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Insects of Forensic Significance in Argentina

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Insects of Forensic Significance in Argentina Forensic Science International 120 2001) 145±154 Insects of forensic signi®cance in Argentina A. Oliva Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Av. A. Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina Abstract Records from forensic expertises and trappings with beef baits conducted in Buenos Aires, Argentina 348360S), show that the dominating species are widespread ones Calliphora vicina and Phaenicia sericata), with different behaviour in each large latitudinal zone. It is suggested that the range of the yearly photoperiod variation has an in¯uence in the behaviour of the blow¯ies, making up for differences in the succession patterns. The Calliphorid blow¯ies Cochliomyia macellaria and Chysomya albiceps were found on indoors corpses; the latter also on outdoors corpses when blood was shed, and in that case as primary. Three species of beetles of the genus Dermestes, which had been associated with mummi®ed remains, appeared 10±30 days after death. The Silphid beetle Hyponecrodes sp. cf. erythrura was found on outdoor copses in rural environments. The Nitidulid beetle Carpophilus hemipterus was found in association with the cheese skipper Piophila sp. Diptera: Piophilidae) in medullar cavities of bones after ca. 30 days; to this association is often added the Clerid Necrobia ru®pes. Lepidoptera Tineidae appear on the head of mummi®ed indoors corpses. North of parallel 328S, the Muscid grave-¯y Ophyra sp. was found breeding on a corpse outdoors in summer. A division by latitude and climate is proposed for Argentina, and an extended system is proposed for the world. # 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Calliphora; Phaenicia; Ophyra; Carpophilus; Photoperiod variation 1. Introduction recording, as well as sightings of adults on the bait, oviposi- tion, development of larvae, pupariation and emergence of Methodical studies of insects found on human corpses adults. These are determined by the use of keys by Mariluis have been conducted in Argentina only, since 1993 exper- [1,2]. The nomenclature in this papers has also been fol- tises) and 1996 trapping and rearing at Buenos Aires). lowed, hence, the use of the name Phaenicia sericata. Expertises are based on determination of species and stages Nomenclature, one must point out, is the competence ®eld of development of individuals in samples sent in by medical of taxonomists, in this case of the specialists in Muscoidea. experts of the of®cial Forensic Medical Corps. The greatest The extension of the genus Lucilia, and the attribution of number come from Buenos Aires Federal District Capital some species to Phaenicia, is a matter of discussion, and it Federal), latitude taken as 348360S, through the Forensic appears quite clear that it can only be settled by a revision of Medical Corps of the National Justice Department Cuerpo Lucilia sensu lato for the whole world. Pending this, one Medico forense de la Justicia Nacional). should follow the criterium of one of the taxonomists. It may be pointed out that the species placed in Phaenicia by Mariluis and in Lucilia by European authors are those which 2. Material and methods have invaded large areas of the world and become near- cosmopolitan, while the species with Paleartic, or Paleartic Trapping is being conducted at Buenos Aires City, with plus Neartic distributions belong to Lucilia sensu stricto. beef as bait. Jars are placed in containers with water, as a This argues a different behaviour, weightier than the mor- deterrent to the Argentine ant Linepithema humile Mayr, phological characters which may be deemed rather trivial 1868). Post-feeding larvae are transferred to gardening to justify the splitting of the genus Lucilia. Also, ®eld sphagnum moss for pupariation. Daily records on macro- observations by European authors [3] have made abundantly scopical changes of the bait are recorded, together with clear the heliophily of common species of Lucilia, and the maximum and minimum temperatures and their hour of contrast of their behaviour with that of Calliphora spp. 0379-0738/01/$ ± see front matter # 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. PII: S 0379-073801)00423-6 146 A. Oliva / Forensic Science International 120 12001) 145±154 P. sericata certainly does not show heliophily in Buenos Aires. The tolerance of this species to poorly illuminated oviposition sites has been discussed in [4]. 3. Results The two species found on the bait with the greatest frequency proved to be very widespread ones: the bluebottle Calliphora vicina Robineau±Desvoidy, 1830 and the green- bottle P. sericata Meigen, 1826) Diptera: Calliphoridae). Contrary to literature based on European data [3], at Buenos Aires these species do not alternate spatially, but seasonally [5]. At ®rst, it was supposed that the activity of the adults might correlate to ranges of absolute temperatures. How- Fig. 1. ever, oviposition records for over 3 years show a more complex pattern. Both species may oviposit at the same time, especially at the end of spring November±December), when bluebottles are replaced by greenbottles. October 1996 began with low temperatures for the season Fig. 1, light stippling: C. vicina; dark stippling: P. sericata; squares: ovipositions; tringles; adults; circles: lar- vae; diamonds: pupae). It can be observed that the ®rst oviposition by P. sericata followed a drop in mimimum temperature and coincided with a rise in this Fig. 1). Ovipositions by C. vicina and P. sericata during the last 3 months of 1996 are recorded in Table 1. On the 30 November Fig. 2, light square) a bluebottle was observed ovipositing at 18.45 h, on the lower side of the bait suggest- ing behaviour to avoid sunlight). The last conjoint oviposi- tion of the year occurred on the 1 December Fig. 3, light and dark squares). Fig. 2. So far, data con®rm the well-known fact that greenbottles prefer warmer weather than bluebottles, as suggested by was very hot during this month minimum seldom below their brilliant sheen which should enable them to endure 208C, maximum above 308C, as high as 34.68C). For the ®rst warm sunlight. But in January 1997, there was a single months of 1997, the weather remained warm, moderated by greenbottle oviposition Fig. 4, 23±31.48C). The weather rainy spells; temperature rarely fell below 168C. However, Table 1 Ovipositions in October±December spring) 1996 [5] Date Minimum Maximum Oviposition by Oviposition by temperature 8C) temperature 8C) C. vicina P. sericata 4October 1996 15.8 21.8 Ã 10 October 1996 17.5 25.6 Ã 25 October 1996 13.2 26.6 Ã 3 November 1996 17.1 26.8 ÃÃ 5 November 1996 19.3 29 ÃÃ 21 November 1996 Ã 24November 1996 11.4 23.6 Ã 30 November 1996 13.6 25.9 1 December 1996 17.9 30.2 ÃÃ 2 November 1996 Ã 3 November 1996 Ã 14December 1996 20.3 30.2 Ã 17 November 1996 17.426.6 Ã A. Oliva / Forensic Science International 120 12001) 145±154 147 Fig. 3. Fig. 5. 7.5±15.28C). When a hiatus appears between February middle of summer) and March±April early fall), it is partially ®lled by the yellow cof®n-¯y Megaselia scalaris Loew, 1866) Diptera: Phoridae) and to a lesser degreee by ¯esh¯ies Parasarcophaga spp. Diptera: Sarcophagidae). These were the results that I took into account in my paper of 1997 [5]. Table 2). Warm summers 21 December to 21 March) are the rule at Buenos Aires. But 1998 was an unusual year all the world round. The weather was rainy, or clouded and windy, moderating the heath Fig. 4, Table 3). P. sericata oviposited the 10 January Fig. 6, square); then for some time the weather was moderately warm but with minimum tempera- tures remarkably variable, 14±238C); greenbottles were observed feeding Figs. 6 and 7, dark-stippled triangles), Fig. 4. but did not oviposit until the 10 February Fig. 7). Figs. 6±9 show the remarkable variation in temperature for the ®rst 4 for a few days at the end of May middle fall), the minimum months of 1998. On the 16 February, there was an interesting dropped below 58C. After a gradual rise in temperature, record of two greenbottles ovipositing together at 11:00 a.m. the ®rst oviposition by C. vicina was recorded the 4± Fig. 7). The ®rst record of C. vicina Fig. 8, light square) on 6 June Fig. 5, temperatures: 13.6±18.3, 14.1±18.6 and the 20 March coincided with a small drop in the minimum Table 2 Results for 1996±1997 [5] Month C. vicina P. sericata Parasarcophaga spp Megaselia scalaris January Not found No oviposition All stages All stages February Not found No oviposition All stages All stages March Not found Not found Not found Larvae April Not found Not found Not found Not found May Oviposition begins Not found Not found Larvae, pupae June All stages Not found Not found Pupae, adults July All stages Not found Not found All stages August All stages Not found Adults Not found September All stages Not found Larvae Larvae, pupae October All stages Oviposition begins All stages Pupae November All stages All stages All stages All stages December All stages All stages All stages Not found 148 A. Oliva / Forensic Science International 120 12001) 145±154 Table 3 Ovipositions in January±April late summer±early fall) 1998 Date Minimum Maximum Oviposition by Oviposition bt temperature 8C) Temperature 8C) C. vicina P. sericata 10 January 1998 21.6 29.8 Ã 10 February 1998 12.6 26.4 Ã 16 February 1998 21.6 29.5 Ã 20 March 1998 17 28.8 ÃÃ 7 April 1998 13.9 18.8 Ã 8 April 1998 14.5 21.4 Ã 9 April 1998 9 20.9 ÃÃ temperatures, but it should be noted that on the 11 March dropping on the 7 March, when there was oviposition by there had been an abrupt descent in temperatures, which may P.
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