The Secretary-General, on 30 May [S/2001/537], that it would not be prudent to abandon its work informed the Council President of his decision to reappoint four experts to serve on the Monitor- when indications showed that UNITA was finally [S/2001/676] - being hurt by the sanctions even if it had not ing Mechanism. On 9 July ,hean nounced the appointment of the fifth member. given up. Angola, on 3 October [S/2001/933], requested the Council to extend the mandate of the Moni- SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (April) toring Mechanism, as that body had played a cru- On 19 April [meeting 4311], the Security Council cial role in reducing the violations of sanctions unanimously adopted resolution 1348(2001). against UNITA. Angola reiterated that request on The draft [S/2001/379] was prepared in consulta- 10 October [S/2001/958] and called on the Council tions among Council members. to impose new restrictive measures against

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UNITA’s military wing, namely in the area of tele- During the review period, the Mechanism had communications. conducted investigations aimed at establishing October report. On 12 October, in accordance the financial resources and network at the dis- with resolution 1348(2001), the Monitoring posal of UNITA. Certain assets held in the names Mechanism transmitted to the Security Council a of senior UNITA officials had been located in six supplementary report on sanctions against UNITA countries. The three main categories of assets [S/2001/966]. During the reporting period, it had identified were bank accounts, real estate proper- pursued allegations of sanctions violations and ties and business entities. Offshore financial cen- continued to examine the role of criminal ele- tres continued to play a major role as havens for ments instrumental to UNITA’s capacity to sustain UNITA funds and in facilitating financial transac- its guerrilla war. In addition, the Mechanism ex- tions. The Mechanism had established that, since panded its base of inquiry by drawing on the ex- the announcement of sanctions, the UNITA net- pertise of professional asset tracers to identify work had experienced a decrease in liquidity; UNITA’s financial resources. travel restrictions had proved particularly impor- tant in that regard. The Mechanism believed that deliveries of With respect to improving the effectiveness of arms and ammunition had been drastically re- the sanctions, the Mechanism observed that, with duced due to the sanctions. Although UNITA had few exceptions, measures aimed at enacting legis- lost control over airstrips, cross-border supplies lation to make the violation of Security Council still reached it from the DRC. The Mechanism re- sanctions a criminal offence were very limited. ceived repeated allegations that the DRC re- On the other hand, the Southern African Devel- mained a major transit country for UNITA dia- opment Community and OAU, among other Afri- monds. can subregional and regional organizations, had The Monitoring Mechanism described its fur- taken significant measures. ther investigations concerning violations of arms sanctions, which centred on collecting additional SECURITY COUNCIL ACTION (October) information regarding the arms brokering com- On 19October [meeting 4393], the Security Coun- panies, particularly the financial trail related to cil unanimously adopted resolution 1374(2001). arms purchases; the determination of the origin The draft [S/2001/985] was prepared in consulta- of UNITA equipment seized in Togo; and the tions among Council members. assessment of other possible sources of arms The Security Council, supply. Reaffirming its resolution 864(1993) of 15 September As to the diamond sanctions, the Mechanism 1993 and all subsequent relevant resolutions, in par- stated that the Chief Executive Officer of the An- ticular resolutions 1127(1997) of 28 August 1997, 1173 gola Selling Corporation had informed it that be- (1998) of 12 June 1998, 1237(1999) of 7 May 1999, 1295 tween $1 million and $1.2 million of embargoed (2000) of 18 April 2000, 1336(2001) of 23 January 2001 and 1348(2001) of 19 April 2001, diamonds were leaving Angola each day. The Reaffirming also its commitment to preserve the sov- Government had stated that the major problem ereignty and territorial integrity of Angola, was no longer diamonds produced by UNITA but Expressing once again its concern regarding the hu- illicit diamonds being smuggled by other players, manitarian effects of the present situation on the civil- as mining areas previously held by UNITA were ian population of Angola, recaptured. In investigating the rough diamond Recognizing the importance attached, inter alia, to trading companies said to be involved in violating the monitoring, for as long as it is necessary, of the im- the sanctions, the Mechanism noted the almost plementation of the provisions contained in resolu- total lack of transparency, the relative absence of tions 864(1993), 1127(1997) and 1173(1998), Determining that the situation in Angola continues to traceable paper trails and the protection of what constitute a threat to international peace and security data were available by commercial confidential- in the region, ity or law, which created difficulties in finding Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the hard evidence of dealers’ activities. However, it United Nations, had been possible to construct a chain of evi- 1. Takes note of the supplementary report of 12 Oc- dence in some cases. The Mechanism had identi- tober 2001 provided pursuant to paragraph 4 of resolu- fied one dealer in Antwerp that appeared to be tion 1348(2001); implicated in illicit diamond trading with UNITA. 2. Expresses its intention to give full consideration to It would provide the Government of Belgium this supplementary report; 3. Decides to extend the mandate of the Monitoring with its findings and documentation, and re- Mechanism for a further period of six months, ending quest a thorough investigation, the outcome of on 19 April 2002; which would be given to the Security Council 4. Calls upon the Committee established pursuant to Committee. resolution 864(1993) to undertake a review to be com-

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 233 pleted by 31 December 2001 of the final report of the lifting of passport controls among EU members) Monitoring Mechanism, the addendum to the final re- and ECOWAS travel documents. A further request port and the supplementary report with a view to ex- for information was sent to the two organizations amining the recommendations contained in these re- ports and to offer guidance to the Monitoring on 4 December. On 28 September, the Commit- Mechanism on its future work; tee approved an updated list of senior UNITA offi- 5. Requests the Monitoring Mechanism to provide cials and family members, which was forwarded the Committee within 60 days of the adoption of this to all 189 Member States and relevant interna- resolution with a detailed action plan for its future tional organizations, requesting them to inform work, in particular, but not exclusively, on sanctions on the Committee of action taken in the light of UNITA diamonds, violations of arms sanctions, and on resolutions 1127(1997) [YUN 1997, p. 106] and UNITA finances; 1173(1998) [YUN 1998,p. 108], which imposed repre- 6. Requests further the Monitoring Mechanism to re- sentation, travel and financial sanctions. A fur- port periodically to the Committee and to provide an additional report by 19 April 2002; ther request was made in that regard on 4 Decem- 7. Requests the Secretary-General, upon adoption of ber. At an 11 December meeting, the Committee this resolution and acting in consultation with the stressed the importance of efforts made outside Committee, to appoint four experts to serve on the the UN framework for implementing the sanc- Monitoring Mechanism and further requests the tions against UNITA. In that regard, it expressed Secretary-General to make the necessary financial ar- its interest in progress being made at the Kimber- rangements to support the work of the Monitoring ley Process with regard to conflict diamonds (see Mechanism; p. 52). 8. Requests the Chairman of the Committee estab- lished pursuant to resolution 864(1993) to submit the The members of the Committee found a broad additional report to the Council by 19 April 2002; consensus that, in 2001, the sanctions against 9. Calls upon all States to cooperate fully with the UNITA continued to be effective in helping to Monitoring Mechanism in the discharge of its man- reach their main objective—preventing UNITA date; from pursuing its objectives through military 10. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter. means. The Committee reaffirmed the impor- tance of closely monitoring the sanctions with a In response to resolution 1374(2001), the view to sustaining and improving their effective- Secretary-General, on 24 October [S/2001/1009], ness until conditions in the relevant Council reso- informed the Security Council that he had ap- lutions were met. pointed four experts to the Monitoring Mecha- nism. Financing of UN missions In March [A/55/844 & Corr.1], the Secretary- Sanctions Committee General reported on the financial performance The Security Council Committee established of the United Nations Observer Mission in An- pursuant to resolution 864(1993) [YUN 1993, p. 256] gola (MONUA), whose mandate expired in Febru- concerning the situation in Angola, in a report ary 1999 [YUN 1999, p. 106], for the period 1 July on its 2001 activities [S/2002/243], stated that it had 1999 to 30 June 2000. Expenditures totalled held 11 formal and 6 informal meetings during $14,231,340 gross ($13,402,740 net), resulting the year. in an unutilized balance of $818,100 gross At those meetings, the Committee considered ($903,800 net) of the amount the General Assem- the reports of the Monitoring Mechanism (see bly had appropriated for the liquidation of the pp. 231 and 232), and the Mechanism’s activities Mission. Action by the Assembly was required to were summarized in the Committee’s report. decide on the treatment of the unencumbered The Committee Chairman visited a number of balance for both the reported period and the pe- countries in Africa and Europe and reported to riod 1 July 1998 to 30 June 1999, which totalled the Committee on his discussions. Early in the $967,600 gross ($116,200 net). year, the Chairman requested Member States to Having considered the Secretary-General’s re- provide details of action taken to follow up on the port on MONUA’s financial performance, ACABQ, conclusions and recommendations contained in in an April report [A/55/879], recommended that the December 2000 report of the Monitoring the Assembly accept the Secretary-General’s pro- Mechanism [YUN 2000, p. 158]; as at 31 December posals. 2001, a limited number of responses had been re- ceived. On 20 February, the Committee Chair- GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION man wrote to the EU and ECOWAS, drawing their On 14 June [meeting 103], the General Assembly, attention to concerns expressed by the Monitor- on the recommendation of the Fifth Committee ing Mechanism regarding possible abuse by [A/55/964], adopted resolution 55/260 without UNITA officials of the Schengen Agreement (on vote [agenda item 129].

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Financing of the United Nations Angola 3. Expresses concern about the financial situation Verification Mission and the United Nations with regard to peacekeeping activities, in particular as Observer Mission in Angola regards the reimbursements to troop contributors that The General Assembly, bear additional burdens owing to overdue payments by Having considered the report of the Secretary-General Member States of their assessments; on the financing of the United Nations Observer Mis- 4. Also expresses concern at the delay experienced by sion in Angola and the related reports of the Advisory the Secretary-General in deploying and providing ade- Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Ques- quate resources to some recent peacekeeping missions, tions, in particular those in Africa; Bearing in mind Security Council resolutions 626 5. Emphasizes that all future and existing peace- (1988) of 20 December 1988, by which the Council es- keeping missions shall be given equal and non- tablished the United Nations Angola Verification Mis- discriminatory treatment in respect of financial and sion, 696(1991) of 30 May 1991, by which the Council administrative arrangements; decided to entrust a new mandate to the United 6. Also emphasizes that all peacekeeping missions Nations Angola Verification Mission (thenceforth shall be provided with adequate resources for the effec- called the United Nations Angola Verification Mission tive and efficient discharge of their respective man- II), 976(1995) of 8 February 1995, by which the Council dates; authorized the establishment of a peacekeeping opera- 7. Endorses the conclusions and recommendations tion (thenceforth called the United Nations Angola contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on VerificationMission III), 1118(1997) of 30 June 1997, by Administrative and Budgetary Questions, and requests which the Council decided to establish, as from 1 July the Secretary-General to ensure their full implementa- 1997, the United Nations Observer Mission in Angola, tion; and its subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was 8. Requests the Secretary-General to take all neces- resolution 1229(1999) of 26 February 1999, sary action to ensure that the liquidation of the Ob- Recalling its resolution 43/231 of 16 February 1989 server Mission is administered with a maximum of effi- on the financing of the Verification Mission and its ciency and economy; subsequent resolutions and decisions thereon, and its 9. Decides that, for Member States that have fulfilled resolution 54/17B of 15 June 2000 on the financing of their financial obligations to the Observer Mission, the Observer Mission, there shall be credited their respective share of the un- encumbered balance of 967,600 dollars gross (116,200 Reaffirming that the costs of the Observer Mission are dollars net) in respect of the period from 1 July 1998to expenses of the Organization to be borne by Member 30 June 2000, comprising an unencumbered balance States in accordance with Article 17,paragraph 2, of the of 149,500 dollars gross and additional requirements Charter of the United Nations, of 787,600 dollars net in respect of the period from Recalling its previous decisions regarding the fact 1 July 1998to 30 June 1999,and an unencumbered bal- that, in order to meet the expenditures caused by the ance of 818,100 dollars gross (903,800 dollars net) in Observer Mission, a different procedure is required respect of the period from 1 July 1999to 30 June 2000, from that applied to meet expenditures of the regular in accordance with the composition of groups set out in budget of the United Nations, paragraphs 3 and 4 of General Assembly resolution Taking into account the fact that the economically 43/232 of 1 March 1989, as adjusted by subsequent more developed countries are in a position to make relevant resolutions and decisions, for the ad hoc ap- relatively larger contributions and that the economi- portionment of peacekeeping appropriations, the lat- cally less developed countries have a relatively limited est of which were resolution 52/230 of 31 March 1998 capacity to contribute towards such an operation, and decisions 54/456 to 54/458 of 23 December 1999 Bearing in mind the special responsibilities of the for the period 1998-2000, and taking into account the States permanent members of the Security Council, as scale of assessments for the years 1998, 1999 and 2000, indicated in General Assembly resolution 1874(S-IV)of as set out in its resolutions 52/215 A of 22 December 27 June 1963, in the financing of such operations, 1997 and 54/237 A of 23 December 1999; Noting with appreciation that voluntary contributions 10. Decides also that, for Member States that have not have been made to the Observer Mission, fulfilled their obligations to the Observer Mission, Mindful of the fact that it is essential to provide the their share of the unencumbered balance of 967,600 Observer Mission with the necessary financial re- dollars gross (116,200 dollars net) in respect of the pe- sources to enable it to meet its outstanding liabilities, riod from 1 July 1998 to 30 June 2000 shall be set off 1. Takes note of the status of contributions to the against their outstanding obligations in accordance United Nations Angola Verification Mission and the with the scheme set out in paragraph 9 above; United Nations Observer Mission in Angola as at 30 11. Emphasizes that no peacekeeping mission shall be April 2001, including the contributions outstanding in financed by borrowing funds from other active peace- the amount of 75.8 million United States dollars, rep- keeping missions; resenting 5 per cent of the total assessed contributions, 12. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of notes that some 45 per cent of the Member States have its fifty-sixth session the item entitled “Financing of paid their assessed contributions in full, and urges all the United Nations Angola Verification Mission and other Member States concerned, in particular those in the United Nations Observer Mission in Angola”. arrears, to ensure payment of their outstanding as- sessed contributions in full; On 24 December, the Assembly decided that 2. Expresses its appreciation to those Member States the agenda item on the financing of MONUA which have paid their assessed contributions in full; would remain for consideration at its resumed

YUN01—repros—cxs June 19 2003 Africa 235 fifty-sixth (2002) session (decision 56/464) and Cooperation between OAU and that the Fifth Committee should continue to con- the UN system sider the item at that session (decision 56/458). In response to General Assembly resolution 55/218 [YUN 2000, p. 231], the Secretary-General submitted an October report [A/56/489] on co- operation between the United Nations and the Other questions Organization of African Unity (OAU). A major development that could affect the structure and content of the programme of co- operation between the United Nations and OAU Comoros was the coming into force of the Constitutive Act On 21 December, the General Assembly de- of the African Union on 26 May. OAU would thus ferred consideration of the item “Question of the be phased out within a year, with the possibility Comorian island of Mayotte” and included it in of an extension of the period of transition. Pro- the provisional agenda of its fifty-seventh (2002) posals would be evolved on the orientation and session (decision 56/454). structure of the new African Union for the con- sideration of the member States. That situation posed a number of questions for the programme Côte d’Ivoire of action that was agreed upon by the United Nations and OAU in April 2000 [YUN 2000, p. 230], In connection with the violence that erupted in especially those aspects that called for the inter- Côte d’Ivoire in late 2000 following the presiden- national community’s support for developing tial elections [YUN 2000, p. 230], Mali, on 9 January OAU institutional capacity in various areas, par- [S/2001/25], transmitted to the Security Council ticularly in conflict prevention, management and President a communiqué from its President, resolution. The dismantling of OAU and the es- Alpha Oumar Konaré, who currently held the tablishment of the African Union would require Presidency of ECOWAS. President Konaré, con- the re-evaluation and possible reformulation of cerned by recent violence, reaffirmed his faith in many of the existing cooperation arrangements the political settlement of all disputes and between the two organizations. strongly condemned any form of the assumption A leadership change also took place in 2001, of power by force. with Amara Essy replacing Salim Ahmed Salim In February,the Secretary-General established as Secretary-General on 20 September. The an International Commission of Inquiry on Côte United Nations intended to undertake with the d’Ivoire. The Commission, which stayed in Côte new OAU Secretary-General a review of the UN/ d’Ivoire for two months, found, among other OAU programme of cooperation to determine things, that members of the gendarmerie and how it could be adapted to support OAU as it military had been involved in the deaths of civil- developed the structural concept of the African ians. Union. The Secretary-General noted that the United Nations and OAU continued to expand collabora- Mozambique tion in peace and security, an area in which the In accordance with decision 55/458 [YUN 2000, UN Liaison Office with OAU remained a useful p. 230], the General Assembly retained for consid- instrument in facilitating communication and eration at its resumed fifty-fifth (2001) session consultation. He described cooperation between the item “Financing of the United Nations Op- OAU and the UN Departments of Political Affairs eration in Mozambique” (ONUMOZ). ONUMOZ and of Peacekeeping Operations in maintaining began operations in 1992 [YUN 1992, p. 196] and was peace and security, including providing electoral liquidated in 1995 [YUN 1995, p. 368]. assistance, in a number of African countries. In the humanitarian area, both the Office for the On 7 September 2001, the Assembly included Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the the item in the draft agenda of its fifty-sixth ses- Office of the United Nations High Commis- sion (decision 55/497). sioner for Refugees (UNHCR) maintained regular On 24 December, the Assembly decided that contact with OAU. the item would remain for consideration at its The OAU Secretary-General and the High resumed fifty-sixth (2002) session (decision Commissioner for Refugees signed a revised 56/464) and that the Fifth Committee should OAU/UNHCR cooperation agreement on 9 April, continue to consider the item at that session (de- which emphasized the need to address the under- cision 56/458). lying causes of refugee problems by the compe-

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tent political organs within OAU. The report GENERAL ASSEMBLY ACTION described collaborative work in economic and so- On 7 December [meeting 80], the General As- cial development involving the Economic Com- sembly adopted resolution 56/48 [draft: A/56/L.37 mission for Africa (ECA) in the areas of environ- & Add.1] without vote [agenda item 21(j)]. ment, population, gender issues and regional Cooperation between the United Nations and cooperation and integration, and the United the Organization of African Unity Nations Development Programme in promoting The General Assembly, Africa’s economic cooperation and integration Having considered the report of the Secretary- and capacity-building for the OAU Mechanism General, for Conflict Prevention, Management and Reso- Bearing in mind the decisions and declarations lution. Other cooperative activities included pub- adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Gov- ernment of the Organization of African Unity at its lic information on HIV/AIDS, especially with the thirty-seventh ordinary session, held in Lusaka from UN Department of Public Information and the 9 to 11 July 2001, in particular decision AHG/Dec.160 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul- (XXXVII) on the establishment of the African Union tural Organization (UNESCO). UNESCO also co- on the basis of the Constitutive Act and a period of operated with OAU in the areas of education and transition from Organization of African Unity and Af- culture. rican Economic Community to African Union, to allow for the creation of the organs of the African Union, Other UN bodies involved in the programme Taking note of declaration AHG/Decl.1(XXXVII), of cooperation with OAU included the United adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Gov- Nations Conference on Trade and Development, ernment of the Organization of African Unity at its the Food and Agriculture Organization of the thirty-seventh ordinary session, concerning the adop- tion of the New African Initiative, now called New Part- United Nations and the World Health Organiza- nership for Africa’s Development, following the review tion. The Secretary-General also provided infor- by the Implementation Committee of Heads of State mation on collaboration by the International Or- and Government in Abuja on 23 October 2001 on sus- ganization for Migration with OAU. tainable development in Africa, Recalling the provisions of Chapter VIII of the Char- The programme of cooperation between the ter of the United Nations and the agreement on co- United Nations and OAU was one of the most ex- operation between the United Nations and the Organi- tensive formal arrangements concluded between zation of African Unity, as well as all its resolutions on the United Nations and regional organizations in cooperation between the United Nations and the Or- the world, the Secretary-General observed. Not ganization of African Unity, including resolutions only had a tradition of regular consultation with 54/94 of 8 December 1999 and 55/218 of 21 December 2000, OAU on issues of peace and security affecting the Taking note of the declarations and decisions adopted African continent evolved, but many of the UN by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of agencies and programmes had developed exten- the Organization of African Unity at its thirty-sixth or- sive bilateral programmes with OAU in their vari- dinary session, held in Lomé from 10 to 12 July 2000, in ous areas of work. The programme of action particular declaration AHG/Decl.4(XXXVI), the Sol- agreed upon at the April 2000 meeting between emn Declaration on the Conference on Security,Stabil- the two organizations had provided a valuable ity, Development and Cooperation in Africa, Emphasizing the importance of the effective, coordi- framework for the two organizations to work to- nated and integrated implementation of the United gether to address a wide range of issues and prob- Nations Millennium Declaration, and welcoming in lems. this regard the commitments of Member States to re- spond to the special needs of Africa, On 9 October [A/56/457], the Sudan trans- Taking note of the Organization of African Unity mitted to the Secretary-General the decisions Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Ter- and declarations adopted by the OAU Assembly of rorism, adopted by the Assembly of Heads of State and Heads of State and Government at its thirty- Government of the Organization of African Unity at its seventh ordinary session (Lusaka, 9-11 July) and thirty-fifth ordinary session, held in Algiers from 12 to the decisions of the Council of Ministers at its 14 July 1999, and the communiqué issued by the Cen- seventy-fourth ordinary session (Lusaka, 5-8 tral Organ of the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution of the Organization of July). African Unity, at its fifth extraordinary session, at the On 12 November [S/2001/1061], Zambia for- ministerial level, held in New York on 11 November warded to the Security Council President a com- 2001, muniqué issued by the Central Organ of the OAU Taking note also of the declaration of the extraordi- nary summit meeting of the Assembly of Heads of Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Manage- State and Government of the Organization of African ment and Resolution at its fifth extraordinary Unity on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and other related in- session, at the ministerial level (New York, 11No- fectious diseases, held in Abuja from 24 to 27 April vember). 2001,

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Acknowledging the need for continued and closer co- can Unity and its specialized agencies to the work of the operation between the United Nations and its special- United Nations, its organs and specialized agencies, ized agencies and the Organization of African Unity and calls upon the two organizations to enhance the in- and its specialized agencies in the peace and security, volvement of the Organization of African Unity in all political, economic, social, technical, cultural and ad- United Nations activities concerning Africa; ministrative fields, 3. Calls upon the Secretary-General closely to in- Acknowledging also the contribution of the United volve the Organization of African Unity and its special- Nations Liaison Office in strengthening coordination ized agencies in the implementation of the commit- and cooperation between the Organization of African ments contained in the United Nations Millennium Unity and the United Nations since its establishment Declaration, especially those that relate to meeting the in Addis Ababa in April 1998 and the need for its con- special needs of Africa; solidation in order to enhance its performance, 4. Requests the Secretary-General, together with the Emphasizing the need to implement the ministerial Organization of African Unity, to take the necessary declaration of the high-level segment of the substantive measures for the speedy and effective implementation session of the Economic and Social Council of 18 July of the recommendations of the biennial meeting of 2001 on the role of the United Nations in support of the Organization of African Unity and the United the efforts of African countries to achieve sustainable Nations, held in Addis Ababa on 10 and 11 April 2000, development, in particular those priority areas specified in section III Emphasizing also the need to implement urgently its of the report of the Secretary-General submitted to the resolution S-26/2 of 27 June 2001 containing the Dec- General Assembly at its fifty-fifth session; laration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, adopted at its 5. Stresses the need for closer cooperation and coor- special session on HIV/AIDS, and acknowledging in dination between the Organization of African Unity this respect the commitments of Member States to ad- and the United Nations in the area of peace and secu- dress the special needs of Africa, rity, particularly with regard to conflict prevention, Noting the efforts being made by the Organization of peacekeeping, peace-making, post-conflict reconstruc- African Unity and its specialized agencies and member tion and peace-building and support for the democrati- States in the area of economic integration, and the zation processes and good governance; need to accelerate the process of implementation of the 6. Requests the United Nations to extend full co- Treatyestablishing the African Economic Community, operation and support to the Organization of African Noting also the progress made by the Organization of Unity in the implementation of the Solemn Declara- African Unity in developing the capacity of its Mecha- tion on the Conference on Security, Stability, Develop- nism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Reso- ment and Cooperation in Africa, an initiative which lution, and acknowledging in this regard the assistance creates a synergy between the various activities cur- of the United Nations and the international commu- rently undertaken by the Organization of African nity, Unity and provides a policy development forum for the Stressing the urgent need to address the plight of elaboration and advancement of common values refugees and internally displaced persons in Africa, within the policy organs of the Organization of African and noting in this context the efforts made to imple- Unity; ment the recommendations of the Organization of Af- 7. Encourages the Secretary-General to strengthen rican Unity Ministerial Meeting on Refugees, Return- the capacity of the United Nations Liaison Office with ees and Displaced Persons in Africa, held in Khartoum the Organization of African Unity; on 13 and 14 December 1998, as well as the endorse- 8. Requests the United Nations, while acknowledg- ment by the Council of Ministers of the Organization ing its primary role in the promotion of international of African Unity at its seventy-second session of the peace and security, to intensify its assistance to the Or- Comprehensive Implementation Plan, adopted at ganization of African Unity in strengthening the insti- the Special Meeting of Governmental and Non- tutional and operational capacity of its Mechanism for Governmental Technical Experts organized by the Or- Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution, in ganization of African Unity and the Office of the particular in the following areas: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in (a) Development of its early warning system, in- Conakry from 27 to 29 March 2000, cluding the Situation Room of the Conflict Manage- Recognizing the importance of developing and main- ment Centre; taining a culture of peace, tolerance and harmonious (b) Technical assistance and training of civilian and relationships based on the promotion of economic de- military personnel, including a staff exchange pro- velopment, democratic principles, good governance, gramme; the rule of law, human rights, social justice and inter- (c) Regular and continued exchange and coordina- national cooperation, tion of information, including between the early warn- Recognizing also the need to improve coordination ing systems of the two organizations; and harmonization among the various United Nations (d) Provision of assistance to field missions of the initiatives established to assist the development of Af- Organization of African Unity in its various member rica, States, in particular, in the area of communication and 1. Takes note with satisfaction of the report of the other related logistical support; Secretary-General; (e) Mobilization of financial support, including 2. Welcomes the cooperation existing between the through the trust funds of the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity and the United Nations Organization of African Unity; and, in this respect, the continuing participation in and 9. Urges the United Nations to encourage donor constructive contribution of the Organization of Afri- countries, in consultation with the Organization of Af-

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rican Unity, to contribute to adequate funding, train- United Nations system and the international com- ing and logistical support for African countries in their munity to support the New Partnership for Africa’s efforts to enhance their peacekeeping capabilities, with Development and the ministerial declaration of the a view to enabling those countries to participate actively high-level segment of the substantive session of the in peacekeeping operations within the framework of Economic and Social Council, and the enhancement of the United Nations; the capacity of African countries to take advantage of 10. Also urges the United Nations to contribute, the opportunities offered by globalization and overcome where appropriate, to the enhancement of the capacity the challenges it poses, as a means of ensuring sustained of the Organization of African Unity to deploy peace economic growth and sustainable development; support missions; 16. Encourages the United Nations and the Organi- 11. Requests the agencies of the United Nations sys- zation of African Unity to collaborate closely in the tem working in Africa to include in their programmes global fight against terrorism and the implementation at the national, subregional and regional levels activi- of the Organization of African Unity Convention on ties to support African countries in their efforts to en- the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism and the hance regional economic cooperation and integration; communiqué issued by the Central Organ of the 12. Stresses the urgent need for the United Nations Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and and the Organization of African Unity to develop close Resolution; cooperation and concrete programmes, aimed at ad- 17. Calls upon the United Nations to support actively dressing the problems posed by the proliferation of the efforts of the Organization of African Unity in urg- small arms and light weapons and anti-personnel ing the donor community and, where appropriate, mines, within the framework of the relevant declara- multilateral institutions to strive to meet the agreed tar- tions and resolutions adopted by the two organizations, get of 0.7 per cent of gross national product for official including the Plan of Action on Landmines, adopted at development assistance, to implement fully, speedily the First Continental Conference of African Experts and effectively the enhanced programme of debt relief on Landmines, held at Kempton Park, South Africa, for the heavily indebted poor countries, and to achieve from 19 to 21 May 1997, the Bamako Declaration of the goal of securing debt relief in a comprehensive and 1 December 2000 on an African Common Position on effective manner in favour of African countries the Illicit Proliferation, Circulation and Trafficking of through various national and international measures Small Arms and Light Weapons and the Programme of designed to make their debt sustainable in the long Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit term; Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its As- 18. Calls upon all Member States and regional and pects, adopted by the United Nations Conference on international organizations, in particular those of the the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in United Nations system, as well as non-governmental All Its Aspects, held in New York from 9 to 20 July 2001; organizations, to provide additional assistance to the 13. Welcomes the intention of the United Nations, set Organization of African Unity and those Governments out in section I of the report of the Secretary-General, in Africa concerned with the problems of refugees, re- to review the programme of cooperation between the turnees and displaced persons; United Nations and the Organization of African Unity 19 . Calls upon the relevant organizations of the in order to address the needs of the African Union dur- United Nations system to ensure the effective and equi- ing the transitional period; table representation of African men and women at se- 14 . Calls upon United Nations agencies to continue nior and policy levels at their respective headquarters to cooperate with the Organization of African Unity in and in their regional fields of operation; order to facilitate the transition from the Organization 20. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the of African Unity to the African Union, to intensify the General Assembly at its fifty-seventh session on the im- coordination of their regional programmes in Africa plementation of the present resolution. to ensure the effective harmonization of their pro- grammes with those of the African regional and sub- regional economic organizations and to contribute to Portuguese-speaking countries creating a positive environment for economic develop- By a 16 April note verbale [S/2001/366], Angola ment and investment; 15. Welcomes the leadership efforts of African lead- transmitted to the Security Council President the ers to develop an African-owned and African-led final communiqué of the summit meeting of the framework for action towards the sustainable develop- African Countries Using Portuguese as an Offi- ment of the African continent, and calls upon the cial Language (PALOP) (Luanda, 10 April).

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