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“MUSKETS FOR THE USE OF THE UNITED STATES”: PHILADELPHIA’S GUNSMITHS DURING THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE by Matthew Skic A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in American Material Culture Spring 2016 © 2016 Matthew Skic All Rights Reserved ProQuest Number: 10156505 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 10156505 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 “MUSKETS FOR THE USE OF THE UNITED STATES”: PHILADELPHIA’S GUNSMITHS DURING THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE by Matthew Skic Approved: __________________________________________________________ Ann K. Wagner, M.A. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ J. Ritchie Garrison, Ph.D. Director of the Winterthur Program in American Material Culture Approved: __________________________________________________________ George H. Watson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Approved: __________________________________________________________ Ann L. Ardis, Ph.D. Senior Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS An African proverb reminds us that “it takes a whole village to raise a child.” A similar communal effort applies to researching and writing a thesis. Private collectors, museum professionals, a variety of financial and moral supporters, academic advisors, friends, and, most importantly, family members helped me turn my passion into a scholarly reality. Ever since I learned to read, Revolutionary Era America has fascinated me. This thesis is a manifestation of my continuing journey to learn as much as I can about the people of 18th century America and share that knowledge with the society that has inherited their legacy. I owe my success in completing this project to a variety people, many of whom I name below. I first want to show my appreciation for Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library, Henry Francis du Pont’s bastion of early American history and antiques. As a Lois F. McNeil Fellow in the Winterthur Program in American Material Culture, I have had the honor and privilege to represent this incredible institution and use it as my classroom for the past two years. The people I have met along the way, from alumni, to museum curators, to the visiting public, have shown me the vibrancy of studying historical objects and why they matter. Thank you to my professors and classmates for their support and camaraderie. I could not dream of a better place to earn my Master’s degree. Ann Wagner, Associate Curator of Decorative Arts at Winterthur, nobly served as my thesis advisor. Ann and I worked together to stay on schedule to complete this extensive project. She provided clear and thoughtful suggestions, introductions to iii private collectors, and plenty of encouragement. I have learned considerably from her expertise in metals. Thank you Ann for all you have done. Dr. J. Ritchie Garrison deserves thanks as well. His directorship of the Winterthur Program in American Material Culture has guided my classmates and I to success in all aspects of our young careers. The craftsmanship trip he led to Colonial Williamsburg in February 2015 caused me to think about middling artisans and their contributions to the War for Independence. I have many fond memories of that field study. Winterthur’s Rosemary Krill, Dr. Catharine Dann Roeber, Gregory Landrey, Jim Schneck, Emily Guthrie, Lauri Perkins, Jeanne Solensky, and Laura Parrish all helped to make this thesis come to fruition. A number of private individuals have allowed me unprecedented access to examine, study, and photograph their collections of arms related to the War for Independence. They welcomed me into their homes, shared food and drink, and taught me about their years of experience seeking out and purchasing muskets, bayonets, rifles, swords, and other artifacts. I never felt intimidated or unwelcome even though I was always the youngest person in the room. Instead, everyone was willing to listen to my research perspectives and I tried to return the favor, in-kind. I want to thank Helen and Ed Flanagan and Peter Schmidt for their generosity and for reading drafts of my work. Col. J. Craig Nannos, Bill Ahearn, Nick Manganiello, Bob Nittolo, Charles Thayer, Jim Brown, Chip Beckford, Chuck Foster, Tom Grinslade, and Craig D. Bell have been helpful in countless ways. Thank you all for accepting me into the fold. I hope you find the final product useful and enjoyable. iv As my own career in museums begins, the museum professionals I have interacted with as a result of this project have shaped how I will conduct myself. They provided me with unconditional friendship and support. I aspire to do the same someday when a young scholar asks me for assistance. While working on my thesis, I interned for the Museum of the American Revolution. The curatorial team of Dr. R. Scott Stephenson, Dr. Philip Mead, and Neal Hurst cannot be thanked enough. They provided encouragement, advice, access to the collection, and positivity. Michelle Presnall also helped with collections accessibility and image permissions. Mary Jane Taylor, Michelle Moskal, and Virginia Whalen were always willing to hear about my research discoveries. It is a privilege to call all of them my friends. I cannot wait until the Museum opens its doors to the public. It will be a must-see destination in Philadelphia. At the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Curator of Mechanical Arts and Numismatics Erik Goldstein encouraged this thesis from the beginning. Known for accessible and proficient scholarship, I counted on Erik for his expertise in the arms field and editing advice. I always appreciate his directness. Colonial Williamsburg’s Historic Trades and Skills staff members were a valuable resource. Master Blacksmith Ken Schwarz at the Anderson Public Armory, Master Gunsmith George Suitor, and Apprentice Gunsmith Eric Von Aschwege edited and advised my early drafts. Ken also taught me some blacksmithing skills which helped me to understand the arms I studied. I cannot forget about Angelika Kuettner and Marianne Martin who secured photographs and permissions for this publication. Thank you! Les Jensen, Curator of Arms and Armor at the West Point Museum at the United States Military Academy, was generous with his time and knowledge during v my visit there in August 2015. The arms collection there is truly amazing. Carolyn G. Wallace and Libbie Hewes at Cliveden, a Historic Site of the National Trust for Historic Preservation in Germantown, Pennsylvania, helped me with photography of one of their muskets. Bruce Bazelon, Ashley Wolff, and Robert Hill of the State Museum of Pennsylvania in Harrisburg also helped secure images. Staff members at the Rockefeller Library in Williamsburg, the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Library Company of Philadelphia, the Library of Congress, the National Archives, and Kathy Ludwig at the David Library of the American Revolution helped with my research. I especially want to acknowledge Tom McCullough at the Moravian Archives in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania for his help to locate and translate records related Joseph Perkin. Dr. Scott Paul Gordon of Lehigh University first made me aware of the wealth of records at that institution. I hope my passionate, smart friends who participate in living history find this study valuable. Matt White deserves a special thank you for his editing assistance. The Peter Wentz Farmstead Society and the American Society of Arms Collectors generously funded this project. The awards I received helped me travel to view collections from Milwaukee to West Point to Williamsburg. I was also able to acquire photography equipment. Thank you to Katharina DeWitt Yost of the Peter Wentz Farmstead Society and Col J. Craig Nannos, Craig D. Bell, Rex Kessler, and Charles W. Wheeler Jr. of the American Society of Arms Collectors for their advocacy and sponsorship. Last but not least, I need to thank my family. My parents George and Esther Skic and my girlfriend Kelsey Earhart have provided faithful reassurance and psychological coaching during this long thesis process. They are also my research vi assistants and editors-in-chief! Thank you for being patient and understanding even when I was not due to stress or anxiety. Your love and support have allowed me to accomplish my educational dreams. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... xvii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 2 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO FLINTLOCK FIREARMS ........................
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